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Presidential and Legislative Elections in Tunisia STUDIES & ARTICLES

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Presidential and Legislative Elections in Tunisia STUDIES & ARTICLES STUDIES & African Perspectives ARTICLES Presidential and Legislative Elections in Tunisia Amira Abdel Razek Khalil PhD Researcher- Cairo University The formation of the Tunisian government, headed by Habib Essid crowned the transitional period which Tunisia had passed through after the outbreak of the Jasmine Revolution and the overthrow of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on the 14th of January, 2011. After the escape of Ben Ali, Tunisia en- tered a new transitional period in which the Tunisian people as- pired to achieve freedom and social justice, while the political forces sought after taking hold of a prominent position in the Tu- nisian political system. Meanwhile, many issues concerning the future of the country emerged and need to be handled in order to achieve such hopes and aspirations. Despite the large number and complexity of these issues, the political disagreements took more attention instead. Therefore, the political forces varied in their dynamics of dealing with each other and in their interaction with the demands of the popular forces that passed through several periods until they developed and united their final demands. Af- terwards, it has been agreed on the necessity to go back to the zero point, and launch a new period by a new constituent Assembly to which the people of Tunisia shall, through ballot, appoint the re- sponsibility of building and legislating the future. Later, after the Constituent Assembly elections, the Council carried out three main tasks, namely the constituent, the legislative, and the facilitative matters required for the second transitional period. First, the constituent tasks are represented in setting a new constitution which shall guarantee the rights as well as freedoms, define the relationship between Ruler and Subject and the nature of the political system, maintain the constitutional independ- ence of Judiciary, Separate between powers, and establish the principles of 14 January Revolution. Second, the legislative task is represented in setting all the laws that the country needs during its second transitional period to organize the political, economic and social life and others. Third, the facili- tating tasks are represented in the appointment of the interim President of the Republic, who formed the transitional government several times for the management of national affairs until the preparation of the new constitution 24 SIS African Perspectives is complete. elected president, and a new govern- Also, the political and partisan ment. map in Tunisia, after the revolution, First: Legislative Elections included many political powers and The Legislative elections were held currents, salient of which is the po- in Tunisia on 26 October last year, litical Islam current represented in where a group of parties with differ- Ennahda Party which is considered ent trends competed. The number of as the most organized party that had election lists reached about 1327 the most influence in directing the (1230 inside Tunisia and 97 outside political system in Tunisia during the country). These lists were dis- the transitional period. This made tributed among 33 constituencies (27 the people think that the political inside Tunisia and 6 outside the system in Tunisia will incline to- country). These were the second leg- wards the Islamic system, but actu- islative elections after the revolution. ally it proved the opposite with the While the first were the Constituent first legislative elections due to the Assembly elections in 2011 in which special characteristics of the Tuni- Ennahda Movement adopted mod- sian community and its secular and ernist and secular terms and visions leftist political powers, in addition to that were strongly rejected by all the regional context and its conse- other Islamic movements all quences. through. This enabled Ennahda Later, the Constituent Assembly Movement to win 40% of the seats in did finish setting the new constitu- the Constituent Assembly, to form tion for the country, and thus ending the government and to participate in such transitional period which wit- power as a main actor. While the nessed a lot of challenges and legislative elections in 2014 resulted changes that altered the features of in the formation of a new political the political map since it paved the map in Tunisia due to a large num- way for new players to emerge and ber of internal and external factors marginalized others. This was em- which contributed to a great extent bodied in the legislative and execu- in reconstituting the political map of tive elections that took place in a Tunis. local and regional environment full Election Results of political and economic changes Tunis Appeal Movement party and ended the transitional phase to won 86 seats from a