1 ISSN 2321-1288 Editorial Board takes no responsibility for inaccurate misleading data, opinion and statement appeared in the articles published in this Proceedings. It is the sole responsibility of the contributors. No part of this Proceedings can be reproduced without the written permission of the Secretary, who also holds the copyright © of the HISTORY CONGRESS 'Proceedings Rajasthan History Congress'.

o Published by : Prof. S.P. Vyas Secretary, Rajasthan History Congress Chief Editor Department of History Professor S.P. Vyas J.N.V. University, Ret. Professor & Head, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur Emeritus Fellow, UGC ; SAF, ICHR, New o To be had from : Editor Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya Hony. Treasurer, Rajasthan History Congress Principal, Mahila P.G. Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur Mahila P.G. Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur

Managing Editors Dr. T.V. Vyas o ISSN 2321-1288 Dr. Ravindra Tailor Dr.Anil Purohit The Publication of this Proceedings' Volume has been financially supported by the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME XXXII The responsibility for the facts or opinions expressed in the articles is entirely of the authors and not of the ICHR. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY S.S. JAIN SUBODH P.G. COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), o Price : Rs. 250/- only

DECEMBER - 2017 o Printed at : www.rajhisco.com Jangid Computers, Jodhpur [email protected] M. : #91-9414308049 2

Preface lfpo izfrosnu

I feel honoured and proud, to present before the readers jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 32 osa vf/kos'ku dk mn~?kkVu fnukad 22-12- and scholars, the proceedings of 32nd session, organized by S.S. 2017 dks izkr% 10%30 cts ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k ih-th- egkfo|ky; esa gqvkA Jain Subodh P.G. College (Autonomous), Jaipur from 22-24 mn~?kkVu l= esa izks- tghj gqlSu tkQjh us 31 osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- lksHkkx ekFkqj December, 2017. In placing the learned, scholarly papers, ds LFkku ij 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k dk nkf;Ro xzg.k fd;kA bl l= esa jktLFkku chronology has been adhered to, as far as possible. A number of bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l-ih- O;kl us 31osa l= dk izxfr izfrosnu izLrqr papers of outstanding merit were presented in this session, breaking fd;kA mn~?kkVu l= esa ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k ih-th- egkfo|ky; }kjk bl vf/kos'ku new ground and adding new research areas and elements to the dh Lekfjdk dk foekspu fd;k x;kA history and culture of Rajasthan. mn~?kkVu l= esa izks- tghj gqlSu tkQjh us vius v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku esa dgk I am grateful towards Prof. Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri for fd bfrgkl dh lexz tkudkjh rHkh Li"V gks ldrh gS] tc miyC/k lk{;ksa dks lgh delivering the Presidential Address and I believe that under his rjhds ls izpkfjr ,oa izlkfjr fd;k tk, ,oa blds fy;s iyk;uoknh O;oLFkk,a vkSj presidentship we will be able to make more improvements in the v/;;u lcls l'kDr ek/;e gSA blh ls bfrgkl ,oa LFkkuh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks institution of Rajasthan History Congress. ldrk gSA My thanks are due to Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya, Tresurer, bl ds Ik'pkr~ jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh vksj ls izksQslj ds-th- 'kekZ dk Rajasthan History Congress for undertaking the responsibility of lEeku fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx preparing and bringing out this volume. Despite all care, mistakes ds lgk;d vkpk;Z MkW- ftczkby dh iqLrd dk foekspu fd;k x;kA blds ckn are bound to creep in. I hope readers will overlook them. t;iqj ls izdkf'kr vUrjkZ"V™h; 'kks/k if=dk ^'kks/k Jh* ds 25osa laLdj.k dk foekspu I also extend my thanks to all those who have made the fd;k x;k] blesa blds laiknd MkW- johUnz Vsyj Hkh mifLFkr FksA blh l= esa 31osa publication of this proceeding possible. I humbly acknowledge the vf/kos'ku ds Best Prize Papers gsrq Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize- Dr. Sumestha guidance of Prof. P.R. Arya. I appreciate the hard-work and sincere dks vkSj Rao Ganpat Singh Chitalwana Prize-Dr. Anil Purohit dks fn;k x;kA efforts of Dr. Tejendra Vallabh Vyas, Dr. Anil Purohit, Dr. Ravindra Tailor in the publication of the proceedings. Thanks are also due izFke rduhfd l= esa & izksQslj Mh-ch- {khjlkxj us izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ to Mr. Bhanwarlal Suthar and Mr. Sunil of M/s. Jangid Computers eseksfj;y ysDpj esa ^jktLFkku% laxhr xkSjo xkFkk* fo"k; ij viuk O;k[;ku izLrqr for the printing of the proceedings. fd;k] ftlesa jktLFkku dh laxhr ijEijk ds fo"k; ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks Li"V fd;kA izksQslj ds-th- 'kekZ us izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku esa ^egkjk.kk izrki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº ,d iquZla/kku fo"k; ij viuk O;k[;ku izLrqr fd;k] Prof. S.P. Vyas Secretary, ftlesa gYnh?kkVh ;qº ij uohu 'kks/k laHkkouk,a izLrqr dhA Rajasthan History Congress fnukad 23-12-2017 dks nksigj 12%30 cts vk;ksftr dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dh cSBd esa fuEukafdr izLrko ikfjr fd;s x,& 1- loZizFke tks/kiqj esa vk;ksftr 31osa vf/kos'ku ds izLrkoksa dk loZlEefr ls Rajasthan History Congress - v Rajasthan History Congress - vi 3 vuqeksnu fd;k x;kA lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk ljnkj iVsy iqfyl] lqj{kk ,oa 9- izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks dk;Zdkfj.kh us 33osa vf/kos'ku ds fy;s LFkku p;u djus nkf.Md U;k; fo'ofo|ky; ds izfr vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA gsrq vf/kd`r fd;kA 2- lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izksQslj tghj gqlSu tkQjh dk 10- 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k lS∏;n tghj gqlSu tkQjh us 33osa vf/kos'ku ds djry /ofu ls Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj ;g vk'kk O;Dr dh x;h fd] muds v/;{k gsrq izksQslj 'kf'k nsoM+k dk uke izLrkfor fd;k] ftldk izksQslj usr`Ro esa jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl fodkl dh uohu ≈apkb;ksa dks izkIr djsxkA fouhrk ifjgkj us leFkZu fd;k ,oa dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls lgefr iznku 3- izksQslj tkQjh us lq>ko fn;k fd] jktLFkku bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ij fy[kh dhA izks- tkQjh us Le`fr O;k[;kuksa gsrq izks- ;kdwc vyh vkSj Prof. G.N. x;h ekSfyd iqLrdksa dks muds ewy Lo:Ik esa (izFke laLdj.k) ds :Ik esa Sharma Memorial Lecture gsrq Prof. Meena Gaur ds ukeksa dk lq>ko fn;kA 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks miyC/k djokus gsrq jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh Website ij 11- dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh okf"kZd lnL;rk ,d Online Portal izkjEHk fd;k tk;sA blds vfrfjDr Jstor ,oa Internet 'kqYd 200@& okf"kZd ls c<+kdj 300@& okf"kZd dj nh x;h ,oa Delegate Archive tSlh Online Libraries ij jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh izklsfMaXl Fee dks 700@& ls c<+kdj 800@& dj fn;k x;kA Online tksM+us ds Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk;sA 12- jktLFkku bfrgkl ds vkthou lnL; MkW- jkts'k dqekj us izLrko j[kk fd 4- izks- tkQjh us lq>ko fn;k fd] dkaxzsl ds fofHkUu o"kks± dh izkslsfMaXl esa ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh Proceedings esa vfUre i`"B ij xr o"kZ fnoaxr Theme-wise 'kks/k&i=ksa dk p;u djds dkaxzsl ds }kjk fo"k;&fo'ks"k laca/kh gq, bfrgkldkjksa dh Jºkatfy Hkh Nkih tk;sA bls dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr 'kks/k&i=ksa dk izdk'ku iqLrd :Ik esa djuk pkfg;sA ls Lohdkj dj fy;kA 5- izksQslj ehuk xkSM+ us izLrko j[kk fd ftl LFkku ij jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl 13- dk;Zdkfj.kh lnL;ksa }kjk vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu gsrq ICHR }kjk fn;s tk jgs dk vf/kos'ku gks] ogka ,d ls vf/kd bfrgkldkjksa dk lEeku fd;k tkuk vkfFkZd vuqnku gsrq ICHR ds izfr vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA Proceedings ds pkfg;sA izksQslj ,l-ih- O;kl us ;g dgk fd] dk;Zdkfj.kh ;g r; djsa fd izdk'ku gsrq Hkh ICHR esa apply fd;k x;k gS] ftls Hkh izkIr gksus dh vk'kk gSA fdlh LFkku ij fdrus bfrgkldkjksa dk lEeku gksuk pkfg;sA 14- 32osa vf/kos'ku ds HkO; ,oa lQy vk;kstu gsrq ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k f'k{k.k 6- jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds vkthou lnL; izks- lh-ih- ekFkqj us izks- ,l-ih- laLFkku ds lfpo Jh lqesjflagth cksFkjk ,oa leLr inkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk lqcks/k O;kl ds ek/;e ls ,d izLrko j[kk fd] Le`fr O;k[;kuksa ds nkSjku izks- th-,u- egkfo|ky; ds izkpk;Z izks- ds-ch- 'kekZ] LFkkuh; lfpo MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ ,oa 'kekZ ,oa izks- ,l-ih- O;kl ds fp= ml LFkku ij j[ksa tk;sa] rkfd ;qok 'kks/kkFkhZ leLr 'kS{kf.kd] iz'kklfud ,oa v'kS{kf.kd lnL;ksa ds izfr dk;Zdkfj.kh muls ifjfpr gks ik;saA bl izLrko dks dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls Lohdkj lnL;ksa }kjk ‚n; ls vkHkkj O;Dr fd;k x;kA fd;kA 15- izks- Mh-,u- vklksik ,oa izks- lrh'k pUnzk ,oa Jherh ,l- HkÍkpk;Z ds nq[kn 7- izks- tkQjh us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds eq[; v/;{k volku ij 'kksd izdV fd;k x;k vkSj ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd dk;Zÿe ds vfrfjDr l=h; v/;{k (izkphu] e/;dkyhu ,oa vk/kqfud jktLFkku) lekfIr ij nks feuV dk ekSu j[kdj mUgsa Jºkatfy nh xbZA cuk;s tk;s] rkfd l=ksa esa izLrqr fd;s tkus okys 'kks/k i= vf/kd fo"k; dsfUnzr vUr esa dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL;ksa }kjk v/;{k izks- tkQjh ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr ,oa ewy lzksrksa ij vk/kkfjr gks ik;saA mUgksaus dgk fd jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl fd;k x;kA dks vkSj vf/kd izfrf"Br djus gsrq ;g fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA dk;Zdkfj.kh us bl izLrko dks iw.kZ djus gsrq vko';d iz;kl djus dk fo'okl fnyk;k gSA 8- izks- tkQjh us ;g izLrko fn;k fd fofHkUu l=ksa esa izLrqr fd;s tkus okys izks- ,l-ih- O;kl 'kks/k i=ksa esa tks 'kks/k&i= izdk'ku ds ekudksa ij [kjs ugha mrjrs] mudk lkjka'k lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl vo'; Nkik tkuk pkfg;sA dk;Zdkfj.kh us bl izLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA izks- tkQjh us ,d laiknd e.My dks LFkkfir djus dk Hkh lq>ko fn;kA Rajasthan History Congress - viii 4 12. – The Eco-Warriors of Rajasthan - Dr. Neekee Chaturvedi ... 156 AZwH´$_oUH$m 13. Travels of Guru Gobind Singh in Rajputana - Kulbeer Singh Badal ... 170 14. Khatu : A Heritage Town of 1. Presidential Address - Jibraeil ... 176 - Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri ... 1 15. Emergence and Growth of Ladnun as an 2- izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku Urban Centre (13th–17th c. A.D.) & MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj --- 26 - Ms. S.S. Arif ... 186 3- ÁksQslj vkj- ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku 16. Water Reservoirs in Jaipur during 18th-19th Centuries & ÁksQslj œ".kxksiky 'kekZ --- 48 - Ritika Meena ... 189 4. Buddhism and Urban Settlements in Rajasthan, 17. Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize Paper up to 700 A.D. Historical Significance of Nirakh Bazar Document of - Pooran Lal Meena ... 61 Amber State 5. Sculptural Evidence for the culture of Rajasthan : - Mohammad Shahnawaz ... 196 C. 9th century A.D to 12th century A.D. 18. Administering the Dargah of Khwaja Muin ud-din - Dr. Manu Jayas ... 65 Chishti of : Khuddam and other hereditary 6. Patronage Issues in Shakambhari under the Cahamanas - Stake holders A Brief Discussion Based on Epigraphic Sources - Yusra Farooqui ... 207 - Mrs. Raveena Meena ... 76 19. Development of at Ajmer : 7. Sufistic traditions in Marwar prior to Rao Jodha An Archaeological Satudy of the Mosques of - Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan ... 84 Dargaha Complex 8. Prof. Pemaram Prize Paper - Prof. M. K. Pundhir ... 219 Recruitment, Role and Hierarchy of Khojas-Nadars in the Amber-: A study of the rise of eunuchs 20. Craftsmen and the State : A case study of - Dr. Manisha Choudhary ... 94 Jaipur Kharkhana 9. Economic Condition of Darazi (Tailor) in the - Syed Shahid Ashraf ... 235 18th Century Rajasthan 21. Marwaris’ Migration and Their Trading Activities in - Dr. Sumit ... 127 Bengal During 16th to 18th Centuries 10. Narratives of the Lives of Sants in Medieval Rajathani - Abdul Motleb Shaikh ... 239 Higiography 22. Friends or Foes : The Maratha- Relations - Rameshwar Prasad Bahuguna ... 139 - Kalpana Malik ... 249 11. Bhakti and Gender in Medieval Rajasthan: Vaishnava and Santic Representations of Mirabai during the 23. British policy towards the Abolition of Slavery in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Rajputana States - Renu Bahuguna ... 146 - Prof. V.K. Vashishtha ... 258 Rajasthan History Congress - ix5 Rajasthan History Congress - x 24. Acquisition of Lands for the Construction of Railways 37- Fkkj dk dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk in Jaipur State during late 19th Century: & MkW- Hkaoj flag --- 349 An Economic Fallout - Khalid Ahmad ... 265 38- iwoZe/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lekt esa /kkfeZd ekU;rk,a ,oa va/kfo'okl &Mk- fueZyk dqekjh eh.kk --- 354 25. Enonymous Rudaali : Dying Emotions, Ailing Trend (with especial reference to Western Rajasthan) 39- esgjkux<+ esa izkphu ty laj{k.k rduhd&Vk°dksa ds lUnHkZ esa - Dr. Anju Suthar ... 277 & MkW- foeys'k jkBkSM+ --- 358 26. Creating Identities in Hindi Cinema : In Context 40- e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k ,oa flDds & of Rajasthan ,d lkaLœfrd v/;;u - Persis Latika Dass ... 284 & vkseizdk'k HkkVh --- 364 27. The Historiography of Professor K.S. Lal - Professor Shankar Goyal ... 291 41- xq#dqy laxzgky; >Ttj esa k --- 373 30- vkjfEHkd dky esa jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk 43- t;iqj dh LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;qDr laxejej dk rduhdh i{k (Hkwfenku i=ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag --- 380 & MkW- jtuh 'kekZ --- 311 44- jktLFkku esa dykRed ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi % fofo/k Lo:Ik 31- dkxk fLFkr Bkdqj jktflag dh Nrjh ,oa f'kykys[k&,d v/;;u & MkW- iwtk fljksyk --- 384 & MkW- T;ksRluk O;kl --- 315 45- ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj mn;iqj dh izeq[k gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u 32- jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dk fodkl & MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor --- 389 & MkW- latho dqekj --- 319 46- tSu x+t+y lkfgR; esa /kkfeZd thou 33- jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk ;ksxnku & fueZyk nS∏;k --- 397 & MkW- eerk ;kno --- 325 47- jktLFkku dh lar ijEijk eas ihik vkSj mudh izklafxdrk 34- œ".k yhyk dk dFkkRed vadu&vksfl;k° ds & MkW- (Jherh) lTtu iksloky --- 405 eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa 48- ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa dk mikJ;h fpUru & MkW- fjrq iwfu;k --- 330 & MkW- lanhi iztkir --- 411 35- izkphu vkLFkk ds dsUÊ ^nsojs* 49- iqf"VekxhZ;&oYyHk lEiznk; ,oa v"VNki % ,d ,sfrgkfld foospu & #fp lksyadh --- 337 & MkW- fnus'k jkBh --- 420 36- mejdksV&tSlyesj lEcU/k (/kkV&ekM+ lEcU/k) 50- yksd nsoh&nsorkvksas dh vo/kkj.kk esa lkekftd lejlrk & iadt pk.Md --- 344 & izks- fnfXot; HkVukxj --- 424 Rajasthan History Congress - xi 6 51- iwoZorhZ mŸkj if'peh jktLFkku esa tkV tehankjh dk Lo:i 63- jkojktk fou; flag dk vyoj jkT; esa LFkkiR;dyk esa ;ksxnku & MkW- dfudk Hkuksr --- 432 & MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ --- 511 52- chdkusj ds fBdkusnkj (lkear) ,oa muds fdys & 64- egkjktk ekuflag vkSj gfj;k.kk esa ukFk lEiznk; egktu] chnklj (fBdkus ds fdys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & MkW- txnh'k izlkn --- 515 & MkW- xksiky œ".k O;kl --- 440 53- esokM+ esa f'kdkj ijEijk ,d fo'ys"k.k 65- Tkks/kiqj jkT; esa ns'kt cSafdax ,oa Ω.k O;oLFkk & MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k --- 450 (19oha lnh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & MkW- lq[kkjke --- 523 54- in~feuh & bfrgkl ;k feFkd & izksQslj ehuk xkSM+ --- 455 66- jktLFkku ls vk, vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dk bUnkSj fj;klr esa ] 55- fHkfŸk fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr egkeafnj (tks/kiqj) ;ksxnku % egkjktk rqdksthjko gksYdj (f}rh;) ds lanHkZ esa & MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k --- 463 & MkW- jf'e flag --- 529 56- ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa iapk;r O;oLFkk 67- t;iqj jkT; ds O;kikfjd ekxZ % ,d v/;;u (20oha 'krkCnh esa) fo"k;d lanHkZ (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)&,d v/;;u & MkW- jf'e ehuk --- 535 & izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr --- 470 68- O;kolkf;d leqnk; vkSj chdkusj dk vk/kqfud Lo:i % ,d 57- 18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ ds O;kikfjd dLcksa dk fodkl v/;;u (vkaXy&'kklu dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) ,d iqjkys[kh; v/;;u & MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr --- 543 & MkW- rkjkpUn cSjok --- 477 58- lkgwdkjh O;olk; % fj;klrksa ,oa fBdkusnkjksa ds 69- ekjokM+ jkT; esa Efgykvksa ls lEcº lkekftd fooknksa ds Áfr ,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa dk egŸo lekt o jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k (18oha 'krkCnh ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) & MkW- dqyOkUr flag 'ks[kkor --- 488 & MkW- jktsUÊ dqekj --- 550 59- ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k ,oa 70- jktLFkku esa izkjfEHkd vaxzsth f'k{kk dk laf{kIr ifjp; Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk % Lku~ 1707 ls1818 rd & MkW- ,drk O;kl --- 558 & 'kadjflag iksVfy;k --- 490 71- chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R; dk fodkl (1885 ls 1942 rd) 60- œf"k vkSj ty Áca/ku % chdkusj ds lanHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k & MkW- egsUÊ iqjksfgr --- 561 & MkW- Ekhuk dqekjh --- 494 72- cM+ok vejpUn dk esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa ;ksxnku 61- jktLFkku esa es?koky tkfr dk ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ,oa & MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj --- 566 lkekftd Lo:i % ,d n`f"Vdks.k 73- fczfV'k dky esa vtesj dk iqfyl iz'kklu & izks- vjfoUn ifjgkj --- 502 & MkW- yrk vxzoky ,oa MkW- ftrsUnz ekjksfB;k --- 571 62- mÈkhloha lnh ds esokM+ dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh ds 74- 44 esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh LFkkiuk vkSj mldk esjksa (jkor] esjkr) dfri; igyw % xksxqUnk dh [;kr ij vk/kkfjr v/;;u ds tu&thou ij izHkko & foÿe flag vejkor --- 507 & tykyqÌhu dkBkr --- 577 Rajasthan History Congress - xiii Rajasthan History Congress - xiv 7 75- chdkusj jkT; ds egkjktk Mwaxjflag ds 'kkludky esa 87- LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk lSU; laxBu (1872&1887 bZ-) ds iqjks/kk % Jh vfHkUugfj & MkW- eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ --- 581 & MkW- vpZuk f}osnh --- 662 76- gkM+kSrh {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k esa ^dkykckny* dk ;ksxnku lkjka'k@Summary & MkW- iz.ko nso --- 587 1. The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar - Re-examining of Colonial Judicial 'Frameworks : Witnesses, 77- iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk ds Guarantees and Privileges' vfHkizsjd ?kVd & ,d v/;;u - Shaheen Islamuddin ... 671 & MkW- (Jherh) csyk Hkuksr --- 594 2. Social Evils and Evolution of Social Reform in 78- ≈ijeky dh utjksa esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd (≈ijeky fdlku Rajputana during Nineteenth Century xk;uksa ds laxzg ls) - Pratyusha Dasgupta ... 672 & MkW- f'kYih xqIrk --- 601 3. Tourism in Rajasthan : An Overview 79- lektlq/kkjd ,ao LorU=rk lsukuh fpeuyky ekyksr - Dr. Suman Dhanaka ... 673 & Mk- gsesUnz PkkS/kjh --- 606 4- jktLFkku fj;klr esa lkekftd tkx`fr esa lekpkj i=ksa dk izHkko 80- jk"V™h; psruk ds laokgd & 'kadj nku lkeksj & MkW- jk/kkfd'ku --- 674 &MkW- (Jherh) pUÊizHkk ikjhd --- 617 5- t;x<+ nqxZ ,d Lof.kZe fojklr & v'kksd dqekj ;kno --- 675 81- 19oha ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk njckj ,oa Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds e/; f'k{kk lEcU/kksa ij ,sfrgkfld leh{kk 6- bfrgkl ds oa'kkoyh ys[ku dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk & izHkkorh ekyo --- 621 & lquhrk Lokeh --- 676 82- vyoj fj;klr esa jk'u O;oLFkk] fj'or ,oa csxkj izdj.k 1947 7- dsljhflag ckjgB % ,d ÿkfUrdkjh O;fDrRo ds lekpkj&i=ksa ds vkbus ls & MkW- lqesj --- 677 & MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k --- 628 8- chdkusj jkT; esa ukjh fo#º vijk/k rFkk n.M (1700&1950 bZ-)& ,d v/;;u 83- ;qx ;qxhu foy{k.k vtesj (vk/kqfud dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & jkeyky ifjgkj --- 678 & MkW- fof/k 'kekZ --- 635 9- vyoj o Hkjriqj jtokM+ksa esa tu vkUnksyu (1930&1940 bZloh) 84- f'k{kk ds fodkl esa vuqdj.kh; iz;kl&lsok eafnj (1997&2002) & eks- olhe --- 679 & MkW- dSyk'k tks'kh --- 643 10- vtesj dh ,sfrgkfldrk ds HkkSxksfyd vk;ke 85- e# {ks= dh ijEijkxr gLrdyk&vtj[k % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u & cuokjh yky ;kno --- 680 & MkW- lqjs'k dqekj --- 648 11- okxM+ ds lar ekoth dk vkfnokfl;kas ds mRFkku esa ;ksxnku% 86- lkaxkusj % jktLFkku ds ikjaifjd CykWd fizfVax dk ,sfrgkfld la/kku ,d fo'ys"k.k MkW- vatq 'kekZ --- 653 & fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ --- 682 Rajasthan History Congress - xv Rajasthan History Congress - xvi 8 12- nsoyh rglhy ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u 25- gkM+kSrh % cwanh Ldwy ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ e sa & fo'kky dkafV;k --- 684 & MkW- T;ksRluk JhokLro --- 699 13- ekjokM+ esa 'kdqu ijEijk 26- egkjktk t;flag % vk/kqfud vyoj ds fuekZrk & fu'kk --- 686 & galjkt lksuh ,oa ekuflag eh.kk --- 700 14- uhedkFkkuk esa fuEckdZ lEiznk; dh NŸkjh ds fHkfŸk fp= 27- fctkSfy;k dh LFkkiR; dyk eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa & euh"kk oekZ --- 687 & ;ksxjkt flag iaokj --- 701 15- e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds lar vkSj lkekftd psruk % 28- Hkjriqj dk xaxk eafnj ,d ,sfrgkfld ,oa dykRed fo'ys"k.k ,d lelkef;d fo'ys"k.k & MkW- fnyhi dqekj xxZ --- 702 & MkW- fo".kq izlkn 'kekZ --- 689 29- yksd nsork ckck jkenso ds lkfgR; esa vkRe rRo (vkRe Kku) & res?k iaokj --- 703 16- t;iqj fj;klr esa jsy ifjogu lsok dk lkekftd o vkfFkZd izHkko & f'ko izlkn dq.Mkfj;k --- 690 30- vyoj dh yksd laLœfr ,oa yksd laxhr & MkW- jkts'k vk;Z --- 704 17- esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk esa ^izrhd* la;kstu 31- jktLFkku dk HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k ,oa ikjEifjd gLrdyk,° & MkW- t;Jh jkoy --- 691 & vt; ;kno --- 705 18- chdkusj esa fLFkr lksygoha 'krkCnh dk ufeukFk 32- jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ ds lk{; tSu eafnj & ,d ifjp; & MkW- txnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k --- 706 & MkW- jkts'k iaokj --- 692 Audit Report ... 708 19- lkaHkj ds laLœr L=ksr List of Members ... 709 & fjadw tSu --- 693 20- i;ZVu ds {ks= esa ukxkSj ds eSyksa ,oa n'kZuh; LFkyksa dk ;ksxnku & larks"k dqekj --- 694 21- Hkhy vkfnoklh ds eq[; ioZ ,oa ewY;kadu & dkywjke eh.kk --- 695 22- jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u & vthr flag pkS/kjh --- 696 23- nqxZ LFkkiR; dk /kuh % djkSyh jkT; & MkW- xksfoUn iqjh --- 697 24- vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr dk /kkfeZd&lkaLœfrd thou & eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ --- 698 9 2 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 centers of popular veneration. On the other hand, the title/succession disputes at these places lead to creation of massive documentation in Presidential Address the colonial times. The files of the Revenue and Civil litigations contain enough data from the pre-colonial period. Such material, though provide the limited perspective of the litigants, give sufficient matter to a student Migration, Settlements and Adaptations looking for the research questions which cannot be addressed through the Chronicles or the hagiologies. In fact there are fewer competent Making of the 'elite culture' and the studies, which have used such material in their researches / Dissemination of Knowledge in monographs. Rajputana up to Pre-Colonial times The records related to the Dargah of Ajmer survive with the individual families, especially with the articulate community of the Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri khuddams, the hereditary attendants of the tomb of Khawaja Muin-ud din Chishti (d.1235), the founder of the Sufi order of the Chishtis in It is an honor that the executive committee of the XXXI Session . The documents known as the Vakalatnamah (the power of of Rajasthan History Congress has invited me for presiding over the attorney) is quite unique. The notables, princes, businessmen and deliberations of this annual session as General President and to deliver jagirdars have authorized these hereditary attendants of the tomb to the Presidential Address. I feel humble in presence of galaxy of scholars 'pray for them during the especial hours for their welfare and with whom I have discussed lot many things to understand the wellbeing'. Apart from the notion of the efficacy of the prayers, the complexities of Religion and Society during the pre-colonial times. I important aspect which needs to be highlighted is the class of the especially need to mention Prof. Ghan Shyam Lal Devra, Dr. Mrs. people who are issuing these letters of attorney; they included Maratha Shashi Arora, Professor Yaqub Ali Khan and Dr. Maulavi Mohammad chiefs, Sambha Ji, Rajput princes, Jain and Bania merchants. The Shuja-Uddin Khan Naqshbandi and many other scholars have kept my dates of these Vakalatnamah synchronize with the some of the battles engagement with the history of Rajputana alive. I also wish to make it they were engaged in with the Mughals. In the recent times Professor clear that I have been mainly using the data in Persian and English Syed Liyaqat Husain Mo'ini has brought the importance of this material. European sources throughout my researches. So for, I have not No doubt this is a rich store house for understanding the complexities benefited from the rich collection of the records (in the scripts other of the 'inter-community as well intra-community relations' during the then Persian) from the State Archives and other similar pre-colonial times. collections. It is some of these researches that I will be sharing with In the recent past the history of has been compiled this august audience. using a variety of sources. While, Mehardad Shokoohy and Natalie H. With some satisfaction, I can say that I have examined the Shokoohy have traced the architecture of Nagaur .Didwana and Khatu Archival records and other data, related to the affairs of the famous from the times of Delhi Sultans to the Mughal times in the most Chishti Dargah of Ajmer almost up to the modern times. A study of imaginative manner. They have integrated the local history of the town the similar records from other Sufi centers in northern India has ship, using all possible sources, with the history of the empire. Similarly, provided me an opportunity to situate Sufi Dargah in the agrarian Mohammad Haleem Siddiqi has re-examined the data used by the earlier milieu that existed around it. These aspects are generally missing from scholars to attempt a socio-cultural profile of the region in a most the modern studies. Over the period of time I have been thinking that comprehensive manner. One would especially like to mention the work such perspectives will bring out further complexities in the triangular of Pir Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tarik Chishti Farooqi, the Sajjada affiliations. An understanding of the intricate relationship between the Nasheen of the Dargah of Sufi Hameed Uddin Nagauri on the History State, Society and the mystic establishments offers a window to of the Sufis of Nagaur and the Contemporary Rulers. In addition to understand numerous societal developments through the prism of these the known Chronicles, he has used the documents and the material ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 3 10 4 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 created by the Dargah over the period of time. Such rare material regime .The bondages and affiliations became so strong, through gives an altogether new perspective, which is almost missing from numerous strategies, like matrimonial ties, personal relations or simply the known sources of history. Using such material as the basic, many due to political expediency , that by the late 17th century , it has works can be done on the family records. become quite proverbial ,'the honor of the Chaghtai was equated with However when we look at the process/es of making of the the honor of the '( 'Ismat-e Chaghtaiya wa 'ismat-e Rajputia 'elite culture' in the Indian sub-continent, we find that the migrant yak ast; imroz agar 'ismat-e Chaghtaia raft, 'ismat-e Rajputia awwal elites from the Arabian peninsula of Hejaz, Khurasan, and Central Asia raft) ! have played a major role in to its making. The conditions in the Central Centers of Ismaieli dawah were also established in various parts Asia, Khurasan and Arabian Peninsula have become quite volatile over of western India, including Rajputana. These missionaries preferred the period of time, thus forcing the people to look for the opportunities to remain incognito for their own safety and the safety of their creed. and safe places for survival elsewhere. The Indian subcontinent was Generally they employed local dialects for the propagation of their naturally considered as the land of plenty and opportunity and also it faith. It is not for nothing that still they teach, preach and practice has seen various State formations by the Arabs and Turks in Sind, their creed in the local languages. Their shrines are extremely popular Thatta and Multan. The Ghaznavid in , Delhi Sultans in northern among the local people. The pioneer works of S.C Misra and Samira India, and latter on, numerous provincial dynasties have emerged in Shaikh has brought some of these aspects to focus. There are the various chronological periods during India's medieval past. They possibilities to carry forward this aspect further. With linguistic were ready to offer asylum and to welcome the fleeing fugitives and expertise, one can really do wonders in this fantastic field of socio- refuge seekers. Consequently we notice that the Indian cities and towns religious aspects of our surviving legacy from our medieval past. like Behmanabad, Thatta, Multan, Lahore, Nagaur, Ajmer, Patan and many others emerge as the major settlements of the migrant elite Migration, Settlement and the Dissemination of Knowledge population from the western neighborhoods. Numerous, individuals 'Migration' of the individuals or the group/s of people from and the families of these migrants were the people of excellence, their places of origin to the newer regions pre- supposes extreme academically and professionally. They were almost ensured social constraints, political instability or the economic deprivations. It respectable livelihood in the emerging political structures, can be quite painful as well as traumatic experience for the migrants commensurate with their familial background, professional and when it is undertaken as result of mass massacres, totally putting the academic accomplishments Some of the Indian cities have almost life and the honor of the people upside down. Such a 'saga' of migration emerged as the 'mini Islamic east', especially the city of Delhi, Lahore, always remains as a 'permanent scar' in the memory of the migrants, Ajmer and Nagour acquired the position of primacy throughout the as quite nostalgically they would remember their horrifying Islamic East. experiences, their legacies of the 'bygone era' in their homes of origin. The newly settled elite, undoubtedly propagated the Arabic and Preserving 'their past' through memories and documents was the need Persian based studies, but at the same time they have adopted and of the hour for them as, their familial background and/or scholarly even incorporated the elements of local culture, tried to understand pursuits of their ancestors, would ensure some respectability for them the based studies; even have adopted the local dilates and and for their descendants in their new found homes/settlements. For promoted the elements of composite culture. On the other hand the the migrants, it was the question of honorable survival to remember major element of their elite culture was also adopted by the existing their past affiliations. In whatever fashion they could preserve, elite politically and culturally. The ongoing exchanges/ adaptations remember and perpetuate this 'memory'. between the migrants elites and the local elite was an important process However, one should not forget that the time is a 'great healer and needs to be contextually understood under the terms of pre- of wounds', hence people tend to forget their miseries in the wake of colonial discourse. They enjoyed almost an equal share in the nobility 'new found opportunities'. However, what they never forgot was their and agreed to become partners in the ruling dispensation in every nisbah (familial/geographical affiliation) with the place/s of their ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 5 11 6 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ancestral origin. Therefore, we see that the migrants at every stage 'The kingdom of Hindustan, by the grace of Almighty had a memory of their familial past as a part of their larger world God, and the favor of fortune under the shadow of the view. Even in cases of not so prominent familial past, they often invoked guardianship of the Shamsi race, and the shade of the protection the geographical nomenclatural suffices derived from their hometowns of Illtutmishs' dynasty became the focus of the people of Islam, such as Nishapuri, Isfahani, Kashani, Sabzawari, Yemeni, Hamadani, and the orbit of the possessors of religion'.3 Herati, Safavi, Kirmani, Khwafi and Chishti etc. It is interesting to While Isami, writing in the mid-14th century, in his Futuh us point out that later on, these groups were accommodated within the Salatin says, that the Delhi Sultanate has become a 'miniature' of the Mughal nobility under the broader category of Iranis and Turanis, but Islamic east, a place of refuge for the scholars, theologians, craft in reality, they represented the family groups from the places of their persons and everybody who was anybody in the region, prior to the origin, falling within the broad geographical units of Khurasan and Mongol devastation. He says: Central Asia. The famous river Oxus (Amu Darya), being a rough 'Many genuine Saiyids have arrived from Arabia, the dividing line between these two regions. However, the region east of traders of Khurasan, many learned men from Bukhara and Amu Darya was mainly inhabited by the Turkish and Afghan tribes numbers of Sufis and ascetics from every town and every race 1 and was described as Transoxiana. have gathered here. Scholars well versed in the Unani system The magnitude of the devastation and havoc caused by the (of medicine) have also arrived from Rum. These people have Mongol conquest can be understood better by highlighting some data gathered in the city of Delhi like the moths gather around the of the contemporary accounts of important towns of Khurasan region. candle.'4 For example, the famous city of Nishapur, which was one of the These people arriving from the various Central Asian cities and most important cities of the area, was thoroughly and systematically towns have brought the elements of 'Islamic Culture' with them. Due destroyed by the Mongols during their second campaign. It is vividly to their presence in the city of Delhi and various parts of the Indian described by Minhaj us Siraj Juzjani in the following manner: sub-continent, a number of maktab and madrasa were established in "Nishapur, which after much fighting, he {Tuli, the these towns and other centers to cater the need of emerging Muslim youngest son of Changez Khan}captured and in order to take population. Shaikh Rizqullah Mushtaqi, while writing about the reign vengeance because the son-in-law of the Changez Khan have of Sultan Sikandar Lodi, very specifically says that: been slain at that place, he martyred every person in Nishapur, "In each town and region, where the forces of Islam desolated it, raised the walls of the city and having a pair of have gained an upper hand and have become popular, masajid, oxen, yoked (to a plough), he had them driven over {the area jam'at khana and khanqah were established and the capable on which} the city {stood} in such wise that not a wastage of people were appointed in the maktabs and the madrasa as the buildings of remain having finished with them {the inhabitants} mu'allim and muddarris. In these institutions, the umra' and and the city and territory, Tuli advanced towards Herat, and their sons and the sons of the soldiers acquired knowledge and pitched his camp before the gate of that city, and the attack busied themselves in the prayer and meditations. Those who began and catapults were placed in position in every direction'.2 could afford discharged their duties in the way of God. The Similar was the fate of other famous towns of Khurasan and institution so established trained the inmates for the emerging Central Asia under the command of the Mongol generals. The city of needs of the administration and the bureaucracy, the Qazis Delhi became a natural place of asylum for the refugees, fleeing from (judicial officers), the expert accountants, scribes and other the cities devastated by the Mongols, during the reign of Sultan Shams state functionaries were the products of these institutions".5 ud-din Iltutamish (1210-36). The same historian, Minhaj-us-Siraj Juzjani, who also served as the chief Qazi during the reign of The strong intellectual and academic tradition of the region Illtutmish's son Muizuddin Bahram Shah (1240-42), very specifically became quite proverbial and people nostalgically recalled it even after says: its heydays were over. Ghulam 'Ali Azad Bilgrami (d. 1761), while ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 7 12 8 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 paying glowing tribute to the cultural life in the Upper Gangetic Valley, occupies seminal place. For, besides considering the State as a sinful has said that "this region since the olden days (qadim-ul ayyam) has entity, the early sufis ('quietists' of Reynald Nicholson) maintained a been the cradle of knowledge and center for the scholars (ma'adan-e distance from the Umayyad as well as the Abbasid regimes. They 'Ilm wa maskan-e 'Ulema)". According to him the Mughal suba of considered, 'Ali, as the repository and fountain of all knowledge and Awadh and Allahabad enjoyed special status as compared to other acknowledged him to be the inheritor of all 'secrets', which the Prophet provinces of the empire in the sphere of intellectual activities. There has received from the God during the night of ascension (Shab-e were innumerable intellectual centers and numerous scholars, that M'iraj), hence they always traced their 'spiritual genealogy' from him these two suba had 'a major settlement of Muslim intellectual elite only. Yet, they never identified themselves with the shi'as politically (shurufa wa najaba) at every 5 to 10 kroh'. They had been well-provided or theoretically. They were deadly opposed to the extreme sect of the by the earlier salatin with cash and madad e maash grants. kharijites and murjiets, (the pro establishments). Still they maintained This had facilitated the establishment of mosques, madrasas, a distinct identity. Ultimately, the creed of tasawwuf emerged as the and khanaqahs all over the province, where the teachers of all 'post-graduate creed of Islam' (Mohammad Habib), as it has attracted disciplines were busy in the dissemination of knowledge. The students some of the noblest and pious souls, which provided them a sort of trained at these institutions went to other parts of the country and public legitimacy. established and strengthened this intellectual tradition further. It is The creed of tasawwuf kept on incorporating the newer ideas important to note that Azad Bilgrami specifically says that the well- from the time of Bayazid Bustami's (d.AD 822) Subhani ma azam us provided a section of the society took extra care of the requirements shani (praise be to me as I am Thay); to Mansur Hallaj's (d. AD 922) of these scholars and considered serving them an act of great benefit Anal Haq (I am Thay) and finally, to Shaikh Mohi Uddin Ibn Al 6 (sa 'adat-e 'uzma) for themselves. It becomes clear that the diffusion Arabi's(d.AD 1240) Wahdat ul Wujud (Unity of existentialisms) .Such of the Medieval Persianate culture owes much to the migration of the philosophies tend to allow diversity and plurality in society. Hence numerous families from Central Asia and Khurasan. This is not to say the creed emerged as extremely relevant for the regions with vast that the region has not witnessed migration prior to the rise of Chengiz non-Muslim population. Therefore the Indian sub-continent was an Khan, but the fact that the mass migration of the families of the notables ideal place for the acceptance, development and the growth of this and scholars has taken place after this great catastrophe. There are phenomenon. One notice that soon after the arrival of Arabs, Turks numerous local histories (compiled only in 18th and 19th centuries) and other migrant's from Khurasan and Central Asia, various Sufi and the historical documents available in the Colonial records tracing orders were also introduced in a big way in the Indian sub-continent. the 'saga of migration' of the families of the scholars and Sufis in They had an audience which required the knowledge of its principles, every part of Northwestern India and even in Deccan, that invariably its theory and the practice in the best manner. Hence, we encounter links their arrival in the regions of their settlement from this period the first ever treaties were written in Persian and that too at Lahore in only. A deeper understanding of the process/es of migration from the the early eleventh century. Persianate cultural worked to the Indian subcontinent might open up a window to trace the fortunes of the numerous families from this The political renaissance in Persia during the tenth century led region. Undoubtedly, they have made use of the local dialects and the to the revival of the Persian language. Shaikh Usman B. Ali Hujwiri's pre-existing rituals and traditions of the region in the most imaginative (d. AD 1072) Kashf ul Mahjub was the first treatise on the doctrine of manner, so much so that some of these rituals were incorporated as a Sufism. The orthodox reaction against the highly individualistic part of the Sufi rituals, especially of the Chishtis, who were considered approach of some mystics is well reflected in the book when the as one of the 'most Indianised Sufi orders'. author writing about the organization of the mystic orders says, 'the whole body of aspirants of Sufism composed of twelve sects or schools Tasawwuf and the Indian subcontinent (garoh/mazhab), two of which are condemned (mardud), while the Among the important intellectual and imaginative contributions rest ten are approved (maqbul)'7 Among the former, the author has of the Muslims, tasawwuf, as a philosophy and a practicing creed listed, the hululis or trans-migrations, who believed in the notion of ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 9 13 10 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the spirit of one preceptor passing into the body of his successor. commentaries on the important texts, his fame had reached far and Probably, they were influenced by the doctrines of the Ismailis who wide and students keep on coming to him from far off places. Similarly held similar beliefs about their Imams. The other condemned sect after his death, his son Maulvi Abdullah was the chief scholar of town was the hallajis, who probably believed either in the extreme and his madrasa had become a center for learning and scholarship.12 individualistic version of the self or in the validity of Mansur's Apart from Ghaznavid Punjab, Multan and Lahore emerged as proclamation of anal haq. important centers of intellectual and cultural pursuits of scholars and Among the sects approved by Hujwiri was that of the Junaidis, mystics, some Muslim settlements had already been established at the followers of Shaikh Junaid Baghdadi (AD 910). They preferred places like Badaun, Bahraich, Banaras, and Kannauj in the present day the path of sahw (sobriety) over that of sukr (intoxication) and avoided and Nagaur, an important medieval town in Rajasthan. externalism (zahiriat). His influence on his contemporaries as well as There are references in the later sources and when they are taken on the succeeding generations was immense.8 The credit of together, they give an idea of activities of Muslim cultural groups in consolidating the philosophy of Shaikh Junaid goes to Shaikh the transmission of knowledge before the establishment of Ghurid Shihabuddin Suharawardi (d.1234) in his famous 'Awarif ul Ma'arif, power. The evidence for the other places is meager but for places like which is a measured, balanced and scholarly text. It was accepted by Badaun, Bahraich and Nagaur it is possible to surmise the extent of a majority of the mystics all over the world of Islam. Within a decade intellectual life prior to the establishment of Turkish rule in north India. or two of its author's death, it was being taught at Delhi.9 The 'Intra-regional' transmission of 'Islamic Sciences' The Kashf ul Mahjub had a readership in the city of Lahore itself, where there were enough people to understand the issues rose Between the various settlements of the 'migrant elite' there was in the book. The city was a part of the Ghaznavid dynasty, but in considerable mobility of the ideas, books, scholars and the people at creating such an intellectual milieu, the efforts of one Saiyid Ismail of large. This connectivity made the exchange of knowledge quite easy Bukhara are evident, he settled in Lahore in AD 1005. It is said that he .The scholars spent their time at the distance places to teach them was one of the most powerful preachers and his sermons were attended theological and other texts of philosophy and religion. Hence, it is by a large number of people, and many of them were swayed by the important to recollect the emerging tradition of Islamic learning at the power of his argument so much that they embraced Islam.10 various settlements in the Upper Gangetic valley and north-western parts of the sub-continent. One such example relates Badaun and Kol With the expansion of Ghaznavid power in Panjab during the (Aligarh), the place associated with some of the top important scholar 11th century, Lahore became an important center of intellectual pursuit. like Allama Zia Uddin Nakshbi and Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (d.AD In fact, Abdul Karim Samani described Lahore as 'the blessed one' (ba 1325) and the well known scholar Maulana Razi al-Din Hasan al- barkat) and a place 'giving much benefit' (khair-i kathir), because it 11 Saghani, the compiler of important collections of hadith, who was boasted of having a large number of mystics and scholars. born in AD 1181 at Badaun. He received his initial education and training This tradition of acquiring excellence in the theological sciences here. By this time arrangements existed for the pursuit of higher and other branches of Islamic knowledge remained a hallmark of the branches of Islamic studies. An early incident in his life is a pointer in province throughout the medieval times. Knowledge continued to be this direction, once he wanted to borrow a copy of the Mulakhkhas (a transmitted from other towns as well. We specifically told about the textbook of hadith) from his teacher, who refused to give it to him. town of Sialkot, which emerged as one of the major centers during Saghani rose to be an eminent scholar of hadith in the entire Islamic the seventeenth century. Sujan Rai Bhandari specifically mentions that east. His compilations of the collections of hadith, namely Mashariq it has become such a center which attracts the scholars and the learned ul Anwar and the Misbah ul-Duja, were used as standard texts (m'adan-i Fazal wa maskan-i Fuzla), ever since Maulana Kamaluddin throughout the region. He used to describe his compilation of Mashariq Husain Khan, one of the chief scholars from Kashmir had migrated to ul Anwar as the ultimate proof (hujjat) between him and God. He was the town during the reign of Emperor Akbar. Similarly, during the appointed to teach the son of the ruler of Kol (Aligarh) and used to get reign of Emperor Shahjahan, Maulvi Abdul Hakim wrote a number of a remuneration of 100 tankas. When he reached Baghadad and attended ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 11 14 12 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the dars (lectures) of the renowned scholar of hadith, 'Allama Ibn denounced for his beliefs. Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya expressed his Zuhri. He impressed the audience so much with his erudite scholarship reservations about him in the following words, 'despite the fact that and when his fame reached the Caliph, he was invited by him and was he was extremely knowledgeable, he held false belief ('aqida-e batila)' shown great respect. It is quite likely that the region around Badaon and added, 'there is unbelief (kufr), there is innovation (bid'at), there and Kol (Aligarh) has developed the tradition of higher learning much is sin (m'asiyat). Innovation is worse than sin, and unbelief is still prior to the establishment of Turkish rule. Hence, we find scholars of worse, innovation and unbelief are closer to each other'.17 In addition such stature who could invite the attention of the great scholars in the to these harsh comments, he has cited two anecdotes quite approvingly Islamic East as well as the Abbasid Caliph.13 which describe the hostility and extreme hatred of the Indian Sufis A similar intellectual milieu existed at Nagaur. Here, Sufi towards Zamikhshari for his 'heretical' views.18 Even al Mufassal invited Hamiduddin Sihalwi, (d.1240's) the famous disciple of Shaikh Muin such harsh censors. It might look ironical that in spite of such hostility Uddin Chishti had established his khanqah, and because of his towards the works of Zamikhshari, both his works, namely Tafsir-i austerities and his preference for a life of poverty (faqr), he came to Kashshaf and the classical Arabic grammar, al Mufassal continued to be known as Sultan ut-tarikin (prince of recluses).14 The family of be taught throughout the Islamic World as the most standard and Qazi Hamiduddin had also migrated from Central Asia and settled here. authentic text in a discipline.19 When Maulana Raziuddin Saghani reached Nagaur, Qazi Hamiduddin The works of Zamakhshari continued to be the part theological and Qazi Kamaluddin requested him to teach hadith. He taught the curriculum throughout the subcontinent in the subsequent centuries, Misbah al-Duja to scholars of Nagaur and also issued certificates.15 and it was believed that nobody can master the Arabic grammar (nahw One of his pupils requested Maulana to teach him 'ilm-i tasawwuf, wa sarf) without acquiring an expertise of his work, al Mufassal. Ali Maulana told that he accompany him during the journey to the Mohammad Khan writing for the suba of Gujrat tells about the Imperial countryside which he was going to undertake shortly, it is reported order that all the teachers who teaches the students, the books beginning that during this journey when Maulana reached the countryside, he from 'al Mizan to Kashashf was entitled for wajh-e' ulufa grants from removed the dress of the scholars and put on the dress of the dervish the state treasurary.' (peerahni) and n'alain-i-chubi (wooden sleepers) and also had a kuza As far as Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya (d.AD.1325) is concern, (hanging jug) filled with water in his hand. With such 'disguise' he we have detailed information about his early education the academic continued his onward journey throughout concentrating on prayers milieu at Badaon, which he recalls quite nostalgically after he has and meditations, when the person accompanying Maulana, reminded settled at Ghayaspur in Delhi and the way he acquired knowledge and him of his promise of lecture on the theme of tasawwuf, his response the way knowledge was transmitted during his lifetime. He has provided was quite instructive as he told him, 'tasawwuf cannot be taught by detailed information about three scholars of Badaon namely Maulana words (baqal nist); it is learned in action (bahal ast)', you must imitate Raziuddin Hasan Saghani, Shaikh Jalaluddin Tabrizi, both of them me in my actions'.16 have predeceased him, and Maulana Alauddin Usuli, who was his The intellectual and philosophical basis of all religious studies own teacher. The way he describes these three persons and takes in Islam is undoubtedly Quran. For this purpose, the textual study of notice of few others, help us to understand the then system of the book was very crucial. This branch attained a high degree of education and the manner in which it was transmitted. When Shaikh sophistication following the compilation of the basic text on classical completed his early education with Maulana Alauddin Usuli, and finished Arabic grammar, Al-Mufassal by Imam Jarullah Zamikhshari (d. AD with a text Quduri, he was asked by his teacher for the ceremony of 1144). He wrote the Quranic commentary from an allegedly mu'tazalite dastaarbandi. Graphic details are provided by the author of Siyar ul point of view, the famous Tafsir-e Kashshaf. Theologians severely Auliya about the manner in which the preparation of the ceremony by criticized him for his heretical views. In India, these works of the mother of the Shaikh. The final ceremony of dastaarbandi was Zamikhshari became immensely popular among scholars of higher performed by the special invitee one 'Ali Maula Buzurg, who was not learning. But the orthodox ash'arite sentiments always led to his being his teacher.20 When he arrived at Delhi he had already become a sort ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 13 15 14 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 of celebrity and was nick named as Nizamuddin bahath and mahfil great insistence on acquiring knowledge as a prerequisite for being shikan and his friends considered him intellectually and academically initiated into the higher stages of mystic life. Therefore, when it was superior. He was taught the famous collection of hadith, namely suggested to Shaikh that a senior disciple Shaikh Sirajuddin Usman Mashariq ul Anwar of Raziuddin Hasan Saghani by Maulana Kamaluddin (known as Akhi Siraj) be given khilafat nama by the Shaikh, he Zahid, who issued him certificate for the same on 23rd July 1280. He observed 'education is the first stage in the field of Sufism, and he has was also permitted to carry on the teaching of this book.21 not received any education' thereupon, Maulana Fakhruddin Zarradi, However, when he reached at the jam'at khana of Baba Farid at another senior inmate in the jam'at khana of the Shaikh, offered him Pakpatan, he was taught by his pir few more texts especially Tamhid- to educate him within six months in the required fields. Only after this ul Muhtadi of Abu Shakur Salemi. The important thing to notice here, formal session of education was complete, he was bestowed with the he was also taught 'five parts of Quran again'. Perhaps, one can argue khilafat nama of the Shaikh.24 Amir Khurd mentions that Maulana that, it was meant to give particular insight into the different Sirajuddin was able to acquire the required knowledge within six interpretation, which was not a part of the regular curricula in the months in spite of his advanced age, his teacher Fakhruddin Zarradi orthodox system of the transmission. Baba Farid also issued him a specially prepared a text for him and named it as 'Usmani. After the certificate and permitted him to continue giving instruction of this conferment of the khilafat nama, while going back to Lukhnauti, book to his students. The relevant portion of the said certificate reads: Maulana Siraj took some books from the kutub khana of Shaikh I now permit him to teach this book to students, provided Nizamuddin Auliya for study and teaching.25 Hence, it is perhaps most he avoids mistake in teaching, writing and explaining it and appropriate to describe tasawwuf as the 'post graduate' creed of Islam. utilizes his energy and knowledge in discussion, correcting the Muslim Scholarships and the other 'World Religions' manuscripts and purification of the language……I also permit Muslim tradition of acquiring expertise in the Semitic religions Nizam- ul Millat wad Din to narrate things which he has learnt from me and has collected and preserved…..May God be kind is quite old. The study of Old and New Testament as well the Talmudic to them who show respect and honor to Nizam-ud din, whom literature was an established tradition. During the early Abbasid times, I honor and for whom I have great regard.22 the tradition of religious debates (munazira) was a recognized field of study. This tradition was carried forward by Muslim sectarian debates, The jam'at khana of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya became a center among the religious and philosophical sect. In the Indian sub-continent for the transmission of advance knowledge in the fields of theology, this tradition continued, with the further addition of acquiring expertise ethics, and tasawwuf. Ziauddin Barani, the historian pays glowing in the non-Semitic religions as well. Hence, it was expected that the tribute to the efforts of the Shaikh in furtherance of these studies and inmates of the khanqah/sufi jama'at khana, in addition to their acquiring says: knowledge in the tenets of theology and higher discipline of 'Islamic Most of the scholars and learned men, who frequented Sciences', also acquired the knowledge of other religions/scriptures the Shaikh's company, applied themselves to books on devotion of the other religions and had some interest in the natural sciences as and mysticism. The books like Qut ul Qulub, Ihya ul Ulum and well. It is said that the founder of Madariya order Shaikh Badruddin its translation, 'Awarif ul M'aarif, Kashf ul Mahjub; Sharh-i Madar has memorized Taurah and Ingil (Old and New Testament) and Ta'arruf, Risala-i Qoshairi, Mirshad ul 'Ibad, Maktub 'Ain ul has also learned kimiya, simiya, himiya and rimiya (chemistry and Quzzat and the Lawaih and Lawama of Qazi other natural science?). In fact, it was said of him that he was the Hamiduddin Naguri found many purchasers, as also did only person expert in so many branches of knowledge in his times.26 the Fawaid ul Fuad of Amir Hasan owing to the sayings of the Whether the study of the Indian scriptures and the literally Shaikh which it contains. People asked the book sellers about works in Sanskrit were also studied at the Sufi centers, we have no 23 books of devotion…' direct reference to that. However, the interaction with the yogis and In the jam'at khana of the Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya there was other holy men was very much there at the jam'at khana of famous ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 15 16 16 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Chishti Shaikh Baba Farid (d.1265). It is quite likely that the text on associated with the Chishti-Nizami tradition of Sufis in Awadh. The Indian yogic tradition were also consulted by the Sufis especially of characters they have used in their poetic narrations are mainly those the order of the Shattaris, established by Shaikh Ghaus of Gawalior, who were popular in the countryside and were remembered as the who has appropriated so many yogic practices in his teachings. As is 'the heroes of certain caste groups'. This new genre was used to apparent from his Jawahir- i Khamsa, a text which describes the yogic propagate the Islamic-Sufic ideology in the local dialects. Perhaps, it practices in Persian and the manner in which the Sufis were supposed is too obvious to point out that such tradition became extremely to practice them. Similarly, Shaikh Abdul Quddus of Gangoh's (d.1537) popular in the localities like Dalmau, where Mulla Daud (d.1370?) Rushd Nama and Mir Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's(d.1608) Hakayat-I Hindi composed Chandayan, using Lorik and Chanda as the main characters were the early attempts to present Indian classics in Sanskrit to the of the story, while Malik Mohammad (d.1540) wrote Padmavat at Persian knowing audience. Akbar must have laid the foundation for Jais using Padmawati and Ratansen as the main protagonists of his his translation project to carry on the translations of the religious and narration. This tradition continued through out, with poets like Shah non-religious text in Sanskrit to Persian. In his scheme, Mahabharata Qasim (d.1731) composed Hans Jawahir at Dariyabad, while Hafiz was quite central; hence it is quite likely that the vaishnavite face of Najaf Ali Shah wrote Prem Chingari at Rewa in around AD 1860. Hinduism was more prominent at Akbar's court, than the shaivaite. The use of local dialects for the propagation of the Sufi ideas, Similarly, the Upanishads and the works of Shankracharya were not as well as singing of these compositions at the sama' gatherings, were represented at all. It was left to Dara Shakoh to add the Upanishads to often disapproved by non Chishti Sufis and the Orthodoxy. An incident, the Brahminical literature through his Persian translation, Sirre Akbar.27 attributed by Mulla Nizamuddin (d.1748), the founder of the house of Firangi Mahal to Shaikh Muhammadi (d.1696) confirms this opposition Pre-existing rituals, Practices and Dialects & the Chishti Sufis and plurality of views existing within the Sufi orders. Shaikh After the establishment of the Turkish rule in parts of the Indian Muhammadi was a well-known wujudi scholar of his time and was subcontinent, certain vital changes took place in the cultural life of ideologically associated with the famous Shaikh Muhibullah of Allahabad the people. Some dialects were now spoken from Multan in the north (d.1648).28 Mulla Nizamuddin reports the matter as it was said to to the Gujarat in the west, down to the Deccan. These dialects were have been reported to Saiyid Abdul Razzaq of Bansa (d. 1724), the the major vehicle for the transmission of ideas, but they were yet to famous Qadiri Shaikh: become full-fledged literary languages, as they had no formal recognized system of script/s. The Sufi intervention contributed in Once in the khanaqah of Shaikh Pir Muhammad of Salon the development of these dialects into literary language, especially (d.1687), Sama was in progress and compositions in Hindvi during the 13th century, when Baba Farid (d. 1265), the famous Chishti [Awadhi?] were being sung. Those present were in the state of Sufi, started writing poetry in Multani/Saraiki (which was later ecstasy [hal]. Sheikh Muhammadi also reached there. When incorporated in the Adi Granth compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru namely the raqs and the wajd of the Sufis was over, he stood up and Guru Arjan Dev). Similarly, Amir Khusrau (d. 1325) is also said to recited a few Quranic verses in the best of accent, but it had have written some compositions in the Awadhi dialect. A number of no impact on any of those present; neither raqs nor wajd Chishti-Nizami Sufi centers were established in various parts of the overcame them. [Observing this] Shaikh Muhammadi said; Indian Subcontinent; the Sufi masters at these centers were adopting 'It is strange that on listening to the Quran none became local dialects and using Persian scripts to compile their writings and excited while the compositions in Hindvi, which contradict poetry. Quranic themes (emphasis mine), get you excited'. Upon hearing A major exercise was undertaken by the Chishti Sufis in the this, Saiyid Abdul Razzaq expressed his pleasure and approval area where Awadhi dialect was predominant. The genre of premakhyan of the conduct of Shaikh Muhammadi.29 in line with the Persian Mathnavi tradition was practiced and developed While the original narrator of the story remains unnamed, it is by these Sufi poets in the Awadhi dialect, mainly by those who were highly unlikely for Shaikh Muhammadi, who himself was a wujudi, to ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 17 17 18 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 have made such an incomparable comparison between the recitation some merit, but it is to the credit of the Sufi institutions that they of Quranic verses and Sufi Awadhi poetry when sung with instruments, could withstand such persistent onslaught from many quarters. The for both were supposed to have a different impact on the audience. Sufi institutions neither thought of abandoning their allegedly 'un- Hence, the reported incident per se becomes secondary. However, it Islamic' practices under the pressure of the orthodoxy nor retaining is quite clear that a section of the literary elite was definitely against that part of their constituency which was certainly going over to the the use of Hindavi by the Chishti Sufis even for their own specific 'other side'. Here lies the crux of the matter: the Sufi institutions firmly rituals.30 believed that the rituals and rites at the elaborate ceremonial details The adoption of particular customs, rituals and other prevalent adopted by them were representatives of their ideological commitment practices by the Sufi institutions can be described as an ongoing to the philosophy of Wahdat-ul wujud, rather than just expediency or process, especially at places where large landed properties were catering to popular demand or sentiments. attached by the way of waqf or madad-i mash, more particularly in Sama' had been one of the major issues of contention between matters of succession and inheritance.31 Moreover, in the adoption of the Sufis and the orthodoxy in India, ever since the days of Shaikh rituals and ceremonies observed during public gatherings and other Nizamuddin Auliya (d.1325). Neither had the orthodoxy reconciled solemn occasions, an eclectic attitude was generally displayed, for it itself to the very idea of sama' nor did the Chishti Sufis ever give up was 'this sphere' that brought about a sense of belonging among the this practice. They have been using the compositions in the local participants of such events. Such 'innovative flexibilities' were aimed dialects quite freely even Vishnupads were recited at the khanaqah of at capturing the imagination of the masses and ensured sustained Shaikh Noor Qutb e Alam (d.1415), an important Chishti-Nizami sufi participation for a longer duration as well. The elaborate details of at Pandua in Bengal. This he carried on in spite of the objections of these rituals lent a 'sanctified halo' to them, while somehow, a punctual the orthodoxy, to which the Shaikh reportedly observed that when religiosity in their observance created an 'aura' around these the 'Quran has verses having a description of Namrud and Firaon ceremonies. Apart from the ceremony of gagar,32 another 'Indianised' (Pharoh) and they are recited with equal reverence, why anybody ceremony which was very popular at the Chishti centers in northern should object to the singing of the Vishnupads in my khanaqah?34 Indian is the practice of sandal. It involves the pouring of sandalwood It was in the Pandua tradition of Chishti branch that another paste over the grave of the Shaikh whose death anniversary was being notable from Manikpur, Shaikh Husamuddin wal Haq (d.1470), the celebrated. Sandalwood is an important substance used by the Indian chief Khalifa of Shaikh Nur Qutb-e Alam emphatically argued that the yogis and sadhus in their religious rituals and practices and its paste is earliest Sufi was Prophet Shish and Sufism as a creed existed since believed to be a cooling agent. It is also used to relieve irritations and the time of the creation i.e. from the time of Hazrat Adam.35 This way for other medicinal purposes. Such a practice was generally adopted he has predated the history of Sufism to that of Islam. Hence, by by those khanaqahs which were situated in the midst of overwhelming implication, he was trying to incorporate all the pre-existing traditions Hindu population.33 and idioms of the Indian sub-continent as legitimate expressions and It should not be assumed that such 'innovative flexibilities' met the forms of worship. Therefore, the Sufis whose creed predates the the approval of the 'ulema, whose disapproval ranged from mild Islamic creed could become the inheritors and upholders of the earlier criticism to an all-out denouncement, often bracketing them with bid'at traditions of the Indian subcontinent as well without any condition. (innovations in religion). But the orthodoxy never or seldom targeted Thus, we find that Chishti Nizami branch in the Upper Gangetic valley, the intrusion of local customs in matters of inheritance or succession from Pandua (in modern West Bengal) to Awadh, has adopted most of of the landed properties, confining their attack to the 'external displays' these traditions as a part of the rituals and irrespective of the criticism popular among the masses. This was mainly because the class of by their contemporaries, they have carried with these traditions.36 'ulema too were appealing to popular sentiments in order to win over The study of the Indian scriptures and the literary works in the same constituency from the hold of the Sufi institutions. Their Sanskrit was also undertaken at the Sufi centers, although we have opposition to certain practices and rituals may not have been without no direct reference to this. Still, the interaction with the yogis and ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 19 18 20 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 other holy men was a known established fact. We have clear evidence influence in the organization and dissemination of knowledge in India's that at the jam'at khana of famous Chishti Sufis namely Shaikh Baba pre-colonial past. It is out of our preview to examine as how the Farid (d.1265) the yogis were very much present and they used to colonial rulers have systematically destroyed this 'glorious past'? The interact with no less a person than Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya himself. manner in which existing elite was marginalized by the colonial policies It is quite likely that the text on Indian yogic tradition were also offers a painful as well as disparaging picture of the Eurocent racism consulted by the Sufis, especially of the order of the Shattaris, and Occidental discourse. established by Shaikh Ghaus of Gwalior, who has appropriated many However, it needs to be admitted that often the pre-colonial yogic practices in his teachings. As is apparent from his Jawahir- i system of knowledge transmission was not as systematic and Khamsa, a text which describes the yogic practices in Persian and the institutionalized as the Greco- Arab tradition. It was based more on manner in which the Sufis were supposed to practice them. Similarly, the individuals than on institutions, yet, it produced over the centuries, Shaikh Abdul Quddus of Gangoh's (d.1537) Rushd Nama and Mir intellectuals and ideologues of the caliber of people like, the famous Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's(d.1608) Hakayat-I Hindi were the early muhaddis Raziuddin Hasan Saghani (d. 1252), the celebrated Sufi Shaikh attempts to present Indian classics in Sanskrit to the Persian knowing Nizamuddin Auliya (d. A.D. 1325) and his disciples like the multifaceted audience. Akbar must have laid the foundations of these translations genius Amir Khusro (d. A.D.1325), the poet Amir Hasan Sijzi (d. 1330s) projects by sultans to an example through this translation bureau. For and Zia ud din Barni (d.1360's). Then there were those who represented Akbar, Mahabharata was quite central; hence it is quite likely that the the tradition of rational and natural sciences like Shaikh Fatehullah Vaishnavite face of Hinduism was more prominent at Akbar's court Shirazi (d. 1589),39 who is praised by no less a person than the ruthless than the Shaivaite. Similarly, the Upanishads and the works of critic Mulla Abdul Qadir Badauni, for 'his scholarships in the fields of Shankaracharya were not represented at all. It was left to Dara Shikoh ilahiyat, riyaziat, tabiyat and all other fields of m'aqulat and manqulat'. to add the Upanishads to the translated-Brahminical literature, through He further adds that, 'he was such an erudite scholar that nobody his Persian translation, Sirre Akbar.37 could match him,' and he was even invited by the Emperor Akbar in The inmates of the khanaqah/Sufi jama'at khana, in addition to AD 1582 to the Mughal court from the court of Adil Shah at Deccan. their acquiring knowledge in the tenets of theology and higher discipline The famous ideologue of the Mughal Empire, Abul Fazl 'Allami (d. of 'Islamic Sciences', also acquired the knowledge of other religions/ 1602), the astronomer Mirza Raja Jai Singh (d. 1667), the socio- scriptures of the other religions and had some interest in the natural religious reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy (d.1833), the famous poet sciences as well. It is said that the founder of Madariya order Shaikh Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (d.1869), Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Badruddin Madar has memorized Taurah and Ingil (Old and New (d.1898), the educationist and reformer, are only some of the names Testament) and has also learned kimiya, simiya, himiya and rimiya which have left a lasting impact on the socio-cultural landscape of the (Chemistry and other Natural Science?). In fact, it was said of him Indian subcontinent. It is pertinent to point out that they were all that he was the only person expert in so many branches of knowledge trained and taught in a system which owed its origin to India's medieval in his times.38 past. One can very well argue that education was not that neglected a Thus, we see that, it was mainly the migrant elite from outside, field that the colonial administrators, and even some modern apologists, which promoted, developed and carried forward elements of Greco- would have us believe. Arab cultural and intellectual tradition in the Indian sub-continent. Friends, I have taxed your patience beyond the time allotted to Along with they also incorporated the elements from the existing me. Still, I feel that if some of these points are taken up for further linguistic and cultural practices. The classical Sanskrit based studies enquiry, and detailed researches taken up by some students, it would were utilized by senior scholars like Abu Rehan Al-Beruni Mir Abdul be worth it. With the hope that, our shared past, which the forefathers Wahid Bilgirami, Abul Fazl Allami, Dara Shikoh and others. While the have built with some efforts will not go waste in the wake of contrary others depended on the translations and commentaries of these of propaganda by the radical elements and rabble rousers of our society. Sanskrit works by these senior scholars. These factors were the major I would like to end this address by quoting a verse of Bahadur shah ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 21 19 22 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Zafar, the last Mughal who after losing almost everything: including Therefore, whoever could flee from the site of massacre, tried to find an eye witness to the slaughter of his near and dear ones by Major asylum, wherever they could reach with safety. Hodson. And seeing his owns servants turning British agents and was 3. Mihaj-us Siraj Juzjani Tabaqat-i- Nasiri, ed. Abdul Haiy Habibi, exiled to Rangoon. In spite of such trauma he has never lose the hope. Lahore, 1954, vol. II, p.642 Hope in the capacity in Indian nation to survive all the happenings. 4. Isami, Futuh us Salatin, ed. M. Usha,Madras,1948, pp.114-115 Thus he expresses his hope in the following verse. 5. Waq'iat Mushtaqi, Add.11633, f.18. 6. Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgram, Mathirul Kiram, ed. by Shaikh Shams ul Aye Zafar, qayam rahegi jab talak Iqlim-e Hind Haq, Maktab'Ihyaul ulum e Sharqiya, Lahore, 1971, pp. 213-14. Often Akhter-e Iqbal is gul ka Chamakta jayega these grants are described as charitable grants. However, the official He had great hope in the survival on the Indian nation in spite documents and the chronicles have never used the words/expressions, especially meant to describe/convey the sense for charity or for the of the massacre hardships devastations by the colonial masters, in the charitable uses, while making these grants. The terms which are used same manner, I have immense faith in India's composite culture, its to describe the charity in the Islamic literature, like sadqah, khairat, share past and its pluralistic ethos, and communal harmony will survive fitrah, or zakat have never been employed either in the Chronicles or in spite of the radical propaganda against it. in the Archival papers to describe the madad-i mash grants. Thus, to Thank You place madad-i mash under the category of 'charity' is inappropriate. Instead, common neutral terms like Suyurghal, a'imma and madad-i References mash or inam and in the later period ma'afi is invariably used to 1. Perhaps it is relevant to point out that this divide was not merely a describe these grants in the official papers of Mughal and Nawabi geographical one, but it also represented some sort of cultural and periods. Such nomenclature is used invariably irrespective of the sectarian divide also. As late as in the mid- nineteenth century, the religious affiliation of the recipient unlike our modern Indian State famous Urdu/ Persian poet Mirza Asad Ullah Khan Ghalib (d. 1869) which makes a distinction not only on the basis religious affiliation boosts his Sunni affiliations by asserting this identity. For he says: but also on the basis of sectarian affiliations. Shi'i kyun kar Howun; Jabki hun maen Mawra-un Nahari See Shireen Moosvi, 'Charity, Objectives and Mechanism in Mughal (How can I be a Shi'a, when I hail from the region of Mawra-un Nahar?) India (16th and 17th Centuries)', PIHC (73rd Session), Mumbai, 2012, 2. Minhaj-us-Siraj, Tabaqat-i Nasiri, vol.II, (Eng.trans. by H.G. Raverty) Pp. 335-346 pp. 1028-1037. A contemporary couplet captures the event in the 7. Ali b. Uthman Al Hujwiri, The Kashf ul-Mahjub, tr. Reynold A. following manner: Nicholson, Delhi (reprint), Taj Company, 1991, rpt, pp- 176. (hereafter "In three months, the world-seizing Tuli Al Hujwiri) Captured these all to the gate of Sistan 8. Op. cit., Al Hujwiri, see especially chap. XII, pp. 176-266; see also He razed and he slew, and he swept, and he clutched; K.A.Nizami, ed., Collected Works of Muhammad Habib, titled as Politics Not a person remained, neither great nor small." and Society during the Early Medieval Period, vol. I, Delhi, 1974, pp. It is necessary to remember that the second attack on Nishapur was led 52-3, 283-7. by the daughter of Chengiz Khan, who was the wife of the deceased 9. Ibid, p- 288. general killed during the first attack, a year earlier. This attack was to 10. Shaikh Muhammad Ikram, op. cit., pp 74-5. take the revenge of the first attack, when the Mongol forces under the 11. Ibid, pp- 75-6. command of Chengiz's own son-in-law, Nuh-yan/ Nurka were killed as 12. Sujan Rai Bhandari, Khulasat-ut Twarikh, ed. Zafar Hasan Dehalvi, a result of the massive resistance offered by the people of Nishapur 1918, p.73. under the leadership of Majir-ul Mulk, the Kafi, 'Umr-i-Raji, and Ziya- 13. Fawaid ul Fuad, vol.3, majlis no. 9, pp. 178-181, see also, Muhammad ul-Mulk, and the Zauzani. Therefore, one can very well imagine the Habib, Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya: Hayat aur Ta'alimat,, Nizam Urdu ferocity and savagery which was now unleashed on the people and Lecture Series, Department of Urdu, University of Delhi, 1970, pp- 24- city of Nishapur. In this context, the traditional accounts say that 'no 8 . (hereafter Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya) living being including cats and dogs were left alive in the city'. 14. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Surur-us Sudur wa Nur ul-Budur', PIHC, 54th ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 23 20 24 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Session, 1993, Mysore, pp. 231-40. is described as one of the most 'erudite scholars from the East'. Shaikh 15. Muhammad Habib and K.A. Nizami, (ed.) A Comprehensive History of Bahadur, Haqiqat e Surat/Guldasta Sulha e Surat, transl. in Urdu by Indian, V, 1970, pp-140-1; Mumtaz Ali Khan, op. cit. Mahbub Husain Ahmad Husain Abbasi, Gandhinagar, 2005, pp.83- 16. Suru s Sudur wa Nur al Budur , ff. 61-62, c.f. Maksud Ahmad Khan, op. 86. cit. p. 235. 27. M. Athar Ali, 'Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court', in 17. Fawaid ul Fuwad, vol. 3, majlis no. 11, pp- 186-8. Iqtidar Alam Khan (ed.) Akbar and His Age, ICHR Monograph Series, 18. Ibid. New Delhi, 1999, p.78 19. Ali Mohammad Khan, Mirat-i Ahmadi, vol.1, Nawab Ali & Charles N. 28. Shaikh Mohammadi's fame is attributed to his courage in defending, Seldon (eds.), Baroda Oriental Institute, p. 258. in front of Emperor Aurganzeb, the allegedly controversial points from 20. Amir Khurd Kirman, Siyar ul Auliya, Delhi, 1885, pp. 95-96, see also, the famous book Al-Taswiya, authored by his Pir Shaikh Muhibullah Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, pp. 47-8. of Allahabad. 21. The text of this certificate is preserved by Amir Khurd in Siyar ul Auliya, 29. Mulla Nizamuddin Ansari, Manaqib-i Razzaqia, Lucknow, AH 1313, pp 104-5; also compare K.A. Nizami, Life and Times of Shaikh pp. 14-15; see also Muhammad Raza Ansari, Tazkira Hazrat Saiyid Nizamuddin Auliya, Delhi, 1991, pp 189-90. Saheb Banswi, Lucknow, 1986, pp.70-71. 22. Ibid. pp. 187-88. 30. What is more relevant is the way in which it is used by Mulla Nizamuddin, 23. Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh -I Firuz shahi, (ed.) Shaikh Abdul Rashid, the biographer of Saiyid Abdul Razzaq, and later commentators on Aligarh, Vol. II pp. 346-347. this namely Mulla Qiyamuddin Abdul Bari (d.1926) and Mufti Raza 24. Siyar ul Auliya, pp.288-9; Ansari (d.1990). Irrespective of the fact that they themselves were 25. Ibid initiated into the principle of Qadiri and Naqshbandi orders 26. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Chroniclising The Miraculous: Hagiology in respectively, they have compared the wajd and raqs of Sufis to tazwir the Mirat-i Madari' in PIHC, (55th, Session), Aligarh, 1994,p 304. (simple lies) and makr wa hila (hypocrisy). This tradition of acquiring expertise in the religious scripture of other Also See my, 'Religious Plurality in the Chishti Tradition: A Case Study of Semitic religion survived in the Mughal times later on. Khafi Khan the Khanqah at Salon in Awadh' in Jamal Malik and Helmut Reifeld, tells same thing about Saiyid Sa'sadullah (d. A.H. 1138/A.D.1725) of Religious Pluralism in South Asia and Europe, OUP, 2005, pp. 219- Salon, the grandson of Shaikh Pir Muhammad (d.1687), the founder of 244. For the specific reference see, pp. 233-234. a Khanqah belonging to the Chishti -Nizami order of the Sufi at 31. Rawaj-i a'am of pargana Parshadepur, Tehsil Salon, District Salon(Rae Bareli, UP), was his earliest teacher as Azad Bilgrami Pratapgarh, included in the Jild-i band wa bast-i awwal (First volume (d.1761) says that: He acquired knowledge, while he was very young of the Revenue Settlements) of 1860, recording among other things, and in a very short time became an expert in the various disciplines, in the Kayfiyyat-i abadi wa husul-i milkiyyat (the details of the Settlement his youth he started teaching and he could compare very well with the and the Acquisition of the Superior Land Rights). senior scholars who have spent years in teaching and worthy authors 32. Literary a small earthen pot, but when used technically, it involves of scholarly works" Azad further adds that, he acquired expertise in going in to a procession from the Khanqah of a Sufi Shaikh to some the orthodox and spiritual sciences, Logic, Philosophy, simiya, himiya nearby pond/river accompanied by the musicians and disciples. The wa kimiya were the sciences in which nobody could match him. He also participants carrying the empty gagars on their head and reciting the acquired expertise in matters related to Ingil and Taurah as much that fatiah on water filled their gagars with the water. For further discussion even [Christian] monks took lectures from him. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab on this practice and the way the orthodoxy had dubbed it as a bid'at ut Twarikh, vol. 2, p. 559; see also, Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami, Mathir (an innovation in the religion), see my, "Religious Plurality in Chishti ul Kiram, pp. 217-18. The Saiyid Sa'adullah also established his Tradition", pp234-6. madrasa at Surat in a haveli assigned to him by Emperor Aurangzeb 33. For a discussion on this ritual see Claudia Lebeskiend, Piety on its and maintained the madrasa with the madad-i ma'ash with rupees nine Knees: Three Sufi Traditions in South Asia in Modern Times, OUP thousand per annum. He was held in the high esteem by the emperor, 1998, pp. 152-153 but after some times he migrated to the holy city of Madina and 34. See, Shaikh Mohammad Ikram, Rud-i kauthar, (1991 reprint, Delhi), p. established his seminary there as well. By the latter contemporaries he 498. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 25 21 35. Shaikh Husam-al Haque wa Din, in Anis-ul'Ashiqin' has discussed this question in four sections. Section one begins with such diverse issues as the origins of the creed of tasawwuf; the earliest Sufi with whom the izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku concept of khirqa is associated; on the notion of 'ishq (love) and the definition of 'ashiq. Here, while taking a note of the different sayings, he shows a clear preference for the opinion that Prophet Shish happens jktLFkku % laxhr&xkSjo&xkFkk to be the earliest Sufi. Anis-ul'Ashiqin, Ms. ff 2a-4a, Subhanullah Collection, Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj 36. For an initial understanding of this argument see my 'Sufi Tradition and Popular literature: Chishti ideology, Awadhi dialect and local ekuuh; v/;{k] vfrfFkx.k ,oa bfrgklfon~ fe=ksa] practices', in 'Popular literature in pre- Modern Societies in South Asia', ed. Surinder Singh and Ishwar Dayal Gaur, Pearson, Delhi 2008 lqizfrf"Br bfrgklK izksQslj xksihukFk 'kekZ jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl pp.271-280 (for this reference see p.272) foHkkx esa vkpk;Z o ,sfejsV~l izksQslj ds in ij dk;Zjr jgsA vkius fo'ks"kdj 37. M. Athar Ali, 'Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court', in jktLFkku bfrgkl ys[ku dks iqjkrRo] iqjkys[k] ,sfrgkfld lkfgR;] LFkkiR;] fp=dyk] Iqtidar Alam Khan (ed.) Akbar and His Age, ICHR Monograph Series, New Delhi, 1999, p.78 r{k.kdyk ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld izdkf'kr xzUFkksa] i=&if=dkvksa ds ek/;e ls ,d It will be of some interest to point out that in spite of the fact that Islam u;h n`f"V o u;h lksp ds lkFk] uohu vuqla/kkuksa ds ek/;e ls cgqvk;keh f{kfrt as a religion was introduced in the Indian subcontinent since the time rd igqapk;kA ,d vksj duZy VkWM] dfo jkt ';keynkl] MkW- vks>k] if.Mr js≈ of its birth. But its only holy scripture, namely Quran was never vkfn x.kekU; ys[kdksa ds ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds foospukRed o.kZu ls vkxs c<+ dj translated into Sanskrit, either full or in parts or any other Indian language. Similarly, there are fewer authentic quotations from the u;h [kkst ds vUrxZr jktuhfrd rF;ksa o rRdkyhu mFky&iqFky dks ,d uohu fn'kk authoritative works of Islamic theology. It is only during the twentieth iznku dhA blls Hkh vf/kd] nwljh vksj ,d lkgfld dne mBkrs gq, mUgksaus ‘Social century that full translation of Quran in Hindi (Devanagari script) life in Rajasthan’ uked iqLrd dk ys[ku fd;kA ;g og nkSj Fkk tc lkjs bfrgkl was done under the aegis of Jamat-e Islami-e Hind by one Maulana Muhammad Farooq Khan as late as in 1970's. txr esa jkT;] iz'kklu] iz'kklfud&O;oLFkk] jktLo o Hkw&jktLo ij vk/kkfjr Similarly, one finds the text like Satyarth Prakash of famous Arya vkfFkZd bfrgkl fy[kus ij cy fn;k tk jgk Fkk] ijUrq vkius foijhr blds lkekftd] Samajist, Daya Nand Saraswati, having chapters on Christianity and /kkfeZd o lkaLœfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls vfHkys[kkxkjh; o lkfgfR;d lkexzh dks Hkh Islam as late as in AD 1862.Besides being highly tenacious and lfEefyr djrs gq, ‘Social life’ dk fp=.k fd;kA lekt] ifjokj] ikfjokfjd provocative; these chapters are factually inaccurate as well. 38. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Chroniclising The Miraculous: Hagiology in O;ogkj ,oa R;ksgkj] lkekftd&/kkfeZd ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] laLFkkvksa] nSfud the Mirat-i Madari'in PIHC, (55th, Session), Aligarh, 1994,p 304. thou] [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kk] euksjatu] mRlo] ioZ] f'k{kk tSls fo"k;ksa dks jkspd k x;k gSA dk mldk viuk bfrgkl gSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 29 23 30 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 oLrqr% ^lRizenkdqy* dk izkphu@e/;dkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa iz;ksx gqvk gS vkSj gq, gSaA og Hkh dsoy eafnj ds lanHkZ esaA xf.kdk dk tulaidZ jgrk Fkk vr% mUgsa eafnj ds bu dykfon~ efgykvksa esa 'kksfHkdk@'kksHkfudk ds fo"k; esa fuEu iafDr;ka mn~/ ;ksX; ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA eafnj dh lsok esa layXu urZdh vkfn dk ck· iq#"kksa ls k`r djuk mfpr gksxk ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ^esgjh 'kksfHkdk ds x`g&fujh{k.k ds fy;s laidZ fuf"kº Fkk blhfy, mUgsa ^lRd* dgk x;k gSA vk;s gq, egkjktkf/kjkt (vkYg.knso) us 'kksfHkdk dks fiNoYyh xzke buke fn;k] ewy vfHkys[k ds ^p* vO;; ij fdlh us fopkj ugha fd;k blfy;s 'kwyiky ftldk Hkksx og Lo;a djsa ;k vU; fdlh dks djkosa] dksbZ Hkh O;fDr n[ky ugha dks fo|kon~fHk ls tksM+k gS] lgh vFkZ gksxk fo}kuksa vkSj 'kwyiky ds lkFkA vFkkZr~ bu nsxkμ izenkvksa ds xq#vksa rFkk 'kwyiky ;kuh j{kdksa] HkkySrksa ds lkFk ;k=k esa xkrs&ctkrs os ^^ikS"k ofn n'kE;ka egkjktkf/kjktsu egfjlks(fHk) dk;k x`gfujh& pyrh FkhaA eafnj dh ;k jktnjckj dh xkf;dkvksa@urZfd;ksa dh vkus&tkus] lqj{kk&izgfj;ksa {k.kk;kxrsukL;k fiNoYyh&xzke Lolheki;ZUrkss Kkre;kZnizlknhœrks∑L;k Hkqat;UR;k vkSj izdk'k ds fy;s e'kkyph dh O;oLFkk jkt dh rjQ ls gh gksrh vk;h gSμ19oha Hkqatki;UR;k dsukfi---ifjiUFkuk dk;kZA** 'krh rdA de ls de jktLFkku dk ;gh ifjn`'; gSA ,d ckr vkSjA fdlh Hkh nsork mi;qZDr vfHkys[k dk ;g fooj.k 1171 fo-] 1173 fo- rFkk 1205 fo- dk dk tqywl fudysxk rks mlesa ml LFkku ij fo|eku~ lHkh eafnjksa dh izenkvksa dks gS rFkk tkstynso ds 1147 fo- ds vfHkys[k esa lanfHkZr fooj.k ds ifjizs{; esa bls lfEefyr gksuk FkkA ns[kuk mi;qDr gksxkA ;gka ;g rF; Lohdkjuk gksxk fd tu&lkekU; ds ÿ;&foÿ; ;ksX; xf.kdk vkYg.knso dh 1219 fo- dh dkWij IysV ;g lwfpr djrh gS fd eafnj esa dks eafnjksa dh lsok ds fy;s mi;ksxh ekuuk gekjh Hkwy gksxhA xku&u`R; ds vykok ukVÓ dk eapu Hkh gksrk FkkA f=iq#"knso eafnj esa vkYg.knso }kjk nsoky;ksa esa xku&u`R; lsok ds fy;s jkT; dh vkjs ls dh tkus okyh O;oLFkk fof/kor~ iwtk] vfHk"ksd vkSj uSos| leiZ.k djus ds ckn iq.;nkf;uh jkf= esa izs{k.kd@ukVÓ ds ÿe esa vkYg.knso dkyhu dkWij IysV~l ds fooj.k dks mifLFkr fd;k tk ldrk ns[kus dk lanHkZ nsf[k;sμ gS ftlesa lsokjr dykfoK efgykvksa dks nzEe uked eqnzkvksa vFkok [email protected] uSos|a ljla iznk; cgq/kk iq.;iznkjk=dsA xks/kwe (xsgwa) fu;fer :i ls afn;s tkus dh vkKk vafdr gSA >haVyokM+k xzke ds i'pkr~ izs{k.kda euks/k`frdja rkS;Zf=dkyaœre~AA f=iq#"knso eafnj rFkk panys'oj esa fu;qDr foykflfu;ksa ds uke rFkk mUgsa ns; [email protected] ;gka iz;qDr rkS;Zf=d dk vFkZ&xhr] ok|] u`R; rFkk vfHku; ls vyaœr ukVÓ /kkU; dks bl izdkj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSμ gSA bu pkjksa dks leok; :i ls Hkjr eqfu us rkS;Zf=d dgk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds 1- foykfluh in~ek dh dU;k "kksM'kioZ dfri; eafnjksa ds lHkkxkj esa vHkh ukVÓ ds eap fo|eku~ gSaA d'ehj esa Hkh ukVÓ o ftyk rFkk vU; laHkor% eapu dh izFkk FkhA ;s ukVd ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjr Fks tks foxzg ds mRloksa ij laxfrdkj eafpr fd;s tkrsA bl lanHkZ ls ;g tkuuk fd jktLFkku esa Hkh eafnjksa esa ukVÓeapu 2- esgjh esgfudk uankxzke ds Hkksx ls 5 nzks.k xks/kwe gksrk jgk gS] gekjs fy;s fdruk lq[kn gSA 3- esgjh fcxM+k] lhrnk] iseyh] jruk nsouafnr xzke ds vj?kÍ ls 5 mn;flagnso (pkgeku) ds dky dk Hkhueky f'kykys[k (1306 fo-) Jh;knsoh vklnsoh lwjoky tljk] dqej nzks.k xks/kwe fdUgha Bkdqj mn;flag ds iq= eg.kflag (egkflag) rFkk mlds HkkbZ }kjk la;qDr :i i.ko&oknd ofM;kj >hVyokM+k xzke ds ls txRLokeh eafnj dh vf'ou on 14] 1306 fo- dks nsorkvksa dh ;k=k (/kkfeZd e`nax oknd efgefrgkl vj?kÍ ls 5&5 mRloksa ij vk;ksT;) ds fufeŸk 40 nzEe fu{ksi fd;s tkus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA blds oa'koknd fjflnkl dqejnzks.k vfrfjDr nksuksa Hkkb;ksa us vkRe&dY;k.kkFkZ ek?k ekl esa ofn 5 ds cfy vkfn ds fy;s xksfoUnlqr blh eafnj ds Hkk.Mkxkj esa 15 nzEe fu{ksfir fd;sA xks/kwe] ?k`r vkfn gj oLrq ij nsouafnr xzke esa eBifr dh mifLFkfr n'kkZ;h x;h gS rFkk mls lRdizenkdqy fdruk [kpZ fd;k tkuk gS bldk Hkh vfHkys[k esa funsZ'k gSA dgus dh t:jr ugha gS dh rjg lRdeBifr dgk x;k gSA vfHkys[k esa mfYyf[kr esgfj;ka fu'p; gh fd ctV ds vyx&vyx gSM~l esa lRizenkdqy Hkh ,d gSμ xkf;dk,a@urZfd;ka gaS D;ksafd muds lkFk gh i.ko] e`nax vkSj os.kq okndksa ds uke tqM+s ^izenkdqyizr;a nz 1 ,rRlo± izfr(o)"k± nsosu dkjkiuh;e~A* ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 31 24 32 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bu vfHkys[kksa esa mfYyf[kr rF; bl ckr ds Li"V izek.k ds :i esa Lohdkj ukxj*&ehjk ds Hktuksa dh xwat lkjs Hkkjro"kZ esa vc Hkh lqukbZ nsxhA fd;s tk ldrs gSa fd ns'k ds vU; HkwHkkxksa dh rjg jktLFkku esa Hkh eafnjksa us oYyHkkpk;Z ds izkdVÓ us iqf"VekxZ }kjk lxq.k HkfDr dh bl /kkjk dks lqn`<+ xhr&u`R;&ok|&izs{k.kd dks u dsoy laj{k.k fn;k gS] vfirq fuR; lsok rFkk uSfefŸkd gh ugha fd;k] mlesa pkj pkan yxk fn;sA vkSjaxtsc dh uhfr ds dkj.k tc izHkq ds voljksa ij izLrqfr djus ds volj miyC/k djk;s gSa vkSj xhr&ok| ls turk&tuknZu foxzgksa dks LFkkukUrfjr djuk iM+k rc jktLFkku ds 'kkldksa us gh rks mu foxzgksa dks ds fy;s HkfDr ekxZ dks iz'kLr fd;k gSA tks/kiqj] dkadjksyh] ukFk}kjk] dksVk] Hkjriqj esa izfr"Bkfir fd;k] muesa oh.kkokndksa] lxq.k&fuxqZ.k ijaijk dhrZfu;ksa vksj i[kkot&okndksa dks fu;qDr fd;k] eafnjksa dks [kpZ ds fy;s xkao&tehusa blds ckn dk le; jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky dk gS] Hkkjr dh turk ds tkxhj esa nhaA tks/kiqj ds pkSikluh eafnj dks ekjokM+ ds gj xkao ij ,d #i;k ikus dkfQj cu tkus dk] eafnjksa ds m/oLr gksus dk] cykr~ /keZ&ifjorZu dk] vkReksRlxZ dh lun nh x;h FkhA esokM+ esa izkphu@u;s cus eafnjksa esa fuR; dhrZu dh O;oLFkk Fkh dk] viuh laLœfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk loZuk'k ns[kus dkA rkjh[ks fQjkst'kkgh ds gh] jkeLusgh laiznk; ds eBksa esa Hkh egkjk.kkvksa us Hktu&xk;dksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dh ys[kd us fy[kk gSμ FkhaA tks/kiqj ds fot;flag vius flagklu ij ^Jhœ".kpj.k'kj.k* fy[krs Fks] mUgksaus ckyfdluth dk eafnj cuk;kA ukFkkuq;k;h ekuflag us ukFk&eafnjksa esa fuR; dhrZu dh ^^tc fd esjh FkksM+h&lh lkalsa 'ks"k gSa rks mi;qZDr egfQyksa dh iz'kalk fy[krs O;oLFkk dh FkhA t;iqj ds Mkxj&xk;dksa dh lk/kuk jk/kkxksfoan th ds eafnj esa gksrh le; esjh ;g bPNk gqbZ fd eSa mu u`R; lqanfj;ksa] ;qofr;ksa] jef.k;ksa rFkk ;qodksa dks ;kn jgh] mn;iqj ds txnh'k eafnj dh jFk ;k=k m- tkfd#Ìhu dh gkftjh ds fcuk ;k=k dj ywa ftuesa ukt vkSj vankt vkSj œf=e Hkko Hkjs iM+s Fks--- eSaus muesa dqN dk xkuk iwjh gh ugha gksrh FkhA t;iqj ds izrkiflag us vius xzaFk dk uke gh jk/kkxksfoanlaxhrlkj vkSj u`R; ns[kk gS----- [krkr] dkrhc] eqgfCcd] uchl] dOoky] xk;d] pax] jckc] j[kkA eafnjksa ds xk;dksa ds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa us fo'o& Hkj esa uke fd;kμt;iqj dk HkÍ dqekU;k vkSj ukScr ctkus okys ftrus vrkbZ Fks] mrus ;ksX; vkSj fdlh le; esa u FksA** ifjokj ;k chdkusj dk xksLokeh ifjokj bl rF; dk mnkgj.k gSA ;g le; vehj [kqljks dkA dgrs gSa bl oDr bjkuh laxhr dk gekjs laxhr vc rd dh ppkZ laHkor% ;g ladsr djrh izrhr gksrh gS fd laxhr ds ij izHkko iM+k] ij mldh 'kq:vkr /kkfeZd vkLFkk ls gh gqbZA bZjkuh] fo'ks"kdj laj{k.k vkSj fodkl esa rr~&rr~ dkyhu lŸkkf/kdkfj;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk jgk vr% lwfQ;kuk xk;dh dk Hkkjr esa lw=ikr vtesj ls gh gqvk gS ,slk izrhr gksrk gSμ[oktk mu lŸkk/kh'kksa@muds vkfJrksa dh laxhr ds 'kkL=@iz;ksx ds izfr jgh vfHk#fp ds eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh ds dkj.kA ;gha ls lw~Qh laxhr dk izpkj&izlkj izkjaHk gqvkA lwQh n'kZu djkuk ;gka visf{kr gksxkA 'kq: ogha ls djuk gksxk tgka ls vfHkys[kh; lk{; xk;dksa esa dOokyh xkus okyksa dk dOoky&cPpksa dk ?kjkuk dk;e gqvkA blh ?kjkus miyC/k gSaA ls [;ky&xk;u ds Xokfy;j&vkxjk bR;kfn ?kjkus cus] bUgha ls VIik&Bqejh tSlh eu yqHkkou xk;fd;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvk] muds Hkh cukjl&y[ku≈&iatkc ?kjkus cusA 'kkldksa dh lkaxhfrd vfHk#fp 12&14oha 'krh rd nsjkoj ds jkLrs ukFk&laiznk; ds vuq;k;h jktLFkku esa tks/kiqj ds fo- 894 ds vfHkys[k esa izrhgkj ckmd dks vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds vkus yxsA mUgksaus cykr~ /keZ&ifjorZu jksdus ds iz;kl rks fd;s gh gS ijUrq bl lanHkZ lkFk dykfUor dgk x;k gS tcfd 918 fo- dk ?kfV;kyk vfHkys[k dDdqd ds esa egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd 14oha&15oha lnh esa ukFkksa dk HkfDr dh vksj >qdko gksus oh.kkoknu dk Hkh ladsr djrk gSμ yxk] dchj ls og vius ijoku p<+k vkSj fuxqZ.kh HkfDr&lk/kuk esa fQj laxhr us gh oYydh dkdyhxhra 'kjPpanz'p ekyrhA vkLFkk cuk;s j[kus dk dke fd;k] jTtc] nknw] nfj;k] ykynkl] pj.knkl dbZ lUrksa fouhrk L=h lrka xks"Bh dDdqdL; fiz;kf.k "kV~AA ds jktLFkku esa iaFk cusA ij dchj ls Hkh igys jkoy eYyhukFk vkSj jkuh :ikans us dDdqd dks oh.kk&oknu fiz; Fkk gh] og ml xhr dks lquuk ilUn djrk Fkk ekjokM+ esa HkfDr dk lw=ikr fd;kA ckck jkenso izflº gSA buds ^tkxj.k* ;k ftlesa dkdyh fu"kkn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA dkdyh dk iz;ksx eanzlIrd ds vkyki esa jkrhtksx ,drkjk&ku ds :i esa ;gka vkcw&panzkorh ds vklikl i{k/kj (1673 bZ-) us laxhrdYir# dh jpuk ladsfrr djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA dh ftl ij fdUgha ia- x.ks'knso us lqcksf/kuh Vhdk fy[kh gSA lwphi= cukus okys us t;iqj 'kkldksa ds vkSjaxkckn f'kfoj esa fdUgha Bk- jkeflag 'ks[kkor ds iq= ys[kd ds :i esa #nznkl uke fn;k gSA laHkor% i{k/kj vkSj #nznkl esa ls fdlh ,d fd'kuflag ds v/;;u ds fy;s Bkdqj lkgc us laxhr&jRukdj ij jliznhi Vhdk us vU; ds fy, mls fy[kk gksA fy[kok;h Fkh] og Hkh ejkBh esa vkSj mlds Vhdkdkj dksbZ uwj[kka gS! laxhr jRukdj dk djkSyh&ujs'k jktk xksikynkl dh jkxlewg uked y?kqdk; jpuk gSA /kkSyiqj u`R;k/;k; lfp= gS ftlesa fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa urZfd;ksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA xzaFk ds vk.kanjke us vkSjaxkckn esa eqxy f'kfoj esa jgrs gq, 1682 bZ-esa jkxeatjh fy[khA ;gha ij t;iqj esa [kkleqgj laxzg esa gSA blh izdkj vyoj esa xaxkjke ekFkqj us fy[kh blh rjg lhdj&>qa>uwa ds dk;e[kkuh dfo tku us laxhrxq.knhi dh czt Hkk"kk esa laxhr&jRukdj dh cztHkk"kk dh ^lsrq* Vhdk gS tks yxHkx 800 i`"Bksa esa miyC/k gSA jpuk dh gSA fetkZ jktk t;flag ds iq= jkeflag dh lsok esa fu;qDr eksgujk; ikrqj&urZdh mi;qZDr xzaFk vuwi laLœr ykbZcszjh] chdkusj] lokbZ ekuflag II laxzgky;] us ^ÿhMkfouksn* fy[kk rks mf.k;kjk Bk- Hkheflag dh vkKk ls jk/kkd`".k laxhrkpk;Z us t;iqj rFkk jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj ,oa mlds laHkkxh; dk;kZy;ksa esa jkxjRukdj uke ds fo'kky xzaFk dh jpuk dh gSA vki dHkh Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA bl fooj.k ls 'kkld vkSj 'kkflrksa dh dykfHk#fp dk t;iqj ds lokbZ izrkiflag laxhrkuqjkx vkSj jk/kkxksfoan dh HkfDr ds fy;s vuqeku ge yxk ldrs gSa D;ksafd izk;ksfxd {kerk ds vHkko esa fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh izflº gSA os mLrkn pkan[kka ds f'k"; FksA izrkiflag us ^jk/kk& xksfoanlaxhrlkj* dh 'kkL=k/;;u vFkok 'kkL=ys[ku dh izo`fŸk ugha gks ldrhA bl izdkj dh vfHk#fp ds lkr v/;k;ksa esa jpuk dh] jpuk esa t;iqj ds njckjh dfo;ksa uanfd'kksj frokM+h] ifj.kke Lo:i gh jktLFkku dh izk;% lHkh iwoZ fj;klrksa esa xquhtu[+kkuksa dh 'kq:vkr Jhd`".k rSyax] pquhyky HkÍ vkSj jkejk; feJ us lgk;rk dh FkhA bUgha izrkiflag gqbZA fj;klrksa ds Lora= Hkkjr esa foy; gksus rd vusd fnXxt xquhtuksa us bu dh vkKk ls x.kifr Hkkjrh us (1791 bZ-) laxhr lkxj dh jpuk dhA t;iqj esa fy[ks xquhtu[+kkuksa dh 'kksHkk c<+kbZ] lk/kuk dh] viuh le`º f'k";&ijEijk,a cuk;h] vusd x;s vU; xzaFkksa esa u`R;fouksn] xhrizdk'k] flaxkjniZ.k vkSj jljkf'k jkeukjk;.k ds fy[ks xk;u'kSfy;ksa dk vorj.k fd;k vkSj fgUnqLrkuh laxhr dks vewY; vonku fn;kA vc jkx ladsr] ‹k`axkjniZ.k dk ;gka mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxkA mldh ppkZ djuk mi;qDr gksxkA 'kkgtgka ds ledkyhu egkjktk xtflag us Hkh laHkor% ,d xzaFk dh jpuk xquhtu[+kkuk t;iqj dh gSμukxsUnzlaxhr ftlds drkZ ukxsUnz gSA ukxsUnz xtflag dk i;kZ;okph dfo uke fetkZ jktk t;flag (1622&67 bZ-) dh lsok esa jgs [kku eqgEen] gqlSu [kka] gksus dh laHkkouk dh tk ldrh gSA tks/kiqj njckj dh nks urZfd;ksa dh u`R;&f'k{kk ds futke [kka] vCnqYyk vkSj NÌw [kka izeq[k dykdkj ekus tkrs Fks ftUgsa ckjg ls chl fy; fy[kk ;g xzaFk dRFkd ds bfrgkl ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ flº gksxkA tks/kiqj ds #i;s rd osru FkkA lokbZ t;flag ds dky esa] ftUgsa 36 dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk dk vU; 'kkldksa esa egkjktk ekuflag laxhrK dfo gq, gSa ftUgksaus vusd uohu iz;ksx Js; gS] xquhtu[+kkuk dk;e fd;k x;kA muds le; esa cztHkw"k.k HkÍ] jked`".k] fd;s gSa ftldh ppkZ Hkk"k.k ds lekiu esa djuk mfpr gksxkA foxr lnh esa ia- lsokjke vkSj ukFkwjke frokM+h ds dykdkjksa ds :i esa mYys[k feyrs gSaA lokbZ cqfºizdk'k vkpk;Z dk fy[kk ^laxhrkEcqt HkkLdj* vHkh vizdkf'kr gSA izrkiflag us] tks Lo;a pkan [kka ds f'k"; Fks] jk/kkxksfoUnlaxhrlkj dh jpuk dh FkhA chdkusj ds vuwiflag dks laxhr&u`R; ls yxko FkkA eqxy&lezkV~ vkSjaxtsc tqxuaw] Nktw [kka vkSj yYyw ;k yYyu [kka buds le; esa ukeh dykdkj FksA lokbZ dh lsok esa tukZnu HkÍ laxhrkpk;Z FksA vuwiflag bUgsa vius lkFk chdkusj fyok yk;s jkeflag dk dky dykvksa dk ^Lo.kZ;qx* dgk tkrk gS tc t;iqj esa 161 dykoar FksA tukZnu HkÍ ds HkkoHkÍ vkSj laxhrjk; HkÍ nks iq= gq,A HkkoHkÍ ds Hkh nks iq= vkSj uDdkj[kkus ds 38 dykdkj gqvk djrs FksA bUgksaus ?kklh[kka ds iq= leuq dks Fksμegknso HkÍ vkSj j?kqukFk HkÍA HkkoHkÍ iz[kj fo}ku~ Fks] muds vuwilaxhrjRukdj o v[ksiqj dk okl vkSj vehj c['k dks pko.M dk e.M xkao buk;r fd;k FkkA vuwilaxhrfoykl xzaFkksa esa xhr&ok| ds vykok u`R; vkSj ukVÓ dk Hkh lekos'k gSA t;iqj ds izflº dykdkjksa esa jTtc vyh [kka chudkj] /k`in xk;d cgjke laxhrjk; vkSj egknso HkÍ us vkykieatjh vkfn xzaFk la;qDr :i ls fy[ks gSaA j?kqukFk [kka] flrkj oknd jghelsu&ve`rlsu vkSj okXxs;dkj eqgEen vyh mQZ gjjax us HkÍ us vuwilaxhrkadq'k* fy[kkA fiNyh lnh esa pw# ds ia- t;panz 'kekZ us chdkusj esa dkQh uke dek;kA t;iqj ds dqrqc vyh] eq'kjZQ [kka] eqlkfgc vyh] lkfnd vyh jgrs gq, dRFkd u`R; ij fofo/k xzaFk jpuk dh gSA rFkk vln vyh rkulsu ds lsfu;k ?kjkus ds izfrfuf/k dykdkj gq, gSaA xksgjtku rks ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 37 27 38 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkkjrizflº jgh gSA rek'kk ds izflº dykdkj xksihpan&Qwypan HkÍ dks ijxuk laxhr ds lEcU/k esa ,d ckr Li"V gSS fd ;|fi esokM+ dk laxhr eqxy 'kklu dk fuokbZ dk ^HkkrM~;k* xkao buk;r fd;k x;k FkkA Ω.kh ugha gS rFkkfi jktlHkk esa dykoarksa dh mifLFkfr 18oha 'krh ls iwoZ dh ugha gS] tks/kiqj dk rkyhe[+kkuk gkykafd dqEHkk ds i'pkr~ izrkidkyhu jkxekyk dk fp=kadu 'kkldksa dh dykfHk#fp t;iqj ds xquhtu[+kkus dh rjg tks/kiqj esa rkyhe[+kkuk cuk;k x;kA 1650 bZ- dk |ksrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA nLrkosth lk{; ds rkSj ij egkjk.kk txrflag dh ls iwoZ 'kkldksa dh lsok esa xku&u`R; ds fy;s xk;.k&xkf;dkvksa dks fu;qDr fd;s tkus jktlHkk esa ^xk;uxuxa/koZ* vkSj ^okfnf=d* inksa dk ;gka mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ds cgqr mYys[k miyC/k gSaA ;g rkyhe[+kkuk egkjk.kh ds fu;a=.k esa j[kk x;k FkkA blh rjg ^Hkhefoykl* vkSj ^jktfoykl* esa laxhr dh vusd egfQyksa ds o.kZu ns[ks dykoarksa ds lanHkZ e- vthrflag ds le; ls feyus 'kq: gksrs gSaA tk ldrs gSaA e- fot;flag (1750&93 bZ-) ds le; esa fdlux<+ ls tqxuwa] ?kklh[kka] mŸkj e/;dky esa mn;iqj esa xquhtu[+kkus dh rtZ ij laxhrKksa ds iz'kklu ds mlds iq= gDdkuh c['k vk;s FksA ckn esa vrjksyh ds ekurkSy [kka] Hkwir[kka] fy;s laxhr&izdk'k uked foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h Fkh ftlds v/;{k dks vekuhc['k] fdlux<+ ds dOo+ky eqgEen iuk] fldUnjkckn ds jet+ku [kka] vkxjk Egklkuh dgk tkrk FkkA egfQyksa ds vk;kstu ds vykok laxhrKksa dh lsok ls lacº ds 'ksj[kka] iatkc ds jlwy csx&xqyke gqlSu] esokrh ?kjkus ds ?k??ks uthj[kka] dkyih dk;Z bUgha ds }kjk fd;s tkrsA 19oha 'krh eas laxhr&izdk'k dk vf/kdka'kr% ctV #- ds Bqejh xk;d glu[kka] Xokfy;j ds fgEer [kka tks/kiqj vk x;s FksA ekuflag Lo;a 11500 jgk gSA bl le; esokM+ ls gh mBs dykoar fnynkj [kka vkSj mlds iq= eku laxhrK FksA buds le; esa 20 dOoky] 25&26 dykoar] 15&16 laxfrdkj tks/kiqj [kka] lwjflaxkj oknd o.khokys uUgs [kka dk mYys[k ;gka ij djuk mfpr gksxkA esa fu;qDr FksA ;s lHkh dykdkj eghunkj&ekfld osru ikus okys FksA xk;dksa dks 30 'kEHkwflagth ds dky esa flrkjoknd eaxyw [kka] xk;d [kktq [kka] d+kuwu&oknd #- rd vkSj okndksa dks 7&15 #- rd osru FkkA fcuk NqÍh fy;s vuqifLFkr jguk bykgh c['k vkSj mlds iq= vgen c[+'k] chudkj ia- vuarjke] nk;se[kka] t;yky laHko ugha FkkA dqN dykdkjksa dks ;Fkk ihjc['k] jet+ku [kka] beke c['k dks tukuk xkSM+] xqyke Hkh[kw vkSj nk;js [kka dh egfQyksa ds gdhdr cghM+s esa ckj&ckj mYys[k MÓkS<+h esa tkus dh ^Egkyh NwV* FkhA jet+ku [kka dks vgeniqjk xkao buk;r fd;k x;k miyC/k gksrs gSaA FkkA dbZ dykdkjksa dks ikydh dk ^dqjc* fn;k gqvk FkkA ia- cgjke [kka dh f'k"; ijEijk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us mn;iqj eas /kzqin& xk;u vkSj eqfLye dykdkjksa ds vykok 100 ds yxHkx iq"dj.kk vkSj nk/khp czk„.k oh.kkoknu dh cM+h lk/kuk dh gSA [kka lkgc ds iq= lÌw [kka rFkk ikS= vdcj [kka vkSj xkus okys FksA Fkkuoh cynso rkyhe[+kkus ds v/;{k FksA buesa ls dqN dh tks/kiqj vkSj bjknr [kka dqN le; rd mn;iqj jgsA cgjke[kka ds Hkrhts eqgEen tku ds iq= vklikl ds {ks= ds eafnjksa esa fu;qfDr FkhA Fkkuoh cynso ds vykok gjnso] t;nso] tkfd#Ìhu] ikS= ft;kmÌhu vkSj izikS= ft;k eksbmÌhu laxhr&izdk'k ds lw;Z gh FksA tyrjax oknd ia- ohjenŸk] O;kl lusbZyky] iqjksfgr cPNjkt] frokM+h fj/kdj.k] eqgEen vyh ds iq= vykcans [kka Hkh mn;iqj jgs ysfdu vYidky rdA muds iq= lqjrjke vkSj fdlujke vPNs xk;d FksA bekeqÌhu us Hkwikyflag dh 40 o"kZ rd lsok dhA tks/kiqj esa lk/k&Hkxr dykdkjksa dh cM+h la[;k esa mifLFkfr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mn;iqj ds i[kkot&okndksa esa nsok] tkQj vyh&vekuvyh] rcyk okndksa bZljh fxj/kkjh] dhjrjke] dq'kkynkl] x.ks'knkl vkfn dbZ uke ;gka mnk‚r fd;s tk esa gqlSu c['k] ihjk] bykgh c[+'k rFkk lkjaxh okndksa esa ckyw [kka] bjknr [kka vkSj panks ldrs gSaA fj;klr ds chu&jckc&lkjaxh okndksa esa lnkjke] cksgjk lStjke] ihrkacjnkl] ds uke egRoiw.kZ gSA mn;iqj ds LFkkuh; lkjaxh okndksa esa fxj/kkjhyky] muds f'k"; jetw vyh] euq[kka] jS>w fejklh] bZ'ojh izlkn tSls dykdkj egfQyksa esa dykoarksa