total number of start a new period with a new politi- 217 seats in the People's Congress, cal system that includes a new con- followed by Ennahda Party with 69 stitution, a legislative council, an seats, the Free Patriotic Union Party Volume 12 - Issue 42 – 2015 25 African Perspectives with 16 seats, the Popular Front lion, 579 thousand and 257 voters, with 15 seats, and Tunis Horizons which is equivalent to "more than Party with 8 seats. The remaining 23 70%" of the total number of voters seats are distributed among the registered in voting regulations. other parties and the independent In addition, three influential par- lists. ties will have a significant role in the Chairman of the Independent High political arena and in the game of Electoral Commission said that the alliances, namely the Free Patriotic number of participants in the legis- Union, the Popular Front Party and lative elections amounted to 3 mil- the Tunis Horizons Party, Percentage The number of parliamentary The party or coalition seats 39.6 % 86 Tunis Appeal 31.8 % 69 Ennahda 4 % Free Patriotic Union 6.9 % 15 The Popular Front 3.7 % 8 Tunis Horizons 10.6 % 23 Other Parties and Alliances 4 % 4217 Total These elections produced a new parties, some of which were able to political map based on dual- occupy the first rank such as Tunis polarization that seem ideological Appeal Party while others succeeded where the scene is mainly about two in taking hold of advanced positions main blocs; one is conservative rep- after they had been at the back lines resented Ennahda Movement and during the Constituent Assembly the other was founded in 2012 in elections, such as the Free Patriotic order to achieve balance with that Union which occupied the third block. rank and the Popular Front, which The results of these elections re- occupied the fourth rank, and the shaped the political and partisan same to the Democratic Current map in the country. This is repre- which retreated and the number of sented in the rise of new political its members decreased as well. As 26 SIS African Perspectives for the so-called intermediate par- announced on Monday evening the ties, namely al-Mu'tamar or 'the winning of Beji Caid Essebsi in the Congress for the Republic (CPR)', Tunisian presidential elections by Ettakatol or 'the Bloc' and the Re- 55.68% of the vote (1,731,529 votes) publican Parties, they were de- compared to 44.32% of the vote for feated. the benefit of Moncef Marzouki Second: Presidential Elections (1,378,513 votes) in accordance to The Tunisian presidential elec- the decree of the Independent High tions were held in two rounds. In the Electoral Commission issued on 29 first round, 27 candidates, including December, 2014, highlighting that one woman, were competing. Only the gap between the results of the 22 candidates were announced eligi- two candidates is 6 points deeper ble to continue. The other five candi- than that of the first round. dates preferred not to continue in Most of the researchers think the elections for various reasons. that a group of local and interna- The most prominent candidates are tional reasons helped Essebsi to win Beji Caid Essebsi, Mohamed Moncef over Marzouki. Marzouki (who took over the coun- At the local level: try during the transitional period), The country faced a severe eco- Hamma Hammami (a left-wing mili- nomic crisis since the events of the tant and a staunch opponent of the revolution and the escape of Ben rule of Bourguiba and Ben Ali, and Ali on January 14, 2011. This, in then to the Government of Ennahda return, escalated the crisis of un- after the revolution), Slim Riahi (a employment and high prices that politician and a businessman as well reached its utmost when Ennahda as the founder and the president of movement assumed power after Free Patriotic Union party), and obtaining the majority in the Con- Kalthoum Kannou (the first and stituent Assembly elections in only female presidential candidate 2011. Unfortunately, this resulted in Tunisia who worked as a judge in a political crisis in addition to during the era of Ben Ali). In the the economic crisis which already first round Beji Caid Essebsi ob- exists. Such political crisis divided tained 39.49% of the vote while the country into two parts. On one Marzouki obtained 33.43%. Conse- hand there is 'The Troika', an un- quently, they both entered a runoff official name for the alliance be- through the second round on 21st of tween the three parties Ennahda, December, 2014 where the Inde- Ettakatol, and CPR that ruled in pendent High Electoral Commission Tunisia after the 2011. On the Volume 12 - Issue 42 – 2015 27 African Perspectives other hand, there are most of the ues of democracy, human rights left-wing and liberal political par- and non-violence, the implications ties. Therefore, Beji Caid Essebsi of the Personal Status Code, the succeeded in making many of equality between man and them join the Tunis Appeal Move- woman, and many others in the ment Party.
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