dh y{e.kxa/koZ vkSj dkydkizlkn dh lqnh?kZ f'k";&ijaijk cuhA fny#ckoknd ukFkwth laxfr fd;k djrs FksA ds iq= ia- jkeukjk;.k vkSj ia- prqjyky us Hkkjr gh ugha] lkjs fo'o esa viuh /kkd tks/kiqj esa gqbZ egfQyksa esa ls dfri; dh leh{kk fy[kh xbZ gS ftls vkn'kZ tek;hA leh{kk dgk tk ldrk gS] og dksjh iz'kalk ugha gSA ukFk}kjk&dkadjksyh ds eafnjksa esa laxhrKksa dks laj{k.k nsdj iqf"VekxhZ&laxhr mn;iqj ds mRFkku ds fy;s esokM+ 'kkldksa ds }kjk fd;s x;s lr~ iz;klksa dh ftruh iz'kalk dh esokM+ ds egkjk.kk dqEHkd.kZ dh ckr ge igys dj vk;s gSaA esokM+ vkSj tk,] de gksxhA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 39 28 40 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 VkSad eLlw [kka /kkSyiqj dh jktlHkk ds Hkw"k.k FksA ia- eueksgu flrkj oknd ds lkFk /kkSyiqj ds gh mLrkn foykl [kka] j.k/khj [kka vkSj gal/khj [kka us vf[ky Hkkjrh; lEesyuksa esa VkSad dks 1817 bZ- esa fj;klr dk ntkZ feykA ;gka laxhr dh n`f"V ls bczkghe dkQh iz'kalk izkIr dhA [kka dk le; fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA buds dky esa vCnqy dkfnj [kka] vykgh c['k vkSj uUgsa [kka cstksM+ lkjafx;s Fks] vgen tku [kka vkSj cqUnw [kka xk;d vkSj dYyw djkSyh gkfQt flrkjoknd FksA ;gka ds vyh c['k vkSj Qrg [kka us gh vkxs pydj djkSyh oSls cgqr gh NksVh&lh fj;klr Fkh fQj Hkh ;gka ds xquhtu[kkus esa ifV;kyk ?kjkus dh LFkkiuk dhA yxHkx 20 dykoar FksA ;gka ds Hkaojiky] Hkkseiky vkSj x.ks'kiky rhuksa gh 'kkldksa VkSad ds uokcksa us 'kkL=h; laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk dOokyh dks Hkh cgqr izJ; dh laxhr ds izfr vfHk#fp jgh gSA djkSyh esa enueksgu th ds foxzg dh LFkkiuk ds fn;kA ;gka ds dOokyksa esa tgwj [kka] cqUnw [kka] vgen uwj vkSj eksgEen nhu [kka dks ckn eafnj esa xkus ctkus okyksa dh rknkn c<+ x;h FkhA dkQh izflfº feyhA djkSyh ds /kzqin xk;d tEeu&lEeu] Xokfy;j ds /kzqifn;s ia- okeu cqok vyoj QyV.kdj ns'kikaMs] ijekuUn] iwlkjke vkSj yVwjjke vkfn dykoarksa dk ;gka ij vyoj esa izrkiflag ds le; esa xquhtu[+kkuk dk;e gqvkA buds iq= fou;flag mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxkA us bl foHkkx dks O;ofLFkr dj xquhtuksa dks izJ; nsuk izkjaHk fd;kA jghe lsu vkSj enueksguth dk eafnj iqf"VekxhZ; ugha gS fQj Hkh ogka dh xk;d&okndksa fgEerlsu buds le; esa gh xquhtu[+kkus ls tqM+sA t;flag ds dky esa 70 dykoar] dh ijEijk O;kid jgh gSA 22 xkf;dk,a vkSj csyk cSaM esa 45 dykdkj fu;qDr FksA jktLFkku dh vkSj fj;klrksa fdlux<+ dh rqyuk esa vyoj esa dykdkjksa dk osru vf/kd Fkkμdykoarksa dks ekfld dykdkjksa dk vkxjk&fnYyh ls fc[kjuk tc 'kq: gqvk rks igys os t;iqj 70&100] chudkjksa dks 50 vkSj laxr djus okyksa dks 30 #i;s osru fn;k tkrk jgkA vk;s vkSj fQj fdlux<+A 1760 bZ- ds vklikl dykoar tqxuw vkSj ?kklh[kka ;gka vyoj ds HkkjrHkj esa izflº gq, dykdkjksa esa /kzqin&xk;d vYyk cUns [kka] fu;qDr FksA ckn esa ;s tks/kiqj x;sA fQj 1790 bZ- rd teky [kka] yky[kka] tqEek] flrkj oknd dkys[kka vkSj teh#Ìhu] oh.kkoknd lkfnd vyh [kka ds vykok / dk;e c['k vkSj eqgEen [kka fdlux<+ jgsA os Hkh Hkheflag ds le; rd tks/kiqj kzqifn;s gqlSuqÌhu] vkflQ vyh] vlxj vyh] eq'rkd vyh vkSj vCnqy cgko dk igqap x;s FksA mYys[k ;gka mi;qDr jgsxkA vyoj ds kykokM+ fj;klrksa us Hkh dykdkjksa dks i;kZIr mifLFkfr dks ge ns[k ldrs gSaA ^ljlfi;k* uke ls izflº gq, jpukdkj&xk;d izJ; fn;kA flrkjoknd ehjka c['k vkSj esgrkc [kka cwanh ujs'k ds vkJ; esa FksA cwanh dkys [kka] /kzqifn;s vykc['k] vkxjk ds uUgsa [kka vkSj lyhe] lhdjh ds enkj c[+'k] ds fp=dkjksa us 1625 bZ- esa cuk;h jkxekyk fo'oizflº gSA jaxhyk ?kjkus ds eqgEen ufn;kokys dslj [kka vkSj /kUus [kka us fo'ks"k :i ls uke dek;kA cgknqj 'kkg tQj ds vyh cwanh jktlHkk ds vyadkj FksA njckjh xk;d rkujl [kka dh f'k"; ijEijk ds vgen [kka] iape [kka vkSj muds iq= >kykokM+ ds Hkokuhflag ukVÓizseh Fks] mUgksaus Hkokuh ukVÓ'kkyk dk xBu ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 41 29 42 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fd;k vkSj 1940 bZ- esa ,d laxhr fo|ky; Hkh dk;e fd;kA gjklj vkfn xkaoksa ls mBs pqUuhyky] tkudhizlkn] lq[knsoizlkn] 'kadjyky] x.ks'k] bl {ks= ds izflº xquhtuksa esa jaxhyk QS;kt gqlSu] lqjS;k] bczkghe [kka] mLrkn Hkkuqth] prqjykyth vkSj nsohyky dh f'k"; ijEijk,a cgqr foLr`r gSaA fdlh ds er equhj[kka] urZdh dwdh] fl.kxkj ok| ctkus okys jkeukFk] m- Nhrj] ckjka ds jkeukjk;.k] esa cksjkokVh ds dRFkd t;iqj x;s rks fdlh ds er esa pkM+okl dsA dkys HkS∏;k] VIik xkf;dk eqerkt oghnu vkSj i[kkoth x.kirth dk ;gka mYys[k dRFkd dk t;iqj ?kjkuk ewyr% t;iqj {ks= ds dykdkjksa ls gh cukA ek;kjke djuk vko';d gSA pkSgku vkSj muds iq= Qdhjpan dk uke ;gka igys ysuk gksxk tks vkesj ds gh gSaA chdkusj fxj/kkjh egkjkt ds iwoZt] dgk tkrk gS fd pkSew xkao ls gh t;iqj vk;s FksA t;iqj ds 1574 bZ- esa jkeflag ds le; esa dqN dykoarksa dh mifLFkfr ds lanHkZ feyrs xquhtu[+kkus esa xksfoanjke] rksrkjke] uUgk] guqeku vkSj mldk iq= nqysjke] xaxklgk;] gSaA e- vuwiflag dh vfHk#fp ds dkj.k gh tuknZu HkÍ xksLokeh tSls iz[;kr&laxhrK ';keyky vkSj mlds iq= thou ds xquhtu[+kkus esa fu;qDr gksus ds izek.k feyrs gSaA chdkusj esa LFkk;h gq, vkSj egknso HkÍ] j?kqukFk HkÍ] laxhrjk; vkSj HkkoHkÍ tSls mudh t;iqj dh nwljh 'kk[kk chnkokVh ds duokjh xkao ds pqUuhyky ds oa'kt ijEijk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us ledkyhu izk;ksfxd laxhr dh ppkZ dks 'kkL=cº fd;kA t;yky] lqanjizlkn] jkexksiky vkSj nsohyky ds iq= xkSjh'kadj dh gSA ;g t;yky iwoZ ls pyh vk jgh chdkusj dh laxhr'kkyk esa e- xaxkflag ds le; esa 25 dk ?kjkuk dgykrk gSA dRFkd u`R; esa rcys dh cafn'kksa dk iz;ksx bUgksaus gh 'kq: Nk= laxhr&f'k{kk xzg.k djrs jgsA chdkusj ds ukephu dykdkjksa esa 'kelqÌhu] fd;k FkkA t;yky th gh os O;fDr Fks tks Lo;a viuh dU;k dks eap ij yk;s Fks tks fejph [kka] yaxM+s gqlSu c['k] dkfle [kka vkSj dkfnj [kka izflº gSaA buds vfrfjDr foy{k.k urZdh FkhA mlds ckn gh laHkzkar ?kj dh yM+fd;ka dRFkd dh vksj vkdf"kZr d`".kHkÍ] f'koHkÍ] ykHkwth] tsBk egkjkt] vkldj.k vkSj qa>uwa {ks= 'ks[kkokVh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;gka ls mBs rcyk esa cukjl ?kjkuk dgyk;k ftlesa eksrhjke] fcgkjhyky vkSj guqekuizlkn vkfn izflº okndksa vkSj lkjaxh okndksa esa fejklh T;knk gSaA lhdj ds xk;d vCnqy [kka] rcyk dRFkd gq, gSaA uokt eqckjd vyh] ?klhV [kk] fgnk;r [kka] 'kehe [kka vkSj lkjaxh oknd uthj [kkaa] y[ku≈ ?kjkus ds dkydk&fcUnknhu ds iwoZt tks/kiqj ds dksyw xkao ls x;s Fks fgnk;r [kka] enkjh [kka] equhj [kka] lqyrku [kka vkSj egcwc [kka rFkk y{e.kx<+ ds ,slk mYys[k HkkV Lo:inku dh cgh esa feyk gSA bl ?kjkus ds izxklth vkSj gjth fo".kqjke] [kjknh ca/kw] eqdqUn vkSj jkeiky izflº dykdkj gq, gSaA Hkqt ds egkjko y[kirflag dh lHkk esa pys x;s FksA blh rjg >qa>uwa ds vUuq [kka] jgeku [kka&c'khj[kka] dknj[kka] Lokeh ukjk;.knkl t;iqj dh Hkkuqth vkSj pqUuhyky dh ijaijk,a oLrqr% lkaoynkl ds ?kjkus dh vkSj ckck Hkxokunkl yksdfiz; xk;d FksA fclk≈ ds laxhr&ikj[kh Bk- fo".kqflag ds ekuh tkrh gSaA chdkusj ds e- vuwiflag ds le; esa mRd`"V dRFkd ds :i esa vkJ; esa jgdj eksgEen c['k] buk;r [kka] vehj [kka] ;kdwc [kka] feJhflag] banzpanz fo[;kr lkaoynklth dh u`R;lk/kuk ia- HkkoHkÍ ds lkfUu/; esa gqbZ FkhA chdkusj ds vkSj tekyqÌhu Hkkjrh us viuk uke vej fd;k gSA gks u gks] fnYyh ?kjkus ds e- Mwaxjflagth dh u:dk jkuh us jkl u`R; laca/kh 108 rksM+ksa dh ,d jpuk rS;kj laLFkkid flºkj [kka k gSA mls y{e.kizlkn oS".ko] tks/kiqj ds izdk'k vkSj vyoj ds fejpw izflº dRFkd gq, gSaA lqy>kus ds iz;kl ia- t;pan 'kekZ vkSj ia- xkSjh'kadj us fd;s gSA eFkqjkizlkn th rks dRFkd lezkV~ dgs tkrs FksA chnklj {ks= esa pw#] lqtkux<+] ykMuwa esa dbZ xkao dRFkdksa ds gh dgs tkrs dRFkdksa ds uke ls muds ?kjkus pyrs jgs ftlesa dkQh vO;oLFkk gqbZA mls nwj gSaμpkM+okl] Hkkysjh] xksikyiqjk] cksjkokVh] iykl] caMok] [kwM+h] duokjh] chdklj] djus ds fy, t;iqj esa 1865 bZ- esa ,d lHkk vk;ksftr dj fcanknhu th dks cqyk;k ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 43 30 44 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Fkk] blesa t;iqj vkSj y[ku≈ dk Li"V foHkktu gqvkA dRFkdkas us ,d nwljs dks xq# 3- nsohyky ?kjkuk egkjkt] uk;d vkSj iafMr dh mikf/k;ka nh FkhaA 101 f'k"; rS;kj djus okys dks egkjkt] ubZ 'kks/k djus okys dks uk;d vkSj ubZ jpuk djus okyksa dks iafMr dh dqanuyky lksguyky ia- xkSjh'kadj jkes'oj mikf/k nh x;h FkhA fcanknhuth dk leFkZu djus okys dykdkjksa dks ia- xkSjh'kadj th us vius ,d ys[k esa bl izdkj n'kkZ;k gSμ y{ehukjk;.k txnh'k je.kyky czteksgu ;ksxs'k 1- Hkkuqth dk ?kjkuk ekywth gjh'k jktw mes'k Hkaojyky

ykywth Hkhek'kadj n;k'kadj johanz'kadj iznhi'kadj

xh/kkth ftrsUnz'kadj ohjsUnz'kadj jktsUnz'kadj 4- x.ks'khyky ijaijk nwYgkth gfjizlkn guqekuizlkn f'koyky ghjkyky ia- eksguykyth fpjathyky ia- ukjk;.kizlkn dUgS;kyky pj.k fxj/kj pkan rstizdk'k rqylh gseizdk'k rstizdk'k jktw mes'k ia- fcanknhu th dh bl ubZ O;oLFkk dk fojks/k tkudhizlkn] lq[knsoizlkn 2- prqjykyth dk ?kjkuk rFkk guqekuizlkn caMok okyksa us rFkk cynsoizlkn vkSj ia- 'kadjyky us fd;k FkkA vLrqA bl fojks/k vkSj leFkZu ds }U} esa ijEijk ds izfr vknj vkSj ijLij lEeku dks Mwaxjyky fdafpr~ Hkh Bsl ugha igqaph ;g lcls cM+h ckr gSA jk;x<+ egkjktk pÿ/kjflag dh lHkk esa ia- t;yky vkSj ia- vPNu egkjkt eksguyky fxj/kkjhyky ds chp izfrLi/kkZ esa y[ku≈ vkSj t;iqj dh lhekjs[kk r; gqbZμfodV y;dkjh vkSj oSfp´;iw.kZ izn'kZu t;iqj dh fo'ks"krk gqbZA u`R; ds ykL; Lo:i dk utkdr Hkjk foykl y[ku≈ dh fo'ks"krk gqbZ gkykafd t;iqj ds ia- xkSjh'kadj th us 1944 bZ- esa x.ks'khyky nsohyky pqUuhyky lq[knsoizlkn nqxkZizlkn u`R;&ukfVdkvksa ds cEcbZ esa iz;ksx dj oSfp´; ds lkFk t;iqj 'kSyh esa vfHku; vax tksM+ fn;k FkkA ghjkyky fcgkjhyky NksVsyky ia- t;yky ia- lqanjizlkn ekywth vonku jktLFkku us ns'k dks tSls Js"B dykdkj vkSj jpukdkj fn;s gSa] oSls dqN laxhr jkexksiky 'kSfy;ka ;k ?kjkuksa dk mn~xe LFkku gksus dk Hkh bl izns'k dks xkSjo izkIr gSA fgUnqLrkuh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 45 31 46 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 laxhr ds t;iqj] ifr;kyk vkSj esokrh ?kjkuksa dk fodkl ;gha ls gSA VkSad uokc chudkj lkfnd vyh] ulh#Ìhu] ft;kmÌhu] mLrkn foykl [kka] j.k/khj&gal/khj [kka] bczkghe [kka ds vkJ; esa jgs vyhc['k vkSj Qrg vyh us t;iqj esa jgdj ia- cgjke t;iqj ds djker [kka] fQnk gqlSu] uktw [kka vkfn ukeh dykdkjksa us f'kjdr dhA [kka ls rkyhe yh vkSj og iwjh gksus ds i'pkr~ os tkdj ifr;kyk clsA fnYyh ds lEesyu esa tkfd#Ìhu dh izLrqfr ij vaxzsth v[kckjksa dh fjiksfV±x dk dqN muds }kjk vkfo"d`r xk;dh vfy;k&QŸkw ?kjkuk dgyk;k tks ckn esa va'k bl rjg dk Fkkμ ifr;kyk@iatkc ?kjkus ds uke ls izflº gqvkA varjkSyh ds vf/kla[; dykdkj Zakiruddin of and his brother, Alla Bande Khan of Alwar vkxjk&fnYyh&esjB NksM+dj t;iqj vk cls Fks lokbZ t;flag ds le; lsA /khjs&/khjs commenced together their slow and majestic Alap on Raga Kedar. budh 'kSyh t;iqj ?kjkuk dgyk;hA mf.k;kjk Bkdqj Hkheflag ds xk;d [oktk cxl They sang alternately and their performance kept the audience spell- bound for over an hour. Zakiruddin's art was distinct proof that an ds iq= vYykfn;k gq,A bUgksaus vius firk ds vykok fpEeu [kka&tgkaxhj [kka ls Hkh artist was born, not made and that the human voice was indeed a rkyhe yh tks muds pkpk FksA ;s nksuksa HkkbZ tks/kiqj esa fu;qDr FksA t;iqj ?kjkus dh divine gift which few singers prossessed. Then they sang two lknjk rkyhe nsdj egkjk"V™ esa bl xk;dh dks is'k djus okys dykdkjksa vkSj lq/kh Jksrkvksa in fg.Mksy and ekydksl with a rich exhibition of their striking xed·. dk ,d cM+k oxZ rS;kj djus dk Js; vYykfn;k [kka dks gSA xk;dh dh rhljh esokrh The /kzqin style of music is becoming a rare acquisition, may 'kSyh tks/kiqj ls gh mBh gSA tloUrflag f}rh; dh lsok esa ?k??ks uthj [kka (e`R;q God bless these living exponents of the art with long life, for there is 1910 bZ- vkxjk) cM+s ukeh xk;d esokr ls tks/kiqj vkdj jgsA mUgksaus ukFkwyky no doubt that when those renowned artists pass away, they will leave a void in Indian art, which it will be impossible to fill. uked ,dek= f'k"; dks rS;kj fd;kA mUgksaus eksrhjke& T;ksfrjke dks rkyhe nhA bu pkSFks v-Hkk- lEesyu esa uokclsu] ulh#Ìhu] fj;ktqÌhu] djker [kka vkSj nksuksa dh ef.kjke] tljkt] izrki vkSj iwj.kpanz ;s 4 larkusa gqb±A ;s pkjksa gh xkus okys ft;kmÌhu dks ,d&,d Lo.kZ&ind rFkk vYyk cUns dks rhu Lo.kZ&indksa ls Fks] ij esokrh xk;dh dks u;s vUnkt esa is'k dj ia- tljkt us viuk vkSj ?kjkus dk foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA vtesj lEesyu esa oh.kkoknd fQnk gqlSu vkSj ia- iq#"kksŸkenkl uke vej dj fn;kA i[kkoth dh eqDrdaB ls iz'kalk gqbZA ikaposa lEesyu dk tks/kiqj esa vyh vdcj [kka dRFkd dh y[ku≈&cukjl 'kSfy;ka fdl rjg jktLFkku dh Ω.kh gSa bldh lkgc us gh la;kstu fd;k FkkA blesa jktLFkku ds eq'rkd gqlSu] vyh vdcj] vyh ppkZ ge igys dj vk;s gSaA buds vfrfjDr jktLFkku ds i[kkot&oknu ds nks ?kjkus vgen vkSj xqyke lkchj us lQy f'kjdr dh FkhA izflº jgs gSaμgkywdk ?kjkuk vkSj tkoyh ?kjkukA gkywdk t;iqj ls lacº gS vkSj tkoyh ekjokM+ taD'ku ds ikl ,d xkao gSA gkywdk eryc dqEHkdkjA e- vHk;flag Lokra´;ksŸkj dykfo"dkjd ds le; esa gkywdk :ijke dks tks/kiqj cqyk;k x;kA viuh mŸkjkoLFkk esa gq, iq= Hkkjr esa Lokra´;&lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds lkFk dykvksa dh fj;klrh O;oLFkk oYyHknkl dks tks/kiqj ds igkMflag] tokjflag uked i[kkot&okndksa ds laj{k.k esa lekIr gqbZA t;iqj ds dqN dykdkj laxhr laLFkku ls tqM+ x;s] dqN dkcjkth ds j[kdj :ijketh ukFk}kjk pys x;sA tkoyh ds i[kkot oknd ia- Hkokuhjke vkSjaxtsc laxhr dyk dsUnz] tks/kiqj lsA laxhr ukVd vdkneh vkSj ckn esa tokgj dyk dsUnz dh lsok esa Fks] mUgha dh ijaijk esa igkMflag FksA oYyHknkl dh tks/kiqj esa f'k{kk gksus cukA laxhr dh vdknfed f'k{kk ds dbZ dsUnz [kqys] xq#&f'k"; ijaijk dks laj{k.k ij os Hkh ukFk}kjk pys x;sA bUgha dh ijaijk esa in~eJh iq#"kksŸkenkl i[kkoth gq, gSaA ugah fey ldk] ifjokj fo'ks"k dh ijaijk,a cuhaA t;iqj esa eueksguth HkÍ] muds iq= bl izdkj i[kkot&oknu ds nks ?kjkuksa dk jktLFkku ls Ω.kkuqca/k jgk gSA fo'oeksgu] 'kf'keksgu] panzeksgu vkSj eatq HkÍ esgrk] ikS= d`".keksgu] lyhy HkÍ ,d vksj] rks nwljh vksj y{e.k HkÍ] e/kq HkÍ vkfn us lk/kuk dj uke dek;kA tks/kiqj Lokra´;&iwoZ lEesyu ds nkeksnjyky dkcjk] cztHkw"k.k vkSj clUr dkcjk] ia- ch-,u- {khjlkxj vkSj muds ia- fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds lRiz;klksa ls vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxhr lEesyuksa ikS= nhid {khjlkxj] chdkusj ds tldj.k xksLokeh vkSj muds iq= vflr&vfer dk vk;kstu 1916 bZ- ls 'kq: gqvk cM+kSnk esaA rRi'pkr~ 1918 bZ- (fnYyh)] 1919 xksLokeh] HkhyokM+k ds ia- uanyky 'kekZ vkSj muds iq= izseukjk;.k&lR;ukjk;.k] bZ- (cukjl)] 1925 bZ- (y[ku≈)] 1936 bZ- (vtesj) vkSj 1946 bZ- (tks/kiqj) esa dqUnuyky xkaxkuh&lksguyky] mn;iqj ds dFkd lezkV~ eFkqjkizlkn& cnzhizlkn& lEesyu vk;ksftr gq,A buesa mn;iqj ds tkfd#Ìhu&vykcUns] t;iqj ds dYyu [kka] txUukFkizlkn] t;iqj vehj c['k] tks/kiqj ds jkeyky ekFkqj o muds iq= lq/khj ekFkqj flrkfj;s fugkylsu] >kykokM+ ds lkfnd [kka] /kkSyiqj ds eueksgu] vyoj ds vkfn dqN uke vkSj Hkh fxuk;s tk ldrs gSa ftUgsa izns'k@ns'k esa yksx ilUn djrs gSaA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 47 32 fQj Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkjuk gksxk fd ?kjkusnkj rkyhe ds fcuk ijQksfe±x vkfVZLV ugha cu ldrkA jgh ckr 'kks/k dh] rks tks/kiqj&mn;iqj dh fj;klrksa ij dke gks pqdk gS] 'ks"k fj;klrksa ij dke djus@djkus dk ftEek vki mBk ysa] rks jktLFkku ds laxhr ÁksQslj vkj- ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku dk lexz fp= js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldsxkA lUnHkZ egkjk.kk Árki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº % 1- tks/kiqj fj;klr ds njckjh laxhrK] MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj] 1990 ,d iqulZU/kku 2- jktLFkku % laxhr o laxhrdkj] izrkiflag pkS/kjh] 1995 3- jax;ksx % l`tu'krkCnh fo'ks"kkad] 1997 ÁksQslj œ".kxksiky 'kekZ 4- jktLFkku ds njckjh laxhrK] dkSeqnh cMsZ] 2003 5- [kqljks] rkulsu rFkk vU; dykdkj] lqykspuk ;tqosZnh o vkpk;Z c`gLifr jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds 32osa l= esa izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku 6. Indian History Congress 38th Session, 1977 izLrqr djrs gq, eq>s g"kZ ,oa xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA eSa jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxszl 7- jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] xksfoanyky Jhekyh] 2000 ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwa fd ;g egRoiw.kZ volj mUgksaus eq>s 8. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 11, 1981 (Reprint) 9- jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] lq[khjflag xgyksr] lksgud`".k iqjksfgr ,oa uhydey 'kekZ] iznku fd;kA loZizFke eSa Jºs; izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl dh iq.; Le`fr dks iz.kke 1988 djrk gwaA izksQslj vkj-ih O;kl ,d lefiZr f'k{kd ,oa l`tu'khy bfrgklfon~ FksA 10- jktLFkku dh laxhr ijEijk] MkW- eatqJh {khjlkxj] 2004 mUgksaus viuh d`fr;ksa ls u dsoy bfrgkl dks oSpkfjd vonku fn;k] cfYd jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxszl ds iqjks/kk iq#"k ds :i esa mls ,d laxBukRed 'kfDr&iqat Hkh iznku fd;kA os ,d Js"B ekuo Fks] l‚n; ,oa ewY;fu"BA mudk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ge lHkh ds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr gSA bfrgkl dk vfHkKku Lor% flº ,oa vafre ugha gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds vusd fo"k;&mifo"k; gSa ftuds iqujh{k.k dh vko';drk ,dkf/kd ugha] vusd ckj eglwl dh tkrh gS] fo'ks"kdj lkef;d ftKklkvksa ds lUnHkZ esaA ,sls gh ,d fo"k; ij vkt eSa viuk i= izLrqr dj jgk gwa & ^egkjk.kk izrki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº % ,d iqulZU/kkuA* fiNys dqN vjls ls egkjk.kk Árki ds O;f‰Ro ,oa gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº ds ifj.kke ds lEcU/k esa iqufoZpkj fd, tkus dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA ;g Á'u fdlh Hkh Lrj ls mBk gks] bldh otg dqN Hkh jgh gks] ysfdu bfrgkl dh LFkkfir ekU;rkvksa dks pqukSrh nsuk vkSj mlds ÁR;qŸkj esa bfrgkldkjksa }kjk lEcfU/kr fo"k; ij miyC/k ÁkFkfed ,oa vkuq"kafxd lk{;ksa dk iqu% ijh{k.k] LoLFk bfrgkl ys[ku dh Áfÿ;k dk fgLlk gSA iqulZU/kku ds ÿe esa] bfrgkl dbZ ckj la'kksf/kr ;k ifjekftZr Hkh gks tkrk gS] ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd iwoZfofnr bfrgkl vf/kd Á[kjrk ls iqu% LFkkfir gks tk,A nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa fot; bfrgkl dh gksrh gS A e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh viw.kZrk dh vksj vusd bfrgkldkjksa us /;ku vkd`"V fd;k gS] bl vFkZ esa fd bl dky dk bfrgkl Á/kkur% Qkjlh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 49 33 50 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rokjh[kksa ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k tks fu"i{k ,oa nks"keq‰ ugha gSaA bl dky fNgŸkjh* ds lksjBk la[;k 30 ls 33 ds e/; gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº dk o.kZu fd;k x;k ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa ns'kt lkfgR; ,oa lzksrksa dk Á;ksx cgqr de fd;k x;k gSA gSA5 ^[keuksj ;qº* dks ^gYnh?kkVh ;qº* dh laKk duZy tsEl VkWM us nh rFkk rnuqlkj e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vusd i{kksa dk iquysZ[ku visf{kr gS] miyC/k mldk o.kZu ^,uYl ,aM ,aVhfDoVht+ vkWQ jktLFkku* esa ÁLrqr fd;kA tsEl VkWM cgqfo/k lk{;ksa dh ifjiqf"V ds vk/kkj ijA vius dFku dks fdlh miek ls vyad`r djuk pkgrs FksA ;wuku dh igkM+h ?kkVh 18 twu 1576 bZLoh ds fnu gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº yM+k x;kA ;g ;qº gYnh?kkVh FkeksZiYyh ds ;qº ls bl ;qº dh rqyuk djus ds mRlkg esa mUgksaus ^[keuksj ;qº* dks njsZ ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa rFkk cukl unh ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr [keuksj xk°o ds if'peh eSnku ^gYnh?kkVh ;qº* ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA ckn esa vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj blh uke esa gqvk Fkk tks ckn esa ^jDr&rky* ;k ^[kwu dh rykbZ* ds uke ls e'kgwj gks x;kA jk.kk dk Á;ksx djus yxs A Árki ,oa vdcj ds e/; gq, ;qº dks vf/kdka'k ledkyhu ,oa vuqorhZ lk{;ksa esa MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ ds vuqlkj] ;qº nks LFkyksa ij] nks pj.kksa esa ?kfVr gqvkA ^[keuksj ;qº* ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS ,oa [keuksj xk°o dks gYnh?kkVh ds ÁFke LFky Fkk gYnh?kkVh ds mŸkjh eqgkus ij] [keuksj xk°o ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr Hkwfe dk eqgkus ds ikj fLFkr crk;k x;k gSA gYnh?kkVh ml l°dM+s igkM+h njsZ dk uke gS tks og fgLlk tks ijorhZ dky esa ^ckn'kkg ckx* ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA os fy[krs gSa dqaHkyx<+ dh igkfM+;ksa esa nf{k.k esa cyhpk xk°o ls mŸkj&iwoZ fn'kk esa yxHkx nks fd ^^eqxy lsuk pkj gtkj vknfe;ksa ds lkFk ckn'kkg ckx ds LFky rd vk igqaph fdyksehVj ds rax jLrs ls [keuksj xk°o ds nf{k.k esa mrjrk gSA vc rks bl ekxZ dks FkhA**6 blh LFky ij vkjaHk esa nksuksa ny ,d nwljs ls fHkM+ x, vkSj ?keklku ;qº foLr`r djds ml ij iDdh lM+d cuk nh x;h gS] ysfdu ml le; ;g jkLrk bruk gqvkA ;qº ds bl pj.k esa jktiwrksa dh fot; gqbZA ^^jk.kk Árki ds dsaÊh; ny vkSj l°dMk Fkk fd ml ekxZ ls ,d ?kksM+k cM+h vlqfo/kk ls ys tk;k ldrk Fkk vkSj nks vxzxkeh ny ds vkÿked rsoj ls eqxyksa ds oke ik'oZ vkSj gjkoy dh QkStsa] ftlesa lSfud lkFk&lkFk ugha py ldrs FksA [keuksj xk°o gYnh?kkVh njsZ ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa] ogk° ls 4-2 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij vofLFkr gS rFkk jDr&rykbZ] [keuksj xk°o ds if'pe xkt+h[kk°] vklQ[kk° vkSj ekuflag ds jktiwr Fks] Hkkx [kM+h gqbZaA dqN ,d rks ,sls Hkkxs 7 esa] gYnh?kkVh ls 3-6 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA cukl unh [keuksj xk°o ds mŸkj ,oa fd os unh rV ls 10&12 ehy vkxs pys x,A** eqxyksa dh gkj yxHkx fuf'pr gks if'pe esa ogk° ls yxHkx 1 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA x;h FkhA blh le; fegrj [kk° tks pankoy esa Fkk] vkxs dh vksj c<+k vkSj fpYyk;k fd ckn'kkg lyker Lo;a vk igqaps gSaA bl ?kks"k.kk ls Hkkxrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa esa tks'k [keuksj (gYnh?kkVh) ;qº dk fooj.k rhu ledkyhu Qkjlh xzUFkksa esa feyrk vk x;k vkSj os ykSV iM+sA ^^iqu% eqxy vkSj jktiwrksa dk ;qº vkjaHk gqvk A bl ckj gSA ÁFker% vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w°uh d`r *eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k* esa tks fd ,d ,sls 8 ÁR;{kn'khZ ys[kd dk vka[kkas ns[kk fooj.k gS ftlus vdcj dh lsuk esa Lo;a ,d fHkM+rs&fHkM+rs os ^jDr&rky* uked LFky ij tek gks x,A** ^jDr&rky* cukl unh lSfud ds :i esa ;qº esa Hkkx fy;kA1 nwljk ledkyhu ys[kd gS vcqy Qty ftlus ds nf{k.k&iwoZ esa rFkk [keuksj xk°o ds mŸkj&if'peh {ks= esa fLFkr eSnkuh Hkkx gSA ;qº viuh d`fr ^vdcjukek* esa ;qº dk o.kZu fd;k gSA2 vcqy Qty ;qº ds nkSjku dk f}rh; ,oa vafre pj.k ;gha ij lEiUu gqvk ftlds var esa Árki ,oa mldh lsuk,° Lo;a mifLFkr ugha Fkk_ mlus viuk fooj.k ;qº {ks= ls eqxy lsukuk;d }kjk njckj esa gYnh?kkVh ds {ks= esa okfil pyh xbZaA mYys[kuh; gS fd ;qº ds nksuksa dfFkr LFky Hksts x, Áfrosnu ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk gSA rhljk ledkyhu fooj.k futkeqÌhu & ^ckn'kkg ckx* ,oa ^jDr&rky* ,d nwljs ls 2-4 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSa A vgen dh iqLrd ^rcdkr&,& vdcjh* esa feyrk gSA3 futkeqÌhu vgen eqxy MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro us ckn'kkg ckx esa ;qº gksus dh laHkkouk ls Á'kklu esa ehj cD'kh ds in ij dk;Zjr Fkk_ mlds }kjk fn;k x;k ;qº dk o.kZu Hkh vlgefr O;‰ dh gSA9 os fy[krs gSa fd ^^ckn'kkg&ckx nksuksa lsukvksa dh la[;k dh eqxy njckj esa ÁkIr lwpukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA n`f"V ls cgqr NksVk ;qºLFky gSA nksuksa lsukvksa esa de ls de vkB gtkj iSny lSfud egkjk.kk Árki ds ledkyhu LFkkuh; lzksrksa esa dfo nqjlk vk<+k d`r jktLFkkuh rFkk mruh gh la[;k esa v'okjksfg;ksa rFkk gkfFk;ksa dh la[;k feykdj jgh gksxhA bl dkO; ^fcjn fNgŸkjh* dh x.kuk dh tk ldrh gS A nqjlk vk<+k] egkjk.kk Árki ds lhfer {ks= esa lsuk dk oSlk fu;kstu ,oa lapj.k laHko ugha gS ftldk o.kZu cnk;w°uh LokfHkeku ,oa Lokra´;&Áse ls vR;f/kd ÁHkkfor Fks A egkjk.kk Árki dh Á'kfLr esa us fd;k gSA ;qº ds ÁR;{knz"Vk cnk;w°uh us Li"V fy[kk gS fd 'kkgh lsuk dk ck;k° mUgksaus ^fcjn fNgŸkjh* dkO; dh jpuk dhA egkjk.kk Árki Hkh nqjlk vk<+k ds iz'kald ik'oZ] njsZ ds eqgkus (nj nguk&,&?kkVh) ij rSukr Fkk tks [keuksj ls nks ls rhu ehy FksA ysfdu egkjk.kk Árki ,oa nqjlk vk<+k dh ÁR;{k HksaV ugha gks ik;hA4 ^fcjn nf{k.k&iwoZ esa gSA blls ,slk Árhr gksrk gS fd eqxy lsuk dk dsUÊh; Hkkx ,oa nk;k° ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 51 34 52 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ik'oZ iwoZ esa njsZ ds Áos'k eq[k ls ysdj if'pe esa cukl unh rd foLrh.kZ FkkA**10 lulukgV dk lkeuk djsaxsA muesa ls fdlh Hkh i{k dk O;fDr ejs] bLyke ds fy, ;qº&LFky ds lEcU/k esa MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro viuk fu"d"kZ izLrqr djrs gq, rks Qk;nk gh gksxkA* vr% ge yksx xksykckjh djrs jgs] vkSj lkeus fo|eku lSfudksa fy[krs gSa fd ^^cnk;w°uh ds fooj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;qº gYnh?kkVh njsZ ds eqgkus ds igkM+ tSls lewg esa] gekjk fu'kkuk dHkh [kkyh ugha x;kA**18 ds ckgj gqvk ,oa njsZ rFkk [keuksj xk°o ds e/; fLFkr eSnkuh Hkkx esa gqvkAfi11 cnk;wauh vkxs fy[krs gSa fd ^^eqxyksa dh vksj ls lS;n vHkh Hkh eSnku esa MVs vcqy Qty us fy[kk gS fd ^^nksuksa lsuk,° [keuksj xk°o esa feyh tks fd gYnh gq, Fks vkSj ohjrk ds djrc fn[kk jgs FksA mlh le; jk.kk dhdk (izrki) dh nwljh njsZ dk eqgkuk gS ,oa xksxqank ds v/khuLFk gSA**12 cnk;w°uh us bls ^dksdUnk (xksxqUnk) lSfud VqdM+h] ftldk usr`Ro Lo;a jk.kk dj jgs Fks] njsZ ls ckgj fudy dj vk;hA njsZ dh fot;* ds :i esa mfYyf[kr fd;k gSA13 ;qº dk o.kZu djrs gq, og fy[krk gS ds eqgkus ij mldh eqBHksM+ dkth [kku (tks lhdjh ds 'ks[kksa ds csVksa ds ny ds lkFk fd ^^tc ekuflag ,oa vklQ [kku viuh lsukvksa ds lkFk njkZ ds dLcs esa vk, tks eqxy lsuk ds oke ik'oZ esa Fkk) ls gqbZ] vkSj dkth [kku ds lkeus gh jk.kk dh lsuk us fd dksdUnk ls lkr dksl dh nwjh ij Fkk] ml le; jk.kk mudk fojks/k djus lkeus dkth [kku ds lSfudksa dk lQk;k dj fn;k vkSj vkxs c<+rs gq, os mlds dsUnz dks vk;kA**14 cnk;w°uh us bl Álax esa u njsZ ds uke dk mYys[k fd;k gS] u dLcs ds uke Hksnus esa lQy jgsA ,sls esa lhdjh ds lHkh 'ks[kiq= ,d lkFk HkkxsA Hkkxrs gq, 'ks[k dk A og vkxs fy[krk gS fd ^^jk.kk dhdk (Árki) njsZ ds ihNs ls 3000 ?kksM+ksa dh ealwj ('ks[k bczkghe dk nkekn)] tks bl ny dk usrk Fkk] rhj ls ?kk;y gks x;k] vkSj lsuk ds lkFk vkxs vk;k vkSj mlus vius vknfe;ksa dks nks VqdfM+;ksa esa ck°V fn;kA ,d mls bl ?kko dks yEcs le; rd >syuk iM+kA dkth [kku eSnku esa MVk jgk ysfdu VqdM+h ftldk usrk gkfde lwj vQxku Fkk] lh/ks igkM+ksa dh fn'kk ls vkbZ vkSj mlus dqN le; ckn mlds nka;s gkFk esa pksV yxh ftldh otg ls mldk vaxwBk t[eh gks gekjh vfxze iaf‰ ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA**15 futkeqÌhu vgen ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* x;kA ,sls esa og vf/kd le; rd vdsyk eSnku esa ugha #d ik;k vkSj ;g dgrs gq, esa fy[krs gSa fd ^^tc dq°vj ekuflag dksdUnk (xksxqUnk) ds ikl vk;k] jk.kk dhdk fd ^lkeus Hkkjh foifŸk dks ns[kdj Hkkx tkuk elhgk dh 'kSfy;ksa esa ls ,d gS*] og us fganqLrku ds lHkh jktkvksa dks viuh lgk;rk ds fy, cqyk;k ,oa vius 'k=qvksa dk Hkh Hkkxrs gq, lSfudksa ds lkFk 'kkfey gks x;kA tks eqxy lSfud jk.kk ds izFke fojks/k djus ds fy, og ,d etcwr lsuk ds lkFk gYnh ?kkVh ls ckgj vk;kA dq°vj vkÿe.k ds nkSjku Hkkx x, Fks] mUgksaus ml le; rd vius ?kksM+ksa dh yxke ugha [khaph ekuflag us] vius vehjksa dh lgefr ds lkFk] viuh lsuk dks O;wgcº fd;k rFkk tc rd fd os unh ds ikj] ikap ;k N% dksl nwj rd ugha pys x,A**19 ;qº{ks= dh vksj ÁLFkku fd;kA**16 vcqy Qty us Hkh fy[kk gS fd ^^jk.kk dh lsuk ds nkfgus ik'oZ us 'kkgh lsuk ;qº ds ?kVukÿe dk tks fooj.k cnk;w°uh ,ao vcqy Qty us izLrqr fd;k gS] ds oke ik'oZ dks Hkxk fn;k vkSj jk.kk dh lsuk dk vxz Hkkx Hkh eqxyksa ij gkoh gks mlds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd mUgksaus ;g nks Vwd 'kCnksa esa Lohdkj fd;k gS x;kA ,sls esa 'kkgh lSfudksa ds gkSalys iLr gks x,A 'k=qvksa (jk.kk) dk oke ik'oZ Hkh fd ;qº dh vafre fLFkfr ls iwoZ jktiwrksa dh lsuk eqxyksa ij cgqr Hkkjh iM+h vkSj 'kkgh lsuk ds nkfgus ik'oZ ij Hkkjh iM+ x;kA ----nksuksa vksj ds yM+kdksa us viuh tku eqxy lSfud eSnku NksM+ dj Hkkxrs jgsA cnk;wauh fy[krs gSa fd ^^jk.kk izrki dh lsuk xaok;h ,oa vius lEeku dh j{kk dhA**20 dh ,d VqdM+h us] ftldk usr`Ro gkfde [kku lwj dj jgs Fks] eqxyksa dh vfxze iafDr vcqy Qty vkxs fy[krk gS fd ^^tSls ;qº esa lSfudksa us deky fn[kk;k] ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA Hkwfe dh HkXu ,oa fo"ke fLFkfr] dkaVksa dh la[;k] ,oa jkLrs ds oSls gh gkfFk;ksa us Hkh pkeRdkfjd izn'kZu fd;kA**21 xt;qº dk o.kZu djrs gq, mlus lihZys ?kqekoksa ds dkj.k] eqxyksa dh vfxze iafDr vkSj muds vxzuk;d my> x, vkSj nksuksa i{kksa ds gkfFk;ksa&yksuk] xteqDr] jke izlkn] xtjkt vkSj jke enkj&}kjk fd, iwjh rjg ijkftr gq,A gekjh lsuk ds jktiwr] ftudk usr`Ro jktk yw.kdj.k dj jgs Fks] x, 'kkS;Z&izn'kZu ,oa fo/oal dk mYys[k fd;k gSA og fy[krk gS fd ^^'kkgh lsuk dk vkSj ftuesa ls vf/kdka'k oke Hkkx esa Fks] HksM+ ds >q.Mksa dh rjg Hkkx fudys vkSj gkFkh ?kk;y gks x;k Fkk vkSj HkkXkus gh okyk Fkk] rc rdnhj ds [ksy ls 'k=q i{k ds gekjh vfxze iafDr ds chp esa ls fudydj nka;s ik'oZ dh vksj lqj{kk ds fy, gkFkh dk egkor xksyh ls t+[eh gks x;k] vkSj 'kkgh gkFkh okfil ykSV vk;kA mlh HkkxsA**17 ^^bl volj ij ys[kd (cnk;wauh) us] tks vfxze iafDr dh fof'k"V lSfud le;] jk.kk izrki dk lqizflº gkFkh jke izlkn lkeus vk;k vkSj mlus 'k=q i{k ds VqdfM+;ksa ds lkFk Fkk] vklQ [kka ls iwNk fd ^ge bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fe= ,oa 'k=q vusd cgknqj ;ksºkvksa dks mBkdj Qsad fn;kA eqxyksa dh rdnhj tksj ij Fkh] vr% jktiwrksa esa dSls Hksn djsa\* vklQ[kka us mŸkj fn;k&^tks Hkh gks] os gekjs rhjksa dh jke izlkn dk egkor rhj ls ?kk;y gks x;k vkSj 'kkgh lsuk us jke izlkn dks idM+ ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 53 35 54 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fy;kA**22 blds ckn cnk;wauh 'kkgh lsuk ,oa jk.kk dh lsuk ds gkfFk;ksa ds e/; gq, ;qº blds ckn dk fooj.k nsrs gq, vcqy Qty fy[krs gSa fd ^^nksuksa i{kksa ds dk o.kZu djrk gSA blh ÿe esa og fy[krk gS fd ^^ckn'kkg ds ,d futh gkFkh rFkk ;ksºk la?k"kZjr Fks ,oa grkgr gks jgs Fks_ ;qº {ks= esa jDr cg jgk FkkA blh nkSjku dqavj jk.kk ds vR;f/kd etcwr dn&dkBh ds gkFkh jke izlkn ds e/; tksjnkj la?k"kZ dk nkSj ekuflag vkSj jk.kk ,d nwljs dh vksj c<+s vkSj mUgksaus cgknqjh ds vusd dk;Z fd,A pyk_ rHkh jk.kk ds gkFkh jke izlkn ds egkor dks ,d ?kkrd rhj yxk vkSj mlds ≈ij ls ns[kus ij 'k=q (jk.kk izrki) dk iyM+k Hkkjh Fkk ysfdu mlh le; ;dc;d vk?kkr ls og tehu ij fxj x;kA ckn'kkg ds gkFkh dk egkor ;g ns[kdj vR;f/kd nSfod lgk;rk dh d`ik ls eqxyksa dh fot; dk jkLrk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA bldk ,d nqzr xfr ,oa dq'kyrk ls vius gkFkh ls dwn x;k rFkk jk.kk ds gkFkh ds ≈ij lokj gks ck· dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;qº esa vQjk&rQjh ds nkSjku eqxyksa dh lsuk dk vfxze Hkkx x;k vkSj mlus bl rjg ds djrc fd, tks dksbZ nwljk ugha dj ldrk FkkA bu iqu% l'kL= gksdj eSnku esa vk x;kA mlh le; ;g lekpkj Hkh QSy x;k fd fo'o ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq,] jk.kk vf/kd le; rd eSnku ij ugha #d ik;s ,oa ogka ls ds jktk (ckn'kkg) gok dh nqzr xfr ls vk x, gSa vkSj ;qº {ks= ij mudk izHkko HkkxsA jk.kk dh lsuk ds fy, ≈gkiksg dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZA blds ckn ekuflag n`';eku gSA eqxy ;ksºkvksa dh vksj ls bl izdkj dk mn~?kks"k gksus yxk vkSj 'k=q dh vaxj{kd lsuk ds ;qok ;ksºkvksa us bl rjg dk izn'kZu fd;k tks fd vius vki esa (jk.kk) tks fd vf/kd ls vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk tk jgk Fkk] fgEer gkj x;kA izfrekud FkkA mlds ckn fpŸkkSM+ ds t;ey dk iq=] ,oa Xokfy;j ds jke'kkg jktk nSfod d`ik dk ,slk ;ksx gqvk fd fot; dh gok cgus yxhA 'k=qvksa ds fy, fouk'k ,oa mudk iq= lkyckgu] ftUgksaus eqxyksa dk Hk;adj izfrjks/k fd;k Fkk] /oLr gks x,A dh ?kM+h vk x;hA ;qº {ks= esa 150 xkt+h ekjs x,] rFkk 'k=qvksa ds 500 izeq[k O;fDr jk.kk ij Hkh rhjksa dh ckSNkj gks xbZ tc og ek/kksflag ds eqdkfcy FkkA gkfde lwj] tks lS;nksa ds lkeus Hkkx x;k Fkk] jk.kk ds ikl okfil vk x;k vkSj jk.kk dh nksuksa /kwy&/kwlfjr gks x,A yXkHkx nksigj rd ;qº pykA jk.kk Hkkxdj igkM+h {ks= ds njsZ lSfud VqdfM+;ka ,d gks xbZaA mlds ckn jk.kk foeq[k gksdj Hkkx x,s vkSj mUgksaus ≈°ps esa pys x,A vR;f/kd xehZ ,oa ;qº dh Fkdku ds dkj.k 'kkgh lsuk us 'k=qvksa dk igkM+ksa esa 'kj.k ys yhA ;|fi ekSle bruk vf/kd xje Fkk fd efLr"d] diky ds ihNk ugha fd;kA m/kj ekuflag nwljs fnu xksxqUnk pys x, vkSj 'kkgh lsuk us ogk° Hkhrj rd mcy jgk Fkk] rFkkfi nksuksa vksj ds ;ksºk lqcg ls nksigj rd yM+rs jgsA foJke fd;kA ogka ls eqxy njckj esa ;qº dk izfrosnu izsf"kr fd;k x;k ftlesa ;qº yxHkx 500 O;fDr ekjs x, ,oa ;qº{ks= esa h j.kuhfr dk vMksy] igqaP;ks jk.k izrkilh)A*32 ^fgUnqLrku dh Js"B ijEijk ls fLFkj gq, jktk Hkh fgLlk tku iM+rk gSA Lo;a cnk;awuah us bl ckr dk ladsr fn;k gSA mlus fy[kk gS fd vkt yksHk dk ekxZ viukdj iFk Hkz"V gks x;s gSa ijUrq jk.kk izrki flag fgUnqLrku dh eqxy lSfudksa esa ;g fopkj QSy x;k Fkk fd jk.kk] xqipqi rjhds ls ,oa dwVuhfr ls] /kjrh dks viuh ekrk ekudj bldh iwtk djrs gS (fFkj u`i fganwFkku] ykrjxk ex igkM+ksa ds ihNs fNi x;k gSA cnk;wauh ;g Hkh fy[krk gS fd eqxy lSfudksa }kjk izrki yksHk yxA ekrk Hkweh eku] iwtS jk.k izrkilh)A*33 ^/kkjk rhFkZ esa Hkkyksa dh uksd ls gq, dk ihNk u djus dk ;gh dkj.k FkkA blls izrhr gksrk gS fd ekuflag Hk;Hkhr gks x;k ?kkoksa ls tks jDr /kkjk cgh] jDr izokg ds rhFkZ esa Luku djus ds fy, jk.kk izrki vius Fkk vkSj igkM+h {ks= esa jk.kk izrki ls ;qº djus dk [krjk og eksy ugha ysuk pkgrk FkkA ny lfgr vkxs c<+k vkSj /keZ ;qº esa nku djus ds fy, jk.kk izrki us viuk Lo.kZ tSls oSls Hkh eSnkuh ;qº esa ekuflag us jk.kk izrki ,oa mlds lSfudksa ds ijkÿe dk izrki 'kjhj dks nku fd;k (lsyka v.kh fluku] /kkjk rhjFk esa /klsA ns.k /kje j.k nku] iqjV ns[kk Fkk ftldh otg ls mls lSfud grk'kk ls Hkj x, ,oa Fkd x,A eSnkuh ;qº rks 'kjhj izrkilh)A*34 ^vdcj ds lSfud ny us jk.kk izrki dh lsuk ds fudV igqapdj e/;k esa gh #d x;k Fkk] ,sls esa ekuflag ds ikl i;kZIr le; Fkk fd og gYnh?kkVh foJke fd;k vkSj fQj igkM+h&igkM+h ij vkil esa fHkM+sA izR;sd jkLrs esa jk.kk izrki esa jk.kk izrki dk ihNk djrkA ysfdu og vius f'kfoj okil ykSV x;k vkSj vxys vdcj ds lSfud ny dks fey tkrk gS vkSj mudk ihNk djds mlus 'k=q lsuk ds eku fnu xksxqUnk pyk x;kA ekuflag dh ?kcjkgV vkSj mldk ;qº{ks= ls iyk;u jk.kk dks Hkax fd;k (fxMS vkFkMSA ex ex ikMS ek.k] ix izrki dh dwVuhfrd fot; FkhA ;fn ekuflag gYnh?kkVh esa jk.kk izrki dk ihNk djrs ix jk.k izrkilh)A*35 nqjlk vkdj fd;k x;k FkkA36 ,oa dwVuhfrd lQyrk dk izrhd gSA lSfud n`f"V ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;qº 3- gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº ,d izdkj ls cjkcjh esa lekIr gqvk ,oa vfu.khZr jgk] vfu.khZr jgk ,oa cjkcjh esa lekIr gqvk] ysfdu ledkyhu lk{;ksa ds fooj.k ls ;qº ;|fi ekuflag ,oa eqxy lSfudksa us naHko'k Lo;a dks fot;h eku fy;kA lqcg ls {ks= esa jk.kk izrki ,oa mudh lsuk ds ijkÿe dh rstfLork ,oa opZLo dk Li"V nksigj rd pys ;qº esa ijkÿe ,oa ;qº&dkS'ky dh n`f"V ls jk.kk izrki dk iyM+k izek.k feyrk gSA Hkkjh Fkk] ysfdu var esa] tSlk fd cnk;wauh ,oa vcqy Qty us fy[kk gS] nSfod d`ik lanHkZ % dk ,slk ;ksx gqvk fd jk.kk izrki ;qºLFky NksM+ dj pys x, vkSj eqxyksa us Lo;a dks 1- ns[ksa] vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w°uh] eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+ (rhu [kaM) % (ÁFke [kaM) fot;h eku fy;kA ;g dfFkr ^fot;* eqxyksa dh vkRed`r ifjdYiuk Fkh tks mUgha Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] tkWtZ ,l-,- jSafdax_ la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/ rd lhfer FkhA MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro us fy[kk gS fd eqxyksa dh ;g fot; kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;kfVdk] iVuk] 1973_ (f}rh; [kaM) ck°> ;k [kks[kyh FkhA37 LFkkuh; yksdLe`fr ,oa ijaijk esa bl ;qº esa egkjk.kk izrki dh v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] MCY;w- ,p- yks;] la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vijkts;rk ,oa fot; dk mYys[k gksrk jgkA Lo;a cnk;wauh us bldk ladsr fn;k gSA vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;fVdk] iVuk] 1973_ (r`rh; [kaM) lj owYTys gsx] la'kks/ku ;qº ds ckn tc og xksxqUnk ls Qrsgiqj lhdjh ykSV jgk Fkk] tgk°&tgk° ls Hkh og ,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;fVdk] iVuk] 1973A vCnqy xqtjk] yksxksa us gYnh?kkVh ;qº esa eqxyksa dh fot; ,oa jk.kk izrki dh gkj ds lEcU/ dkfnj cnk;wauh us gYnh?kkVh ;qº dk fooj.k eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+ ds f}rh; [kaM k esa eqxyksa dh ?kks"k.kkvksa ij fo'okl ugha fd;kA38 (vaxzsth vuqokn) ds i`- 236&239 (Qkjlh ewy ds i`- 231&235) ds e/; fn;k gSA 2- ns[ksa] vcqy Qty] vdcjukek (rhu [kaM) % (ÁFke [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth 4- jk.kk izrki ds Lokra´;&izse ,oa LokfHkeku dh n`f"V ls gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] mudh uSfrd fot; dk izrhd gSA MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro ds vuqlkj ^^bl dydŸkk] 1902] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1972_ (f}rh; [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls ;qº us jk.kk dks l'kDr cuk;k rFkk mlesa uo&fo'okl dk lapkj fd;kA ml le; ds v°xzsth vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] lcls 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa le`ºre jktk ds fo#º ;qº esa jk.kk dh lsukvksa ds ijkÿeh dydŸkk] 1902] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1972_ (r`rh; [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls O;ogkj us jk.kk dks viuh uSfrd 'kfDr ds izfr fo'oLr fd;k vkSj eqxyksa ds fo#º v°xzsth vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] vius la?k"kZ dks tkjh j[kus ds fu.kZ; dks n`<+rj fd;kA**39 dydŸkk] 1921] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1973A MkW- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ40 us egkjk.kk izrki ij fd, foLr`r ,oa uoksUes"kh vuqla/kku 3- ns[ksa] futkeqÌhu vgen] rcdkr&,&vdcjh] Qkjlh ls v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu esa gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds fu.kZ; dks le>us ds fy, ;qº dks rhu n`f"V;ksa ls fo'ysf"kr (rhu [kaM)] cztsUÊukFk Ms ,oa fgnk;r gqlSu] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] dydŸkk] fd;k gS &^^;qº mÌs';ewyd n`f"V_ ;qº fÿ;kewyd n`f"V_ rFkk ;qº ifjn`';ewyd 1927&39_ ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xzsth vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu] n fgLV™h n`f"VA** MkW- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ ds vuqlkj] ;qº ds mÌs'; esa vdcj foQy jgk] ;qº{ks= vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M] [kaM 5] yanu] 1873] i`- 177&476- esa izrki dk iyM+k Hkkjh Fkk] rFkk ;qº ds i'pkr~ ekuflag dh dfBukb;k° c<+ xbZ 4- ns[ksa] ujsaÊ flag pkj.k] iqukjke iVsy] egkjk.kk Árki ,oa jk"V™dfo nqjlk vk<+k (fcjn Fkha&^^bu rhuksa gh n`f"V;ksa ls fu.kZ; izrki ds i{k esa tkrk gSA----;qº ds Bhd ckn bl fNgŸkjh] HkkokFkZ lfgr)] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2015] i`- 68- {ks= ds Hkwfenku gsrq tkjh fd, x;s rkezkuq'kklu izrki ds izHkkoh fu;U=.k dks flº 5- ns[ksa] ujsaÊ flag (^ujlk vk<+k*)] ^nqjlk vk<+k d`r fcjn fNgŸkjh dk fgUnh vuqokn*] dj nsrs gSaA**41 egkjk.kk Árki ,oa jk"V™dfo nqjlk vk<+k (fcjn fNgŸkjh] HkkokFkZ lfgr)] jktLFkkuh 5- gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº dks jk.kk izrki ds lEiw.kZ thou ds ifjizs{; esa ns[kk tk, xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2015] i`- 114 rks ;g ;qº 'kfDr'kkyh dsUnzh; lŸkk ds izfr Lokra´;&izseh jk.kk izrki dh 'kkS;Z xkFkk 6- xksihukFk 'kekZ] esokM+ eqxy laca/k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] ÁFke ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 59 38 60 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 laLdj.k 1976] ÁFkeko`fŸk 1983] i`- 65 32- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 30 7- ogh] i`- 66 33- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 31 8- ogh 34- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 32 9- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] vdcj n xzsV] [kaM 1 (ikWfyfVdy fgLV™h] 1542&1605)] 35- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 33 f'koyky vxzoky ,aM daiuh] vkxjk] ÁFke laLdj.k] 1962] i`- 204&205 36- ns[ksa dsljhflag] egkjk.kk izrki&n ghjks vkWQ gYnh?kkVh] cqd V™stj] tks/kiqj] laLdj.k 10- ogh 2016] i`- 6] 85 11- ogh 37- ns[ksa] vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 211 12- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk 38- ns[ksa] cnk;wauh] iwoksZDr] i`- 211 bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] dydŸkk] 1921] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] 39- ns[ksa] vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 213 fnYyh] 1973] i`- 245- 40- ns[ksa] pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] jk"V™ jRu egkjk.kk izrki] vk;kZorZ laLd`fr laLFkku] fnYyh] 13- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] MCY;w- ,p- yks;] r`rh; laLdj.k 2016_ ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] laLdj.k 2011 la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,f'k,sfVdk] iVuk] 1973] 41- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] laLdj.k 2011] i`- 70&71 i`- 236 14- ogh 15- ogh 16- futkeqÌhu vgen] ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xzsth vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu] n fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M] [kaM 5] yanu] 1873] i`- 318 17- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 236&37 18- ogh] i`- 237 19- ogh] i`- 237&38 20- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] i`- 245 21- ogh 22- ogh] i`- 245&46 23- ogh] i`- 246&47 24- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 238 25- ogh] i`- 239 26- ogh 27- ns[ksa] futkeqÌhu vgen] ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xzsth vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu] n fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M] [kaM 5] yanu] 1873] i`- 399 28- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] i`- 247 29- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 239 30- ogh] i`- 241 31- ogh] i`- 247 39 62 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (Bharuch) during the post-Gupta period.2 Hence, it appears that at least a few monastic institutions began to decline from the post- Buddhism and Urban Settlements in Kushana days. At the time of the visit of Xuanzang to Gujarat and Rajasthan , the number of Brahmanical-Hindu temples appears to have Rajasthan, Gujarat up to 700 A.D. been far more than the Buddhist temples throughout this region. For Pooran Lal Meena example, Bharukaccha (Bharuch), Bairat the number of Buddhist viharas was just ten and there were about three hundred monks. There is archaeological indication that suggests that the urban settlement of In Rajasthan, Bairth was a part of the Mauryan Empire. The 3 ruins of the Bijak Ki PahadiBuddhist Chaitya and Buddhist monastery Bharukachha began to decline after the end of the reign of the Guptas. from the 3rd century BC Elocated in BairatViratnagar Tehsil in Jaipur At the time of the visit of Xuanzang, there were over ten district of Rajasthan state are the oldest free standing Buddhist Samityaviharas with around one thousand monks in Anandapura, which structures in India.The city is also home to ruins of a Buddhist has been identified with the modern town of Vadnagar in the state of monastery, a wood and timber shrine and rock-cut edict from Emperor Gujarat. This settlement is mentioned as being over twenty li in circuit.4 Ashoka. Though Buddhism appears to have entered Gujarat and Conferring to Xuanzang, "it has a large population of wealthy Rajasthan region shortly before and during the reign of King Ashoka, households. It has no independent lord and is under the jurisdiction of its real intense nature became activated with the functioning of the the country of malava…. Monks… study the teachings of the Silk Route. Initially this region does not appear to have been very HanayanaSamitya School. Deva temples are calculated by scores, and importance and one does not come across many important settlements the heretics live together."5 It seems that from about the eighth century of Buddhist importance. But when international trade began in all CE onwards instigated to have an upper hand over Buddhism sincerity, this region became one of the most important regions of and finally the latter became assimilated into Jainism as well as Buddhist importance in the north western Indian subcontinent. Brahmanical-Hinduism. Existence of Buddhism in the present day Gujarat is attested by The earliest history of Anandapura goes to at least the fifth the archaeological evidence in the shape of stapas, chaitiyas, rock cut century BCE. Also the various Buddhist texts, this settlement also caves and material remains in the form of inscriptions, copper plates, finds mention in the Mahabharata.It has been suggested that this sealings, sculptures and many kinds and decorative motifs of settlement was the earliest capital of the area that later became known architectural components. Aaokan rock edicts at Girnar and Junagadh as Gujarat. The river Kapila used to flow by the side of this settlement bear evidence to the spread of Buddhism at a massive level during the in the ancient time. A Bodhisattava descriptions dating back to the first-fourth century CE during which period most of the evidence has third-fourth century CE was found by a farmer while ploughing his been found. Settlements such as Vadnagar, Devnimori, Junagadhand fields in the locality of Vadnagar and this image appears to be associated Bharukaccha felt on the trade routes and attained commercial success to the Mathura School of Art. During excavations conducted at due to their Buddhist networks. Main Buddhist centres of this region Vadnagar , remains of a stupa were discovered by the Archaeological were Bairat, Bhillamala (Barmer) Devnimoriadnagar, Bharuch etc. Department of Gujarat. Though urbanization instigated to decline in a big way by about the Barmer, at the time of Xuanzang, this urban settlement was end of the fourth century CE, yet some of the urban settlements in over thirty li (km) in circuit. It was the capital ( rajadhani) of the 1 this region continued to live till about to the seventh-eighth centuries. country of Gurjara. There was one Sarvastivadavihara with more than Archaeological and literary indication together suggests that one hundred monks in Bhillam?la (Barmer, Rajasthan).6 Xuanzang urban settlements with Buddhist connections such as Kumbhavati mentions that "the native products and social civilizations were the (Nasik) declined in the pre-Gupta period. Mahimata (Maheshwar) same as those in the country of Surattha. It was thickly populated and during the Gupta period and Ujjan, Jetuttara (Nagari) and Bharukachha the people were rich and wealthy. Most of them were heretics."7 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 63 40 64 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Baghukacchais the Sanskrit version of Bharukaccha which is certain and that is that the ship-building industries of this place as means 'high coast land' and the city is exactly situated on a high coast well as its maritime networks of outside world go indeed to very early land. Conferring to the Divyavadana, Bharukaccha is a corruption of times. This settlement absolutely was an important port linking the Bharukaccha (Marsh of Bharu). This settlement was founded by Bhiru, Silk Road and the Spice Road through here to the Western world. The one of the three persons who managed to get away from the kingdom Greeks knew this settlement as Barygaza or Barugaza. Later Arab of Sikkhandi, the parricide king of Sauvara, when it was destroyed by sellers are also said to have used this settlement extensively for a furious sandstorm, following the assassination of Rudrayana, head commercial purposes.14 of state of Roruka.8 The fame, prosperity, and wealth of Bh?rukaccha The urban settlement of Devni Mori, which is recognized with were due almost completely to its extensive maritime commerce and Sabarkantha, was an important Buddhist place during the third-fourth strategic location, providing an outlet for the settlements of both the century of the Common Era. A huge site consisting of remains of a Deccan and northern part of India. stupa, a Chaityas, an a vihara have been found here near Shamli on According to the early Pali texts, the pattana/pattanagama of the banks of the river Meshwo, Interestingly, a casket containing relics, Bharukaccha was an important vanijja (trading hub) in the Bharu apparently of the Buddha, were found here in the excavations with an country. In this area, we are told people totally worked for trade.9 inscription on the casket stating the name of the Buddha. Rajasthan Later Buddhist sources call this settlement a city nagara10. We aratold apparently had well defined Buddhist monasteries or complexes at in the texts that businessmen from this place toured from here by sea Bairathin Viratnagartehsil of Rajasthan. Kolvi, Bandarej ,Ramgaon to the Land of Gold (Suvanabhumi).11 Bharukaccha has been well- discovered by ASI. known with the modern city of Bharuch in Gujarat. Due to the extensive References maritime commercial activities and also its planned location, this 1. R.S. Sharma, urban Decay in India, New Delhi, 1987, p. 83 settlement appears to have become the most important place in the 2. Y.D. Sharma, 'Remains of Early Historical Cities,' A. Gosh (ed.), area and hence attained to great heights in terms of affluence, fame Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums, Part I, New Delhi, and wealth etc. This settlement provided a connection through sea 1964 : p.73; IAR, 1956-57 : p.27; 1957-58 : p.36; 1959-60: p.19; 1962- and land to the different centres of commercial importance both in 63 : p.19; R.S. Sharma, Urban Decay in India.New Delhi 1987, p. 86 the Deccan and northern part of India. Interestingly, most of the 3. IAR, 1959-60 :p.19. references in the PaliTipitaka to this settlement are of the Mauryan 4. Ibid. period if not later. Conferring to Xuanzang, Bharukacchapa was over 5. Ibid. twenty li (km) in circuit.12 He further points out that around this urban 6. Ibid., 344. settlement the soil was saline and plants were sparse. "Salt is produced 7. Ibid.,346. by steaming water, and the sea provides profitable careers. The climate 8. The Divyavadana, ed. P.L. Vaidya, Darbhanga :Mithila Institute of is hot, with abrupt cyclones blowing violently. The people are stingy Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, 1959 : 586. by tradition and deceitful in disposition. They are ignorant of learning 9. J.iv.137;MNid.i.155.(The Jataka) and arts and believe in both heterodox and orthodox principles. There 10. ThA.ii.141. (Theragatha-Atthakatha) are over ten monasteries with more than three hundred monks, who 11. J. iii. 188. learning the Mahayana and the Sthavira teachings. Deva-temples are 12. Li Rongxi (trans.), The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions, Berkelye; NumataCentre for Buddhist Translation and more than ten in number, and the heretics live together."13 Of any kind Research, 1996 : 337. archaeological information is available about this settlement and its 13. Ibid., 338. surrounding areas indicates that its beginnings could go as far back 14. Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency, vol. I, Pt.I : The History of Gujarat, as antiquity. Some researchers have even suggested that this settlement Bombay; Govt. Central Press, 1986 : p.58. had trade and cultural links to the Harappan and Egyptian civilizations during the proto-historic age of ancient Indian history. But one thing 41 66 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 study on sculptural art with an analysis of the form and style as well as theme and context needs to be done. Endeavour has also been Sculptural Evidence for the culture made to recognize the contemporary cultural current in the sculptural th art form and adequate treatment to the participation of entertainment of Rajasthan : C. 9 century A.D class in cultural history. Collection of six sculptures, so far, preserved to 12th century A.D. in the different Museums of Rajasthan and elsewhere would be the basis of my present paper. However, these sculptures may be defined Dr. Manu Jayas as follows: 1. This sculptural panel that was discovered at Harsagiri, District Imperial kingdom of the northern India after the death of the Sikar, Rajasthan belongs to Purana Mahadeo Temple. Presently, this last paramount emperor Harsha in around seventh century, the regional relief is preserved in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan. The sculptural kingdoms such as, Gurajara – Prathiara and of Rajasthan panel belongs to c. 961- 73 A.D. and oblong in shape with 19 inch in emerged and occupied a prominent place in political, social, cultural vertical dimension. Although, panel has been destroyed from the upper and economic life of the people. The rulers were great patron of art left corner. It depicts the high relief work done by sculptor. This and literature. Temples in India have been the most vivid representations sculptural panel was a part of the Purana Mahadeo Temple where as of Indian culture, mostly of religious and aesthetic aspirations. Temples the theme of panel is of music and dance performance including both is extensively bejeweled with beautiful figures, decorative motifs and men and women1. various worldly forms of pleasure. Thus, sculptural art developed in 2. Another sculptural panel which also belongs to Purana between c. ninth to the twelfth century have all distinguished by their MahadeoTemple, at Harsagiri in Sikar, Rajasthan. It is on display in maturity in style and techniques. the Sikar Museum Rajasthan presently. The panel is 161/2 inch in height Indian Sculptures are known for its excellence. The Indian with much elongated in length as 9 figures are portrayed in panel. sculptors were found much skilled in creating sculptures with deep This sculpture can be dated roughly to c. 961- 73 A.D. i.e. Chauhan feelings and, above all, they were portraying contemporary society period of Rajasthan. The figures in this panel are very artistically carved which can be considered as peculiar characteristic of Indian art. as compare of the other panel of the same period. Although the subject Iconographical and aesthetical development in the context of Indian matter of this panel is dance and music consort consistig of both male sculptures cannot be investigated in isolation as both are interrelated. and female. Sculptor had beautifully carved out the stone with making Moreover Sculpture as an art form has also been surveyed and studied border around the figures. In the panel second figure of female from for historical reconstruction. The scholars of the field earlier focused the left had been distorted as the head of the lady with instrument is either on aesthetic forms such, as structural decoration and sculptural totally faded away2. expression, or on clothes, ornaments etc. But sculptures have more 3. The massive elongated stone sculptural panel belongs to meaning as a source for reconstruction of the history as it also signifies Purana Mahadeo Temple at Harsagiri, District Sikar, Rajasthan. As it the social, cultural and economic development of the contemporary is a piece of architectural ornamentation of temple which was society. The sculptures not only symbolize the culture of the exiting constructed under the Gurjara- Pratihara period of c. 961 - 973 century society but also sometimes represent the neglected class i.e., working A.D. But this panel is found in Ganga- valley at Soraon, class. Allahabad. This sculptural panel is presently displayed in Allahabad In the present paper an effort has been made to systematically Museum. This panel is oblong in shape where horizontal dimension is study the sculptures of early medieval Rajasthan from 9th century A.D. much more than vertical height. Although this panel has been little to 12 the century A.D. which represent the occupational activities of damaged from the right hand side. This relief illustrates two groups the period. However the textual sources are found silent or giving of orchestra giving dance and music performance. Both the groups incidental information regarding activities of neglected group. A detailed have men and women, but female are shown as dancer while male ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 67 42 68 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 members are playing different musical instruments3. norms. So, it can be said that these sculptural panels provides us with 4. The Stone sculpture belongs of Pratihara period i.e.10th valuable insight of the social cultural and economic norms of the century of Rajasthan. Now this panel is kept in the National Museum Rajasthan. New Delhi for display. This stone panel is rectangular where length is The participation of men and women in the entertainment sector much more than its height. This sculptural relief is of much importance can be traced from ancient times. This entertainment sector is also as it portrays the practical training of music and dance by an heterogeneous in nature. The religious text enlisted martial arts, dancing, experienced and learned teacher. The guide is shown directing male singing, and music as entertainment activities. On festive occasions and female both irrespective of gender; few of them are shown playing such performances have to be performed by the Sudra people7. instruments and rest in dancing postures. This sculpture indicates the Kavyamaminasa describes a special chamber in the court and dubbed significance of training in the entertainment class as they were it as literary gallery. It further mentions the seating arrangements in professionally guided by the experts4. the chamber according to the status. However, after the king, the 5. The sculptural panel relates to Chalukyan period of 12th place was allotted for poets and then descending order actors, dancers, century Rajasthan. This relief work has been done at Tejhpala temple singers, musicians, bards and other were seated8. Dasarupa suggests at and seems to be oblong in shape. This panel is part of that in entertainment sector, the women entertainers were mainly temple’s beautiful embellished ceiling with almost perfect finishing. belonged to the sudra class9. The theme of the panel is portraying the life events of twenty first Sculptural panels are good source of information regarding the Jaina Saint Neminath. Besides, the sculpture depicts a numerous social contemporary costumes, ornaments for beautification, hair styles, functions such as marriage, music and dance show and other activities decorative head dresses of men and women. This classification of of daily life which primarily indulging women as artist5. attire and ornaments is of great significance as it indicates the class 6. The sculptural panel belongs to the Temple of Neminath distinction of the portrayed figures. Dress and ornaments are most situated in Dilwara, Mount Abu, South Rajasthan of 12th century A.D. important components of culture as they reflects the people’s wishes This entire panel is carved on white marble which has approximately to fullfill their aestheticism. The sculptural panels from Rajasthan would 8 feet in width. However, only half of the panel could be seen in the be the good example of cultural representation of the contemporary plate. The sculptural panel is of high relief as it has been deeply undercut society of early medieval period. by the sculptor to give it perfection along with clarity. The sculpture The costume of the male usually consisted of two garments of exemplifies the theme of marriage organized for Aristanemi, the twenty long pieces of unstitched cloth. The upper garment, in the second Trithakara of Jaina religion. It extensively gives importance to contemporary sculptures, was generally across the chest, covering dancers’ participation in marriage as illustrated in eight compartments6. the left shoulder with its end falling on the waist. Only one male figure The magnificence of these temples is largely due to their rich playing flute whose back has been carved turned is shown wearing a and fascinating sculpture. Atypical characteristic of Sculptural panel robe type garment around the chest10. The upper bodies of other three at Rajasthan is that it represents the various aspects of the life of male are bare11. men, women and all sections of society. The temples of Mount Abu The antariya (loin cloth), synonymous with the modern dhoti, are famous for sophisticatedly carved decorative graceful sculptures. was worn by all men around their waist upto or above the knees. The Sometimes it overshadow the main character of the theme and shed fabric of garment seems expensive with a fine semi transparent light on the much undervalued aspects of life such as aspects of the finishing and well carved plates on it is visible beautifully12. The poor daily life or common people and their working. Similarly, the sculptural generally wore only loin cloth with a thick fabric having not much panels from the other temples of Rajasthan also depicted the sophisticated finishing13. overlooked section of the society. But these less much celebrated The fashion and the dress of the women in the early medieval category of society were also an enthusiastic carrier of the cultural period have three popular garments in style. The Uttariya was a piece ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 69 43 70 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 of cloth like a Dupatta (odhani), which covered the upper part of the around their neck, armlets (bahu- sandhi), earrings (kundala) and body. Few female in the sculptural panels have been depicted draping bangles in their wrists, anklets (nupuras) and well embellished griddles a beautiful dupptta around their arms14. The Kanchuka or bodice was with hanging chains or beautiful beads horizontally as well as vertically specially designed to cover the breasts a usual fashion as shown in are visible in figures28. All the males are shown wearing two layered selected Panels15. It could also be long enough to reach up to the toes beads chain in neck, armlets, earrings and bracelets in their wrists29. and also known as chola. The female dancers were also portrayed One male playing in an orchestra is shown wearing sacred thread wearing a high neck blouse or simply normal blouse16. In some (janeu)30. sculptures the band that is covering the upper body of female is less However, there is another category of figures in sculptural panels visible due to fine transparent fabric17. with the bare minimum ornaments or no ornaments. The female in the The Chandataka a lower garment was worn as an undergarment panel is portrayed with two layered necklace (jala kanthi) or single beneath the kanchuka (Dhoti or drapery). The female dancers in the bead necklace around neck31, armlets and earrings32 same as of men. panels can be seen wearing the lower garment covering the body up It can be clearly seen that these figures which are not much adorned, to knees. The cloth carved by the sculpturs seems to be of very thick is an indication of their social status33. The rest of the figures of fabric and with no further decoration. It doesn’t seem expensive sculptures are not adorned with any jewellery34. Their dresses and because garments of thick fabric were mostly worn by people of ornaments also throw light on their status in the society or a parameter lower strata who could afford it which did not need any sort of special to understand their living standard and the hierarchy in existing within manufacturing skill as well18. the entertainment group. However, the dresses of the few females in the panel are much Amarkosa mentions term for the women performers such as, 35 expensive and of very fine fabric. All the female are covered with loin nati for dancing girl . The women possessing (hela), feeling (bhava), cloth from waist to below the knees although the fabric seems to be represents the (sattva), temperament, sweet mannered, physically semi transparent which is an indication of a fine and expensive fabric19 beautiful, soft in singing and thrilled in dancing and brilliant in 36 and it further indicate the ranks of the woman among the artists. appearance were called dancers the ‘nartaki’ . In all the sculptural panels the female dancer is the central figure of attraction due to their The hair styles of the male and female in the sculpture panels sensuous figure, long nose, slender waist, full round breasts, represent the contemporary fashion of society. The women used to esthetically delicate and expressive gestures of hands and fingers37. keep long hair, dressed them in various ways. The females in the panels have a very simple hair styles. The hair of female is arranged Demonstration of practical training and rehearsal of dance before the guru clearly ponders on the importance of professional training into very neatly combed and tied into a bun or juda of different types- and guidance which is well illustrated in panel38. The nrtya mudra such as, round20, elongated21, loosely tied22 or coiled23; was tied at (dancing pose) of hands, legs and facial expression indicate that central back of the head. In one sculptural panel a female dancer has shown dancers were well versed in the art of dancing for which Indian with her hair decorated with some head dress but not clear24. classical dancers are renowned39. In most of the sculptures one hand The hair style of the male is also similar to that of the female of dancer is shown above the head folded from the elbow in dancing having long hair up to the shoulders which are combed and tied at the mode and the other hand is below the shoulder showing the palm with 25 back . In a stone panel two male figures are portrayed with extensive fingers making a classical gesture40. The legs of the dancer in the hair style with high raised bun at back26. Males keeping moustaches panels are shown moving with the rhythm as one leg is above other was also a trend depicted in the sculptural panels27. folded from knee or both the legs are moving on the toes41. In almost These sculptural panels also represent the entertainment class all the panels the head of the dancer has been carved tilted at one side which can be demarcated into two categories on the basis of ornaments with expression of joy and pleasure on the face42. Male and female worn by them. In some sculptural panels female and male are adorned musician figures were also portrayed dancing on the rhythm of the with extensive ornaments. Jewellary like long beads mala, necklace music as either they are on the toes; otherwise one leg is in the air ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 71 44 72 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 which indicates the movements of legs with the music43. 3. Mihir Mohan Mukhopadhyay, Sculptures of Ganga- Yamuna Valley, All the sculptural panels from Rajasthan represent male and Abhinav Publicatios, New Delhi, 1984, p. 50; Brajesh Krishna, The Art female both playing various musical instruments. The sculptural panel under the Gurjara- Pratihara, Harman Publishing House, New Delhi, from Purana Mahadev Temple is very significant in the context as it 1989, p. 188 4. Brijendra Nath Sharma, Social and Cultural History of Northern India shows that these people from the entertainment sector were not only c. 1000- 1200 A.D., Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1972, p. 42 professional but also received systematic training44. The other 5. C. Sirvarmamurti, Indian Sculpture, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1961, sculptures have depicting different occasions such as festive p. 112 45 46 47 celebration , marriage and music consorts . 6. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, The sculptor has illustrated variety of musical instruments played Painting and Architecture, The Phaidan Press, Lodon, 1955, p. 211 by the entertainers devoid of gender. The stone panels portray different 7. Apastamba Dharmasurta, Ed. and Eng. Tr. Patrick Olivelle, kind of instruments like flute48, dhlok49, vina50, cymbals51, damru52. In Dharmasurta: The Law of Codes of Apastamba, Gautma, Baudhayana some sculptural panels musical instruments were also represented and Vasistha, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 186 keeping aesthetic sense in consideration53. The musical instrument 8. Rajasekhara, Kaviyamimansa, Ed. C.D. Dalal and R.A. Sastry, Baroda, like vina symbolizes much sophistication, classical taste of music Oriental Institute, 3rd, Cambridge, 1934; Eng. Tr. Sadhana Parshar, which is part and parcel of superior class entertainers only54. These Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara, New Delhi, 2007, p. XXXVI. instruments indicate entertainer’s association with the imperial or elite 9. Dhananjaya, Dasrup, Ed. A.V. Williams and Eng. Tr. George C. O. class, entertaining in imperial functions55. However, the musical Haas, The Dasarupa: A treatise on Hindi Daramaturgy, Columbia University Press, New York, 1912, p. 195. instruments like Dholak, Flute and Damru in other panels were carved 10. See Plate-I. very simple with no decorations at all56. These entertainers seem to 11. See Plate-I. belong to lower strata of society, probably of sudra caste, and deliver 12. See Plate -II, III & IV. their services or performances on public gathering. The status of 13. See Plate-I & IV. entertainers is also differentiated by the kind of musical instruments 14. See Plate –II, VI & V. played by them. 15. See All Plates. Symbolically, sculptural panels represent the difference in 16. See plate- IV. existing hierarchy within the entertainment group. The sculptural panels 17. See plate-II, V & VI. not only indicate the entertainment class and various instruments but 18. See Plate- I. also the social, cultural and class demarcation exiting in the society. It 19. See Plate –II, III, IV, V & VI. clearly point out the heterogeneous nature of the entertainment sector 20. See plate- V & VI. of the contemporary society. The stone panels not only represent the 21. See plate- IV. imperial class but also shed light on the neglected classes, their work 22. See plate- I & II. 23. See plate- III. and livelihood or living standard. However, these sculptural panels 24. See plate-II. have provided the glaring instances of the prevailing culture in Rajasthan 25. See Plate -II. society during early medieval period. 26. See plate- IV. References 27. See plate- I. 1. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, 28. See plate-II, III, IV, V & VI. Painting and Architecture, The Phaidan Press, Lodon, 1955, p. 208 29. See Plate -II. 2. Idem; Brijendra Nath Sharma, Social and Cultural History of Northern 30. See plate- III. India c. 1000- 1200 A.D., Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1972, p. 31. See plate- V. 170 32. See plate- IV. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 73 45 74 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 33. See Plate- I. 34. See plate- IV. 35. Ibid., p. 134. 36. Bharata Muni, NatyaSastra, Eng. Tr. Manmohan Ghosh, The Natyasastra- Bharata Muni: A treatise of Hindu Dramaturgy and Histrionics, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1951, p. 532. 37. See All Plates. 38. See Plate- IV. 39. See All Plates. 40. See Plate- II, IV & VI. 41. See All Plates. 42. See All Plates. 43. See All Plates. Plate II. Sculptural panel is on display in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan 44. See Plate- IV. 45. See Plate- I & III. 46. See Plate- V & VI. 47. See Plate- II & III. 48. See Plate- I, II, III & IV. 49. See Plate- I, II, III, IV & VI. 50. See Plate- II, III & VI. 51. See Plate- III & IV. 52. See Plate- I. 53. See Plate- II & III. 54. See Plate- II, III & VI. 55. See Plate- II & III. 56. See All Plates. Plate III. Sculptural panel is presently displayed in Allahabad Museum

Plate IV. Sculptural panel is kept in the National Museum New Delhi Plate I. Sculptural panel is preserved in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 75 46

Patronage Issues in Shakambhari under the Cahamanas - A Brief Discussion Based on Epigraphic Sources Mrs. Raveena Meena

Inscriptions offer scope for reconstructing the various stages of political patronage in early medieval Rajasthan. They clearly point towards the emergence of new political centres, help profile the ruling elite, and reveal the structure of early medieval society. Aspirant ruling chieftains and their officials often built and controlled popular cultic shrines and pilgrimage centres, and through this process automatically become associated with the enshrined deity. Through this act, they acquired the much needed religious sanction and popular backing for their political power. As a source of study, temples provide a mosaic of information and are a concrete source to have a proper understanding of the cultural history of a region. They not only help in the reconstruction of chronology but they also enable us to trace the origin and development of political, social and religious formations. This paper will explore what were the principal forms or nature of patronage to S?iva temples, the identity of the principle patrons and their motivation for patronage in Shakambhari region under the Cahamanas. It will deal with the class of social groups figuring in the inscriptions, their role in society and their services related to temples. The origin of Rajputs is a much-debated question in the history of northern India. James Todd regards the Rajputs as descendants of Plate V. Sculptural panel is a part of ceiling from Mount Abu the Scythic people of Central Asia, whereas V.A.Smith considered some of the Rajput clans as indigenous in their origin and others as Scythic.1 Some others explained their ks?atriya origin on the basis of the Agnikula myth, as a purification myth. The question of the indigenous origin of the Rajputs is a question that is taken up by C.V.Vaidya, G.H. Ojha and others. B.D.Chattopadhyaya has seen the origin of Rajputs as a result of various processes in the early medieval period. He has studied three clans of early medieval Rajasthan the Pratihara, the Guhilas and the Cahamana, and tried to see the various stages in which these clans became politically dominant with the status of Rajput. The different stages in the formulation of their genealogical ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 77 47 78 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 claim reveal a political process, and show an upward mobility from a Other rulers such as Ajayaraja, were Shaiva10 but they paid feudatory status.2 respect to the followers of Vaishnava and Jaina sects too. Cahamana Vigraharaja IV, known as Bisaladeva, was an ardent follower of Shiva. Ajmer stone inscription of Vigraharajadeva IV, dated AD 1153,11 The bardic tradition of the Rajputs regards the Cahamanas as contains portions of Harakeli-nataka, a drama composed by one of the four fire born races. Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Vigraharajadeva of Shakambhari. The Cahamanas were divided into many branches. Some of them were drama in certain portions seems to have been imitated from the feudatories of the Pratiharas of Avanti and Kanauj.3 During the period Kiratarjuniya of Bharavi.12 It seems to be intended as a prashasti to c. 750 to 950 CE, most of the regions over which the Cahama?na the god S?iva and his consort Gauri. The inscription opens with a ruled, were included in the Pratihara dominions. conversation held by Shiva, Gauri, the Vidushaka and a Pratihara in Cahamana of Shakambhari which the worship rendered to Shiva by Ravana is spoken of with The earliest inscription of this branch is the Harsha stone approval. Further, it mentions that noticing some fragrant smell as of inscription of the time of Vigraharaja II dated AD 973.4 It traces the some oblation presented to him, Shiva despatches his attendant Muka genealogy of the Cahamanas from Guvaka I to Vigraharaja II. It carries to check the cause of it. Muka returns and reports that Arjuna is back the genealogy of Cahamanas for six generation upto Guvaka I, preparing a sacrifice. Shiva told Muka to assume the form of a Kirata, who was a feudatory of the Pratihara ruler Nagabhatta II (c. 815 to go near Arjuna and await Shiva. Shiva then perceives that Muka AD). The pedigree mentioned is- Sri Guvaka I, his son was Sri and Arjuna, who were enemies before, begin fighting with one another. Chandraraja, his son Sri Guvaka II, his son Inabhupa (mighty monarch) He therefore goes himself as a Kirata to assist his attendant, and after Chandanaraja, his son Maharaja Vakpatiraja, his son Maharajadhiraja that a terrible battle starts between Shiva and Arjuna, and which ends and after this Vigraharaja, who was ruling at the time when with the god’s acknowledging the valour of his opponent. Shiva and the inscription was composed. Harsha inscription called Vakpatiraja a Gauri reveal their real nature and Arjuna asks their forgiveness for Maharaja. He was probably a Shaiva. He built at Pushkar a temple for whatever he may have done to offend them and praises Shiva as the Vyomakesa, ‘which looked like Kailasa’.5 It mentions that Simharaja most supreme divine being. Shiva, pleased with Arjuna’s valour piously gave abundant wealth to Hara for a temple (place is not presents him with a mystical weapon. After Arjuna’s departure, Sjiva mentioned) and on Shiva’s dwelling he set a golden dome.6 Then it tells Gauri that the poet Vigraharaja has so delighted him with his gives a glorious account of Vigraharaja, resembling Indra. The Harakeli-nataka that they must see him too. Vigraharaja then himself inscription further records an account of a line of ascetics who were enters in the play, and after having a short conversation expresses in charge of the temple of Harshadeva. Shiva by the name of Harsha great pleasure with the composition of the drama. Shiva tells the author deva was enshrined in the linga form, and was the family deity of the that “his fame as a poet is to last forever” and then he is sent home to Cahamanas of Sakambhari and through him the family is believed to rule his kingdom of Shakambhari. have become illustrious (v.27). It further said that the great kings of We can draw some points from this inscription that, first; this line had the origin of their virtues in devotion to Shambhu. The Vigraharaja IV was a fervent follower of Shiva with whose help he patronage of Harshadeva by the Cahamanas must have added to their had succeeded in beating his enemies. Second, by this time he became prestige. a sovereign ruler of Shakambhari. Third, in this play, Vigraharaja is The Sakrai7 and Kinsariya8 inscriptions talk about the other ruler portrayed as a great poet whose work delighted Shiva so much that of this branch. The Sakrai inscription calls Durlabhraja a he himself came to see the poet. It indicates the powerful position of Maharajadhiraja. After him came Govindaraja III, Vakpatiraja Vigraharaja as a ruler, devotee and a poet. II,Viryarama, Chamundaraja and Simhata, Durlabharaja III, Vigraharaja Dhod stone inscription of Jahazpura district, dated AD 1169,13 III. Prthviraja I was the son of Vigraharaja III. The Prthviraja-vijaya records that during the reign of Parameshvara Paramabhattaraka mentions his free distribution of food on the way leading to Somanatha.9 Prthvideva II, the lord of Shakambhari, and his feudatory Ahiraja ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 79 48 80 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Kumarapala erected the temple of Nityapramoditadeva at Dhavagartta, Surya temples. The incorporation of local gods and goddesses and which was of Shiva. Prthvideva’s chief queen Suhava was like her the patronage of their cults by the emerging political elite mark the husband a devout Shaiva. The Shiva temple at Menal bears an building of an ideological framework to support the process of state inscription dated 1168 AD bears the name Suhavesvara after her and formation. Considerable merchant activity gives rise to two potential enjoyed from her the grant of 20 drammas14 a year. After Prthviraja II categories of donors, first the prosperous mercantile community and demise, Somesvara became the ruler. He assumed the title, the second category included ruling chiefs. It seems that the validatory Pratapalankesvara in inscription dated 1170 to show his devotion function of temple making and donation gained wide popularity in the to Shiva as the Lankesvara.15 He is described as having attained sayujya society. Temple making was a more direct instrument of gaining with Shiva.16 He erected temples dedicated to Tripurusa and another religious validation for political power.25 to Vaidyanatha.17 Visalpura stone inscription dated 1187 AD18 records some donations to the temple of the god Gokarnanatha at Vigrahapura, Patterns of patronage in the Sapadalaksa country. The temple as well as the town is said to Gifts and building of religious monuments were believed to bring have been founded by Bisaladeva (Vigraharaja IV). The early rulers religious merit. This was of primary importance in the rise of of Shakambhari called themselves Maharajas, but from the time of community investment in religious art and architecture. There was Prthviraja I they are styled Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja- the connection between the patronage of religious establishments, and Parameshvara. This new title reflects a great increase in their power. social and political legitimation. The grants given to existing temples or newly constructed temples show the patronage extended by people Temple, Trade and Religious communities of different sections of the society. The Harsha19 Stone inscription of AD 977 from Sikar in Rajasthan Our analysis suggests that Shaiva ascetics were actively engaged mentions the corporations of horse dealers from Uttarapatha (the in the construction of Shaiva mathas and theirup keeping, with the northern country) and salt merchants from Shakambhari. It further help of certain gosthis. It is quite clear that they possessed some refers that Vigraharaja was served with many presents, with strings material wealth, and with the help of that they were doing these public of pure pearls, gay steeds, fine garments and weapons; with camphor, works. The source of this material wealth could be assigned to the quantities of betel, first rate sandal wood and endless quantities of grants given to the temples which they were part of. Sometimes, gold and with spirited rutting elephants with their mates.20 Some of these religious communities emerged as main donors to the temple. aforementioned things are not indigenous to Shakambhari area. Earlier it was mentioned that traders of northern country were the donors to Harsha inscription of Cahamana Vigrahraja,26 1030 AD, gives the temple hence, we can assume that traders of various commodities information about Lakulisa-Pasupata ascetics. It mentions that such as Pearl, and fine garments were frequent in this area due to its Visvarupa whose hereditary doctrine was the Pancarthalas was a devout increasing importance as a mandapika or exchange centre.21 The worshipper of Uttareshvara (Shiva). His pupil was Prashasta, who Kiradu22 Stone inscription of AD 1153 and the Arthuna23 inscription of was a worshipper of Pashupati, his disciple was Bha?varakta, also AD 1080 from Banswara indicate the existence of trader’s guilds in called Allata, a Brahman of Vargratika tribe. He caused to be built this those regions. The gradual mercantile growth may have been partially temple of Harsha. His disciple was Bhavadyota who completed the due to increase in commercial traffic along the routes through the work of temple building after the demise of Allata. It is further respective region. The major commercial centres of the period were mentioned that he was a true worshipper of Pashupati and constructed situated on the major route of communication. They ran via Jodhpur an excellent well, a beautiful garden and a cistern for watering cattle. to Ahmadabad via Sirohi. Another route ran from Udaipur to These Saiva ascetics received enormous grant from the Cahamana Chittorgadh and Ajmer.24 These routes included both main and link rulers in the form of land, traders also granted money to this temple. routes. It says that Bhavadyota had matted hair, ashes on body, a broad couch It is interesting to note that the major trade routes of the time formed by the earth, was naked in appearance, received food as alms were also studded with the wide range of Jaina, Saiva, Durga and and used hand as a drinking cup. This shows the life of Pashupata ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 81 49 82 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ascetics. The name of the village Ranapallika gives the idea that by Simharaja, the village Mayurapadra in the Khattakupa vishaya and a this time the area-surrounding Harsh Mountain were well developed certain Jayanaraja, the village Kolikupaka. Besides these fields had in a sense of trade. been given by various pious people at Madrapurika, Nimbadika, V.S.Pathak has argued that Pancartha word is a synonym of Marupallika, Harsha and Kalavanapadra; and taxes on salt and horses Pashupata cult, therefore Pancaratrik were the followers of Lakulisa.27 had been assigned for the benefit of the temple by traders at It suggests that by the 10th century Pashupata sect was blooming in Shakambhari and horse dealers of from the north. the Sikar area under the royal patronage of Cahamana kings. Another The motivation for the donation, installation, and construction Shaiva temple inscription of Dhod village, Jahazpur (1172 AD) records of temples appears from our study to increase religious merit and Bhattaraka Prabhasarasi who built a monastery near the temple of fame. Most of the temples were constructed with devotion and to Nityapramoditadeva for the residence of Kapa?lika ascetics from express their religious affiliation. The above mentioned patronage ‘foreign countries’.28 extended by people of all classes in the society shows that temple building and giving grants for its maintenance were considered Nature of the Gifts meritorious activities. Temple patronage was influenced by the political Sometimes temple donations were given by the individual or by changes and socio economic dynamism at different levels. Though community. They vary according to the social status: whether royal, the highest patronage activity is supported by the royal power, the ascetic, layperson, artisan, traders etc. Collective patronage was also study records the patronage of the merchants and traders second responsible for the construction of the temples. However, kings highest. supported these temple complexes by granting villages for their upkeep. The widespread community involvement during this period suggests Thus, we can say that inscriptions help us to look at the religious general economic prosperity. In our time of study, Purtadharma was preferences of a particular era and area, and guide us to see the major held in the highest regard. As temples became larger and more costly, features of different cults along with their practices. By the analysis additional taxes were sometimes introduced to provide a further source of inscriptions one would say that process of interaction and of revenue. assimilation between different groups and cults were taking place. Royalty emerged as a major patron of the temples, and this gives Donations from royal patrons and private individuals towards them the ideological framework to consolidate their rule. One shouldn’t the running of the temple and its upkeep were received in the form of see temples as mere centre of worship as it is evident from inscriptions money, livestock or income from grants of land, including whole that they played major role in the economic and social life. The close villagers and their inhabitants. The wealth acquired by the temple served proximity of temples and trade routes further strengthen our argument not merely for its construction but also for the expanses of in the context of early medieval Rajasthan. administration, puja, festivals and payment of temple servants. The cost of the festival and the expenses of daily worship were largely References borne by the temple from the income on land owned by it. 1. Dasharatha Sharma, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Rajasthan State The Harsha stone inscription of AD 973 has given a list of Archives, Bikaner, 1966, p. 103. endowments received by the temple of Harsha. The maharajadhiraja 2. B. D.Chattopadhyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2010, p. 72. Simharaja, after having bathed at Pushkara-tirtha had given the villages 3. H. C. Ray, Dynastic History of Northern India, Munshiram Manoharlal Simhagostha in the Tunakupaka-dvasasaka in the Pattabaddhaka Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 1973, vol. ii, p. 1058. vishaya and Kanhapallika in the Sarahkotta vishaya, his brother 4. Epigraphia Indica,vol.ii, pp.116-130. Vatsaraja gave the village of Kardamakhata in the Jayapura-vishaya, 5. Ibid, p.1064, vs. 41-43. king Vigraharaja, the villages of Chatradhara and Sankaranaka; 6. Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii, v. 18. Simharaja’s other sons, Candraja and Govindaraja, two hamlets in the 7. Epigraphia Indica, vol, xxvii,pp. 27-33. Pattabaddhaka and Darbhakaksha-vishayas; Dandhuka, an official of 8. Epigraphia Indica,vol, xxii,pp. 56-61. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 83 50 9. Dasharatha Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties, Orient Book Distributers, Delhi, 1959, p.44. 10. Ibid,p. 47. Sufistic traditions in Marwar 11. Indian Antiquary, vol. xx, p.201. 12. Ibid. prior to Rao Jodha 13. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, 1923,p.2. 14. ASI, WC,1906,pp. 59-60. Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan 15. Epigraphia Indica, vol. xxvi,pp. 84-112,v. 27. 16. Dasharatha Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties, Orient Book Rajasthan presented a very fetile soil for the growth and Distributers, Delhi, 1959, p.78. expansion of the sufi movement. Sufism struck roots here much before 17. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, 1922-23, p.8. the Muslim conquest of India. In fact political and military expansion 18. ASI,WC,1921,pp. 55-56. of the Muslim power had little to do with the expansion of Sufism as 19. Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii,p.124. the sufis aimed not at the conquest of the country, but the conquest 20. Ibid, verse 24. of the hearts by the way of pure morality, human fraternisation, the 21. Ravina Meena, “Temple, Trade and Religious communities: Saivism in cardinal realities of high ethical and spiritual values and the characteristic Early Medieval Rajasthan”, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, essential of `Taat-i-Muatdi', that is service to God which consists of th 75 session, 2014, pp.246- 252. service to humanity at large and that the artificial distinctions dividing 22. Epigraphia Indica,vol. xi,p.45. mankind were to be rejected with disdain. There are certain sufis who 23. Epigraphia Indica,vol. xiv,p.302. settled down here prior to its Turkish conquest. During the period of 24. V.K. Jain, Trade and Traders in Western India A.D 100-1300, 10th to 12th centuries there was great ups and downs and a Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1990, pp.118-121. 25. Ravina Meena, “Temple, Trade and Religious communities: Saivism in considerable number of Muslims mystics, men of letters and cultural Early Medieval Rajasthan”, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, pursuits, royal family members and the men of social and cultural 75th session, 2014, pp.248. elits fled to India for safety and continuity of their intellectual and 26. Epigraphia Indica,vol. ii,pp.116-130. religious pursuits. India was guaranteeing peace and hospitality and 27. V.S.Pathak, History of S?aiva Cults in northern India, from inscriptions so the sufis found a new home and a lucrative soil for the spronting 700 a.d. to 1200 A.D., Abinash Prakashan, 1980, p.12. of the spiritual seeds their mission. 28. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, 1923,p.2 Before the India's conquest by the Muslims except Khawja Muinuddin Chishti we are not sure about the settlement of the sufi saints in Rajasthan but we find some cursory references about some sufis who made their abode it and began to work here. Among them first of all we find the reference of Shaikh Hamiduddin Rehani, popularly known as Dada Rehani, said to have come here almost one hundred years prior to battle of Tarain. In those day it was very difficult to work as a missionary so he lived there like a Jain saint as a guest of the ancestors of Rajmal Chaudhary in the Mohalla of Kalipole which is called nowadays as Naukoti-ka-usara. There is a story about last days of the shaikh but it is fact that last prayer (zanaza) was led by Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri and was buried at Bakhatsagar, outside the Mahigate.1 After his death sufistic tradions may be carried by some sufis as Nagaur was a headquarter of suba of Marwar and a famous trading centre. During the next few centuries it became a homeland ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 85 51 86 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 for the sufis of the various silsilahs among which Suhrawardia, Chishtia, Islamic laws generally frustrated the Ulama's efforts to defeat him on Maghrabia, Qadirias and other minor orders were most important to legal issues. Though Qazi Hamiduddin was a Suhrawardi Saint but he note and they brought it to limelight which gained the second place was a intimate friend and spiritual successor of Shaikh Qutubuddin after Ajmer. Suhrawardi Silsilah : Bakhtiyar Kaki of the Chishti order and he was greatly influenced by the Chishti saint who aroused him in a great interest in Sama. It is a Suhrawardi Silsilah - well known fact that sama was totally against the existing traditions The founder of this Silsilah was Shaikh Shihabuddin Umar of the Suhrawardia order but he preferred to pass his time in mystic Suhrawardi2 who was a versatile writer and was the author of a large songs and dances rather than attempt the arduous task of organizing a number of works. Amongst them most famous and reputed work was spiritual order.12 "Awarif-ul-Ma-arif' In India this branch of Sufism was brought by Despite his eminence as a scholar and in the sufi movement, he his Khalifah Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria who settled at Multan.3 In did not admit anyone to his discipline except a butcher of Delhi, a Rajasthan to establish this order credit goes to Qazi Hamiduddin rope maker of Badaun and Shaikh Ahmad of Naharwala.13 Nagauri, a Khalifah of Shaikh Shihabuddin, who was one of the most learned scholars of his age.4 His full name was Shaikh Muhammad While holding the post of chief Qazi of Nagaur he propagated the mystic ideology, strengthened his mystic order there and in Ibn-i-Atta and a son of Shaikh Ataudddin of Bukhara. He came to neighbouring areas very successfully. After the death of his patron India with his father during the regin of Sultan Muhammad Ghori.5 sultan Itutmish, he returned to Delhi and started living in the Khanqah Sultan appointed to Shaikh Muhammad Ata (Hamiduddin Nagauri) the of his late friend Shaikh Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki but after some Chief Qazi of Nagaur. He was the first chief Qazi of Nagaur6. Since time he died on 5th Ramzan, 644 AH/9th Nov., 1246 AD. He is buried he held the post of Qazi, he became to be known as Qazi Hamiduddin near the mazar of Khwaja Qutubuddin at Mahrauli.14 Nagauri. After the death of great Suhrawardi saint, his descendants and He was one of the best scholar of this times. He used to hold followers continued his traditions of preaching the principles of sufism sama gatherings day and night. He made Nagaur a centre of Suhrawardi in Rajasthan and surrounding areas. We come to across a grandson of order of sufism and propagated its principles throughout Rajasthan7. Qazi named as Maulana Zahiruddin. His Khanquah is locally known as His works were respected in the highest academic circles of the Mazar-i-Shahidan situated in the Loharpura locality of Nagaur. The country. Qazi's works were studied enthusiastically by both Chishtia tomb of Maulana Zahiruddin is now the main centre of attraction for and Suhrawardia Sufis. One of these Lawaih (Flashes of Light) no the pilgrims but nothing of the old building of the khanqah has survived. longer exists but was a most important and advanced Sufi text book Another spiritual successor of Qazi Hamidduddin Nagauri was Shaikh- 8 at that time. Baba Farid lectured to his disciples on this work of Qazi. ul-Mashaikh, Shaikh Sulaiman. He was the contemporary of Islam The manuscripts of three other works called the Isquiya, Tawali-al- Shah Sur and Akbar, the great.15 Shaikh Sulaiman was a man of justice Shumus and Risala-i-minkalam, have survived. Qazi Hamidudin was and religious tolerance too. It is said that a Jaina Poshal (religious keeping his correspondence to another saints of the period. He wrote building) standing in the name of Bhattarak Kirat Chand which seems 9 letters to Baba Farid also. to have been occupied either for public or private use. It was through When Maulana Raziuddin, a profound scholarof Hadiths who the intercession of Shaikh Sulaiman, the building was vacated and compiled the Mashariq-ul-Anwar, reached to Nagaur, learned scholars handed over to its original owners under the order of Yusuf Daulat such as Qazi flocked around him and attended the Maulana's lectures Hussain Khan Sur, who was most probably the governor of Nagaur in on the Hadiths. Maulana taught a book of Hadith to Qazi entitled as Feb. 1552 AD.16 This incident testifies on one hand to the broad out Misbah-al-duja.10 Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri is reported to have look marked by high traditions of tolerance as practiced by Muslim committed to memory the entire text of Ruh-al-Arwah. is mystical divines and on the other indicates the extent of respect in which the ideology was mainly based on this work.11 The struggle between Qazi Shaikh was held by the authorities and also by the non-Muslim residents and the Ulama was a protracted one. But Qazi's wit and knowledge of of the town. It is was Shaikh Sulaiman that the tomb of Qazi amiduddin ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 87 52 88 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 was constructed by him in AH 974 (1566&67 AD) Shaikh Sulaiman harmony of Islam and the mystic way of life with the predominantly died in the same year i.e. 974 AH (1566-67 AD).17 non-Islamic atmosphere and demonstrated in the most commendable way as to how a great sufi upholder of the high ideals of the mystic Chishti Sisilah philsophy could adopt himself to the rural life pattern in the midst of The mentle of vicegerency of Khawaja Muinuddin Chishti in an overwhelming Hindu population with peace and equanimity and the region of Rajasthan fell upon his illustrious disciple sufi Hamiduddin produce a silent revolution in the social norms of rural Rajasthan Nagauri who rendered conspicuous services to the cause of the bedding to the widespread diffusion of mystic values and culture and expansion and disemination of th silsilah and ideology of the Chishti draw multitudes to the fold of the silsilah by presiding over the divine affiliation of the mystics of India. He established his khanqah in the Kingdom of kindered hearts. His success was doubly assured by is rural settings of Nagaur to work for the expansion of the silsilah and simple and unassuming nature, widest tolerance and profusion of deep passed his life in abject poverty. He was the first male child to have senmtiments of sympathy, cooperation and goodwill towards the rural been born in a Muslim family after the Muslim conquest of Northern population.27 The Shaikh abhorred the worldly pursuits and once he 18 India. When Shaikh Hamiduddin enrolled himself as a disciple of warned his visitors against duscussion worldly affairs in the mystic Khwaja, he became thoroughly disgusted with things material and gatherings.28 mundane and warned his visitors against discussing worldly affairs in Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was full of praise for the his mystic assemblies. Impressed by his devotion to mystic path and accomplishments of Shaikh Hamiduddin.29 He had long correspondence ascetic life, Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti conferred on him the title of with Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria and the mediator of this was a merchant "Sultan-ut-tarikin" (the King of Hermits).19 who used to bring cotton from Multan and bought oilseeds from He dressed himself like a typical Indian peasant and used two Nagaur.30 Early Indo-Muslim mystics adopted an attitude of sympathy 20 sheets of cloths to cover the upper and lower parts of his body. His and understanding towards all cults and creeds. It was his firm wife was a virtuous lady characterised by fervent piety and strong conviction that spiritual greatness could be attained by in the mystic temperament, spent her time in cooking and spinning like a same way as it could be achieved by the Muslims.31 His greatness was 21 peasant worman. Like the most villagers among whom he lived, in loving hearts. He adopted the highest form of devotion which was Shaikh was strict vegetarian and respected the animal life with the nothing but helping the poor, distressed and misery-stricken people as 22 principla of Ahimsa. He was a votary of pacifism and non-violence the basic view point of great Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti.32| and respected all forms of life-human and animal. His vegetarianism Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagauri expired on 63 AH/1276 AD and approach whether due to spiritual or social consideration, was bound buried at Nagaur.33 His Khanquah is very big and one of the oldest in to increase the area of the contact with the non-Muslims too.23 Rajasthan. It is a popular sacred place among the masses.34 Shaikh passed his long life in extremely adverse circumstances Shaikh Hamiduddin had two sons namely Shaikh Azizuddin and of indigence and poverty, clad himself in grimy and tattered cloths, Shaikh Mujibuddin and a daughter Meharbano but both his sons dies living in a tumbling mud-house, and he was proud of his poverty. He during the lifetime of Shaikh Hamiduddin.35 So Shaikh Hamiduddin earned his livelihood by cultivation of a single bigha of land.24 He kept nominated his grandson, Shaikh Fariduddin as his psiritual successor a cow and himself milched it.25 He lived a happy and contented life of and Khalifah. He exercised a considerable influence over the Kings, an Indian peasant at Suwal, a village nearby Nagaur. officials and the nobles for the goodwill of the masses. He is considered Touched by his penitence and poverty, the Muqta of Nagaur the compiler of the Mafuzat of his grandfather entitled as `Surur-us- requested him to accept a gift in cash and a grant of rent-free land for sudur'.36 He came to Delhi in the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq cultivation but the Shaikh declined the offer politely saying that none where he died and buried near the mazar of Khwaja Qutubuddin of his elder saints had accepted the gifts of such type. Bakhtiyar Kaki.37 The tomb of ShaikhFariduddin was erected by Sultan His amiable and accommodating nature and the principle of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 735 AH. Sultan granted a village named identification witht he environment, Shaikh set a new traditions of `Deh', not far from Nagaur to Shaikh Fariduddin and his brother Shaikh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 89 53 90 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Najibuddin and sons of Shaikh Wajihuddin. Sultan also married her great attachment to shaikh and used to pay visits frequently, even he daughter to Shaikh Fatahullah bin Shaikh Auhaduddin bin Shaikh was present in his khanquah on the day of his death.47 Baba maintained Fariduddin Mahmud Nagauri.38 the tradition of langer (open kitchen) and fed to hundreds of people Most of the credit for the re-establishment to Nagaur as a strong every day. centre of Sufism goes in reality Khwaja Makhdum Hussain Nagauri, a Baba Ishaq was highly respected by Sultan Muhammad bin descendant of Shaikh Hamiduddin and a disciple of Shaikh Kabir of Tughlaq but no saint could be sure of the Sultan's favour and regard Gujarat.39 He lived like a local cultivator, driving a bullock cart and for him who demanded active participation from the saints in the 48 carring for his animals himself. He lived both at Ajmer and Nagaur administration. But the shaikh was always conscious of his matter and the money which he received from Sultan Ghayasuddin Khalji of so he did not look towards the sultan with a high level of aspirations Mandu was spent in constructing the tomb of Khwaja Muinuddin and adopted and attitude of aloofness. Shaikh did not participate in Chishti and the boundary for the khanquah of Shaikh Hamiduddin.40 any programme arranged by the governing class. Sultan Firoz Tughlaq 49 At Nagaur he devoted himself to the religious and spiritual education also had great faith and affection for the shaikh. During the reign of of others. He wrote a detailed commentary on the Holy uran, entitled Firoz Shah, he gained considerable fame and many nobles became his disciples including Razi-ul-Mulk, the Deputy Prime Ministerof the the `Nur-un-Nabi' and also compiled treatises on Sufism.41 Not only Sultan. Due to Raziduddin's attachment to him, many soldiers of the this but at the same time he constructed a garden and a hauz named as army also joined his discipline.50 `Rasubari and Mustafa Sagar' respectively for welfare of the masses.42 During this period Marwar remained as the second great center of Once Baba asked his spiritual successor, Shaikh Ahmad to enroll sufism. Shaikh Hussan Nagaur died on 14th Muharram 901 AH/1495 himself as a disciple of Shaikh Jalaluddin Bukhari, Shaikh Ahmad AD and buried near the mazar of Sufi Hamiduddin Nagauri.43 expressed his firm resolve to remain attached to Baba despite his poverty. The reply of Shaikh Ahmad immensely pleased and said `Baba! Maghribia order - who predicted a bright future and it was due to his blessings that Apart from Chishtia, Suhrawardia and otehr Silsilahas, Princes and rulers actually thronged his Khanqah'.51 Once Shaikh Maghribia order also entered into the fertile land of Rajputana. The Ahmad was on a visit of Didwana, Baba fell ill, a messenger was sent founder of this order was Shaikh Abu Madyan Shuaib-al-Hussain.44 to bring him back. Baba was on his bed when he arrived. He asked to He belonged to the western or African country. Baba Ishaq belonged his Khalifah to recite something. He recited a couplets which the dying to this famous mystic order of Africa known as Silsilah-i-Maghribia. saint interpreted as a happy augury for his blissful life after death.52 On his mystic itinerary, Baba Ishaq reached to Kayam in Maghrib He asked Shaikh Ahmad to dig the grave in his life. Baba died on 17th where he met to a saint named as Hazi Muhammad Kayam known for Shaban 776 AH (1374-75 AD)53 and he was buried in the same grave his piety and devotion. Baba Ishaq laid his head at the feet of such a which was dug during his illness under his own supervision. HIs master.45 He became his disciple and Khalifah. He remained for several Khanqah attracted people from for and wide. He extended his moral years in the company of his master and learned the doctrines of sufism. and spiritual support to people of all castes and creeds.54 Although Baba Ishaq was enrolled into Maghribiya order of North In Khattu the compound of the shrine of Baba Ishaq is still Africa, he was so enamoured of India that he decided to settle pilgrimage center. In the compound there is a Khanqah, the tomb of permanently in his native country. He came back to Delhi. He had a the Shaikh and a number of tombs and other buildings, including a great love and affection for Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti so from Delhi mosque and colonnades for the temporary residence of pilgrims.55 he moved towards Ajmer where he served the shrine of Khwaja for Qadiriya order several years. He received a spiritual order from Khwaja to settle down permanently at Khattu.46 Here Baba Ishaq got much popularity and he Another important order which was established in Rajasthan was highly esteemed by the masses. The men of different was Qadriya. Qadiri silisilah was established by Shaikh Abdul Qadir temperaments flocked to his Khanquah. The muqta of Khattu had Jilani (1077-1166 AD), one of the outstanding figures in the annals of ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 91 54 92 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Islamic mysticism. He was born at Jilan. Later on, he became the References Khalifah of al-Mukharrimi. Finally he settled down at Baghdad.56 Shaikh 1. Sufiya-i-Nagaur may Salatin-i-waqt. M. Ayyub (urder) P. 74 Jilani had many khalifahs who extended the sphere of Qadiri order 2. For biographical accounts, see-Ibn Khallikan, II no. 95, Nafahat-ul- through out the world including India. Generally it is considered that Unus P. 472 Misbahul-Hidaya, pp. 26-27 this silsilah reached in India during the fifteenth century. But few of 3. For biographical details, see Fawaid-ul-Fuad, pp. 5-10, Khair-ul- khanqahs of this order were established in Sultanate period also. Majalis pp. 131-137-283, Siyar-ul-Auliya pp. 60-70. Siyar ul-Arifin, A khanquah at Nagaur was established by a saint of Qadiriya pp. 102-128, Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 241 order who claimed his direct relation with Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani. 4. Fawaid-ul-Fuad p. 241 It is said that a grandson of great Shaikh Jilani came towards India 5. A history of Sufism in India S.A.A. Rizvi, Vol.-I, p. 96 6. Islamic culture, Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 217 and settled down at Nagaur where he flourished the doctrines of Islam 7. Ibid, p. 217-218 and teachings of Shaikh Jilani. There is a dargah known as the khanqah 8. A history of Sufism, Vol.-I, p. 197 of Bare Pir Sahib. It is said that this Khanqah belongs to Shaikh Syed 9. Fawaid-ul-fuad, p. 164-65 Abdul Wahab.57 A tomb is situated in this khanquah which dates 1307 10. A collection of the traditions of the prophet Muhammad. Its full title AD and attributes the tomb to Shams Khan I whose full name is given was Misah-al-duja Min Sihah Ahadith-al-Mustafa. as Abdul Wahab Shamsudddin Khan bin Ghausi-Azam. It seems that 11. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 89 Shaikh Abudl Wahab was there during the reign of Shams Khan I and 12. Religion and Politics, p. 221 the scriber of the inscription gave a wrong date instead of 1407-8 AD. 13. Ibid It may be correct that this Shaikh died some time in 1407-9 AD and 14. Siyar-ul-Arifin, p. 151, 152, Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 46 58 buried there. Later on Shams khan constructed a tomb over his grave. 15. Ain-i-Akbari, vol. III, p. 367 It is true that this khanqah was constructed during the reign of 16. Eigraphia Indica-Arabic and Persian Supplement, 1955-56, p. 34 Firoz Khan II of Nagaur which is confirmed by an inscription found 17. Ibid in that Khanqah. Another Qadiri shaikh was Yatim Darvesh at Nagaur, 18. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 11 A disciple of Shaikh Taj Muhammad Abbassi Qadiri Nagauri, who 19. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 30 constructed a mosque named Arnali Masjid in Nagaur.59 From this 20. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 82 evidence it is clear that he was a Qadiri saint and was working for the 21. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 9; Shajarat-ul-Anwar, (MS), p. 196 development of Qadiriya order as well as sufism in the Nagaur region. 22. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 10, 23; 23. Sufi movement in Rajasthan during the medieval period, p. 66 From the above pages it is clear that the sufism was very well 24. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 30; Safinat-ul-Auliya, p. 129; Nagaur-A forgotten rooted in the desert land of Marwar. It was a place where Muslim Kingdom, MA Chaghtai, Bulletin of Deccan College of Research population inhabited prior to the conquest of Northern India by the Institute, Poona, Nov. 1940, pp. 166-183 Muslims. There were certain Muslim colonies in India prior to battle 25. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 14 of Tarain and among them Nagaur was one. Systematic sufi movement 26. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 156 was launched by Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri and later on a chain of 27. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70 continuity became its feature at Marwar and particularly in Nagaur. 28. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 5 They looked upon social services as the supreme object of all their 29. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 81 spritual exercises and their eagerness to establish cordial relations 30. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 87; Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 81; Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, with the non-Muslims and understand their religious life and thought p. 30 facilitated the evolution of common cultural outlook. The popularity 31. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70 and success of these sufi saints was due to their understanding of the 32. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 168; Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70 Indian conditions and the religious attitude and aspiration of the Indian 33. Ain-i-Akbari, vol. III, p. 367 people. 34. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XVII, p. 298 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 93 55 35. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 14-15; Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 74; Khazinat-ul- Asfiya, Vol.-I, p. 36. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 74 Professor Pema Ram Prize Paper 37. Ibid, 74; Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 28 38. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 24-25 39. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 174 Recruitment, Role and Hierarchy of Khojas- 40. Ibid, 174; Tabqat-i-Shahjahani, p. 181 Nadars in the Amber-Jaipur State: 41. Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat, SAA, Rizvi, Vol. II, p. 136-137; The Indian Muslims, M. Mujeeb, p. 294 A study of the rise of eunuchs 42. Aftab-i-Nagaur, MA Farooqi, p. 94-96; Uttar-Taimur-Kalin Bharat, Dr. Manisha Choudhary SAA, Rizvi, Vol. II, p. 136-137 43. Tazkirah-i-Sultan-t-Tarikin, p. 26 44. The sufi order of Islam, pp. 46-47 For understanding the dynamics of human society one requires 45. Ibid at least a basic understanding of history which will lead to creation of 46. Gulzar-i-Abrar, p. 82; Mirat-ul-Asrar (MS) p. 324; Rajputana Gazetteer, a positive helpful alternative and more creative ways to explore human Vol. III, p. 115; Ain-i-Akbari, Vol.II, p. 212 pasts. The unilateral approach in history writings has chained the hope 47. Tuhfat-ul-Majalish, p. 13 of alternate histories. The expansion of subject on new themes came 48. Salatin-i-Delhi key mazhabi rujhanat, K.A. Nizami, p. 336-337; with the contribution of the Annals school and it is a forward welcome. Comprehensive history of India, vol. V, pp. 495-496 But still a sad situation is prevailing as certain groups and communities 49. Tuhfat-ul-Majalis, p. 60 have been willing ignored, because their demographic number is very 50. Ibid less and have no voice in history. Similar is the need to understand 51. Ibid, p. 62 and explore the contribution of the eunuchs and third gender in the 52. Ibid, p. 13 53. Mirat-l-Asrar, (MS) p. 328; Tuhfut-ul-Majalis, pp. 16-18 making of our societies and more essentially the vast empires and 54. Nagaur-A forgotten kingdom, MA Chaghtai, Bulletin of Deccan College popular kingdoms. Socially, a eunuch and a hijra are understood as of Research institute, Poona, Nov. 1940, pp. 166-183; Mirat-ul0-Asrar one and the same construct. But originally they are not. How can the (MS) p. 328 difference be drawn? Diference lies in the fact that the former is 55. Nagaur, Shookohi, p. 121 made through castration (mainly three types) and the later is a biological 56. A history of Sufism Vol. I, p. 54 category (a deformity as science defines, because it is a shift from 57. Nagaur, Shokoohy, p. 45 the perfect bodies of either male or female). The later cannot be helped 58. Ibid P. 46 as it’s a natural creation but what about the former? Apparently so far 59. The Research Vol. 10-11, 1970-71 P. 121, 140 the history of eunuchs’ and their contribution has not seen the light of the dawn. Scholz, has provided an insight to understand the historical dimensions of the third sex through analysis of the castration and religious ascetism in Christianity, eunuchism in Imperial China and Muslim world and emasculation in Western Europe.1 Scholz has categorized the Hijras, Heaven’s gate religious sect and transgender as several forms of eunuchism around the world. This categorization in one group dilutes the subject completely. Seminal works have been carried on the role of the eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire,2 Ottamon Empire,3 Greco-Roman state,4 Chinese dynasties,5 Mamluk Sultanates6 and Mughal Empire.7 An insight in aforesaid dynasties helps to ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 95 56 96 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 understand that imitation of the tradition (employing eunuchs) was a who will take up a body (neither male nor female); only when required regular visible feature. The significance of eunuchs in the empires, and were transmitting messages. Depiction of body and the similar important official assignments and official designations continued to nature of profession (as a messenger) in church and society have exist due to nature of created social surroundings which made them closely linked the iconography of angles and eunuchs in the early socially dead, unacceptable and at times nataly alienated. The influence Byzantine Empire. The iconography used by artists to paint the ‘angle of eunuch in the imperial setup can be analyzed through the ninth draws’ was inspired and very close to the physical appearance, role, century invention of eunuch Euphrates, who in first place can be dresses, robes and ceremonial functions of the eunuch in Byzantine credited to persuade the emperor Constantine I (r.306-37) to become society.11 It must have been due to the idea that ‘the artist perceived a Christian and later to found the famous Constantinople.8 The survival that their image were only one possible means of depicting the of the eunuch lied in the assurance of his loyalty and honesty towards imageless’.12 the sultan or king, who in return rewarded him with status, money, Historically, the French society was serving as a model for entire power and most importantly recognition in empire. The general Europe and even today it continues to hold the same stature. The recruitments and appointments of the eunuchs were mainly to perform structure and dynamics of court society made the elites to compete a service of ‘the loyal guard’ who will not be given to any affection under the strong pressure for securing position in different hierarchical towards the other normal humans (man and women), as the castration layers of the social prestige. Elias’s work narrates a detailed has made him undesirable for both the biological creation and understanding of the King, court, its members, structures, physical subsequently, fixed him as a ‘Perfect Servant’ with manly capacities. arenas and most significantly the etiquette and ceremonies.13 Further The eunuchs were employed and preferably appointed to guard the it notes that ‘the office of grand chambellan or lord chamberlain is women palaces and to carry out the tasks assigned by the king/emperor one of the great court offices. Its occupant has supervision over all over the centuries. The eunuchs exclusively preserved and ensured officers of the king’s chamber’.14 The term literally means ‘the one their loyalties only towards the king. Due to unaltered honesty and who lies beside’ or ‘keep watch beside’.15 This clearly places the eunuch loyalty the eunuchs acquired and enjoyed all the favors of the king in top trusted office and in most close and loyal association with the and climbed to the highest offices and were followed by the prestige, king. Renner has extensively used Norbert Elias’s work The Court status and wealth. Leaving the king or acting against him for a eunuch Society, to understand a eunuch and the emperor and further analyze was to enter a society hostile to their sex and ethnicity or barging into relationship between them during pre-revolutionary France and draws humiliation and self-immolation. Unless an assurance of a value and on the similarities between French court in 17th century and the Roman pride is approaching because they had no natural allies in society. court of 4th-6th centuries.16 But the idea of a ‘Roman eunuch’ was so Hopkins puts forward that the eunuchs were also serving as a buffer hated by Domitian, that he outlawed castration of Romans.17 The for any kind of criticism that emerged from below.9 The king depended cupbearer of Domitian was a eunuch but the presence of eunuchs in and needed them as they were the most loyal lot in the kingdom and court and political structure was not so visible. The number of eunuchs were performing the service of news collector and will convey the grew up with the Dicoletian reforms and the presence of the same message without any alteration alike angels. ‘At first glance, no with great influence at the Roman court became extremely common.18 characters in the early Byzantine empire were as dissimilar as angles Later, under Dominate it became normal to use emasculated men for and court eunuchs. The first were heavenly creatures,…“good tidings, the position of chamberlain.19 of great joy”…the second were in popular opinion…, “monsters” and As described above the ‘castration became an important were depicted in art as demons; however iconography of angels and expression of human transcendence’.20 The castration was used as a eunuchs became inextricably linked, as a result of their similar penal code to punish the rape criminals, political crimes, war losers, occupation’.10 Similarly the eunuchs who were subjected to isolation, treating medical conditions etc.21 Besides, it the Egyptians, Greeks, mockery and alienation have helped in defining the Hellenistic idea of Romans22 and Chinese societies have permitted the self-inflicted beauty. Traditionally, in Christian art the angles were depicted bodiless, castration as a devotional and sacrificial rite for underpinning the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 97 57 98 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 eroticism and promote the connection between the divine and the certain practices. The Ottoman empire served as a model for the human.23 Besides facilitating religious and penal elements, castration Mughals of India and so was the case with the employment of eunuchs also became a means to secure job in imperial services.24 The close in imperial harem. The Mughal empire was a phase of transition in the study of the eunuchs in Mamluk sultanates of Egypt and Syria helps employment of eunuchs (eunuchism) and its absorption by the to distinguish between the Byzantine eunuch and a eunuch in Islamic peripheral kingdoms. In the eighteenth century the Jaipur state was harem. The former was content with partial castration whereas the formed as an autonomous state who in past has always worked in later was totally mutilated “leveled flat” (majbub or mamsuh) to avoid close co-ordination with the Mughal Empire. The imitation of eunuch any possibility of sexual congress between eunuch and women folk.25 employment in the state is clearly visible from the archival documents David Aylon suggests enthusiastically about the “great triangle” formed which spread from late 17th century onwards to early 19th century. between the Mamluks, women folk and eunuchs. The confidential Contemporary medieval states such as Jodhpur state, Jaisalmer state functions of the state such as postal and intelligence services were and Bharatpur state did not entertain any exception to this imitation also executed by eunuchs. The Mamluk eunuch military commanders’ and employed eunuchs indiscriminately. The tradition of employing (whether Black or White) had an important and direct role to play as eunuchs did not impress Udaipur and Bundi State and the recruitment military educator in the sultanate. Noteworthy is the antiquity of use of eunuchs as guards of Zenani-Deodhi (female apartments) was denied of eunuch in Islam since Umayyad times, the large scale systematic on pretext of the male face.28 Renner notes that in Roman state the recruitment began with Abbasid caliph al-Mu‘tasim (r. 833-42 A.D). ‘state eunuchs were seen as women instead of men’.29 This formula Ringrose, concludes that the castration has deprived eunuchs seems to fail completely in context of Udaipur and Bundi. Hence, the of full masculine status without making them feminine. It has also imitation in employing the eunuchs by the aforesaid states, due to freed them from reproduction, family obligations and their distinct their eligibility to move freely between human (women) and divine physiology and appearance shaped in the distinct specialized spheres (King), and ability to perform their jobs with peaceful environment made them “Perfect servants” who became altruistic aids, efficiency made them a desirable commodity. In context of Mughal counselors and mediators.26 The eunuchs who lived connected to their Empire, Bernier notes that a eunuch was privileged to enter anywhere.30 biological relatives did extended the imperial favors into their families. This study is an effort to understand the methods and So much so that in 11th century Byzantine empire, eunuch John the mechanisms of recruitment, role and hierarchy of the eunuchs in the Orphanotrophos, got his younger brother to the throne as emperor Jaipur court. The eunuchs filled valuable and influential positions at Michael IV (r. 1034-41) by forming a wedlock between the widowed the Jaipur court. They were appointed to these positions much in the empress Zoe. Before accession to the emperor-hood his young brother same way as the king would appoint the nobles to various positions as was serving at court. ‘Because of their special gender status they a sign of prestige. They mediated between the palace, court, barracks were associated with preternatural realms. This made them fascinating, and women apartments to carry out the orders of the king. The eunuchs dangerous and desirable in ways that are hard for the modern reader at Jaipur court were called with title of Khoja (eunuch) and senior to grasp’.27 Interestingly, throughout the histories the eunuchs had eunuchs were known by the title of Nadar. The high demand and the controlled all the prime nerves of the empire. constant need of the eunuchs in the court and the household; popularly The efficiency, fascination and desirability for eunuch made known as Rajlok31 (Royal Household), convinced the state to allot a the sultans and kings to take up eunuchs in their respective empires. physical space to the eunuchs next to the City Palace of Jaipur located The Sultans and Mughals of India were also imitating the cultures in present city of Jaipur in order to use the service effectively and present across the boundaries. On similar pattern initially, the eliminate any kind of lapses. This area was known as Mauhalla Nadran employment of eunuchs was taken up to guard the women palaces. and the Khojas lived there along with their mandalis (teams). Even Later, some eunuchs became very popular but no eunuch in India was today this area is known by the same name but eunuchs no more live lucky as eunuch John. The major dynasties and empires always served here. In the archival documents of Jaipur state namely Dastur Komwar bench marks for the peripheral kingdoms to look upon and adopt (rules applicable caste-wise) the eunuchs were referred as Khoja and ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 99 58 100 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 when they were promoted to guard-ship of the women palaces (rawlas) offering him all the pleasure that apsara (women angle with upmost their prefix was changed to Nadar.32 According to K.S.Lal, in the beauty) are known for, including and especially her body. But Arjun Mughal empire the senior eunuch assigned to guard the women’s palace rejects her, claiming that he is descended from Pururavas and as such was called Nazir and had number of eunuchs working under him.33 he thinks of her as a mother in much the way he thinks of Kunti. Contrary to it Manucci gives a list of 38 eunuchs and all of them were Urvashi was outraged-she was never been rejected before. For his adorned with title of Nazir.34 So, it is evident that title of Nazir was unmanly conduct, Urvashi curses Arjuna to become a eunuch.’42 bestowed upon senior eunuchs who have served up to the satisfaction Luckily, our sources don’t indicate to eunuchisms as an infliction of of emperor and was synonym of superintendentship. The similar type punishment. The court records indicate that it was always voluntary. of hierarchy prevailed in the recruitment and appointments of the Though, the parents were parting away from the male child to pay the eunuchs at the Jaipur court as it depicts through the usage of the title revenues. Was it really a willing choice for the male children who ‘Khoja’ on appointment who was later promoted to the ‘Nadar’ on were taken against the non-payment of the revenue? The practice of fulfilling the desired code of conduct along with the responsibilities.35 converting men in eunuch by emasculation was very common in Only a Nadar was entitled for position of Nazri to Zenani-Deodhi. Bengal.43 In Sylhet (a dependency of Bengal), it became a common Besides these two (Khoja/Nadar-Nazari) there was no other practice for the people to castrate a few of their sons and pay the classification of eunuchs at work in Jaipur court. Whereas, at Mughal revenue (mal-wajib) in that kind to the governor.44 Similar suit was court the first categorization classified eunuchs on basis of the seniority adopted and followed by many other states ‘and every year some and under second type of classification the eunuchs were identified children are thus ruined and cut-off from procreation’.45 For many on basis of looks and skin colour as Kafuri (camphor color), Sandali besides paying revenue through sons, it was also a route for procuring (sandal wood colur) and Badami (almond colour).36 In the variants some finances to manage the mandates of life. Manucci notes that dialects of Marwari language such as Jaipur-Dhundhari, Jodhpur- ‘the poor and miserable progenitors, who out of absolute hunger have Marwari, Kota-Hadoti; the eunuchs were invariably called as Khojas sold their sons’.46 The need for money forced many people to give and Nadar/Nazir.37 They served in different capacities as spiritual away their children to the Khwajasaras to make them eunuch and hooks, administrators, governors, political mediators, envoys, spies, enroll them as chela.47 In return, the Khwajasaras paid hefty amounts news collectors, guards, superintendents, personal attendants and to the parents. Were those male children given the right to exercise carried out the imperial civil and military commands. They were will especially regarding their inclusion or enrollment in the alienated complete men for all practical purposes. The similar duties were world of eunuchs? Was the right to dignity in any case exercised by performed by the eunuchs at the Mughal court.38 The fascination for male children who were taken in exchange of the revenue? The question eunuchs and desirable imitation of the practice was widely visible goes unanswered as the Khwajasaras and Khojas never maintained across the successor, rebellious, autonomous states and invading the records of day to day or the occasional happenings in the mandalis. forces39 of the eighteenth century. ‘men in thousands were emasculated simply to serve as domestics or This work also aims to examine and analyze the contribution of guards in their female apartments’.48 The silence in documents and eunuchs at the Jaipur court and will provide an interesting insight in absence of records regarding eunuchs and their social organization the working of Khojas at the palace and household while serving in and activities are the greatest unbreakable blocks before any researcher. different offices. The association with the king and kingdom facilitated At Jaipur court, eunuch was no synonym of punishment under the Khojas to make fortunes and accumulate wealth, power and prestige. veil of voluntariness. Some took up eunuchism for making fortunes40 while for some it was The wide employability of eunuchs made them expensive and a curse out of poverty and a way to waive off the imperial wrath they were serving status symbols. The effective utilization of ‘a made about to inflict upon them due to non-payment of the taxes.41 eligibility’ (castration), service necessity and high cost made the eunuch Interestingly, in epic literature eunuchism was a method of punishment ‘alive’ gift of utility.49 Many times the visitors at court gifted eunuch for the unmanly conduct. The story says ‘Urvashi approached Arjun, to the king which was happily accepted by later and appreciated with ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 101 59 102 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 reciprocation. Gulab Khoja was brought to Jaipur court by Manji India visit this khanqah especially during Shab-e-barat, Chhadiyon- Dhabai from Udaipur and was presented to Sawai Jai Singh.50 The ka-Mela and Muharram. The eunuchs from Jaipur also visit this political significance of the Thikanedars helped them to acquire these khanqah and have acquired much of the cultural practices. The ‘alive’ gifts. In 1719 AD Sawai Jai Singh gifted Moti Ram Khoja to recruitment at Jaipur was very close to the Mughal employability and Kawar Pal Jadam of Karauli and a siropav was bestowed (upon Khoja) identification of eunuchs as women was also taken up. The swearing and while seeing-off him a pair of pearl earring was gifted.51 On another in of Miyan Saheb as a sister by Sufi Shaykh was the formula for event in 1763 AD, as per the custom Himat Ram Nadar (Deodhi-ka- setting in the equation that a eunuch is equal of a female; at imperial Daroga) was presented to Khush Pal Bohra.52 He served in court for courts. eight years. The employment in imperial services allowed them to A close perusal of the archival documents helps to bring forth acquire some social status and recognition. Further, it allowed them that the recruitment of the eunuchs at Jaipur court was not unilateral. to have some real connect with regular society. From Bharatpur Three types of recruitments processes were followed at Jaipur to Kingdom Gumani Khan Khoja came to Jaipur as an envoy and was procure, admit and enroll the eunuchs. Firstly, the eunuchs who were popular for his dancing. A lot of praise was heard about his credentials already in service of court recruited their sons for making a close so he was called in court to perform. Shreeji (King) and Maji Sahib team of their own. It was mainly for executing the tasks given to a (Mother Queen) were present to see the performance along with respective Khoja in upmost secrecy and with efficiency. Some Khojas Sanghi Hukum Chand and Sanghi Jhutha Ram. Throughout the night who worked in higher capacities and were always in need of a closely he danced on sword, with kalash (pots) on head and thaali (plate) in associated team to carry out the state orders effectively. For making hand.53 The popularity of his dance allowed him to fix an invite for a cohesive, desirable, abiding and a close harmony-sharing team some weeding at a nobles’ palace and was asked to give a performance in Khojas recruited their sons under their leadership after castration. the same marriage.54 The King was present at weeding and presented Those recruited sons were referred as bachkan (child of) of that him Rs.100 of Inam (reward) and 2-thaans (bundle) of thurma-pasmi- particular Khoja. Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari and his two sons namely butadaar (a woolen floral print cloth).55 The value of eunuch was Lal Sukh58 and Shankar Lal59 were in service. In 1819 AD, Mohan appropriated on basis of his qualification. The qualification and skills Nadar Tiwari died so his bachkana Lal Sukh was called in Zenani- allowed them to be in royal arenas and being decorated with titles and Deodhi for instructions and a Matmi-paag (condolence head gear) gifts. was given.60 In another event Kisan Das Nadar died. So, for Sog- The Jaipur state took much of its administrative structure and bandhai (registering grief) Shankar Lal bachkana of Mohan Ram Nadar offices from the Mughals without any alteration. At times even the Tiwari was called and a paag-rangeen (colored head-gear) was titles were adopted in defacto. In 1717 AD, Aitbar Khoja was recruited presented to him61 and three sons of Kisan Das namely Baldev,62 Govind for service at Jaipur court.56 His recruitment was very close on pattern Ram and Ganga Baksh were also presented paag-rangeen for closing with the Mughal recruitments where the chief Nazir had title of Aitbar condolence.63 The difference between both the events is twenty one Khan or Aitimad Khan.57 The adoption of similar title depicts the years. The reason for shifting from one team to the other (Shankar fascination and admiration of Sawai Jai Singh for the Mughal Lal s/o Mohan Ram Tiwari) was either due to the change of chief administrative posts and titles. The initial years of Jaipur state were leader, the erupting differences amongst the equals or might be a marked with these adoptions in titles. Lately, the same went missing canvassing for better fortunes under guidance and in team of some and didn’t occur. A less known 15th century cemetery in Mehrauli is other unbiased Khoja. Many instances of training and enrollment of Hijro ki Khanqah is the final resting place of 50 eunuchs. It was males of a particular family, as a team appear in our documents. In gifted by Sufi mystic Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki to Miyan 1747 AD Baldev was made Darogah of Khwaas Chelaki on request of Saheb, a eunuch who was sworn as his sister. Out of 50 graves, one Rai Hari Singh Paliwal. Baldev was bachkano of Nand Ram Nadar64 grave is of Miyan Saheb and rests are of 49 Chelas. It has rooms on and grandson of Kisan Ram Nadar.65 Consecutively three generations one side and a courtyard with graves on the other. Eunuch from North have been serving. Similarly, in 1758 AD, Khush Pal Khoja was ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 103 60 104 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 recruited being bachkana of Daulat Ram.66 Rup Ram was bachkano household and day to day utility. Through it, the Khoja was expected of Khush Pal and he was appointed as Nazir.67 Further, Gopal68 and to run his own independent establishment and maintain himself as per Hira Lal69 were taken in service and were sons of Khush Pal Nadar. the standards of a court fraternity. In 1717 AD, Manula Khoja was Hence, father and three sons were acting in different offices of the taken in sarkar (state) and throughout the month of his appointment state. Later, Salegram S/o Gopal was taken up in state service. Here a different items were bestowed up on him74 and the utensils (2-daikcha; consistent engagement of male members hailing from same family is cooking pot made of copper and rakabi-tamba-ki; spatula of copper) visible over four generations in the service of state. On similar lines, were given next year.75 Later in the year, Aitbar Khoja was a new Sehajram bachkana of Himat ram was also appointed and Rs.100 was recruit and in total 8-thaans were presented to him on appointment. allotted to him for pearls.70 Later, Kisan Ram was bachkano of Jai The details are 2-chira-chikan-dozi, 2-faita-chikan-dozi, 2-jama-bafta Ram Das and was appointed for Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi.71 The above and 2-ijaar-narma.76 Similarly, in year 1718 AD, Johar Khan Khoja evidences clearly indicate that the family associations were very much was recruited in service and large numbers of items were given to at work for recruitments to the Khojahood (eunuch-hood) and it was him throughout the year.77 In another instance of 1718 AD, Aitbar a respectable and lucrative carrier. Secondly, the admission in the Khoja was taken in service he came along with Inayat Khoja. A sum eunuchism to the general citizens was provided by the Khwajaswars of Rs.7.3anna.2paisa was allotted to him for making clothes and 2- as discussed above. The Khwajaswars gave away the castrated males sod (bed linen), 3-jamma-chit-ka, 1-kalash-pital (brass pot) and 1- of mandali to the senior Khojas/Nadars on demand by the later. The katori-pital (brass bowl) were issued from Kirkira-Khana (utensil Khojas who came in service of the state enrolled under the Khoja/ store).79 Khush Pal Khoja joined service in year 1758 AD, and the Nadar who bought him. The only condition while acquiring a eunuch items allotted to him were 1-thaali-pital-ki (a brass plate), 1-kalai (a for a particular team was that he should not have any previous alliances spatula for fire-oven), 1-lauta-pital-ka (water-keeper of brass), 1- with any of in-service Khojas/Nadars and shall solely work in solidarity chari-pital-ki (brass water container in shape of pot), 1-tavo (cast with the Khoja who has acquired him by paying a price. The buyer iron round griddle), 1-kacholo-pital-ko (a small plate made of brass will secure him enrollment for the newly purchased Khoja in the state with raised edges).79 Later, only regular items were given such as service under his own existing unit. The eunuchs who were purchased clothes.80 Some men joined the fraternity of Khojas voluntarily while and recruited by a senior Khoja/Nadar were referred as ka-nazar (of their fathers were serving in different offices of state but were not in purchaser) and beta (son of). The relationship between the recruiter the direct association with the court. The aspiration for employment and recruited was that of father and son. The team was always called in court made them to attain eunchism. In 1755 AD, Shri Ram Khoja after the name of the chief. A team of Nadar Fitur was in service at was given pashmi-butadaar costing Rs.15. He was bachkana of Taaliq Sawai Jai-garh (now popularly known as Jai Garh Fort) under Chokh Chand.81 All the above evidences indicate to the different modes leadership of Khoja Raghu nath Singh. The items for the entire unit of intake which were employed for hiring, recruiting and enrolling were sent to fort as per custom on request of Pem Singh with Likhma eunuchs in service of the Jaipur state. Meena.72 Another team of Nadar Fitur was working in palace under All the eunuchs who were employed were expected to fulfill leadership of Jagat Singh Khoja. To collect the allotted items, his certain duties. The duties were allotted as per serving trust and team came thrice spreading from year 1755 AD to 1764 AD and each affiliation bonds. Bakhtawar Khan (1698 AD) a eunuch superintendent year a lot of items along with clothes were given.73 Lastly, a small held rank of 1000 and turned out to be a historian and wrote Mirat-ul- number was taken in service who were totally afresh appointments Alam and Mirat-ul-Jahan Numa.82 He also prepared an abridgment of and were not connect to anyone in the kingdom. They were independent Tarikh-i-Alfi and Akhbar-ul-Akhiyar.83 The above instances do clearly appointments free of both empathy and sympathy. They were establish the importance and the social acceptability of the eunuchs in supposed to build up an independent identity and were expected to different capacities during Mughal India. According to Manucci, ‘the prove a firm loyalty towards the king. The afresh individual enrollments principal (Nazir) is highly esteemed by king. He had large allowances, were accommodated at court by allotting the necessary items of the has charge of treasury, is master of wardrobe, decides on the details ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 105 61 106 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 and the patterns of the saropas (robes) to be prepared; in short it is he was a temporary duty such as Drogai for movement of queen. Darogai who has charge of all the Mahal expenditures of the clothes, the assigned to the Khojas were mainly limited to treasury, Khwaas chela linen, and the precious stones, of the jewellery, of everything that (apartments of servants), Khabri (news collectors). In 1847 AD, goes into or comes out of palace’.84 The exercise of power and prestige Khwaas-Chela-ki-Darogai was assigned to Baldev instead of Hari Sing enjoyed by Niyamt Khan, Hoshiyar Khan, I’tbar Khan and eunuch Paliwal.91 After six days Khabari-ki-Darogai was also assigned to him Daulat during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar, Jahangir and and was instructed to move immediately for Khabari-ki-chowki and Shahjahan respectively was significantly loud and hints a lot. The collect news being there.92 Later, due to suggestion of Sarup Narayan eunuchs surrounded the entire world of king while serving in as the duty to deliver the news for king was also clubbed as his governors, messengers, reporters, spies etc. At Jaipur state, the official responsibility in the same office.93 Nearly after a month to celebrate designations for Khojas/Nadars were mainly Darogai, Nazari and at the rise in office and responsibility Khoja distributed sweets at times envoy-hood. The Khojas were entrusted with the duty to keep chowki.94 After transfer of Khoja Baldev, Darogai-Khabari (office of the Zenani-Deodhi under strict surveillance. The Darogah of Zenani- new collection) was also assigned to Khoja Mana Lal.95 After a year in Deodhi was necessarily a Khoja. The senior Khoja was called Nadar/ 1848 AD, the Khoja ki Khabari ki darogai (in-chargeship for news Nazar. They were serving as superintendents of the women palace collection of eunuchs) was also assigned to him.96 Approximately, (Zenani-Deodhi). Nazari was an exclusive duty at the women after two months the Chela Khwaas ki Darogai was also entrusted apartments of which a Nazar was whole sole in-charge. In 1822 AD, upon him.97 Bakhat Ram Khoja was given inam for depositing the Kisan Ram Khoja was appointed to Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi.85 Nand amount of Nazar in Royal treasury. Due to his loyalty in matters of Ram Nadar died while he was serving as Nazir. On his death his son finance he became an eligible candidate for holding post in the Khoja Baldev was promoted to Nazari who contemporarily was serving treasury.98 In 1848 AD, Khoja Hira Lal was appointed for Darogai of as Daroga.86 On assignment of Nazari at Zenani-Deodhi, Khoja Roop Jantar (popular as Jantar-Manter) instead of Bhopal Singh Rajawat of Ram was given 1-pair of pearl earrings, 1-pair of bangles, 2-thaans of Jhilai. It was due to the fact that Khoja Hira Lal was already serving thurma-pashmi-butadaar and 1-jarib (chain).87 In 1819 AD, Brij Bhan in the community of panch-musahibas and sweets were distributed to Nadar was in-charge of Bada-Rawala (women apartments) of Sawai celebrate the entry in aforesaid office.99 Similarly, Khoja Sehaj Ram Jagat Singh.88 In another instance Hirlal Khoja was appointed Nazir in joined the state service in year 1767 and in 1794 AD; he celebrated the place of Nand Ram Nadar.89 A few Khojas rose upto Nazari due to third anniversary of Darogai-Deodhi.100 This loudly puts up that after their conduct, loyalty and administrative efficiency. All the movements a constant serving carrier of 24 years he was able to come up in the in and around the Zenani-Deodhi were strictly guided by his office of Drogai-Deodhi. The duties of a Daroga were limited to the instructions. The Zenani-Deodhi (women apartments) accommodated office in which he is appointed. Besides it certain temporary duties mother queen, chief queen, princes, princesses, ancillary aunts, other were also assigned to them. The arrangements and protocol around royal ladies, cousins, concubines, ladies-in-waiting along with pattars the movement of the queen were responsibility of Khojas. Certain (dancers), daughters, maids, slave girls and women guards. The Nazir amount of money was allotted for setting the protocol in order. In had full charge over the Zenana. Even a single deviation from his year 1717 AD, the procession of queen was supposed to reach dera instructions could lead to bizarre. This office entrusted the Nadar/ (halting station) after going around the city. For making arrangements Nazar in direct contact with the King, queen and the court members. of the procession money was allotted to Lachi Ram Khoja,101 Lal In 1772 AD, Daulat Ram Nadar was appointed in charge of the King’s (?)Khoja,102 Himat Ram Khoja103 and Daulat Ram Khoja104 amounting treasury after signing a promissory note and an Inam amounting of to Rs. 104/-, Rs. 101/-, Rs. 70/- and Rs.65/- respectively. 90 Rs.500/- was presented to him. The ability of the Khoja and official A few Khojas were educated, clever, well-versed in the art of succession were recognized by the inam. speech and polity. These qualifications made them to qualify as Next to Nazari in hierarchy was Darogai (in-chargeship). ambassadors to represent the state. The representatives from Jaipur Darogai was in-chargeship of a particular office and area. At times it state were sent to Mughal court and Deccan. Kisan Ram was a popular ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 107 62 108 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Khoja, who was promoted to Nazari and later he was appointed as of a famous saying in Rajasthan “Bahar nachey Badariyo, maai nachey representative of Jaipur state to Delhi105 and Agra.106 In 1746 AD, a Nazariyo (the cloud is dancing outside and the Nadar is dancing Khoja of Raja Ayamal,107 Gulab Chand Khoja108 and Baisem Jai Kisan inside)”.117 Dancing in this saying represents the imagery effect and Khoja109 were sent to court of Raja Sahuji in Deccan and many gifts influence of cloud’s noise in the geographically arid area of Jodhpur were bestowed upon them such as pearl earrings and gold bangles. where rainfall is scanty but the sky is always pre-dominated by the The amount of gifts indicates to the political significance of that dry clouds and efficaciousness of a eunuch (neither fully male nor a particular Khoja to whom the items have been allotted. Similarly, the complete female) in the affairs of Jodhpur kingdom respectively. Both Jaipur state also received envoys from the contemporary kingdoms. the titles Nazar and Nadar were used interchangeably and both were In 1750 AD, Khoja Deva came from Rampura and 11-thaans were used to represent a eunuch who was in service of the state as officer- presented to him.110 Gumani Khan Khoja arrived twice at Jaipur court in-charge of Zenani-Deodhi. from Bharatpur.111 The recruitment and appointment of Khojas by Besides, the special assignments the eunuchs were also Jaipur state and other contemporary kingdoms and Thikanedars was performing regular duties identified with their offices. The Khojas- a well established practice till beginning of the nineteenth century. Nadars who were performing well in the assigned office and regular The popularity, control and influence gained by the eunuchs duties were rewarded by the state. The rewards for services rendered over the affairs of kingdom and Rajlok can be well understood. All and to acknowledge the special act were a custom to keep the loyalty this was due to the nature of services rendered by Khojas-Nadars in place and make the alienated feel bound and very much inducted in towards the state and the efficiency by which they executed the orders the kings world. The balance at work needed participation from both of the king. The influence of a few Khojas did reflect from the titles the parties. It could not be one way traffic, where only the eunuchs/ allotted to them by the state. The title of Baisem was bestowed upon Khojas were working for the king and executing his orders. The king the members of court. The word Baisem stands as a synonym of also reciprocated with affection and care for the loyal retinue of perfect honorable and respectable. A few Khojas were decorated by the servants by bestowing Inams. The Jaipur kings granted inams to the aforesaid title. The Khoja of Aiyamalji was nominated for court of Khojas as special rewards. Inayat Khoja was presented Rs. 200/- as Raja Sahuji and due to his expertise on the political matters he was dolthai-inam in year 1717 and 1718 consecutively.118 Lachi Ram Khoja honored with the title of Baisem.112 Jai Kisan Khoja113 and Mano also received Rs. 200/- as inam for dol-thaipawa but only in 1717 Khoja114 were also bestowed with the title of Baisem. Khoja Panna AD.119 Khoja Jai Kisan was presented Rs.150/- of inam for making also had title of Baisem being an able administrator of village Dodh pakki jawga (garden of temple) in 1754 AD.120 Next year again Rs.300/ Hadi of tappa Ramgarh in pargana Amber.115 The titles were means - of inam was given to him as per promise for making saakli-sona for the state to create a class amongst the court society and were (gold chain).121 In year c.1755 and 1756 AD, Himat Ram Nadar received serving symbols of prestige for the recipient. Through titles the state inams both amounting of Rs.200/-. First inam consisted of motiyo- was also acknowledging the special qualifications and abilities of the ko-chokadao (a square pendent of pearls) and mailalwa-kada-sona (a receiver. pair of gold bangles)122 and later was combination of motiya-ka- Scholz mentions, the only rank a eunuch cannot achieve was chokada and mailal-kana-ka (a pair of earrings).123 Sanib Ram Khoja that of emperor, but the court full of eunuchs would be safer than a was given Rs.100/- as inam collected through contributions made by court of patrician, senator and equestrian ranked citizen.116 The isolation the members of court.124 In 1772 AD, Rs.500/- of inam was granted and dependence on the king, coupled with the traits of education and to Daulat Ram Nadar while he was taking-over the charge of king’s trustworthiness made the eunuchs the best choice for the court and treasury.125 A haveli (palace style house) was presented to Bakhat were most eligible to be around the king. Khwaja (Khoja) Farast Diwan Ram Khoja in inam.126 Such instances are rare but these rare evidences and Nazir Harkaran exercised immense influence in the court of speak aloud about the importance of a particular recipient. Bakhtawar Jodhpur state during the reign of and Takhat Singh Nadar was given two thirma-pashmi-butadaar in inam.127 Four times respectively. Apparently, the influence of Nazir Harkaran led to coining in year 1827 AD, Kisan Ram Khoja was given Rs. 70.2anna.1paisa,128 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 109 63 110 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 2-paags (costing Rs.28.2anna),129 Rs.10 cash130 and rumaal-haso The moments of grief and sadness were also occasions to amounting Rs.28.3anna in sequence as inam.131 These inams allowed register mutual care and concerns. Whenever there was a death in the eunuch to associate with the king and members of court. The first family of Khoja specially a male the condolence was expressed amount of inam and items varied as per the degree of expression set by the state. The death of women in family of Khoja finds no mention in for acknowledgement. For the recipient (Khoja) an inam was a in the documents. A complete silence is loud enough to understand means to feel accommodated and at par in the court society. the contemporary social set-up and acceptabilities. The analysis of The special inams were rare and were meant for accomplishing archival documents helps to classify the measures of grief expression the twin tasks of acknowledgement and reward. The rarity of inams in three broad categories. Primary, whenever the father of a Khoja was maintained to distinguish the special efforts and the regular died the state gave maatmi-paag (registering grief). In 1825 AD, Khush activities. At times the regular activities performed by the Khojas were Pal Khoja expired and maatmi-paag was given to Gopal (s/o Khush also acknowledged, only if; it has been carried out with a distinct art Pal).141 In 1819 AD, maatmi-paag was given to Khoja Lal Sukh on or feature. The occasional acknowledgements for the Khojas in service death of Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari at Mathura.142 A paag was also were done by bestowing gift items, cloth, and money. Under special given from Zenani-Deodhi.143 In 1825 AD, Khush Pal Nadar expired circumstances a siropavs (robes of honour) was bestowed. The various and maatami-paag was presented to Khoja Hira Lal (s/o Khush Pal).144 kinds of siropav were given off from the Jaipur court.132 The occasions It was for expressing grief only beyond it the state did not entertain. for acknowledging the Khojas/Nadars were birth, marriage, death, Secondly, if the deceased was in service of state maatmi-paag was certain festivals and at times rituals associated with birth and death. followed by paag-rangeen (colored head-gear) for marking the soog- The minor festivals and certain days of hindu calendar on which bandhai (end of condolence). Paag-rangeen was presented to Khoja clothes, gifts and money were presented to Khojas were aakha-teej133 Nand Ram, Khoja Baldev, Khoja Mana Lal and Khoja Shankar Lal to and bakka-posh.134 The paah-posh was a slipper without heel. A few end condolence.145 The former was called to take-up Nazari falling Khojas received gifts and some money for offering paah-posh,135 to vacant due to death of his father. Kisan Das Nadar died so; paag- the king. Interestingly, all items and gifts granted for paah-posh were rangeen was presented to Khush Pal Khoja (s/o Kisan Das).146 At presented in year 1717 and 1718 AD only, which were beginning years times tokenism was practiced. In 1755 AD, Father of Khoja Jai Kisan of the newly found Jaipur city. Might be it was part of the efforts and died, Rs.100/- was given.147 Lastly, very few siropav-maatmi (robe of innovations made by Sawai Jai Singh to instill loyalty amongst the honor for registering grief) were given depending upon the twin court members as well as populace towards the newly found Jaipur influence and importance of the deceased and the successor Khoja. state after distancing from the Mughals. The celebrations at palace In 1839 AD, Kisan Das Nadar died so; Siropav-maatmi was bestowed were occasions for recognizing the special ones and were means to upon his son Khoja Nand Ram.148 When Nand Ram Nadar expired a make Khoja feel very much part of the king’s world. The festivities siropav-maatami was presented to Baldev (s/o Nand Ram).149 Thus, it and rituals for adorning and gifting clothes to Khojas were janaiu136 can be said that very few Khojas were able to maintain an unaltered (sacred thread ceremony) jadawal137 (Shaving-off head) and unhala138 and constantly smooth coordination with the state and in return the (the celebrations after child-birth). At times the king also extended state rewarded and honoured their services by bestowing the siropav. favors to the Khojas in form of cash. The money was given mainly Besides, acknowledging the occasions of happiness and grief, for making arrangements of marriage to be held in the family of Khoja/ the state also extended gesture of care on regular basis through Nadar. This amount was called segai-puniya (religious charity). In expression of maharbangi (kindness). Money, items and clothes were year 1744 AD, Rs. 50/- was given to Khoja Chokh Chand as segai- regularly given under categoria of maharbangi (kindness). Under the puniya on marriage of his niece.139 An amount of Rs.200/- was granted category of maharbangi the highest adorn was siropav-maharbangi as segai-puniya to Khoja Rukonhi for marriage of his sister.140 These followed by maharbangi-thirma-butadaar-pashmina, maharbangi- gestures were extended by the king towards the Khojas for keeping thirma-butadaar, maharbangi-thirma in sequence. The siropav was them loyal, alert and vigilant. most respectable, expressive and effective device to mark the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 111 64 112 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ascending order amongst the honorable and desirables in the court. In long run it allowed the Khojas to secure social space for themselves The Thikanedars and the other members of court were adorned with in the kingdom, which further facilitated accumulation of wealth, siropavs’ on major Hindu festivals falling annually such as Diwali, enhanced prestige and allowed uninterrupted exercise of power. Holi, Dusharrra and on different occasions to mark importance of the In medieval India many eunuchs became popular because of receiver and to signify an important political event.150 The Khojas their binding loyalty to the emperor and subsequently enjoyed many were not presented siropavs’ on the major festivals. The siropav- favor. The most popular amongst them was Khwaja Niamat who saved maharbangi stands for the robes given out of kindness. In an instance Emperor Akbar from an attempted assassination.171 Similar was loyalty of 1718 AD, Aamut Khoja received a Siropav-maharbangi costing in of Khwaja Basant towards Prince Dara at fortress of Bhakkar, who total Rs.48 and 2anna.151 In 1719 AD, a siropav-maharbangi was was made eunuch by Shahjahan, because he was son of a rebelling bestowed upon Chokh Chand Khoja for conveying the message that Mewati chief.172 In Jaipur court during the reign of Sawai Jai Singh ‘Solanki Khawaas has given birth to a boy child’.152 Khoja Mubarak and Jagat Singh, Panna Miyan and Mohan Nazir did enjoyed immense Khan was presented a maharbangi-siropav costing Rs.27/- in total.153 power and influence respectively. The efficiency and control of Panna After few days Khoja Ram Kisan, Khoja Tara Chand and Daulat Ram Miyan on the matters of state and court influenced Sawai Jai Singh to Khoja received siropav-maharbangi of the equal cost on a particular the extent that he ordered for designing a Mohar (the royal seal) on day.154 A maharbangi-siropav amounting Rs. 323 and 3anna was which name of Panna Miya was to be inscribed on the top and the bestowed upon Sewa Ram Khoja.155 Bakhat Ram Khoja was adorned kings name (Jai Singh) at the bottom. After much thought; an inscribe with a siropav-maharbangi costing Rs. 27 and 2anna.156 All these six on the royal seal was made, saying “Gulamast Panna Basid kosafai, above mentioned siropav-maharbangi were given in the last reign year Maharajadhiraj Jai Singh Sawai”.173 At times affection between king of Sawai Jai Singh. and the Khoja reached to great levels of intimacy and serves’ much On regular basis the affection and kindness was expressed humor to the reader. This was due to the dependence and close through the items of lower value specially cloths like chadar, chira, affiliation amongst both with which the two souls worked together in aalam-jari, chit,157 faito-gujrati,158 kudti-chit,159 jaama-bafta and a binding association. Brij Bhan Nadar Brahman has lost consciousness neema-momani,160 dupatta-kor-palla-jari,161 dhoti and angocha.162 Sri on death of Sawai Jagat Singh and regained his senses only after one Ram Khoja bachkana of Talik Chokh Chand was adorned with thirma- year 5 months and 9 days in total. On same day Rs. 100/- was allotted pashmi-butaadar totally amounting to Rs.15.163 At times costly items to him for making puniya-dan (charitable donations).174 As discussed of gift were also presented to mark the events. In 1717 AD, Ganga above, it was a mutual arrangement, where the king extended the Ram Khoja received 40 pearls, 3-precious stones and 2-tola gold.164 favors and in return the eunuchs remained exclusively loyal in state Next year in 1718 AD, he was given gold bangles.165 Bakhat Ram service especially towards the king. The delicate balance needed to be Khoja was presented gold bangles studded with precious stones.166 maintained in order to keep the structure of work in place at the court On same day along with Bakhat Ram Khoja, Sewa Ram Khoja was and to carry out the functions of state smoothly. Due to the unalterable adorned with Sarpaich-jadau (a jewel piece to decorate head-gear) loyalty Khojas of Jaipur court were able to secure good political and gold bangles from Rattan-Grah (gems store).167 Khoja Sehaj Ram positions for themselves such as envoy hood, court functionary etc. was given Rs.100/- for pearls and cash of 4-mohars.168 On different The state allowed the Khojas to celebrate their appointments and occasions Akhai Ram Nadar was presented with Alam-rangeen and promotions. It was meant for recognizing the Khojas as part and parcel Turo-badilatilai.169 A rare Siropav titled Musav-khi-mukhatwari of the court. Silently, in reverse it motivated them for positive and Siropav was bestowed on Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari rewarding his constructive actions. In 1839 AD, Khoja Nand Ram was appointed as spy services.170 In true sense all the rewarding efforts were means of Nazari. He was carried to Zenani-Deodhi in palanquin, followed by a the state, to keep the loyalty and affiliations in place and to eliminate few nobles.175 Khoja Baldev distributed shirni (sweets) on his the diversions encountered by the Khojas. Indirectly, these exchanges appointment as a direct reporter to the king.176 Khoja Hira lal was made eunuchs closely connected loyal unit of the king and kingdom. appointed Daroga of Jantar so; he distributed sweets.177 In year 1794 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 113 65 114 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 AD, Khoja Sehaj Ram completed three years of his service as Daroga- Shree Kisan were hindus and Khuda Baksh, Inayat Khoja, Panna Miya, Deodhi. The third anniversary was celebrated by giving him Salaam Bhaktawar Nadar, Khoja Mubar Khan were professing Islam. The and Nazar from court. Two Darogas of his team who were posted in suffix of Ram to names appears as a regular feature in archival women apartments came along with him from Deodhi to distribute documents dedicated to Khojas. The Jaipur state was follower of sweets at the court.178 Rama-nandi sect before shifting to the blessings of Govinddevji. It The state not only accommodated, appreciated and rewarded could be a hangover of the same and was a popular method for making the Khojas for services performed. At times the state also did certain the religious association clear. Many high caste individuals enrolled in gestures as a reaction to punish and mark unacceptable acts and the Khoja community. The celebrations around the event of enrollment behavior of the Khojas. Aurangzeb removed the head eunuch from during and after castration were never in public view. The primary Zenana Mahal because the later killed a man by throwing him from purpose that oriented the high caste to admit in the Khojahood was the garden wall to vengeance his conviction of carelessness.179 Mohan the aim for accumulation of wealth. For poor populace, the inability Ram Nadar Tiwari was an appointee (Nazir) at Sawai Jai Garh as to pay the revenue determined by the state did not know any of the independent charge. Under punishment (dand) his appointment at religious associations or caste hierarchies and was an effective Sawai-Jai Garh Qila was cancelled and he was brought in the palace. mechanism for settling the tax accounts through single stroke. Usually, The independent charge was also taken away.180 After some time he high caste people voluntarily enrolled in the community to make was ordered to write name of Ram on a piece of paper repeatedly.181 fortunes after fulfilling the social obligations like marriage, child-birth It is an exercise to make a person feel guilty and repent and further etc. The voluntariness of poor to give away a male child (who in give a binding assurance not to repeat the mistake anytime in future. future would have been a bread winner for family) is little doubtful Later, in 1818 AD, Mohan Ram Nadar along with Misr Ganesh Narayan and troublesome. The famous Nazir Harkarn was a Shrimali Brahman, left service of Jaipur state (Darbar bisar kar gava) and accompanied a highly placed group amongst the hierarchy of Brahmin community.186 General Luni Akhtar Firangi for joining service at Delhi.182 Later, he The religion and caste was no bar for accepting any male in the went to Mathuraji (pilgrimage visit) and fell ill. He was unable to heterogeneous community of Khojas. After enrollment, the conversion recover so the poison was administered and he died. To show anger to Islam, at a later stage was at work during the reign of Mughals, towards the unacceptable behavior of Mohan Ram Nadar (leaving due to influence of state polity. The practice of conversion was not state service), the state denied expanse of khurch (miscellaneous appreciated in the Jaipur court and the eunuchs continued to practice expenses for cremation) and kanu (post death feasts).183 Allocation of and profess their natal religions. In 1832 AD, Khoja Kisan Ram went grant for kanu (cash allocation to meet expanse of the cremation for Ganga-sanaan so; gifts were presented to him from king’s side ceremony) was a well-established norm at Jaipur court. and Zenani-Deodhi.187 Daulat Ram Nadar and Sanib Ram Khoja went The religion affiliation and practices of the Khojas and Nazirs to Jagannath-raiji (Jagannath Puri) after visiting Gayaji (Gaya) for has never been highlighted. The religious association of Khoja snan (a ritualistic bath) and returned to court so; a siropav was community needs to be discussed to understand the cosmopolitan bestowed upon them.188 Both the cities (Jagannath Puri in Orissa and nature of the eunuch community. The community of Khojas serving Gaya at Bihar) are famous pilgrim sites for hindus. Gaya is also at Jaipur state was heterogeneous in its composition. Both Hindus and popularly associated with Buddhism because Buddha attained Muslims were members of it irrespective of the caste hierarchies.184 enlightenment in this holy city. Mohan Ram Nadar visited Mathuraji The names and surnames are a help to understand the religion of a and Vrindavanji for pilgrimage.189 Both the towns are pilgrimage centers Khojas.185 For example Ajab Ram, Akhai Ram, Kisan Ram, Ganga Ram, for Vishnava sect followers. When Mohan Ram Nadar died at Mathura Gobind Ram, Jai Kisan, Daulat Ram, Bakhat Ram, Bakhat Ram Khoja, his son was called in Zenani-Deodhi and was told to go for the ritual Brij Bhan, Mana Lal, Mohan Ram Tiwari, Mani Ram Nadar, Moti snan (bath for purification on death of a family member).190 Along Ram, Ram Kisan, Ramanand, Ram Chand, Roop Ram, Lachi Ram, with religion, the caste ties also continued and were used by eunuchs Sewa Ram, Salegram, Sanib Ram, Sri Ram, Sehaij Ram, Himat Ram, to show their affiliations. The famous eunuch of Jaipur court was ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 115 66 116 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari who came in Khojaship from a reputed one. In year 1837 AD, Khuda Baksh who was Nazar of Kisan Das Brahmin family of Jaipur and made immense wealth.191 His earliest was kept as Chakar at court due to his eloquence and Rs. 20/- were appointment was made at Sawai-Jaigarh (Jai-Garh Fort) as Nadar (in given for making new clothes.202 Another Nadar of Kisan Das named charge of Zenani-Deodhi) but in 1817 AD, he was transferred to the Baldev was also at court and was given a paag-rangeen as per promise palace from Qila.192 Similar was the case of Brij Bhan Brahman Nadar, for sog-bandhai (closing the condolence) on his father’s death.203 The who was a Brahman and he continued to use ‘Brahman’ word in his eunuchs who became famous being in service of Jaipur state were name.193 The Khojas from high castes didn’t shun off their family Panna Khoja,204 Khoja Bhaktawar,205 Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari,206 names and native community associations. This continuance depicts Brij Bhan Nadar Brahman,207 Khoja Anopa Banduk Sajusta (a rifle the acceptability of the caste and community ties in eunuchism at expert)208 and Khoja Kisan Ram.209 Khoja Anopa Banduk Sajusta gave Jaipur state. rifle as Nazar and later after 2 months made a shoot as Nazar. In first Eunuchs around the globe have contributed to culture, economy episode the king reciprocated with a Siropav and at later gave Rs. 210 and society immensely. The most significant are contributions made 25/-. by the Chinese eunuchs such as paper was invented by eunuch Cai The Khoja-Nadars were most trusted beings in kingdom because Lun, eunuch Zheng He connected China with Southeast Asia, India, they had no family ties to serve because the eligibility for securing Arabia, Persia and East Africa through trade and the credit for Khojahood i.e castration has alienated them from all sexually normal introduction of western classical music in China is also in account of beings. This classification of natal alienation fails at many instances a unknown eunuch.194 Later, a full band of eunuchs was assembled in case of Jaipur state. As discussed above the eunuchs employed for royal orchestra of the China. During Mughals the eunuchs collected their biological sons for serving effectively and to maintain secrecy wealth and riches and spend the same on building spacious villas, of actions. Till admission in eunuchism they had very well-served the water-tanks, tombs and towns.195 Many Khojas in Jaipur court were family ties and had heirs. The depersonalization worked only for the able to collect large amount of money and did used it for construction eunuchs who were given away by the parents at a young age. At of temples and public works like well, hauz (water reservoir) etc. The times the castration made some eunuchs very bitter as visible in cases eunuchs of Jaipur court did contributed for the public building but of I’tbar Khan211 and Gulam Qadir.212 The irony of fate made them to mainly the Thakurdwaras. The Thakurdwarsa are temples dedicated work with women folks lanced with full senses and cruelty of man, to different incarnations of lord Vishnu. Bakhat Ram and Daulat Ram who were denied pleasure of sex. The forced denial to enjoy their were presented cash inam of Rs. 300/- and Rs.300/- respectively for lives as male made some of the eunuchs corrupt, ruthless and scheming constructing temples of Thakurji (Lord Krishna).196 Khoja Kisan Ram individuals. They engaged in illicit and unnatural sex activities. The was twice given inam amount of Rs. 987. 2anna, and Rs.1000/- from emasculation had different effect upon the brute creation given to the court for building a temple in year 1828 and 1829 A.D viciousness, arrogance and cruelty.213 The castration at a young age respectively.197 In 1754 AD, Khoja Jai Kisan built a jawga (garden of made certain skeletal changes in the developing male body such as temple).198 The participation of Khojas in the activities of building the failure of ossification of the vocal chords, elongation of limbs, barrel public works was a regular feature in Jaipur state. chest and a beard free face.214 The males who were castrated at a Along with all the state functions and responsibilities a few mature age were always male in full sense but had enforced inability courteous eunuchs were also engaged for education of the prince in to establish conjugal relationships. The sense of being male and the liberal and military art along with the other learned tutors and desire for pleasure made them to get in homosexual activities and matrons.199 The eunuchs were portrayed as strict, clever, manipulative licentiousness with women. In Mughal India also the love affairs of 215 and effeminate. The The credential of eunuchs and the training imparted eunuchs were not uncommon. In case of eunuchs, firstly the by them were much doubted by Bernier200 and Manucci also concluded sexuality was created through surgical process and later a social role the same.201 The Jaipur state was also looking forward for educated was constructed for ‘a him’. Sexually, eunuchs were active human and militarily efficient eunuchs and left no chance to procure a qualified beings but they were expected to follow asceticism. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 117 67 118 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 The outrage and jealously at work made them entrusted with Kurnan Ujaw dressed up and mocked as a firangi (British) so; Rs.100/ the attraction and repulsion at the same time. The eunuchs rarely vied - were presented for gold bangles to him.220 The Nazar from Bharatpur for power and prestige amongst themselves, but held intrigues and also performed dance.221 So these activities for Khojas were part of bribes against aristocrats, bishops and governors.216 The affinity entertainment and a means to collect some money. Presently, the hijras amongst the khojas was very strong. Often Nazir Harkaran use to and eunuch are understood as one and same. By clubbing both under bless by uttering “ki parmeshwar apko bhav-bhav Najar kare (may one category of trans-genders who engage in singing and dancing god make you Nazir again and again)”.217 Grand chamberlain became along with various other types of performances for livelihood is the sole intermediary between the two sides those who want to meet disturbing. Putting Hijras in same category is a matter of objection to and the emperor.218 Similar was the duty entrusted upon a Nazir and my limited understanding of the subject. The aspiration to attain equal they knew no exception to bribes for securing audience of the officials level and say in the historical narratives deserves and demands a better before the king. Dastur Komwar is an imperial record which only treatment in comparison of the one offered presently. Subsequently, it highlights the happenings of the court along with the events and the will undermine the role of eunuchs (Khojas-Nadars) who were working exchange of gifts to mark the event. So, it just doesn’t whispers, with twine personality in the events of past and were unconsciously even the slightest corruption of Khojas. Besides, it so far I have not making blocks of history. seem success in terms of locating any other state or private document which narrates about the Khojas and their role in the Jaipur state. References 1. Scholz, Piotr O., Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History, Translated To conclude, in greek ‘eune’ means ‘bed’ and ‘ekhein’ stands by John A. Broadwin and Shelley L. Frisch, (Princeton: Marcus Weiner for ‘to hold’. The word eunuch is derived from the greek word Publisher, 2001). ‘eunoukhos’ which literally means a ‘bed chamber attendant/bed-room 2. Ringrose, Katherine M., The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social guard’. The employment of eunuchs in medieval kingdoms doesn’t Construction of Gender in Byzantine, (Chicago: University of Chicago seem to be limited to the bed chambers due to their loyalty, affinity Press, 2003); Brown, Amelia R., “Painting the Bodiless: Angels and and clever moves. They did their jobs in peaceful efficiency. The Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture”, https://www.academia.edu/ eunuchs filled valuable and influential positions at court acquired 506467/Painting_the_Bodiless_Angels_and_Eunuchs_in_Byzantine_ through display of faithfulness, generosity and bravery. Many eunuchs Art_and_Culture?; Tougher, Shaun, The Eunuch in Byzantine History rose to powerful positions and exerted immense influence in the and Society, (Abingdon-New York: Routledge, 2008). functioning of the state. Truly, Khoja-Nadars had voice to reckon on 3. Dikici, A.Ezgi., “The Making of Ottoman Court Eunuchs: Origin, and reckon with. The imperial services ensured some acceptability Recruitment Paths, family Ties, and ‘Domestic Production’”, in for them in their surrounding societies. Through it the accumulation Archivum Ottomanicum, ed. Gyorgy Hazai, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz of immense wealth and extension of influence was also a cake walk. Verlag, vol.30,(2013), pp. 105-136. Usually, the methods innovated for extracting money were corrupt 4. Stevenson, Walter, ‘The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity’, but the utilization of money was always for some good constructive Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995), pp. 495-511; causes, specially for public utility works. The idea working at base of Kuefler, Mathew, The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, it was ‘to be remembered’ because eunuchs had no one to carry and Christain Ideology in Late Antiquity,(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001). forwards their legacy and write their historical accounts. It was due 5. Dhwty, ‘The Fascinating life of a Chinese Eunuch in the Forbidden to the alienation created by the understanding of a perfect human City of China’, 3 January 2015 (http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/ body and its emotions. As per popular belief and understanding both fascinating-life-chinese-eunuch-forbidden-city-china-002524? were not clear in case of eunuchs. Interestingly, these appointments page=0%2C1). became devalued over time. Gradually, this huge community shifted 6. Ayalon, David, Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power elsewhere. On decline of Mughal empire after raids of Nadir shah the Relationships, (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, eunuchs took to singing and dancing as bhands.219 In 1767 AD Khoja 1999). ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 119 68 120 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 7. Lal, K.S, The Mughal Harem, (New Delhi: Aditya Parkashan, 1988), Kings of Jaipur”, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 56-60; Mishra, Rekha, Women in Mughal India 1526-1748 AD, (Delhi: (JHSS), Vol.6, Issue 3, (2013): pp. 17-24. Munshiram Manoharlal Oriental Publishers and Booksellers, 1967), 32. DK-K (rules applicable caste wise) preserved at Rajasthan State pp. 78-80. Archives, Bikaner (cited hereafter DK-K). 8. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant, 2003. 33. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 56. 9. Hopkins, Keith, Conquerors and Slaves, (Cambridge: Cambridge 34. Manucci, Niccolao, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, William Irvine University Press, 1978), pp. 173-174. (trans.), 4 vols. (Delhi: Low Price Publication, First Published 1907-8, 10. Brown, “Painting the bodiless” p. 1. reprint 2005), vol. 2, p. 327. 11. Brown, “Painting the bodiless”, p. 4. 35. DK-K, Raghuram S/o Khushyal was given Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi. 12. Brown, “Painting the bodiless” , p. 5. Event dated Miti Fagun Sudi 7, Saniswaar (Saturday) VS 1874/1817 13. Elias, Norbert, The Court Society, translated by Edmund Jephcott, AD, pp. 266-7. (England: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, 1983). 36. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 14. Elias, Norbert, The Court Society, (footnote no 15), p. 83. census Report-1891), p. 386; Kidwai, Salim Sultan, “Eunuchs and 15. Tougher, Shaun, ‘Byzantine Empire: An Overview’, in Women, Men Domestics in Medieval India”, in Chains of Servitude, (ed.) U. Patnaik and Eunuch, ed. Liz James, (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 171. and M. Dingwaney, (New Delhi: Sangam Parkashan, 1985). 16. Renner, Adam, ‘The functional role of eunuch in Late Imperial Roman 37. DK-K of Jaipur State, Dastur Bahi of Jodhpur State, Dastur Bahis of Court: with reference to Norbert Elias’, Approaches to Ancient History Jaisalmer State. All these documents refer to the eunuch with prefix of Research II, A9921699. Khoja to his name. 17. John Rolfe (trans.), Ammianus Marcellinus, History Vol. 1, Loeb (ed.), 38. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 79; Lal, The 1963, 18.4.5, cf. Renner, Adam, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 1. Mughal Harem, pp. 57-8. 18. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, pp. 1-2. 39. Nadir Shah took a hundred eunuchs with him after conducting raids at 19. Miller, Fergus, The Emperor in Roman World, (London: Duckworth, Delhi and Agra along with other wealth. 1977), pp. 74-79. 40. DK-K, Manohar ram Tiwari voluntarily became Nadar for securing 20. Brooks, Pam, Journal of World History, vol. 14, No.2, June 2003, imperial service. Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/ 1819 AD, p. 275. University of Hawai’i Press, p. 247. 41. DK-K, Miti Jaith Budi 3 VS 1889/1832 AD, pp. 196-7. A child was 21. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrati, 2001. presented to the king by the parents to be admitted as eunuch in the 22. Kuefler, The Manly Eunuch, 2001. court. Custodianship of child was given to a senior Khoja. 23. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrati, 2001. 42. Sattar, Arshia, “Of Sexual desires and women Scorned: Multiple liaisons 24. Dhwty, http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/fascinating-life- reach past the human world to that of the gods”, The Hindu-Feminine chinese-eunuch-forbidden-city-china-002524?page=0%2C1 Mythique-Friday Review, 26 May 2017, p. 4. 25. Ayalon, Eunuch, Caliphs and Sultans, 1999. 43. Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, Henery Beveridge (trans.) 3 vols. (New Delhi: 26. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant , pp. 5-7. Low Price Publication, first published in 1902-39, reprint 2011), vol. 27. Ibid., p. 83. 2, p. 136: Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 79. 28. Rai Bahadur Munshi Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj 44. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir, Alexander Rogers (Trans.) Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar census Report-1891):Rajasthan ki Jtiyo ka and Henry Beveridge (ed.), 2 vols. (Delhi: Low Price Publication, first Ithihaas aiwam Riti-riwaaj, (Jodhpur: Maharaja Man Singh Pustak published in 1909, reprint 2006), vol. 1, p. 150. Prakash Sodh Kendra, 2010), p. 386. 45. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 150-151; Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj 29. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 3. Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar census Report-1891), p. 387. 30. Bernier, Francois, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, second 46. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 73. Edition revised by Vincent A.Smith, (Delhi: Low Price Publication, 47. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar first published in 1934, reprint 2005), p. 131. census Report-1891), p. 387 31. Choudhary, Manisha, “The Royal Household (Rajlok) of Kachhawa 48. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 59. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 121 69 122 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 49. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir, vol. 1, pp. 247. 50 eunuchs 77. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1, Miti Mah Sudi 1, Miti Fagu Budi 1 & 8 VS were sent by Islam Khan to Jahangir as offering; DK-K, Miti Jaith 1775/1718 AD, pp. 204-6. Budi 3 VS 1889/1832 AD, pp. 196-7. Here a Jat gave his son against 78. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 171-2. non-payment of revenue to be included in service of state as a eunuch 79. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 12 & 13 VS 1815/1758 AD, pp. 181-183. because of the high value ascribed to them. The task of castration was 80. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 3 VS 1815/1758 AD; Miti Posh Budi 3 VS 1823/ left with the state. 1766 AD; Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 2 Saniswaar (Saturday), 14 50. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 189. Shukarwaar (Friday), VS 1841/1784 AD, pp. 182-3. 51. DK-K, Miti Pratham Asoj Sudi 8 VS 1776/1719 AD, pp. 259-60. 81. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 279. 52. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 4 VS 1820/1763 AD, p. 292. 82. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 58. 53. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD, pp. 193-4. 83. Ibid. 54. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 5 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1889/1833 AD, p. 194. 84. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, pp. 326-328. 55. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 5 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1889/1833 AD, p. 194. 85. DK-K, Miti Baishak Sudi 12 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 173. 56. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 163. 86. DK-K, Miti Baishakh Budi 2 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1924/1867 57. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 56. AD, pp. 243-45. 58. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, 87. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 7 VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 266. pp. 252-3; DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/ 88. DK-K, Miti Pratham Jaith Sudi 3 Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819 1819 AD, p. 271. AD, p. 247. 59. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 89. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 8 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1905/1848 AD, 277. pp. 287-88. 60. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, 90. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 11 VS 1829/1772 AD, pp. 228-9. pp. 252- 253. 91. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 3 Ditiwaar (Sunday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 243. 61. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 277. 92. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 9 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 243. 62. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 243. 93. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 9 Shukrwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244. 63. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 185. 94. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 8 Shukrwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244. 64. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 13 Bhrashpatiwaar (Thrusday) VS 1896/1839 95. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi Somwaar (Monday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. AD, p. 233. 249. 65. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 3 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1804/1747 AD, p. 243. 96. DK-K, Miti Asoj Sudi 10 VS 1905/1848 AD, p. 249. 66. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 12 & 13 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 181. 97. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1905/1848 AD, 67. DK-K, Miti Fgaun Sudi 7 Sanisarwaar (Saturday) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. p. 250. 266. 98. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 3 VS 1819/1762 AD, p. 246. 68. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 193. 99. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1905/1848 AD, 69. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 287. p. 287. 70. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 281. 100. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1851/1794 AD, pp. 281-282. 71. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 12 VS 1879/1822 AD, p. 273. 101. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 273. 72. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 4 VS 1807/1750 AD & Miti Kati Budi 9, Miti 102. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 274. Mah Sudi 9, Miti Chait Budi 11 VS 1808/1751 AD, pp. 267-270. 103. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 295. 73. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 10, Miti Sawan Budi 1, Miti Bhadwa Budi 7 & 104. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 223. Miti Bhadwa Sudi 1, Miti Posh Sudi 11 VS 1812/1755 AD, VS 1819/ 105. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 6 VS 1884/1827 AD, p. 174. 1762 AD and VS 1821/1764 AD, pp. 206- 217. 106. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 VS 1889/1832 AD, p. 176-77. 74. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 13, Miti Sawan Budi 3, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 & 8 107. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 179. VS 1774/1717 AD, pp. 255-6. A pair of pearl earrings was also given. 108. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 190. 75. DK-K, Miti Kati Sudi 15 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 257. 109. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 203. 76. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 14 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 165. 110. DK-K, Miti Jaith Budi 9 VS 1807/1750 AD, p. 227. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 123 70 124 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 111. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Fagun Sudi 5 VS 137. DK-K, Miti Kati Sudi 1 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 186 & pp. 296-7 & Miti 1889/1833 AD, p. 193-4. Fagun Sudi 7 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 250. 112. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 179. 138. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 295 & Miti Pratham 113. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 203. Chait Sudi 15 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1841/1784 AD, p. 284. 114. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 255. 139. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Budi 13 VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 199. 115. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Budi 9 VS 1784/1727 AD, pp. 237-38. 140. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 8 VS 1836/1779 AD, p. 284. 116. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrait, introduction, ix. 141. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 193. 117. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 142. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. census Report-1891), p. 386. 253. 118. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 172 and Miti Jaith Budi 143. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 12 VS 1771/1718 AD. 271. 119. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 273. 144. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 287. 120. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 14 VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 218. 145. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, pp. 121. DK-K, Miti Chait Budi 11 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 218. 233-34, 243, 249 & 277. 122. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 12 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 288 146. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 184. 123. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 4 VS 1814/1757 AD, pp. 288-289. 147. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 4 VS 1812/1755 AD, pp. 218-219. 124. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 2 VS 1828/1771 AD, p. 279. 148. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 13 VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 233. 125. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 11 VS 1829/1772 AD, p. 228. 149. DK-K, Miti Duvtik (2nd) Baisakh Budi 2 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 126. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 3 VS 1819/1762 AD, p. 246. 1924/1867 AD, p. 244. 127. DK-K, (date missing) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 245. 150. Choudhary, “Contesting and Negotiating Power: The multi-faceted 128. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 1, Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1884/1827 AD, p. dynamics of the Jat Uprising during late 17th and early 18th Century” 173. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, vol.2, 129. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 6, VS 1884/1827 AD, p. 174. Issue 1, (2013), pp. 23-26; Choudhary, “The Court Protocol and Social 130. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 3 Budhwaar (Wednesday), VS 1884/1827 Ordering”. AD, p. 174. 151. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 3 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 168. 131. DK-K, Miti Maha Budi 1 Budhwaar (Wednesday), VS 1884/1827 AD, 152. DK-K, Miti Sawan Budi 2 VS 1776/1719 AD, p. 201. p. 175. 153. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 14 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 255. 132. Choudhary, Manisha, “The Court Protocol and Social Ordering in 154. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 4 VS 1799/1742 AD, pp. 263, 221 & 225. Jaipur State”, International Journal of History and Cultural Studies, 155. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 11VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 275. vol. I, Issue-I, (2014): pp. 4-26 and Choudhary, “The Royal Household 156. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 241. (Rajlok)”, pp. 17-24. 157. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1774/1717 AD, pp. 261-62. 133. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 3 VS 1855/1758 AD, p. 175. 158. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 VS 1816/1759 AD, p. 280. 134. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 10 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 207. 159. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 2 VS 1818/1761 AD, p. 290. 135. DK-K, Miti Asoj Sudi 14 & Miti Asadh Sudi 6 VS 1774/1717 AD, pp. 160. DK-K, Miti Katik Budi 6 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 296. 186 & 188 (Ganga Ram Khoja); Miti Fagun Budi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD, 161. DK-K, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 2, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 14 & Miti pp. 204-205 (Johar Khoja-nawa); Miti Asoj Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718 Pratham Chait Sudi 2, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 14 (Sewa Ram Nadar AD, p. 224 (Daulat Ram Khoja); Miti Cahit Sudi 7, Miti Baisakh Sudi received on both days) VS 1841/1784 AD, pp. 182, 265 & 280-281 8 & Miti Asadh Sudi 12 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 258-259 (Moti Ram respectively. Khoja); Miti Chait Sudi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 261 (Ratan Chand 162. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 5 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 296. Khoja); Miti Asoj Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 296 (Himat Ram Khoja). 163. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1 & Bakai Mangsir Budi 10 VS 1812/1755 AD, 136. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 15 VS 1783/1726 AD, p. 188; Miti Fagun Budi p. 258. 9 & Miti Baisakh Sudi 10 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 279 & 283. 164. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 1 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 185. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 125 71 126 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 165. DK-K, Miti Katik Sudi 5 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 186-7. 197. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 7 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Mangsir Budi 2 VS 166. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 241. 1886/1829 AD, pp. 174-175. 167. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 275. 198. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 14, VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 218. 168. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 281; Miti Bhadwa Sudi 2 199. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, pp. 323-324. VS 1825/1768 AD, p. 282. 200. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 144-6. He 169. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 1 & 10 VS 1827/1770 AD, p. 169. also notes “eunuch, persons who posses no enlarged and liberal views 170. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 5 & 6, Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1874/1817 of policy, and who employed their time in barbarous intrigues, AD, pp. 250-251. banishing, imprisoning and strangling each other.” (p. 146) 171. Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. 2, p. 270. 201. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2. pp. 74-75. “this sort 172. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2, p. 430. of animal….afraid to spend…fond of receiving….tounge and hand of 173. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar these baboons act together….foul in speech…found of wine…aware census Report-1891), p. 386. of character of these monsters, did not allowed such to be employed in 174. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3, Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 247. his house. Thus suffices for a brief notice of what eunuchs are.” 175. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 5, VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 234. 202. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 4 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1894/1837 AD, p. 176. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 8 VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244. 183. 177. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 VS 1905/1848 AD, p. 287. 203. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 178. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1851/1794 AD, p. 282. 243. 179. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2, p. 31; Bernier, Travels 204. DK-K, pp. 237-9. in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 132-133. 205. DK-K, p. 245. 180. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 13 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 250. 206. DK-K, pp. 250-254. 181. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 7 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 251. 207. DK-K, p. 247. 182. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 8 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 208. DK-K, p. 299. 252. 209. DK-K, pp. 173-177. 183. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 253. 210. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 13 & Miti Jaith Sudi 13 VS 1808/1751 AD, p. 184. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 299. census Report-1891), p. 387. 211. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, pp. 72-75. 185. DK-K. 212. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 59. 186. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 213. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 131-132. census Report-1891), p. 387. 214. Reusch, Kathryn, “Eunuch and Castrait: Effects of Androgen 187. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 Somwaar (Monday) VS 1889/1832 AD, p. 177. Deprivation on Male Skeletal Development”, Durhan University. 188. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3 VS 1828/1771 AD, pp. 228 & 277-279. 215. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 131-132 189. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, pp. 252-253. (Didar Khan); Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 189. 190. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 253. 216. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, p. 188. 191. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 7, Saniswaar (Saturday) VS 1874/1817 AD, pp. 217. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 250-252. census Report-1891), p. 387. 192. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 13, Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1874/1817 AD, 218. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 2. p. 250. 219. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 198. 193. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3, Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 247. 220. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 301. 194. Dhwty, http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/fascinating-life- 221. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Fagun Sudi 5 VS chinese-eunuch-forbidden-city-china-002524?page=0%2C1 1889/1833 AD, pp. 193-95. 195. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 189. 196. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 8, VS 1821/1754 AD, p. 247 & Miti Asadh Sudi 3 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 228. 72 128 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 who was a saint of the Tak clan. They declare themselves to have been originally Rajputs, who adopted the profession of Chhipas or Economic Condition of Darazi (Tailor) maker of chintz and other fabrics at the time of Parasu Ram, but subsequently became Darzis. They are distinguished by the name of in the 18th Century Rajasthan Chhipas, Darzis and some of their members still work as dyers.’4 Dr. Sumit They are largely Hindus in Marwar.MardumShumarirecords that out of total 17077 darzis only 121 were Muslims.5 This paper aims to trace the historical background of darzi and Economical status their activities under the Jodhpur state in the eighteenth century. A While some darzi worked independently, others took study of this nature would reveal various aspects of their working employment with the state. For many the two categories overlapped conditions, wage patterns and the social status of darzi, among other rather than being mutually exclusive. They set up shops and catered revelations.For Jodhpur State, Sanad Parwana Bahis and bahis of to the demand that arose in the market and on attaining exceptional Ranivas, Hakikat bahis, Patta bahis are replete with information skills and fame; they were sometimes commissioned by the state or pertaining to darzi classes. These documents throw interesting light its agents to work for them.6 on the economic status of the darzi, their social status, conflicts within Majorly, artisans darzi could be classified as common and royal and outside the community, the role of their nyat panchayats, problems artisans. On the one hand there were the bazardarzi or common darzi faced by them as a group vice-versa individuals and how these problems who were nominally independent workers and were not employees of were addressed at different levels. The focal point of discussion would the rich and powerful merchants. Usually they were perpetually poor, be on state’s response towards the grievances raised by different unskilled and subject to all kinds of arbitrary exploitation by rich sections of artisanal classes, varied types of concessions granted to merchants or agents. On the other hand, there were royal darzi, the them by the state and the nature of crime and punishment for the elite among the artisans, who were the skilled darzi and necessarily th artisans during the 18 century. employees of the karkhana. Historical Background Darzi (Tailors) Artisanal Wages The darzi was a community of tailors. Though, presence of Very little information is available on the prevalent artisanal wages needle could be trace as early as Indus Valley Civilization, caste appears in the Mughal Empire. Abul Fazl in the Ain-i Akbari provides a detailed to have emerged in this profession in the medieval period. The word list of wages paid to the artisans in the karkhana of Imarat.7 However, darzi is from Persian word darz meaning sewed up.1 Clearly suggestive actual wages paid in other Mughal karkhana shardly survive. Apparently of the fact that darzi as a distinct profession recognized in India with it is extremely difficult to work out average wage structure of the the coming of the Turks. Mardum Shumari Raj Marwar and artisans employed in the textile karkhanas as rightly pointed out by MunshiHardyal Singh mention that in Rajasthan they are divided into Shrieen Moosvi in the context of the Mughal Empire.8 However, in the two sections Pipavanshiand Namdeovanshi.2 Munshi Hardayal Singh context of Jodhpur we are fortunate to get comparatively more detailed mention that ‘Pipavanshi take their name from Pipaji, a Khichi Rajput information year-wise. Which is of immense helpfulin getting the wage who said to have abandoned the secular world about the Samvat year structure of artisans employed in the Jodhpur karkhanas. Here, unlike 1475 and to have induced his Rajput servants and followers to adopt the profession of tailors. They are also known as Maru Darzis. The the Mughal Empire we get more authentic information about what Rajput clans chiefly found among them are – Parihar, Punwar, Chohan, wages exactly artisans were receiving and what types of deductions Solankhi, Tanwar, Sisodia, Dabi, Bhati, Rakecha, Tak, Daiya, they were doing. Sinkhlicha, Makwan, Kachhwaha, and Ghelot.’3 About the Analyzing the wage pattern of the skilled and unskilled workers Namdeovanshis, it is said that they ‘are the followers of Namdeo, given in the Ain Shireen Moosvi argues that, ‘The majority of servants, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 129 73 130 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 especially those tending animals (and birds), or otherwise employed Jodhpur karkhanas artisanal wages were paid in cash, with not a in the animal stables, drew monthly salaries, but for most of the skilled single mention of land in lieu of wage. Their wage disparity, from jobs the wages quoted are piece wages. Daily wages were sanctioned karkhanato karkhana, depended upon their duty. In each karkhana, only in the building establishment and for some unskilled, low paid the wage pattern was different. Some karkhanas paid cash and adopted workers such as grass-cutters and boy helpers in the stables.’9 policy of part payment of wages in cash and the other half in kind. (emphasismine) Tapan Ray Choudhari mentions that artisans were paid R.K. Saxena17 gives account of wages like month scales.18 However, either monthly, daily or in the form of piece wages. Tapan no instance of wage payment on monthly scale pattern in Jodhpur Raychaudhuri argues that, ‘Payments in cash and kind for additional karkhanas is found during the research. In the state run karkhanas of work, or entirely on a piece-work basis, co-existed with the more the Jodhpur rulers artisans seem to have paid in the form of cash widespread practice of allocating fixed shares of the rural produce wages. However, the wage structure of different artisans varied. They and/or land to the artisan families.’10 (emphasis mine) .Artisans were were subject to different modes of payment. Some artisans were paid paid in cash and kind for additional work, or entirely on a piece-work monthly (mahipane); while others were recruited on daily (azuradar) basis.11 Piece wages were the ones which were given in lieu of an basis; while some were paid as per the completion of their assignments. assignment with particular task assigned therein. These wages were a This does not appear to be the fact once we look at the day to day different class apart from the ones received by monthly and daily records of the working of the Jodhpur karkhanas. Jodhpur records wage artisans. mentions pertaining to wages paid in kind comes entirely. Verma also finds similar pattern with regard to Mughal Records of the textile karkhanas (kapdho ka kothar) clearly karkhanas.12 She writes that, ‘The remuneration of the wage workers suggest that artisans received both monthly wages as well as differed from workshop to workshop. In some workshops wages assignment based payments. At times they were even employed and were paid in cash; in others the labourers received a share of finished paid on daily basis. product for their work. Labourers in workshops were paid in An analysis of the wage structure of artisans working in the accordance with their role in production. The payments in kind, when kapdro ka kothar of Jodhpur suggests that it is difficult to compare reduced to monetary terms generally coincided with cash wages. This the wage pattern of various artisans in absolute terms. There appears demonstrates that the distribution of shares of the output did not to be no set pattern of payment made to be artisans. There seems essentially differ from remuneration in cash. In some workshops for wide variations in wages paid to various artisans for the same kind of example, in Velater, remuneration was mixed, in money and in grain.13 work done. For example, mashru ghaghra stitching daily wages varied (emphasis mine). On the other hand, R.K. Saxena’s analysis on the from 4 annans 2 paisasto 6 annas 2paisas, to the extreme of Rs. 1 per karkhanasin Rajputana suggests that three types of wages were paid day. Similarly, for making bafta ghagharavariations seem quite in these karkhanas: Mahinadars, (monthly wages), Alutedars (artisans negligible (4-5 annas). Since karkhanas cater to ‘elites’ material who were allotted jagir in lieu of wages) and Rozinadars (daily worker). produced was of ‘high’ quality and expensive, so highly skilled artisans He further states that the wage or salary received by the artisans were were employed to do the jobs. Here, an interesting pattern is emerging either ‘piece wages’ or ‘time wages’.14 Shireen Moosvi has critised that artisans hired on daily basis were paid at much higher rate as this view held by R K Saxena and according to her piece wages cannot compared to artisans employed on monthly basis to perform the same be compared to time wages.15 Thus R.K. Saxena is also in agreement task. The trend can only be explained in view of the fact that probably with Tapan Raychaudhuri and Shireen Moosvi that ‘payment in some the wages depended upon the quality and skills of the work done. karkhanas was cash oriented while in other a mixed agendum was Therefore, wages varied and it was not possible to standardise wages adopted - a minor part of it being paid in cash and major one in kind.’16 in absolute terms. Thus, the type of ‘standard’ wages are mentioned Here, it is interesting that Saxena does not mention wages paid per in the Ain in the context of karkhanaImarat pertaining to various piece or according to assignment basis as evident from our record. In artisans, are not reflected in the wage structure for artisans in Jodhpur ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 131 74 132 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 textile karkhanaand we do not come across any such ‘standardise’ to be higher than wages paid as per monthly and daily basis. Another wage structure for artisans in Jodhpur textile karkhanas.19 interesting feature which is apparently evident from the data is wages paid as per assignment basis are normally paid immediately after Monthly Wages finishing the task. For instance, in 1720 CE Panodarzi stitching jama. Textile artisans were also paid on monthly basis. Shireen Moosvi He got 2 rupees 4 aanas after finishing the task.25 In 1802 CE believes that ‘for most of the skilled jobs the wages quoted are piece Amrodarzigot 8 nag of jama for stitching, for which he was paid 3 20 wages.’ Stitching was a highly skilled job. In the kapdro ka kothar rupees and 3 annas.26 In 1836 CE, a darzi stitched four nag of kacnhali. records many times darzi was seen employed on monthly wages. He got 6 rupees and 12 annas after finishing the work.27 In 1720 CE However, again, one finds that there seems no ‘standard’ wages as Hari mina stitchedtwo nagof angrakha.28 He was paid 2 rupees and per the task performed. Wages probably were determined on the basis also 8 annasseparatey for raw materials for printing two thans.29 of nature of skills involved. Moreland, while discussing the facts and figures given by Abu In kapdro re kothar for stitching khasposhak two darzi, Fazl, talks about the sanctioned rate of wages to different departments. LaluLichhamno and Ladho, were paid different wages. When A portion of these sanctioned wages, according to him, were to be Lichhamno darzi, assigned the task, he was paid Rs. 8 per mahipane paid to the superior officers in the Court.30 But, our documents are (monthly) for stitching khasposahak (special dress); while for the silent on these counts. Neither do we come across any sanctioned same task ladhodarzi was paid a monthly wage of Rs. 6.5 only rate of wages to be paid to the artisans nor do they mention about (mahipane).21 This indicates a huge disparity in the wage structure of share being paid to the superior officers. Rather one-sixth portion of workers performing the same task. Probably, time taken and skills the total monthly-wage is seen deducted as some form of taxation. As required more precision thats why variations in their wages is apparently evident from the records , not a single instance of monthly or daily more glaring. It is also suggestive of the presence of greater hierarchy wage is available in the kapro re kothar. Only assignment based wages among the artisans involved in the stitching profession. were seen being distributed among the artisans. These assignment However, artisans who were on regular employment and paid based wages per than appear to be on a quite higher side. monthly wages often paid much later, particularly inkapdho ka kothar. Deductions Either they were paid after two months and at times even after four According to Moreland though ‘there are general assertions that months. For example, Sita Ram Giga darzi was engaged in the [under the Mughals] all classes of the people paid taxes according to kaprorakotharon monthly salary. He received his wages after a period their means. While, therefore, there is no evidence to prove that artisans of four months.22 In the same year when Tikam darzi was employed were heavily taxed in the latter years of Akbar’s region, the in kaprorakothar he received his salary after two months.23 Tripta circumstances of the period render it probable that they had to Verma argues that the wages paid in the state karkhanas were very contribute to the revenue.31 However, Moreland does not specifically low.24 In contrast, our records speak of the artisans being paid mention the actual deductions. Nonetheless, he acknowledges that handsomely. While wages given in the Ain for karkhana imarati ranges employees of the ‘Imperial Household’ ‘had to pay a portion of their from 60 - 210 dams; a month wages paid to the artisan in textile wages to their superior officers.’32 However, our record does not karkhana range of Jaipur Rs. 7½ to 10 per months. speak of any ‘portion’ of their salary being paid by the artisans to Assignment Based Wages their superior officials (we do not get a single instance of this nature). Largely in the Jodhpur textile karkhanas artisans were employed What our record speaks about is of deductions which were taken by for specific assignments and paid as per assignment basis. Suggestive the state in the form of ‘tax’. We do not find any cases of deductions of the fact that artisans were properably employed to perform the recorded in the Jodhpur records. This absence of dedication can well, task as per assignment basis. The amount paid per assignment appear be explained considering the fact that ‘deductions’ were applicable ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 133 75 134 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 only in case of ‘monthly’ wages. However, kaprorakothar and dano darzi had stitched khasposak (unique dress) in the kaprorakothar hakikatbahi’s do not record ‘monthly wages’ paid to the artisan, with of Jodhpur. He was appointed on a salary of 7 rupees 8 annas mahipane the exception of two solitary instance in the textile karkhana. (per months) where he should have been paid a sum of fifteen rupees Pelsaert argues that ‘wages are paid by the Moguls only after for the duration of two months, but he was paid 12 rupees 8 annas large deductions, for most of the great lords reckon 40 days to the with 2 rupees 8 annas being deducted from his wages.44 Thus our month, and pay from 3 to 4 rupees for that period;while wages are sources confirm that uniformly 1/6th was deducted from the total salary often left several months in arrears, and then paid in worn-out clothes of the artisans. Tripta Verma without any substantial data just quote or other things.’33 Our record is however silent on this type of Pelsaert; however our data does not mention any such type of deductions ever made from artisans’ salary. However R.K. Saxena in deduction. Artisans were even not paid regularly. Eugenia Vanina the context of Rajasthan does mention that in the karkhanas artisans mentions that ‘the karkhana state officials cheated the artisans, paid were subject to various types of deductions. They were not paid for them their wages with much delay or appropriated parts of it.’45 R.K. Adhikmas.34 Similarly, he also speaks about the artisans paid as per Saxena also in the context of Rajputana points out such type of delayed month’s schedules. He argues that ‘there were monthly schedules and irregular payments.46 prevalent at every capital against which they were paid for 8 to 10 Though we do not get any direct reference about the officials months.’35 Another type of deductions mentioned by R.K. Saxena is cheating upon artisans as such but some misappropriation or delays tisa-Guntisa. In this one days wage was paid less after every two are evident in our sources. Probably, it was a general practice to keep months. As per lunar calendar one month was of 29 days and another their dues pending on two counts. One, the darzi would not think of of 30 days accordingly every alternate months one days wages was leaving the job unfinished or in the middle of it. Or secondly, it might deducted.36 Similarly, his records suggest that artisans in the karkhanas involve some sort of procedural delays. Interestingly, these deduction were not paid for the gyaras (ekadashi: the eleventh day in each paksha exclusively related monthly wages a daily wage earner received in Sudi and Budi) in each month worker were paid two days less in cash the sum according to the work performed without any deduction. addition to Tisa-Guntisa.37 Artisans were also subject to Batta Bidotra.38 In 1740 CE Ramgai performed the task of stitching for cotton masnad Further artisans were also subject to penalty (kasur) in case of (long pillow) for the kaprorakotharof Jodhpur . He got 8 aanasfor a faultering in performing their requisite task.39 Besides, the above single day of work,without anydeduction.47 In 1803 CE, Nandlal, who mentioned deduction’s a standard deduction of 1/6th was made from stitched twoalam ‘nag’ (a bundle of cloth), of kurtiand he got Rs. the monthly wages of each artisans.40 2.5 for his work. There was no deduction made in his pay.48 We do not find any instance of the above mentioned deductions. Sanad parwanabahi is important source which throw important Expectto the 1/6 part of their total salary, In 1720 CE, Sitadan Darzi light on the darzis. The reference comes in the context of remunerations was engaged in the kapro re kothar of Jodhpur at the monthly wage granted to various members of the caste for their excellent services of Rs. 10. But when was paid after two months; instead of paying Rs or when they excelled in skills. At times they were being given special 20 (for two months) he was given a sum of Rs 16, Annas 10 (after 1/ assistance for the marriage of their daughters. In one instance Nathu 6th deductions). This is clearly indicative of the fact that 1/6th was the tailor stitched chira (truban) for which he got 1 Rupees and 15 Annas standard from the monthly salaries of artisans.41 In 1803 CE pasaram as wages and extra Rs. 25 in the shape of reward for marriage of her darzi, received only 33 rupees and 8 annas instead of Rs. 40 after 1/ daughter.49 In another case Tikam darzi stitched clothes for shree gavar 6th deduction from his monthly wages.42 Similarly, Poonamchand mata (statues of goddess of parbati) for occasion of gangor and in darziwhen appointed for stitching khasposahak (special dress) he was return as reward he got Rs 1000.50 Mostly, wages were given on to be paid monthly wage of Rs. 7 and 8 annas (mahipane). Going by assignment basis. But tailors were given wages on monthly basis about the calculation, he should get Rs. 15 for two months of his work. But which we find information in the bahis.51 Sometime state give the he was given 12 rupees 8 annas for two months instead.43 Wheareas, extra eminent of our artisans who give the good works. We get some ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 135 76 136 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 instance in ruka hakikatbahi when state gave the privilege to a Darji. during his working period. Similarly his son also died that time grandson In one instance golu son of mala darji of Jodhpur made the khasposak. got the opportunity to work in royal karkhana through kurab dastur, And state presented the jagir of vabhor village with a rekh of Rs. 600 we get many instance regarding it. For example darzi Gordha was as a privilege.52 In another instance Mahesh son of kushaladarji of working in royal textile karkhana after his death his grandson got Jodhpur made the khasposak. And state give the jagir of Madhlibika dastur 85 rupees with pearls from the royal treasury. It is due the village, in Jodhpur, this vaillage’srekh was Rs. 625,as a privilege.53 reason that his son Ramnaryan was also expired. This happened in his life time, so grandson got the job in royal karkhana.62 Differential wages Moreland argues that during Akbar’s artisanal wages were paid Conclusion on the basis of their classification as skilled and unskilled. Skilled Thus, our documents clearly suggest that The high quality workers used to get higher wages and ordinary workers used to get stitching work appears to be a craze with the Rajput rulers as well as lower wages.54 Nandita Prasad Sahai also mentions that ‘artisans who among the people of Rajasthan. It appears that so much importance had acquired greater expertise were naturally entitled to a higher was given to stitching that separatekarkhana (kapro ra kothar) was remuneration in consonance with the superior skill and talent they established for stitching and other textile regarding work. Textile possessed. Specialization and internal differentiation among craft castes karkhanas (kapdho ka kothar) clearly suggest that artisans received residing in urban centers led to the emergence of a nebulous sort of both monthly wages as well as assignment based payments. At times hierarchy among them. In general range of wages from Rs. 2 to Rs. 7 they were even employed and paid on daily basis. Largely in the Jodhpur textile karkhanas artisans were employed for specific assignments per month.’ She speaks about ordinary khatis get Rs. 3 per month and and paid as per assignment basis. The royal karkhana artisans worked skilled artisan got Rs. 4 per month. Chiteras wages range from Rs. 4 on hereditary base. to Rs. 7 per month.55 However, kapro ra kothar records speak about wage differential for the same task assigned to two darzi. The wages References seems to be different and no standard format seems to have followed. 1. Steingass. F.,(1981). Comprehensive Persian English Dictionary, New It appears that wages depended upon the skill of the individual artisans. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, p. 511. When Sitadandarzi, was assigned the task of sttiching khasposahak 2. Singh. Hardayal, (1997) [1970]. Report Mardum Shumari Raj Marwar he was paid Rs. 10 per mahipane (monthly).56 While pano darzi when (1891): Rajasthan ki Jatiyon ka Itihas evam Unke Riti Rivaj, Jodhpur: appointed for stitching khas posahak (special dress) was paid monthly Shri Jagdish Singh Gehlot Shodh Sansthan, p.480; Komal Kothari(1995) [1894]. 3. Castes of Marwar, ed., Jodhpur: Book only Rs. 7.5 (mahipane).57 This indicates a huge disparity in wages Treasure, p. 171. between two workers performing the same task. This wage disparity 3. Kothari, (1995) [1894]. p. 171. possibly indicates the presence of hierarchy in the profession. Though 4. Singh, (1989). p. 148. sources are silent on hierarchy within the profession as such. Probably 5. Hardayal, (1997). pp. 479-481. skilled worker got higher wages as compared to less skilled and 6. Nandita. unskilled workers. 7. Abul Fazl. (CE 1595), Ain-i Akbari, Vol. I, tr. Blochmann, H. Second Ramu got only 8 aanasfor a single days work;58 Nandlal received edition revised and edited by D.S. Phillott, (1977 [1927]), New Delhi: Atlantic Publisher & Distributors, p. 170. Rs. 2.5 for his assignments59 and Ramdas was paid Rs. 1 for his 8. Moosvi. Shireen, (1987). The Economy Of The Mughal Empire, Delhi: stitching assignments.60 1803 CE darzi dano etc, were paid the wage Oxford University Press, p. 333. (azura) Rs. 18 and 10 annas for masnad (a kind of round pillow) 9. Ibid. p. 332. 61 stitching assignment. The royal karkhana artisans worked on 10. Raychaudhuri. Tapan and Irfan Habib, (1982). The Cambridge hereditary base, and if some worked died; then the darbar send Economic History of India, Vol. 1, Britain: Cambridge press, p.280. themdastur. If the father is working in royal karkhana and he died 11. Ibid. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 137 77 138 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 12. Verma. Tripta, (1994). Karkhanas under the Mughals, Delhi: Pragati 45. Vanina, (2004). p.97. Publication, pp. 144-146. 46. Sexena, (2004). p. 120. 13. Ibid. 47. Kapro re kothar ri bhai no. 1, f. 155b. 14. Saxena, (2004). p. 137. 48. Ibid. 15. Moosvi, (1987). p. 333. 49. Hakikat rajistar,no. 52. 16. Saxena, (2004). pp. 119-120. 50. Jodhpur daftar hajuri bahi no. 46. Image 15. 17. Saxena, (2004). pp 119-120. 51. Zanana talake ki bahi, No. 148, V.S. 1826. F, 11. 18. Month scales system a mode of payment stated by Shahjahan to balance 52. Siga hakikat bahi No. 4, V.S. 1857, image 116. the jama-hasil gap. Athar Ali mentions (see Athar Ali page 47), that 53. Siga hakikat bahi No. 4, V.S. 1845, image 111. though month seek was applicable in case of tankhwah nagdi as well 54. Moreland.(1987), p.178. but it was never fixed above ‘eight monthly’ or below ‘four monthly’. 55. Nandita, (2006). pp. 194-195. 56. Jodhpur daftar hajuri bahi no. 46. Image 15. However, R.K. Saxena mentions tankhwah paid to the artisan, in the 57. Ibid, f 1. karkhans ‘two-month’ as well as ‘ten months’. (R.K Saxena, p.137). 58. Kapro re kothar ri bahi no. 35, V.S. 1859. 19. Fazl, (1977)[1927]. p. 235. 59. Ibid. bahi no. 2, V.S. 1893. 20. Moosvi, (1987). p.332. 60. Ibid. bahi no. 35,V.S. 1818. 21. Darziyon ki hajari ri bahi no. 40, V.S. 1811, image 15. 61. Ibid, bahi no 144, V.S. 1859. 22. Ibid, image 21. 62. Hakikat bahi no. 38, image no. 277. 23. Ibid, image 22. 24. Verma,( 1994). p. 146. 25. Kapro re kothar ri bahi no. 1, f. V.S. 1777, 154b. 26. Ibid, Bahi no. 144, f. 11a. 27. Ibid, bahi no.2. f. 91a. 28. Man’s robe with a fitted, long-sleeved shirt attached to a flared skirt. 29. Darziyon ki hajari ri bahi no. 40, image 25. 30. Moreland. W.H., (1989). India at the Death of Akbar, Delhi: Sunita Publication, p.178. 31. Ibid, pp. 176-177. 32. Ibid. p. 178. 33. Pelsaert, Francisco, (1989). Jahangir’s India, Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd, Publication, p.62. 34. Saxena, (2004). p. 120 35. Ibid, p. 136, f. 5a. 36. Ibid, p. 136, f.6. 37. Ibid, p 136, f.6 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Kapro ra kothar ri bahi no. 35,V.S. 1818. 42. Ibid, Bahi no. 144, V.S. 1859. 43. Ibid, bahi no.2, V.S.1893. 44. Ibid, bahi no. 35, V.S. 1818. 78 140 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 the earliest legendary account of Dadu’s life, written a few years after his death, gives a similar description of the sant’s encounter Narratives of the Lives of Sants in Medieval with the Qazi and faujdar of Sambhar.2 The work also contains a legendary account of the acceptance of Dadu’s spiritual greatness by Rajathani Higiography emperor Akbar, his courtiers and various chiefs of Rajasthan. Dadu Rameshwar Prasad Bahuguna as a sant in shown superior to all of them. When he is persuaded to visit Fatehpur Sikari and enlighten Akbar on spiritual matters, he establishes complete spiritual dominance over the Emperor, his An attempt has been made in the present article to study the courtiers and Brahman ideologues. When a Brahman advisor of Akbar representations of the lives and deeds of nirguni sants, particularly named Tulsi (different from Tulsidas, the author of Ramacharimanas) Kabir and Dadu, in hagiographic texts that were composed in Rajathan said “Hail to the King.” Dadu ignored his greeting and instead said during the seventeenth century. The hagiographic narratives on which “Hail to God”. He made it clear that he would bow only before God this paper is based include Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal (composed at the and none else. He also refused to accept the theory that the Emperor Galta monastery near Jaipur in early seventeenth century). Anantadas’s was an incarnation of God.3 Jan Gopal writes that in his discussions Parachais (composed during the late sixteenth or early seventeenth with Akbar which lasted for forty days, Dadu “spoke with the firmness century at Raiwasa monastery of the Ramananadis) and Dadu Janmalila of Prahlad and with the wisdom of Kabir.”4 Parachi of Dedupanthi Jangopal in the third decade of the seventeenth century. Needless to say, the entire account is legendary and there is no documentary evidence to show that Dadu ever visited Fatehpur Sikari Kabir’s anti-Bramanical acts of religious transgression and his and met Akbar. This fact, however, does not detract from the value of subversion of the religious position of the Brahmans and qazis of this account as it and other hagiographic account on the lives of sants Kashi outraged the antagonistic religious elites who went to Sultan reveal the non-Brahmanical perception of the qualities of a sant. The Sikandar Lodi. Wishing long life to the Sultan and calling him their hagiographers often use the phrase “victory’ victory” whenever the ‘father’, they requested him to punish Kabir for his subversive activities Brahmans and rulers are made to bite the dust and surrender before and for denigrading them. Sultan Sikandar Lodi arrested Kabir and the sant. Clearly, in symbolic terms at least, the sant-hero becomes put him on trial for his unorthodox views. When Kabir refused to the new authority figure. What is significant about such a perception recant his teachings, Sikandar Lodi ordered that Kabir be bound hand of snathood is that it reveals the political expectations of the ordinary and foot and trampled to death by an enraged elephant. The enraged people who by imputing certain qualities to the sants imagined the elephant, however, trembled in fear before the saint. Infuriated by overturning of existing hierarchies. The harsh reality that the relations this, the Sultan himself mounted the howdah and goaded the elephant of domination and subordination remained intact did not prevent the forward to where the sant lay. The elephant however, refused to lower-caste groups to at least culturally and symbolical offer resistance advance and peering down on the sant, the Sultan saw that Kabir had to the dominant groups. Marc Bloch, the famous French historian, turned himself into a lion. Sikandar Lodi dismounted from the elephant noted long ago in his study of ‘royal touch’ that the tendency to believe and prostrated himself before the great ascetic. The king holds the something which never happened in reality or was contradicted by power of life and death over his subjects, but he finds himself powerless experience is an essential features of the so-called ‘primitive’ mentality.5 1 in dealing with the sant who holds power his own life and death. There is a legend about the literary encounter between the famous While the Brahmans and qazis are depicted as wishing long life bard Durasa Adha, who had been patronized by both Rana Pratap and to the Sultan and addressing him as ‘fathre’ and ‘mother’, the legend Akbar and who composed poems in praise of his royal patrons, and shows Kabir refusing to offer obeisance (salam) to him. When the sant Rajjab. The legend, as narrated by Raghodas in his Bhakramal, qazi ordered Kabir to offer salam to the king, the sant’s reply was that depicts how Durasa Adha had become arrogant due to his literary he would offer obeisance only to God. Jan Gopal’s Dadu Jama Lila – achievements and due to his links with the rulers and how he was ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 141 79 142 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ultimately vanquished in a literary duel by an ordinary follower of hagiographers were so much obsessed with incarnation theory that Dadu.6 At a time when the bards and Brahman courtiers were the prominent devotees of the medieval period were seen as incarnations presenting their Rajput patrons as heroic figures, unorthodox religious of various Puranic bhaktas. Thus Namdev was the incarnation of communities developed a different perception of valour and heroism. Uddhava, Kabir was looked upon as the incarnation of Shukdev and The leading sants were beging regarded as sang-shoormas and sant- Tulasidas that of Valmiki, Mahipati writes that “The bhaktas who sipahis. Along with the cult of local and folk deities, the culture of descended dto the earth during the Krita, Treta, and Dvapara Yugas, sant-heroes formed an important part of the socio-religious life of the they are the very ones who in the Kaliyuga have become manifest as common people in many parts of northern India. saviors of manking.”8 The Vaishnavites were also observed with the The santic perception of past and history was an important characters and places mentioned in the Bhagavat Purana, in particular element of their social and political consciousness. The sants rejected with the places connected with Krishna in the Braj region. They Brahmanical scheme of Yugas and the Brahmanical system of considered the Puranic past real (as did the sants) and their behavior manipulative calculation of years, months and days. The sants and actions to some extent were influenced by their vew of the Puranic emphasized continuity of time rather than its circularity. Like the past. Vaishnavites of various hues literally tried to discover the past- Brahmans and Vaishnavites, the sants also invoked the past but their the so-called lost sites of the Braj region.9 Vaishnavite habiographers attitude towards the Puranic myths was radically different from that exalted those pioneering leaders who were believed to have discovered of the Brahmans and even Vaishnavites. The Puranic myths were the lost sites.10 Some Vaishnavite devotees like Tulsidas sought source of legitimation not only for the Brahmans and Vaishnavites but legitimation even from non-Puranic sources of Brahmanic religion such also for the sants. It is generally believed that the sants rejected the as Vedas to validate their religious innovations. Puranic myths. However, the Puranic stories did enter the religious In the santic perception of history, past and present are joined consciousness of the sants through the process of ‘appropriation’. together through a process of ‘condensation’ of time. The heroic deeds The tendency to praise Puranic heroes such as Prahlad, Dhruv, of Prahlad, Dhruv, Harischandra, Ambrish on the one hand, and those Ambrish, Harishchandra and others can be traced back to the early of historical figures such as Mansur al-Hallaj, Baba Farid, Kabir, Raidas, sants such as Kabir and Raidas. While the Brahmans traced back the Dadu etc., on the other, are described in such a way that chronology lineages of the contemporary rulers to the Puranic solar and lunar becomes unimportant.11 The description of the historical villains follows dynasties, and Vaishnavites sang the glory of various incarnations of similar pattern. The lineage of heroes and villains of the sants were Vishnu described in the Puranas, the sants, on the other hand, traced continuous and unbroken. These was also a constant updating of the their own history to the oppressed heroes of the Puranic past. Santic sant history. As time passed, the list of heroes became long and included perception of history clearly distinguished between oppressors and the sant figures of later medieval India. By the late medieval period, the oppressed. even Sarmad, an orthodox sufi saint executed dby Aurangzeb, had While the Brahmanical perception of Kaliyuga was transitory, been included in the list of persecuted sants.12 Prahlad was definitely to the sants it represented a continuous and unending conflict between the most popular figure among the sants of medieval India. References the forces of evil and those who were true devotees of God. Far from to his greatness and suffering can be found in the poetry of sants glorifying gods and rulers, whether mythical or historical, the santic ranging from Kabir to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras. Many Prahlad Charitas perception of history depicted them as helpless victims of Kal (Time).7 came to be composed both by the sants and Vaishnavas in the later If we draw a comparison between the Vaishnavite perception medieval period. The composition of one of them has been attributed of history and that of the sants, it becomes evident that the former to Raidas.13 The santic image of Prahlad as described in this ‘Prahlad was concerned mainly with the incarnations of Vishnu. Puranic figures Charita’ is different from the Vaishnavite perception in which he is such as Prahlad are glorified by the Vaishnavite hagiographers and depicted as a devotee of Vishnu. In the santic version – as mentioned poets but they are not represented as victims of the combined in the medieval sant poetry and in this text – following aspects have oppression of Brahmans and rulers. The Vaishnavite sants and been particularly stressed: ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 143 80 144 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (a) Prahlad was constantly remembering the name of Ram for violence and plunder. The sants clearly drew a distinction between which he was prosecuted by his father, King Hiranyakashyap. Prahlad’s the ‘desh’ of the brahmanas and rulers and the ‘desh’ of the sants. initiation into name of God (Ram Nam) is highlighted. The Brahmanical land is characterized by Vedas. Nigamas, caste-based (b) Complains by the Brahmana teachers to the king that Prahlad discriminations, religious sects, Mughals, Pathans, Sayyids and was indulging in the rememberance of Ram Nam rather than learning Shaikhs, old age, death] pain and doubts.14 The land of the sants, on demonology. His Brahman teachers, Shund and Amark, were the other hand, contained none of these evils. It was Begumpur (withour Shukracharya’s sons. any sorrow). No taxes (khiraj) were imposed on the people there. (c) The perception of quthority as expressed in santic poetry There was no fear, no crime and no scarcity. The God was the Eternal and hagiography was political in many ways. The people considered Emperor of their kingdom and sants were his courtiers. the rulers and religious elites integral part of the same order. Opposition The existing socio-political order is represented as an evil by of Brahmans and qazis in sant writings and in hagiographic biographical the sants and political choice is clearly made. The Brahmans regarded narratives is a political opposition because these religious elites Vedas and other scriptures ad sacred and held that the rulers must ideologically justified domination by those who governed. In this sense, uphold the values enshrined in them. On the other hand, to the sants opposition to Brahmans and qazis implies non-acceptance of they were just ‘pothis’ and weapons of Brahmanical domination. Brahmanical legigimacy of exesting socio-political system. It is Rejection of the concept of incarnations by the sants was not interesting that some of the peasant revolts against the Mughal state just a matter of the theological choice. It had political undertones. such as the Satnami uprising, were also anti-Brahmanical in their Since the existing rulers were legitimized as incarnations of gods by character. The popular sant legends and miracle stories of later the Brahmans, acceptance of the incarnation theory would have medieval period clearly indicate that the subordinate groups perceived amounted to accepting the divine status of these rulers. It was a rulers, Brahmans and qazis as constituting a single oppressive system compromise which the sants were determined not to make. The kings of rule. They were aware that Brahmans and qazis sought to enforce were ordinary mortals. While Kabir, and his contemporary sants social control and religious norms with the help of the rulers. They considered ancient mythical ‘sants’ superior to gods and kings, their did not understand state in abstract or institutional terms. It was to later follower went on extending the list of sant-heroes who were them an oppressive alliance of fulers, Brahmans and qazis. The then placed at an even higher pedestal. consciousness that rulers considered religious conformism necessary for political stability is present in the legendry representations of the References lives of the sants. These episodes also testify to popular fear that 1. Dadu’s contemporary and disciple sant Bakhna briefly mentions the religious transgression or subversion might bring quick retribution Sikandar Lodi’s unsuccessful to punish Kabir for his denunciation of from the authorities. both the Brahmans and Islamic religious elites, see Parashuram Chaturvedi For different detailed versions see, Anantdas, Kabir To the people, the atrocities perpetrated by authorities on ‘sants’ Parachai, sections 6-9; Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini, Kavittas 277- such as Prahlad and historical figures such as Mansur al-Hallaj, Kabir, 279; Raghodas, Bhakramal, pad 127, p. 54; Chaturdas, Tika, padas Dadu, Sarmad etc. were reminder of the oppressive poser of the rulers 111-112; p. 54 and Brahmadas, Bhagatmal, second section, pada 8, p. and intolerance of the Brahmans and qazis. What the Brahmans 22 considered noble virtues were regarded as worst social evils by the 2. Jan Gopal, Dadu Janma Lila, ch- 3, 1-17. The account can also be sants. The sants in their vanis persistently condemned plunder, greed found later hagiographies such as Raghodas’s Bhakatmal. and licentiousness. Both the donors and receipients of dan are 3. Ibid, chs. 5 and 6 condemned. Dan itself find no sanction in sant ideology. No amount 4. Ibid, ch. 7, 1 of dana – not even dana of the whole earth – could bring salvation to 5. Marc Bloch, The Royal Touch, Eng. Trans., London, 1973 (originally the donor if he is not devoted to the name of Ram. Brahmanical greed published in French in 1924) for dan is ridiculed. Brahmans were criticized for legitimizing acts of 6. Raghodas, Bhakramal, Rajjab ji Kau Barnan, 381-82, pp. 188. See ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 145 81 also Vrajlal Varma, Sant Kavi Rajjab, Jodhpur, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, 1965 7. Rajjab Vani, Kal Ka Ang, 84, p. 523 Bhakti and Gender in Medieval Rajasthan: 8. See Mahipati, Bhakavijaya, ch- 1, verses 16, 65-86, 87-111 9. See, for example, the influential paper of Charlotte Vaudeville, ‘Braj, Vaishnava and Santic Representations of Lost and Found’, in her Myths, Saints and Legends in Medeival India, Delhi, 1996, pp. 47-71 Mirabai during the Seventeenth and 10. As illustrations, see the anecdotes relating to Narayan Bhatt (Nabhadas, Eighteenth Centuries Bhaktmal, Mool Chhappaya 87, p. 589) and Roop Sanatan (Priyadas, Bhaktirasbodhini, Kavitta 358, p. 593) Renu Bahuguna 11. References to the mixed glorification of the persecuted figures mentioned in the Puranas and historical figures such as Kabir occur In recent decades, many historians, scholars of the history of recurrently in the sant poetry from Rajjab in the seventeeth century to religions and feminist scholars have explored the poetry of Mirabai Tulsi Sahib in the nineteenth. As an illustration, we may refer here to and hagiographic narratives about her from the perspective of women’s some references in Rajjab Vani, Bhajan Pratap Ka Ang, verse 18, p. bhakti and gender relations. John Stratton Hawley was the first scholar 172; Sayam Kasauti Ka Ang, verses 38-40, p. 685; verse 3, p. 1353 to observe that “Mira’s special, even divide, status among bhakti saints 12. See the verse of Tulsi Sahib of Hathras in J.R. Puri and V.K. Sethi, Tulsi has directly to do with her sex”.1 Hawlay further points out that the Sahib : Saint of Hathras, Radhasoami Satsang Beas, 1981, p. 96 “drama of Mira’s defiance of the expectations of ordinary womanhood 13. For the printed version of the Prahlad Charit, believed to have been is still at the core of her legend” and that “Motherhood and Mira don’t composed by Raidas, see B.P. Sharma, Sant Ravidas Vani (Hindi), Delhi, mix.”2 Later many feminist contributors to the special issue of Manushi 1978 on women devotees of the medieval period also stressed the need to 14. Verse attributed to Kabir in Chandrika Prasad Jijnashu, Sant Pravar Raidas Sahab, Licknow, 1984, pp. 147-48 examine the life and poetry of Mirabai from the perspective of the woman devotee’s protest against and resistance to the patriarchal socio- political order of the medieval Rajput society. They highlighted the social content of Mira’s bhakti and deciphered its gendered character.3 In a seminal article, Kumkum Sangari drew contrast between the male and female voices in medieval bhakti by comparing the gendered nature of bhakti in Kabir and Mira. She also highlighted the elements of both conformism and protest in Mira’s bhakti.4 In a path-breaking work on the ways in which Mira, her life and poetry was sought to be remembered and preserved by lower caste communities of Rajasthan, Parita Mukta brought to light a whole range of hagiographic materials to explore the differing images of Mirabai in different traditions with different concerns and agenda.5 Other scholar such as Nancy M. Martin6 Lindsey Harlan7, Frances Taft8 and John Stralton Hawley (in another work)9 have made significant contribution to the understanding of different dimensions of ‘historical’ and ‘legendary’ Mira. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the varying images of Mirabai in the Vaishnava and santic hagiographic traditions. It has been argued here that the liberal-minded vaishnavas, Dadupanthis and Raidasis largely followed the lead given by Nabhadas, the author ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 147 82 148 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 of the famous Bhaktamal in the early seventeenth century, in celebrating tradition eulogizes Mirabai and portrays her as a defiant and socially the defiance and courage of Mirabai. The Pushtimargi vaishnavas, on subversive figure, the Vallabhite Varta literature follows a sectarian the other hand, followed a sectarian approach and tried to portray a perspective and disapproves the independent status of Mirabai as a rather negative image of the great woman bhakti saint. The Pushtimargi vaishnava bhakti devotee. The contrast between these two hagiographic hagiographers, particularly Hari Raya, the author of the famous approaches to the historical memory of Mirabai has been underlined Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta10 and Do Sau Bavan Vaishnavan Ki in this paper. 11 Varta, were deeply aware of the influential position enjoyed by Mira The earliest hagiographic statement about Mirabai in vaishnava among ordinary Vaishnava devotees and sought to counter her influence literature appeared in Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal, composed at the by building the cults of Vallabacharya and his son Vithalnath. beginning of the seventeenth century.12 Nabhadas belonged to the Most of the legends about Mirabai have been analysed by many vaishnava tradition established by Ramanand in the fifteenth century scholars in the last few decades. However, despite a recent surge in and composed his text at the Galta monastery near Jaipur. He was the historical writings on the issue of social aspects of Mira’s bhakti, broadminded, liberal Vaishnava who went beyond his sectarian there are still many hitherto unexplored dimensions of her position in affiliations to sing the praise of devotees cutting across caste, creed the Vaishnava bhakti of the Mughal period which must be studied by and gender.13 historians. Moving beyond such issues as deciphering the elements of Nabhadas in his Bhaktamal does not place Mirabai in any conformism and non- conformism in the poems attributed to Mirabai sectarian vaishnava tradition and highlights the salient features of Mira’s or engaging in the never- ending exercise of separating legendary devotion which are as follows: Mirabai from the historical one, an attempt has been made in this chapter to focus on the tension that existed between the sectarian i. Mira gave up norms of social decorum and notions of family interests of the male elites of the dominant vaishnava sampradayas honour to commit herself to the devotion of Krishna. and the posthumous popularity of Mirabai among ordinary Vaishnava ii. In Kaliyug (Age of degeneration), she exhibited the devotional men and women. With the possible exception of Kabir, it is difficult traits of a gopi. to think of a medieval devotional figure other than Mirabai whose iii. She expressed the glory of (God) in songs without fear and memory is an integral part of widely differing religious traditions. restriction. While non-vaishnava communities like the followers of Nanak and iv. Evil minded people regarded these actions of Mira as fault and Raidas appropriated her memory, fellow vaishnavas such as the tried to kill her. Gaudiyas and the Pushtimargis felt uneasy with her legacy. It has been argued in this article that although the vaishnava preachers and v. However, they could not cause any harm to her and the poison propagandists thought it necessary to co- opt women in large number was turned into nectar in her throat. into the vaishnava system of worship, temple rituals and organizational vi. She loudly upheld the doctrine of bhakti and did not feel shy in setup, violation of existing social norms based on notions of doing so.14 Brahmanical patriarchy did not find favour with them. The legends It is clear from this description that early vaishnava portrayal about Mirabai clearly show that an independent woman devotee like of Mirabai was sympathetic and in line with general vaishnava Mirabai was regarded as a threat not only by the Rajput patriarchs of representation of persecuted vaishnava heroes like the mythological but also by the patriarchs of the vaishnava establishments. Prahlad and historical Kabir. Her devotion was equated to that of the gopis and she was depicted as a heroic figure who overcame fear There are clearly two trends regarding the attitudes of vaishnava social restrictions and persecutions to fully dedicate herself to singing and santic propogandists and ideologues towards Mirabai. The first the precise of God. From Nabhadas’s early seventeenth century is represented by Nabhadas, Raghodas and Priyadas and the second narrative, it is also evident that although various legends about Mira by Pushtimargi vaishnava hagiographers. Whereas the Bhaktamal had not yet developed in their full-fledged form, many vaishnavas did ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 149 83 150 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 believe that attempts were made by ‘evil-minded’ people to kill her preacher, however, refused to meet her on the ground that being a due to her violation of gender and social norms. male preacher, he had taken the pledge not to see the face of a women. Dadupanthi tradition began to appropriate the historical memory Mira communicated to him that the only ‘man’ present in Vrindavan of Mirabai from the late seventeenth century, as is evident from the was Lord Krishna and all other were ‘gopis’. When Jiva Goswami hagiographic account given by Raghodas in his Bhagatmal. Raghodas, received this message, he broke his pledge happily met her and entered a Dadupanthi hagiographer who wrote his Bhakatamal in the second into religious interaction with her.17 What is important in this passage half of the 17th century, virtually reaffirms the opinion expressed by in Bhaktirasabodhini Tika is that its author, Priyadas, despite being a Nabhadas on Mirabai. He adds that Mira gave up the vedic path and follower of the Gaudiya sampradaya (to which Jiva Goswami belonged) worldly pleasure to devote herself to Hari. Raghodas clearly mentions took delight in narrating the story of Mira’s spiritual conquest over that it was ‘Rana’ who had tried to kill Mira by administering poison Jiva Goswami. This is in sharp contrast to the attitude of the to her. She regarded ‘Giridhar’ (Krishna) as her husband and she Pushtimargi hagiographers towards Mirabai. sang praise of god in the midst of sants. Raghodas includes Mira and Pushtimargi hagiography contains numerous references to Pushtimargi preachers including Vallabhacharya, vithalnath and vaishnava women. However, most of these women were followers of 15 Gokulnath among the followers of Vishnuswami sampradya. either Vallabhacharya or his son Vithalnath. In the accounts of In the beginning of the eighteenth century, Priyadas, a Vrindavan- Pushtimargi vaishnava women in the Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta based vaishnava hagiographer belonging to the Chaitanya sect (Gaudiya and Do Sau Vaishnavan Ki Varta, we come across frequent instances samoradya) added a detailed commentary called Bhakti-rasa-bodhini of glorification of the deeds of these women. They are idolised as Tika to Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal.16 It appears that many legends ideal devotees of Krishna and praised as exemplary disciples of developed about Mirabai during the course of the seventeenth century Vallabhacharya and Vithalnath. Paradoxically, however, Mira is virtually and all of them are narrated by Priyadas in his Tika. The story of the condemned and humiliated. There are four vartas relating to Mirabai attempt by ‘Rana’ to kill Mira, which finds a fleeting mention in in the Pushtimargi hagiographies- three in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Raghodas’s Bhagatmal, is produced in full detail by Priyadas. Varta and one in Do Sau Vaishnavan Ki Varta. Priyadas’s treatment of the life of Mirabai is sympathetic and he In none of these accounts do we find a sympathetic and positive portrays her as an ideal vaisnava devotee. It is interesting to note here depiction of the devotional deeds of Mirabai. The Pushtimargi that although Priyadas had sectarian vaishnava affiliations, yet, like Nabhadas and Rghodas before him, he followed a liberal approach hagiographer in these vartas grudgingly acknowledges the influential and was not concerned with Mira’s non-association with the Gaudiya and patronising portion among the vaishnavas but express his hostility sampradaya. In addition to the story of Mira’s persecution by her to her for her not being a follower of either Vallabhacharya or his son dead husband’s family, there are also accounts of the meeting between Vithalnath. In Pushtimargi perception, Mirabai is not represented as a her and emperor Akbar. By the end of the seventeenth century, the fearless and persecuted woman vaishnava who suffered at the hands popularity of Mirabai grew to such an extent that accounts of her of powerful anti-vaishnava figure of ‘Rana’ but as a cunning , legendary encounters and interactions with various authority figures manipulative, independent and influential non- Pushtimargi women who including Akbar and celebrated vaishnava preachers found their way was trying to win over the followers of Vallabhacharya to her own into Priyadas’s narrative. side. To demonstrate the ways in which the Pushtimargi hagiographer of the two vartas sought to portray a negative image of Mirabai, it is Among these legends, one particularly deserves mention and detailed analysis. This is Priyadas’s account of the encounter between important to narrate the contents of the four episodes that throw sight Mira and the famous Gaudiya vaishnava leader, Jiva Goswami of on the encounters between her and the Pushtimargi vaishnavas.. Vrindavan. According to this legend, Mira during her travels in which First episode relating to the encounter between Mirabai and a she frequently interacted with male vaishnava devotees visited Pushtimargi follower of Vallabhacharya is found in Govinda Dube Vrindavan and expressed the desire to see Jiva Goswami. The vaishnava Sanchora Ki Varta.18 The narrative may be summarised as follows: ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 151 84 152 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Govind Dube was Pushtimargi vaishnava and a follower of Once, as Krishnadas was returning from Dwarka, where he Vallabhacharya. Once, Govinda Dube stopped to see the vaishnava had gone to collect offering for Shri Nathji, he stopped at the home of saint, Mira Bai. He stayed there for a few days and enjoyed her the Rajasthani saint, Mirabai. Many other people were staying there, association. When Shri Gusainji heard that Shri Mahaorabhu’s disciple, with the expectation of receiving some gifts from her. Within a short Govinda Dube, had gone to Mira Bai, Shri Gusainji, with the intent of time, Krishnadas told Mirabai, “I must head on my way.” Mirabai teaching him so others would not follow his example, wrote him one requested, “Why don’t you stay here for a while?” Krishnadas replied, ‘shloka’ and sent it with one of his disciples. Shri Gusainji wrote: “I stay only in those places where I can have the association of Shri “For those who have taken the shelter of the pollen of the Lord’s Mahaprabhu’s disciples.” When Mirabai tried to give him 11 gold coins lotus feet, what se are other shelters? They will withstand pain until as a offering to Shri Nathji, Krishnadas refused them saying, “Because death. Those who have ridden an elephant will never ride an ass”.19 you are not Shri Mahaprabhu’s disciple I can not accept your offerings” and left. The vaishnavas accompanying Krishnadas asked, “Why did When Govinda Dube received Shri Gusainji’s letter, he you refuse her coins?” Krishandas explained, “Vaishnavas will offer immediately got up and left , despite Mirabai’s humble request for him Shri Nathji plenty of gifts. There is no lack of funds. I wanted to put to remain. Arriving at Gokul, he bowed to shri Gusainji, who all the people there in their place by showing them that I, a low class enlightened him, “you should never reveal the inner pastimes of the ‘Shudra’, could elicit a gift from her immediately, and moreover refuse Path of Grace to outsiders.” 20 it, while the Brahmins have been waiting greedily for days without Second episode involving Mirabai appears in Ramdas Mewara receiving anything. Now they will consider, “If Shri Mahaprabhu’s Brahman ki Varta in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta.21 Ramdas had follower is so righteous, just imagine how great the guru himself must become a follower of Vallabhacharya at a young age and, living in be,” Krishnadas concluded explaining, “We should not accept gifts Mewar, he had also become the family priest of Mirabai. Mirabai had from outsiders.”26 composed many devotional verses in praise of Lord Krishna which in The fourth episode in which we find the mention of Mirabai in their theological content were very different from those composed by the Vallabhite hagiography is found in Do Sau Bavan Vaishnavan ki Vallabhacharya and the Pushtimargis. The episode may be summarized Varta.27 Here, the focus of the varta is not on Mirabai herself but on as follows: another woman named Ajab Kunwarbai. The hagiographer informs us Once, before her Krishan Deity, Ramdas was singing Shri that Ajab Kunwar Bai was a child-widow and a sister-in-law (devarani) of Mirabai. She used to live in the house of Mirabai but, unlike her, Mahaprabhu’s praises when Mira Bai commented “Why do you sing became a follower of Vithalnath, the son and successor of those songs? Sing something about the Lord.”22 Ramdas became Vallabhacharya. According to the varta, both Mirabai and Ajab Kunwar enraged to hear those unwelcome words. He told her, “Do you think Bai went to see Vithalnath when he had come to Singhad village in the poems I am singing refer to some worldly man? From today, I Mewar. Vithalnath refused to accept any gifts from Mirabai as she never wish to see you again.”23 Mira Bai tried to console him, but was not his follower. When Ajab Kunwar Bai expressed the desire to Ramdas left her home never to return. From that experience, Ramdas become a follower of Pushtimarg and give offering to Vithalnath, learned that he should not heedlessly reveal Shri Mahaprabhu and his Mirabai declined to permit her to do so. Suddenly Ajab Kunwar Bai 24 Path of Grace in devotional song to outsiders. fell seriously ill and suffered from high fever. Mirabai asked her the The third episode in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta featuring cause of this sudden illness. Ajab Kunwar Bai replied that she would Mirabai is contained in Krishnadas Adikari Ki Varta.25 Krishnadas was be cured only if she was allowed to become a disciple of Vithalnath. among the leading disciples of Vallabhacharya and belonged to a lower Mirabai relented and asked her to do what she wished. Ajab Kunwar -caste social group. He was the manager of the Srinathji temple at Bai had her way and was initiated into the Pushtimarg by Vithalnath. Gokul and was very close to Vallabhacharya. A brief summary of this Rest of the legend is about the glorious deeds of Ajab Kunwar Bai as episode is given below: a Pushtimargi follower of Vithalnath.28 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 153 85 154 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 It may be concluded from the analysis of these four vartas that in Their Times and Ours, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 89- the Pushtimargi hagiographers devised various strategies to counter 116. the growing influence of Mirabai among the ordinary vaishnavas. As 10. There are many printed versions of the Chaurasi Vaishnavan ki Varta. she maintained her reputation as an independent vaishnava devotee This paper draws upon Brajbhushan Lalji Mahraj and Dwarkadas and freely interacted with other vaishnavas despite being a woman Pareekh eds., Chaursai Vaishnavan ki Varta, reprint, Indore: Vaishnava and a widow, the sectarian Pushtimargi religious preachers and Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Nyas, 2011. This text will be referred to as ideologues disapproved of her conduct and presented her devotion as CVKV in this paper. There are three Vartas relating to Mirabai in being of inferior quality to their own. In these vartas, Mirabai is Chaursai Vaishnavan ki Varta. See Govind Dube Sanchora ki Varta, presented to us not as a sincere, fearless and socially subversive Varta no. 34, Prasang 3, pp. 228-29; Ramdas Mewada, Mirabai Ke vaishnava devotee who was at the receiving end of the powerful rulers Purohit ki Varta, Varta no. 47, Prasang 1, pp. 285-87, and Krishnadas but as a ruthless, independent-minded, influential woman whose Adhikari ki Varta, Varta no. 84, Prasang 1, pp. 571-73. company was undesirable. 11. This text is also found in the different printed versions. Information for this articles has been taken from Brajbhushan Lalji Mahraj and References Dwarkadas Pareekh eds., Do Sau Bhavan Vaishnavan Ki Varta, reprint, 1. John Statton Hawley and Marc Juergensmeyer, Songs of the Saints of Indore, Vaishnava Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Nyas, 3 vols., n.d. This India, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 (reprint, 2004). P. 122. text will be referred to as DSBVKV in this paper. The episode that 2. Ibid., p. 128. pertains to Mirabai in the Do Sau Bhavan Vaishnavan Ki Varta, is not 3. Manushi, Tenth Anniversary Issue: Women Bhakti Poets, Nos. 50-51- directly about her but relates to Ajab Kunwari Bai who was perhaps 52, January – June 1989. initially influenced by Mirabai but later became of follower of 4. Kumkum Sangari, “Mirabai and the Spiritual Economy of Bhakti”, Vithalnath, the son and successor of Vallabhacharya in Pushtimarg. Economic abd Political Weekly, Vol. XXV, No. 27, July 1990, pp. See Ajab Kunwari Bai ki Varta, Varta no 98, Prasang 1, Do Sau Bhavan 1464-75, and No. 28, 14 July 1990, pp. 1537-52. Vaishnavan Ki Varta, Vol. 2, pp. 75-79. 5. Parita Mukta, Upholding the Common life: The Community of Mirabai, 12. For Nabhadas’s Bhakatamal, see Sitaramsharan Bhagwan Prasad Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994. Roop Kala, ed., Goswami Shri Nabhajikrit Shri Bhaktamal (Hindi), with commentary (Tika) titled Bhaktirasabodhini (Hindi) by Priyadas, 6. Nancy Martic, “Mirabai: Inscribed in Text, Embodied in life” in Steven seventh print, Lucknow: Tejkumar Book Depot (Pvt) Limited, 1993. J. Roser, ed., Vaishnavi: Women and the Worship of Krishna, Delhi: Henceforth this text will be referred to as Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal. For Motilal Banarasidas, pp. 7-46. See also her “Mira Janma Patri: A Tale the verse on Mirabai in this text, see Chhappay 115, pp. 712-13. of Resistance and Appropriation” in N. K. Singh and Rajendra Joshi, 13. This account of Nabahdas and his Bhaktamal is based on William R. eds., Religion, Ritual and Royalty, Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Pinch, “History, Devotion and the Search for Nabhadas of Galta” in Publications, 1999, pp. 227-61, and “Mirabai in the Academy and Daud Ali, ed., Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, Politics of Identity” in Mandakranta Bose, ed., Faces of the Feminine in New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 19999, pp.366-99. Ancient Medieval and Modern India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 14. Nabhadas, Bhaktamal, Chhappay 115, pp. 712-13. 2000, pp. 162-82. 15. See Agarchand Nahata, ed., Raghavadaskrit Bhaktamal: (Hindi) with 7. Lindsey Harlam, Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethics of Protection a commentary (Tika) by Chaturdas (Chaturdas Krit Tika), Granthank in Contemporary Narratives, Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal 78, Jodhpur: Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, 1965, Chappy Publications, 1994, pp. 205-22. 214-15, p.99. 8. Frances Taft, “The Elusive Historical Mirabai: A Note in Lawrence A. 16. Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini Tika, Kavitts 471 -480, pp. 714-23 in Babb, Varsha Joshi, and Michael Meister, eds., Multiple Histories: Sitaramsharan Bhagwan Prasad Roop Kala, ed., Goswami Shri Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, Jaipur: Rawat Nabhajikrit Shri Bhaktamal (Hindi), with commentary (Tika) titled Publications, 2002, pp. 313-35. Bhaktirasabodhini (Hindi) by Priyadas, seventh print, Lucknow: 9. John Stratton Hawley, Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas and Kabir Tejkumar Book Depot (Pvt) Limited, 1993. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 155 86 17. Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini Tika, Kavitt 479, p. 721. 18. Govind Dube Sanchora ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 34, Prasang 3, pp. 228-29. Bishnois – The Eco-Warriors of Rajasthan 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. Dr. Neekee Chaturvedi 21. Ramdas Mewada, Mirabai ke Purohit ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 47, Prasang 1, pp. 285-87. The Bishnois of Rajasthan are given the lofty epithet of the first 22. Ibid. eco-warriors of the world. Their ecological worldview is amply 23. Ibid. manifested in practices of daily lives and collective solidarity for 24. Ibid. environmental cause. The sustenance of the sustainable livelihood is 25. Krishnadas Adhikari ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 84, Prasang 1, pp. tied firmly with the twin threads of Dharma and Community. The 571-73. guiding worldview of the Bishnois can be termed as religious ecology. 26. Ibid. In the conservation discourse, for quite some time the role of 27. Ajab Kunwar Bai ki Varta in DSBVKV, vol.2, Prasang 1, pp. 75-78. community was viewed with suspicion, human agents being the 28. Ibid. despoilers of the environment. The negative view of human intervention also implied that even if people have successfully managed resources in some harmonious past, that past was long gone. While some of these beliefs continued to persist, most of the current ideas about the community's role in conservation have changed radically. Several current writings on management of resources champion the role of community in bringing about decentralization, meaningful participation, cultural autonomy, and conservation. (Agrawal and Gibson: 629). (Ascher (1995), Fairhead and Leach (1994), and Gibson and Marks (1995)) As communities are now the locus of conservationist thinking (An enormous outpouring of literature bears witness. (See Bhatt (1990), Ghai (1993), Gurung (1992), and Lowry and Donahue (1994). Bishnois stand out for their commitment to ethics of conservation sustained by their faith. Faith in the context of Bishnois is a set of 29 principles, ecology being the central theme. If humans have shaped and used their environments in sustainable ways for thousands of years, it may be possible to establish partnerships that accomplish the same results today. Indeed, as anthropologists begin to pay greater attention to the historical experiences of ``people without history'' (Wolf, 1982), it has become increasingly obvious that if local communities in the past had used resources without destroying them, they had done so even as they remained in contact with other peoples. In the case of Bishnois, the origin of the community is based on managing conflicts and scarcity through an uncompromising conservation ethics. A study of the Bishnois can be used to highlight the important ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 157 87 158 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 time- and place-specific knowledge that members of local communities What is destined to be will be, even so a few drops of rain possess and the institutional arrangements they forge to achieve would be a blessing) successful, local level resource management. The vision of Bishnois ( Detha n.d. cited in Bharucha 2003:81) as a small, integrated community using locally-evolved norms and Guru Jambheshwar realized that the popular perception of rules to manage resources sustainably and equitably is a powerful drought is a revenge of the god is a fallacy. It is the result of ill- conservation narrative. treating and abusing the kindness of nature. With some men and women Heeralal Maheshwari (1970:17) expressed that the cultural of good sense, he founded a community that allows the survival of all foundations of Bishnois differs from other religious communities as through the implementation of twenty nine simple principles. they have transformed religious beliefs and ideological tradition into a Veneration of trees is the pillar of this community, whose life practice, which also makes them unique. The sermons of Jambhoji followers took the name "29" in Hindi (20+bis/Bish and 9+nau/noi) : are compiled as Sabad (JambhSagar) and many poets of the community the . Though some scholars trace the origin of the tribe and its have compiled sakhis. Most of these compositions are in marubhasha, name to the worship of the prominent Hindu deity Vishnu (Maheshwari some in pingal and khadi boli as well. Various Gazetteers, Census, 1970), the Bishnois and their adherence to twenty nine principles is Land settlement and administrative reports identify Bishnoi community sacrosanct. These 29 principles have not lost their sheen and every and compile a few details about them. Their practices can be observed Bishnoi, even now, pledges allegiance to them. They go back to the in Bishnoi villages and traditions are recounted readily by the members. very origin and are associated with the founder himself. Jambho ji or These different approaches and delving into the variety of sources Guru Jambeshwar is the guiding light of the ecological foundations of helps in decoding the strong roots of the worldview of the Bishnois. the Bishnoi community. The relatively recent environmental challenges have brought Born around 1451-1452 CE (Samvat 1508) to a Panwar Rajput renewed attention to the Bishnois as an example of an ecologically family in the village of Pipasar, Nagaur in the Marwar area of Rajasthan, aware people who for generations have been practicing environmental Jambho ji (as he is popularly known) had an uncommon attachment conservation, holistic science, and what today would be termed wise to nature according to local tradition and vernacular literature. The resource management.” (Lal: 2003) But the story of the Bishnois is stages of his life have been summarized in a Sakhi by Vilhoji. This more dramatic and began much before terms like global warming gained verse is considered very important for his life-sketch. currency or it became fashionable to be an environmentalist. Varas saat sansari bal lila nirhaari In the fifteenth century, in north India, in the middle of Thar Varas paanch baawees, Paal eta din chaari Desert and plains of Rajasthan, in the arid region of Marwar, this Gyare aur chalees, sabad kathiya avanasi community was devising ways to combat the topographic challenges. Baal guwaal gur gyan, mass teen vras pachyasi Marupradesh meand land of the dead alluding the frequent droughts Panaras ‘r terranawe vadi mnagasar noonvi aaglai in the region. The scarcity of water is the leitmotif of the regional folk Paalte roop rahiyo ridhu, idag joti samrathale (copy no. 38) songs too. For instance: 1. Seven years of childhood – 1450- 1457 Khen, kodh, khansi, dusi, do hathan kirtar Maran marag mokla, mah bina mat mar 2. From the age of 8-34 (27 years) – Pal-charan – 1457- 1484 (TB, leprosy, cough and cold, you may give us with both hands, 3. At the age of 34 founded the Bishnoi Dharma - 1484 We can be killed in many ways, but don’t kill us without rain) 4. Spreading the faith for next 51 years – 1484- 1535 Sau sanaiya, sau karahala, puta, niputi hoye The legend attributes his birth to the divine blessings of a saint to Lohat Ji Panwar was and Hansa Devi. Owing to the blessings of Mehadla to buthan hi bhala, honi ho so oye saint and on account of his miraculous powers Guru Jambheswar is (A hundred she-camels, a hundred camels, all left childless, regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu. It is fabled that as an infant, he ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 159 88 160 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 did not drink milk from his mother's breast and did not speak in early their religious Muslims. He states that the prophet did not kill animals childhood. As a child, he manifested evident thoughtfulness which and appealed for raham (compassion) in the hearts of the followers of attracted people towards him. He also displayed a deeply affectionate Rahman. (Shabad X) He criticized the tantric practitioners for indulging bond with animals. He told first shabad (Guru chinho guru chinh in animal sacrifice. He said that Ram, the popular Hindu deity, never purohit…..or recognise the guide, teacher….) to a teacher who had asked anyone to kill animals. “People will not be able to justify their been called to cure his dumbness. Shabad (literal meaning is word or violence when questioned by their deities.” (Shabad XI) utterances) are the collection of couplets composed by him which His way was "jiya ne jukti aur mariya ne mukti" which means a contain the essence of his teachings. meaningful way of living and then liberation after death. He travelled a The young Jambhdev is portrayed as simple but genius and lot to help and teach people and done many welfare works. He was a kind. He liked loneliness and performed many miracles. He did not true & visionary guru, social reformer, follower of non violence, great marry and used to graze cows. At the age of 34, he left his home and environmentalist and believed in love and harmony among not only belongings and started preaching at a sand dune called Samrathal human beings but also among nature. His teachings are covered by 29 Dhora. He was very keen in social welfare and helping others. principles, 120 shabads and sandhya mantra. Many kings and reputed In year 1485 there was a worst drought in western Rajasthan persons came in his contact and admired his teachings. He also helped area and people started migrating to (Madhya Pradesh region many of them with his blessings. of India) with their animals. The kind-hearted Jambho ji was sad to Jambho ji passed away in Mukam in Bikaner district, most likely see people’s pain. He then offered his help to the drought affected around 1537 AD. His profound humanity, spiritual sincerity, and people to hold them back. People agreed and Jambho ji helped them dedication are believed to have earned him a large following; temples with grain, food, fodder, seed, agriculture accessories, etc. To alleviate in his honor sprouted over large parts of western Rajasthan. The the suffering of the people, Guru Jambheswar founded Bishnoi teachings were very simple, logical, practical and effective. He believed community in year 1485 (Vikram samwat 1542, Krishna 8th of Kartik in one god and did not believe in statue worshiping or man worshiping month) on the sand dune (Samrathal Dhora) after performing havan or leaving social responsibilities to achieve god. Therefore, the or a fire ritual. Bishnoism was based on main twenty nine principles teachings were pertaining to everyday living and demanded consistent and best practices taken from Hinduism and Islam. Followers from action and allegiance to the broad environmental concerns that he various professions and different classes accepted Bishnoi faith by addresses. taking pahal (sacred water). Many of his teachings surpass religious Ecological Teachings - Survival of the Wisest categories and address Muslims and Hindus. “Some say that he was Sar jaye rukh rahe to bhi sasto jan disenchanted by the struggles over political power between Hindus (If one is able to save a tree even by offering one’s own head, and Muslims, and sought ways not only to reconcile them but also to it is not a too high a price to pay.) put before them an example of a heightened moral sensibility; others say that a long period of drought moved him to seek protection for all (A saying attributed to Guru Jambeshwar in the Shabad animals and plants.” (Lal 2003) In addition to these 29 rules, the compilation) teachings of Guru Jambeshwar are preserved in 120 statements. The teachings of Bishnois emerged in the wake of a severe (Acharya 2012; Jain 2011:135-164) Many of these statements address drought. Jambeshwar decided to stay and contemplated deeply about sectarian strife in a subtle manner by gearing all communities, Hindu the disaster and came up with a new philosophy. The guiding principle or Muslim, towards environmental concerns. In one place the listeners of his teaching was that survival is possible only through a wise and are urged to refrain from killing of animals else they shall suffer from respectful balance of human and nature. He took it as a mission to cries of slain animals at their deathbed. At many places the followers spread his teachings that were soon compiled as couplets and songs are inspired to protect trees. He referred to the trees as gateways of in local dialect called in collections called shabads. happiness. He invoked compassion for animals through an appeal to The teachings of this innovative seer (contained in the 29 rules ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 161 89 162 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 and collection of couplets) are based on social codes of conduct shaped had not consumed anything non-vegetarian that day. by compassion, simplicity, self-discipline and non-violence. This path 4. Pavitrata – To maintain both internal and external cleanliness. of peace is charted out through the core twenty nine tenets of the Internal cleanliness is achieved through good intentions, humble Bishnois, whose numeric significance has lent the name Bishnoi. Out behavior, keeping jealousy at bay etc. of these twenty nine commandments, eight aim to preserve biodiversity 5. Dhyan – To meditate twice a day. Morning meditation to ponder and encourage good animal husbandry. Seven commandments provide over the proposed activities of the day and to reflect over their directions for healthy social behavior. Ten of these commandments harmony with larger life values. Evening meditation is done to are directed towards personal hygiene and maintaining basic good take stock of day’s activities, to contemplate on the mistakes health. The other four rules are guidelines for worshipping daily. and shortcomings. (Bishnoi 2011:120-122) A descriptive list of these rules is included here as it more or less provides the core of ecological teachings of the 6. Arati – To sing the Lord’s glory and his virtues every evening. Bishnois that enabled their survival in the harsh desert conditions. 7. Havan – To offer daily oblation to the holy fire with a heart Holistic – need a certain mental make up to take care of filled with feelings of welfare, love and devotion – welfare of all environment and adopt sustainable lifestyle. living beings, love for nature and whole world, and devotion to the Lord. Twenty Nine Commandments 8. Chhan-Indhan - Use filtered water, milk and carefully cleaned Unatis dharma ki ankdi hridaya dhariyo joye fuel/firewood to make the water and milk bacteria free and to Jambhoja kripa kari naam Bishnoi hoye ensure that insects don’t get burnt with fire wood. The sabad (One who embraces the twenty nine ethics by heart becomes a (112:2) only indicate but other poets indicate that one should Bishnoi by the blessings of Jambho ji) filter words, water and firewood. 1. Sutak - To observe segregation of the mother and newborn for Indhan Paani Bolno, Kahyo jagat gur jaan thirty days after delivery. This is followed for preventing of Dev daya kari daakhve, aie teenyo tat Chaani (Vigatavali 108. infection to mother and the new-born who are both at a Also 102 103) vulnerable stage. The Bishnoi people in informal interviews also say that this is to provide rest to the woman from domestic 9. Vani – Filter your speech! Think before you speak. chores. 10. Khama – to be forgiving. Forgiveness can lead one to greatness. 2. Rajaswala – To keep a woman away from all activities for five Guru Jambeshvar said “If someone comes to you shouting, days during her menstrual periods. This again is explained as a become cool like water.” means of arranging compulsory rest for the women and was 11. Daya – to be compassionate as it purifies the heart. In also in consideration with poor hygiene facilities for women in forgiveness we keep our hearts and mind cool against some those days or even now in rural pockets. external stimuli, whereas in compassion, we imbibe the feelings Tali chhoti kahi jagadees, ruti paanch, jape din tees of the helpless and garner empathy. Jaaan. Jaan, kaya rahe asudh, tan tan thanan na duhiye dudh 12. Non-stealing (chori ka Tyag) – Not to steal, cheat or try to own (Katha Vigatavali 228) or usurp something that rightfully belongs to another. Theft and deceit are surest means to gather dust on soul and character. 3. Snan – To take early morning bath daily. When we visited some of the sacred Bishnoi sites no questions were raised about our 13. Ninda – Not to revile or condemn others as it is an act of a non-Bishnoi identities, whether we were Hindus, Muslim or coward. This is opposed to constructive criticism, more on the Christian, we were asked only two questions. First we had to lines of malicious gossip, to be avoided completely. vouch that we had taken a bath before we came and that we Asatuti nandya irasho, donyo diragh rog ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 163 90 164 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Jatan kari kari thak rhaya, kaha bhog kaha jog visiting a shelter devoted entirely to the upkeep of blind cows. Jati sati jogi tapi, sidh sadh sanyasi shesh The maintenance of these shelters is through community contribution of both money and labour. Gino kaha is rog ki, mitai na man ka resh (Sakhi Parmanand ji Vaniyal10 ) 22. To consume food cooked by self or take meticulous care that food is prepared in conjunction with Bishnoi tenets. I met a few 14. Truth – not to tell lies. A liar can never attain respect of others. Bishnoi men who were serving in the army, where the mess It is insult to the gift of speech. There was a time when even also serves non-vegetarian food. They told me that they kept the courts used to accept the testimony of Bishnois as hard their utensils separate and were negotiating that their ration of evidence. eggs be replaced with milk. 15. Vad-vivad – Not to indulge in opprobrium and wasteful debates. 23. Badhiya – Not to castrate a bull. In rural India bulls are castrated Though Bishnois have been variously linked to Jainism on before they are used as bullocks for agricultural purpose. The account of practice of non-violence, it is in Buddhism that we underlying feeling is that the bovines are like one’s children and find a ban on sectarian debates as they lead to wastage of time one cannot commit such cruelty towards one’s children. and effort, (Drishtivad) 24. Amal – Not to take opium or any of its products Bharami bhoola vaad vivaad, achar vichar na jaanat swad 25. Not to use tobacco and its products (Sabadvani, Sabad 28, verses 66-67) 26. Not to partake cannabis/bhang 16. Fasting – To observe fast and meditate on no-moon night (and the same day i.e. Amavasya) to provide rest to the body and its Tamakoo, sharab, afeem , bhang – The relevant sabad is not internal system. Amavasya is considered a very auspicious day found in the avaialbale version but quoted in works of keso ji when Bishnoi men, women, and children observe many rituals godara (Maheshwari 1970:751) of conservation and community service. They say that this day Lehe Tamakoo aafoo jaani, malya powat jal peeve chhaani of the month has special significance from the point of view of Varji bhang liye je bura, sanhans jooni hoyasyai sukara (Katha astronomy and planetary position. Further, the regular fading of Vigatavali 171) the moon’s appearance is also symbolic of the perishable nature 27. Mad Not to drink liquor. The Bishnois abhor the use of of life. So, one should charge energy level and ponder over intoxicants. In India tea is offered to all the visitors but the collective welfare. Bishnois prefer milk over tea, even for the visitors. 17. Bhajan – To recite the holy name of Lord Vishnu 28. Not to eat meat or non-vegetarian dishes. 18. Jeev daya palani - To be compassionate to all living being - An 29. Not to use blue colour clothes. In Jambho ji’s times blue colour all-encompassing re-emphasis on caring for all life forms. used to be obtained from a wild shrub, indigo, that adversely Ek roop sab roop maa, sab ma rahya samaay affected soil-fertility. This rule was laid out to support cultivation Jeev seev sab ek hain, jyon pohap vaas pasraya of other life-supporting crops. 19. Not to fell green trees. These rules and teachings are the foundation of the eco-religion of the Bishnois which is further demonstrated by how they implement 20. Ajar - To kill the non-perishables. To overcome the non- these. Not only have they integrated these into their daily life practices perishable enemies of human beings – lust, anger, envy, greed, but have also led them to take concrete action. These measures include and attachment. positive steps to conserve flora and fauna, construct and preserve 21. That Amar Rakhwana – To provide a common shelter that for water bodies while negative measures include persistent, strong goat/sheep to prevent their killing. The Bishnois have maintained protests against poacher and hunters. Thus, their activism brings to these shelters for animals past their use. I was very touched by fore Bishnoi environmentalism as a lived reality. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 165 91 166 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 “In the face of environmental crisis, we need all the help we him a large band of dedicated followers. The Bishnois soon grew in can get. And, as this is perhaps the greatest crisis that the human numbers and strength. Stories of their relentless dedication to the civilization has ever faced, virtually all forms of contemporary culture, preservation of animals and trees were widely circulated. The famous economics, politics, and spirituality, will have to make profound Chipko movement in contemporary India, where women hugged the changes.” (Gottlieb 2011: ix) trees to resist the depredations of loggers and contractors is said to Bishnois are a valuable resource for environmental awareness be rooted in the Bishnoi tradition. and concerns. Not only do they provide philosophical foundations for Evidence in Bishnoi literature a symbiotic relationship with nature but amply manifest it through 1. Sakhis that mention sacrificing lives for trees their actions. The practice of conservation and protection of i. Vilho ji’s Tilvaasani ki Sakhi environment originated with Guru Jambeshwar. He would put into practice what he preached by paving the way for a tradition of protected ii. Vilho ji ‘s Karama aur Gora ki Sakhi groves, animal care, sustainable living. His followers, being fiercely iii.Keso ji’s Bucho ji echara ki sakhi attached to nature, from very early times took action against those iv.Nanigdas’s Ramada ski sakhi who were harming nature. Bishnoi activists spare no one, be it the v. Gokal ji’s Khejadli ki sakhi Maharajas or the reigning superstars of the Indian film industry. 2. For protection of animals Therefore, the journey of the Bishnois shows continuity of ecological activities. i. Vilho ji’s Jambholav ke mele ki sakhi ii. To get the oxen and bulls released by Bishnois of villages of Early Ecological Activities sadalpur, Cheenwad etc. (Jambha saar, 28th Prakaran) Life and deeds of the founder, Jambho ji, are a testimony to a commitment to ecological actions. We are already acquainted with Negotiating the State Machinery how he saved his people from the ravages of drought and gave them Never a state religion or royal patronage but Many rulers showed a philosophy to survive and prosper against the alternatives of perishing reverence to the strict adherence to ecological tenets by the Bishnois or migration. Wherever he appeared, houses of meditation were built, and offered relaxation in land revenue and other taxes. Sabadvani and some of which still exist as temples. What stands out is the fact that sakhis are replete with such examples but evidence can be culled from in the course of his numerous journeys, he created protected groves official documents as well. Many kings issued orders that Bishnois called Ora?.some of them like the flowering Khejri plantation in Rotu shall be taxed as per tradition and shall be exempted from beggar. atill exists. He planted many trees and the one still preserved in Lodipur Jodhpur ruler Maharaja Vijaysingh ji (samvat 1821), Mansingh ji is deeply revered by his followers even today. He is attributed with (Samvat 1860), Bheem singh ji (Samvat 1874) parwanas can be cited planting many Khejri trees at the behest of the villagers. as evidence. Similar orders were issued by Bishnois of Pur by Udaipur Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) occupies a significant place for desert Maharana Bheem singh (Samvat 1874) and Jawan singh ( Samvat inhabitants for its many uses. It is beneficial for both animals and 1885) to “parampara anusar maan maryada rakhne aur kar lagane”. humans. Its roots harbour nitrogen-producing bacteria and hence they Bikaner ruler Anoop Singh ji’s Parwana (samvat 1752 at Mukam make the soil fertile. They have become a core component of the Bandhu) issued order to prohibit felling of green trees. Jodhpur ruler culture of Thar region| Mansingh ji (Samvat 1878) issued orders to prohibit cutting of khejri trees while Takhtsingh ji (Samvat 1900) issued a Parwana to ban Historical Tradition of Activism hunting in Bishnoi villages. (Sahabram, copy no. 193, Jambha saar, More than five hundred years ago, it could hardly be visualized 24th Prakaran). Even during the British rule, orders were issued to that a community could rise to protect trees or wild deer by risking ban hunting in the listed Bishnoi villages in Hissar and Ferozepur their lives. Jambho ji’s humanitarian and pragmatic philosophy earned districts. ( Reference by deputy Commisioner, ferozepur, 8th march ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 167 92 168 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 1899 of the letter Letter from Chief Secretary to Government Punjab, References dated 3rd February, 1896 mantions “affrays with the villagers”; Punjab 1. Acharya, Krishnand 2012 Shri Guru Jambheshwarji dwara uchcharit Government’s orders contained in their circular no. 1-115 dated 3rd Shabdvani – Jambhsagar - Hindi Teeka (The words utthered by the February 1898 “The shooting of Black buck is also prohibited within teacher Jambheshwar – Ocean of Jambha, Hindi Commentary), Mukam: the lands cultivated or uncultivated belonging to the following Bishnoi Akhil Bharatiya Bishnoi Mahasabha villages. On suspicion of killing of animals, the animal were taken 2- Agrawal, Arun and Gibson, Clark C. 1999 ‘Enchantment and away from their owners A parwana of mehkama council raj shee Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Bikaner Samvat 1930, place of accession thapan bandhu, Mukam) “ Conservation’ in World Development, vol. 27, 4: 629-649 Mukam ke thapnon ne deene naam ke vyakti se medha chheen liya 3- Ascher , William, 1995 Communities and Sustainable Forestry in tha” This princely state issued orders that no kasai would pass through Developing Countries San Francisco: ICS Press a Bishnoi village carrying a bakra. (Samvat 1901, Parwana Bikaner 4- Bharucha, R. 2003 Rajasthan - An Oral History New Delhi: Penguin Adalat ka, Thapan Bandhu, Mukam)) 5. Bhatt Chandi Prasad 1990 ‘The Chipko Andolan: Forest Conservation based on people’s Power ’in Environment and Urbanization 2: 7-18 Reigious syncretism and a reinterpretation of rituals is also a 6. Bishnoi , Rai Sahib 2011 ‘Twenty Nine Rules of Bishnoi’s’ in Rajant positive trait of Bishnoi tradition. “Some say that he [Jambho ji] was Jayanti Smarika (Silver Jubilee Souvenir) Mukam: Akhil Bharatiya disenchanted by the struggles over political power between Hindus Bishnoi Mahasabha and Muslims, and sought ways not only to reconcile them but also to 7. Brockmann, Herma and Pichle, Renato 2004 Paving the Way for Peace put before them an example of a heightened moral sensibility.” (Lal: – Living Philosophies of Bishnois and Jains New Delhi: D K Publishers 2003) Lal (2003) further elaborates upon the context of the times of 8. Chapple, Christopher Key 2011 ‘Indic Traditions and Animals: Jambho ji, “Moreover, the customs of the Bishnoi point to an attempt Imitation Reincarnation and Compassion’ in Kemmerrer, Lisa and on the part of Jambaji to forge a more syncretic movement, Nocell II Anthony J. (eds.) 2011 Compassion – Reflections on Animal characteristic of the wave of bhakti (devotion) sweeping India at that Advocacy in World Religions New York: Lantern Books time: thus, though the Bishnois worshipped Vishnu, they adopted the 9. Chaurvedi, Neekee 2018 Cultural Tourism and Bishnois of Rajasthan Muslim practice of burial of the dead. Jambaji,[sic.] evidently, could Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar not countenance the idea of felling a tree to obtain wood for the funeral 10. Fairhead, James and Leach, Mellissa 1994 ‘Contested Forests: Modern pyre. His near contemporaries in north India would have been Kabir, Conservation and Historical land Use in Guinea’s Ziama Reserve’ in Tulsidas, and Mirabai, among other famous exponents of bhakti, and African Affairs 93: 481-512, and Gibson and Marks (1995) for one has only to recall Kabir’s disdain for customary practices (such discussions of examples and brief reviews of the relevant literature as circumcision among Muslims, and the thread ceremony among 11. Ghai, Dharami 1993 Conservation, ‘Livelihood and Democracy: Social savarna [high-caste] Hindus) to realize that Jambaji’s own iconoclasm, Dynamics of Environmental Change in Africa’ in Osterreichische whatever its distinct features, was perhaps in some respects part of Zeitschrift fur Soziologie 18:56-75 the wider ethos.” The Bishnois strongly uphold harmony with nature 12. Gottlieb, Roger S. 2011 ‘Foreword’ in Jain, Pankaj, Dharma and but they also seek harmony in the society. Ecology of Hindu Communities UK: Ashgate The life-hostile dreariness of Thar Desert in western Rajasthan 13. Gottlieb, Roger S., 1996 The Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature and is jotted with green belts here and there. This is entirely due to human Environment New York: Routledge effort. The wise strategies of local communities can be attributed to 14. Jain, Bhuvanesh 2007 Registan ka lok Vigyan (Folk Science of Desert) working out this miracle, of which, the Bishnois seem to be particularly Badmer: SURE pro-active. Guru Jambeshwar had said that he does not cross the land 15. Jain, Pankaj 2011 Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities – where green trees are not present. Sustenance and Sustainability UK: Ashgate 16. Kalland, A. and Persoon, G. (eds.) 1998 Environmental Movements in Jathe hoiye nahi lilo banth Asia Surrey: Curzon Press Bathe par nahi meri chhant 17. Katha Vigatavali Kesoji Godara in Maheshwari, Heeralal 1970 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 169 93 Jambhoji, Vishnoi Sampradaya aur Sahitya Calcutta: B R Publications, 2: 726-728 18. Kheenchad, Tarachand 2012 Jambhvani (Shabdavani) Mukam: Akhil Travels of Guru Gobind Singh in Rajputana Bharatiya Bishnoi Mahasabha 19. Lal, Vinay 2003 ‘Bishnoi’ in Taylor, Bron et al (eds.) Encyclopaedia Kulbeer Singh Badal on Religion and Nature London: Continuum 20. Landry, Elizabeth 1990 An Introduction to the Fifteenth Century The social order in which Guru Gobind Singh1 was born and Rajasthani Saint J?mbho and His V??? A Thesis for Master of Arts, swells his memorandum was in the unbending grasp of caste University of Washington 21. Maheshwari, Heeralal 1970 Jambhoji, Bishnoi Sampradaya aur chauvinism, feudalistic tendencies, economic inequalities, disparity Sahitya (Jambhoji, Bishnoi Community and Literature) Calcutta: B. R. based on gender, obscurantism and authoritarianism. Hardly any strive Publications have been made in times gone by to scrutinize the travels of Guru 22. Maheshwari, Heeralal 1973 Jambhoji ki Sabadvani (Mool aur Teeka) Gobind Singh, principally, his visit to Rajputana. After departure from Calcutta: B R Publications Anandpur in 1705, he budged into the core parts of Malwa on the 23. Misra, Kartikeya and Chaturvedi, Neekee 2014 ‘Traditional Water road to the closing stages of 1706. Furthermore, he set forth for the Harvesting Structures and Community Participation in Western Deccan in order to make contact with Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. Rajasthan’ in SAARC Culture, Volume 5, 2014 Colombo: SAARC Apart from this, during the period 1706-1707, Guru Gobind Singh Cultural Centre, pp. 94-110 twice visited Rajputana. In the light of this, the present paper is an 24. Mukhopadhyaya, Durgadas 2008 Indigenous Knowledge and endeavour to draw attention to the significance of the journeys of Sustainable Resource Management in the Indian Desert in Lee, Cathy Guru Gobind Singh to Rajputana. and Scaff, Thomas (eds.) 2008 The Future of Drylands – International Subsequent to the battle of Chamkaur on December 6, 1704, Scientific Conference on Desertification and Drylands Research, Tunis, Guru Gobind Singh advanced to a place named Deena, from where, Tunisia, 19-21 June 2006, Paris: UNESCO and Springer pp.161-170 25. Sakhi Parmanand ji Vaniyal in Maheshari Heeralal 1970 Jambhoji, he wrote Zafarnama (Epistle of Victory) to the Mughal ruler, Vishnoi Sampradaya aur Sahitya Calcutta: B R Publications, 2: 863- Aurangzeb. According to Sainapat, In a little while, following the clash 864 of Khidrana, the Guru made up his mind that the moment in time has 26. Shiva, Vandana 2002 Staying Alive – Women, Ecology and come up to report Aurangzeb with the accurate depiction of all the Development UK: Zed Books way through which Punjab was going in addition about the sins that 27. Singh, Hardayal 1990 The Castes of Marwar being Census Report of his administration had committed underneath his headship. He, 1891 Jodhpur: Books Treasure additionally, jotted down that in this letter; Guru specified how he 28. Vilhoji ki Vani compiled by Bishnoi, Krishan Lal1993 Sirsa: was attacked while he was at Anandpur Sahib by a pervasive mishmash Sambhrathal Prakashan of the hill chiefs2, furthermore, how regal officials sided with them.3 29. Western, David and Wright,R. Michael (eds.)1994 Natural Guru, supplementary, asked in the letter whether he well thought-out Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation this as just and reasonable. He, in addition, put down, a true man of Washington DC: Island Press principle and nobility forever carry on his words even when he loses 30. Wisner, Ben 1990 ‘Harvest of Sustainability: Recent Books on his existence, other than this, a deceitful man says one thing and does Environmental Management’ in Journal of Development Studies 26: another. Consequently, the emperor officials acted reminiscent like 335-341 the perfidious man and in due course, broke the pledges.4 Sainapat, 31. Wolf, Eric 1982 Europe and the People without History Berkley: further, makes an attention-grabbing statement on the entire state of University of California affairs and mark down that Guru auxiliary states the conscientiousness for this, the Emperor was bound to bear. Moreover, Guru asks Emperor religiously that what reply he would bestow in front of Allah. Sainapat, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 171 94 172 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 finally, pen down that Guru had sent this letter with an intention to narrated the inclusive facets of Guru Nanak’s visit to this place. He meet up Aurangzeb face-to-face with an entourage of one thousand too had an elongated conversation with Guru Gobind Singh that horsemen. incorporated discussions on state, society in addition to spirituality. For that reason, in the middle of December 1705, Bhai Daya Subsequent to this conversation, he took Khanda-ki-Pahul as well as Singh left Dina with Guru’s Zafarnama and in due course, reached joined the Khalsa brotherhood.7 In the vicinity of Pushkar, countless8 Ahmednagar by the end of January 1706 where he met Mughal ruler, devotees came to disburse their reverence to Guru. One amongst them Aurangzeb.5 After the appraisal of Guru’s letter, the psyche of asked a question concerning the outfit of Guru and said, Your (Guru Aurangzeb got thoroughly transformed. He, then, wrote a letter to his Gobind Singh) dress neither looks like a Hindu Saint nor like a Muslim Prime Minster, Monmin Kham in which he concentrated to do away saint. On hearing this, Guru answered, his undertaking was both for with all precincts forced on Guru Gobind Singh. Beside this, the the Hindus as well as for the Muslims. Moreover, he has surpassed all Emperor too wrote a letter to Guru Gobind Singh in which he pleaded types of Particularism. For that reason, his dress debarred Guru to pay a visit to South India. He, furthermore, summoned him distinctiveness of its own.9 for a dialogue as well as guaranteed him that righteousness would be From Pushkar, he went to Narayana, where the tomb of a done. On the Guru Gobind Singh’s part, he, too, had articulated his renowned Hindu saint, Dadu is located.10 At Dadudwar Guru had a yearning in Zafarnama to meet Aurangzeb in the following words, “If discussion with Mahant Jait Ram who was the guardian of the place Almighty commands me, I will go to you with all my heart”. Noted of pilgrimage at the time of Guru’s visit. Mahant Jait Ram was historian, Hari Ram Gupta comments that ‘Aurangzeb appealed the flabbergasted at the clothing and behaviour of the Guru, thus remarked Guru to come’. Correspondingly, Inayatullah in his Akham-e-Alamgiri in revelation, ‘Lord, no doubt, you have saved Hindus but your mode mentions that Guru Gobind Singh wanted a consultation with the of thinking and style of living were not appropriate’.11 He further went emperor. He further informs ‘Aurangzeb nominated Sheikh Mohammad on quoting Saint Dadu, ‘Surrender thy claim to every worldly thing Yar Mansabdar and Mohammad Beg Gurzbardar to soothe Gobind and pass the days without claims’.12 On listening this, Guru said, ‘Assert Rai, a Nanak Prastan and bring him to the court. Moreover, the Prime thy claim the world, extirpate the wicked who doeth the evil’. On Minister, Mouium Khan was directed to endow him with convoy on listening this, Jait Ram understood the importation of the Guru’s the boundary of every province along with the payment of travelling undertaking, moreover, articulated his concurrence with him.13 On expenses, if demanded’. the other hand, with regard to this, there is a oral tradition supported However Guru Gobind Singh started his journey from Damdama by Giani Gian Singh that at this time, after carrying out Ardas (Sikh Sahib, Punjab on 30 October, 1706 towards Southern India via Sacred Prayer), ‘Guru had saluted the grave of Dadu by lifting an Rajputana to meet the emperor. Although the accurate figure of the arrow to his head and Sikhs had objected his action’. One among Sikhs accompanying Guru Gobind Singh towards South, as well as them was Man Singh who quoted the Guru’s own verse, “Ghaur Marhi all through his journey in Rajputana is not available however according Mat Phul Na Maano” (Worship not even by mistake cemeteries or to the accessible information, Man Singh, Ram Singh, Fateh Singh, places of cremation) and imposed a fine of five hundred rupees on Dharm Singh, Ram Pram Singh, the grand sons of Bhai Rupa along Guru. On hearing this, Guru replied, “I am in high spirits that my with Bhai Dalla accompanied Guru Gobind Singh.6 Commencing from Khalsa is completely attentive and conscious. I was presently revealing Sirsa and halting in the villages of Kowal and Jhorar, they went to your consciousness and alertness; however, I am all set to shell out Rajputana. In Rajputana, Guru Gobind Singh and his companions fine.” Ultimately, he did so. From Narayana, the Guru and others foremost stay was at Suhevai, also called Suhava at Churu, and from proceeded all the way through Lali, Ghamroda. After passing through there, they proceeded to Bahaduran. Thereafter, they went to Pushkar, numeral other villages, they reached Kolayat where he met Bhai Daya a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Prior to him, this place was formerly Singh in February, 1707 who had arrived back from South India after visited by Guru Nanak during his Udasis. At the time of Guru Gobind meeting with Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. Singh’s visit, Pandit Chetan Misar was guardian of this place. He Leaving behind Kolayat Guru Gobind Singh and his ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 173 95 174 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 companions crossed the Aravali Mountains and reached Bhagaur.14 drum, the people of Chitaurgarh considered that the town had been Here they were affectionately received by the Rajput ruler of the area invaded by the robbers and the dacoits. They all came rushing out and named Shiv Partap and received the information about the passing saw the Sikhs purchasing grass. Nevertheless, there arose some away of Emperor Aurangzeb. Conversely, after the bereavement of conversation amid them which turned into tussle. In this encounter, a Aurangzeb, a war of succession started amid his sons whilst Guru Sikh named Zorawar Singh was martyred/killed. 15 was in Bhagaur. In the mean time, the ambassador of Bhadur Shah It is, nonetheless, noteworthy to reveal here that the Guru and came to Bhagaur along with letter from Bhadur Shah in which he had the emperor were moving toward southern India quite detach from asked for blessings in addition to help in the war of succession from each other with their respective armed forces. The Guru, under no the Guru. According to Gur Sobha, “The emissaries gave a written circumstances, had stayed in the regal camp as erroneously stated by letter from Bhadur Shah seeking the Guru’s help in the impending war some historians. As Khafi Khan says, The Guru was proceeding on with his brother, Azam. Bhadur Shah largely beseeched the blessings the way to Southern India with Emperor Bhadur Shah at the head of of the Guru as the Man of Almighty”.16 According to the writer of the two or three hundred horsemen along with infantry men armed with Mulakat da Parsang, Bhadur Shah in person called upon him in his spears. Fauja Singh also agrees in his work that Guru Gobind Singh difficulties. The Guru agreed and deputed Kuldepak Singh as a liaison proceed from Chitaurgarh to south India. According to Ganda Singh, officer who remained with the Emperor leading the battle of Jajau The Guru while proceeding to Southern India predominantly engaged (June, 1707).17 Beside this, he had also determined to dispatch two or three hundred Sikhs under the command of Bhai Dharm Singh to side himself in visiting the country side preaching Sikhism to the people. with Bhadur Shah as an indication of moral support.18 However, on To conclude it can be said that the travels of Guru Gobind Singh June, 1707, a scuffle took at place, Jajau amid Bhadur Shah and Azam made a strong impact on the socio religious thought of Rajputs, in in which Bhadur Shah was triumphant. addition, strengthened relationship between Sikhs and Rajputs. Conversely by helping Bhadur Shah to became ruler of Mughal India Subsequent to the battle of Jajau, Bhadur Shah sought to express Guru Gobind Singh practically shown that he had no ill will against gratitude to Guru and on the latter’s request, Guru decided to meet any religion or clan, and set an ideal of secularism for upcoming him at Agra. The Emperor received the Guru with immense generations. courteousness and affection. The Guru was offered with a rich robe of admiration and jewelled scarf along with a sword (Saif) that References originally belonged to Hazrat Ali but was gifted to Aurangzeb by the 1. Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna in 1723 BK viz, 1666 CE; Karm chief priest of Mecca, during his visit to Mecca. Singh, Gurpuray Nirnay , Amritsar, 1912, p. 172. After becoming the Emperor of India, Bhadur Shah determined 2. A. C. Banerji observes that the difference between the Guru Gobind to go to southern India in order to settle its associations with his Singh and hill chiefs were sharpened by the creation of Khalsaji, as it younger brother, Kam Baksh. The Emperor requested Guru to emphasis on the abolition of caste system and discrimination based on accompany him. As a result, Guru decided to visit southern India.19 caste system and it was challenge to the social exclusiveness of the hill society. According to M.A. Macauliffe, They both visited Jodhpur and 3. Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnama,ed. Bhai Vir Singh, Delhi, 2017, Stanza Chitaurgarh. Each Raja sent his envoy to resolve differences and 20. reimburse reverence to the Guru. At Chitaurgarh, there arose a 4. For details see Zafarnama. squabble amid the Sikhs and Rajputs on the account of some grass 5. After protected fruitless fighting with the Maharathas for long six that the former had taken for their horses. On the other hand, Ganda years he returned to Ahmednagar on January 30, 1706. Singh states that when the two camps passed near the town of 6. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, ed. Pyara Singh Padam, Chitaurgarh,20 a Sikh named Zorawar Singh along with some other Patiala, 1986 p. 187. Sikhs went to see the city of Chitaurgarh and the fort. There was a 7. For details see M.A. Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion, Vol V, Oxford beat of the drum. Conversely, on hearing the reverberation of the University Press, 1909, p. 224. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 175 96 8. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 187. 9. Ibid. 10. Giani Gian SinghTwarikh Guru Khalsa, ed. K.S.Raju, Language Khatu : A Heritage Town of Marwar Department, Patiala, 2011, p. 1093; for details see Nanak Singh, Sri Tirath Darshan. Jibraeil 11. Bahi Sarup Singh Kaushik Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 181. 12. For details see Bahi Santokh Singh, Guru Partap Suraj Granth; Gyani Khatu is one of the earliest heritage towns of Rajasthan1. It is Gyan Singh, Tawarikh-e-Guru Khalsa. an important socio-religious and economic satellite centres of district 13. Sainapat Gur Sobha ed. Ganda Singh, Patialla, 1967, p. 143; Swarup Nagaur (see Map-1). It was situated on the medieval route from Multan Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 120; Bhai Santokh Singh,Guru 2 Partap Suraj Granth, ed. Bahi Vir Singh, Patiala, 2011, p. 6150; Also to Bayana (see Map-2). This route was also connected Delhi to 3 see Gaini Gain Singh, Tawarikh-e-Guru Khalsa. Daulatabad at Bayana (see Table-1 and Map-3). The old name of 14. Bhai Santokh Singh, Gurpratp Suraj Granth, Patiala, 2011,p. 6162. Khatu was Shatkup (six wells) which shows its significance regarding 15. Giani Gian Singh, Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Languages Department, water management4. Shak rulers came to India and they brought two Punjab, 1999, p. 1096; Bhai Saroop 16. Singh Kaushik, Guru Kian new wells with them which were called Shakandhu (Step-well/Baoli)5 Sakhian, p.189, and Kalandh (Rahat) 6. The town was also renowned for its pale yellow 16. Sri Gurupartap Suraj Granth, P. 6167-6168 ;Sainapat, Gur Sobha, , p. sand stone, much valued in the Sultanate and Mughal period7, and still 143. exported to other parts of India. Khatu once had a stone fort, which, 17. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, 183. according to a local legend was constructed by Mahmud of Ghazna, 18. Ganda Singh “Guru Gobind the Last” in Punjab Past and Present, Vol at the time of his campaign to Somnath. But there is no historical XVII-I, 1983, p 17. evidences that Mahmud himself was ever visited in the region, but the 19. Koer Singh, Gurblias Patshahi X, ed. Shamshear Singh Ashok, Patiala, legend may reflect that the Ghaznavi territory of Nagaur was extended 1968, p. 403. to as Far East as Khatu8. An inscription is also reported by Chaghtai to 20. Saroop Singh Kaushia, Guru kia sakhian, p.181; Koear Singh, Gurblias have once existed there, dated AH 484/AD 1091-2, which falls in the Patshahi X, ed. Shamsher Singh Ashok, Patiala, 1968, p. 270. time of the Ghaznavid Sultan Abrahim Shah. Chaghtai did not see the inscription itself, local inscriptions have been found in Khatu9, confirming that from the beginning of the domination of Islam in India, Khatu was in Muslim hands and that is why Muslim constructed so many religious and non-religious or secular monuments in and around qasba Khatu10. The earliest existing inscription in Khatu is found in a ruinous mosque within the private property (haveli) of Thakur Dhonkal Singh11. The inscription records the construction of a mosque on 4th February 1203 (20th Jumada I, 599) which falls into the Ghurid conquest of India12. Through other inscription the names of a number of Muslim governors of Khatu have come to us. Among the earlier ones are Iltutmish’s governor Masood-b-Ahmad-b-Umar-al-Khalj and Balban’s governor Said-al-din-Husain-al-Sultani13. According to , Khatu’s old name was Khatwan, while old Khatu is almost destroyed. Now there are two towns (big villages), one is Chhoti Khatu and other is called Bari Khatu (see Choti Khatu and Bari Khatu on Map-4). ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 177 97 178 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Both of these sites are presently known for its rich culture and prosperity and considered as the heritage town of Marwar. In an exhaustive physical survey, our team explored many heritage monuments of both of the Khatu including temples, dargahs14 and water structures15.

Map-2: Khatu on Multan to Bayana Route

Map-1: Khatu: A Satellite Centre of District Nagaur on Map Table-1 Multan to Bayana via Khatu 1. Multan to Bayana Via Khatu Multan-Nagaur-Khatu-Ajmer- Bayana (Map-2) \ 2. Multan to Daulatabad Multan-Delhi-Bayana-Ajmer- Daulatabad (Map-3) 3. Multan to Daulatabad Multan-Nagaur-Khatu-Ajmer- Bayana-Burhanpur-Daulatabad (Map-3)

Map-3: Khatu on Multan to Daulatabad via Bayana Route ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 179 98 180 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 marginalized sections of the town20. (ii) Primar School Ke Kuven: There are four wells inside the boundary of the primary school. According to the locals all four wells were situated near a small talab which now has been covered and filled up by the silts and sands21. (iii) Hanuman Sagar: This is still in operation. It was very old well which was renovated in VS 2009/AD1952 while being used by the traders passing this town for their trade. It was constructed by a bajaj, a baniya caste, and therefore it is called as Bajajon Ka Kuwan22. (iv) Two Baoris/Baolis: It is very interesting to note that both of the baoris were being used for drinking as well as for irrigation to raise the vegetables around in 15 bighas of lands. (a) Gaon Ka Kuwan: According to the locals a baori called as Map-4: Choti Khatu and Bari Khatu on Map ‘Gaon Ka Kuwan’ was very significance because Malis were using water of it for irrigation while rest of the people of the town for Chhoti Khatu drinking purpose. It is also called as Maliyon Ka Dhada. It is looks It is a small town in Nagaur district of Rajasthan and is around like a baori, containing steps to reach inside the well. Presently it is 16 65 Kms away from Nagaur and about 30 Kms away from Didwana . not in use and it is more than 160 fts deep23. It is an archaeological site with many water-bodies and other (b) Phool Baori: Another baori of Chhoti Khatu is called ‘Phool monuments related to different sects and saints. Following are the Baori’ has almost the same impression and the present condition of it main water bodies and monuments are situated in Chhoti Khatu: is very good. But it is also not in operation. Water of this well was (i) Kumbhar Khania Talab: It is situated in the east of Choti very sweet. It is very true to say that the water of this well was being Khatu. An old temple of Jagdamba faith is situated on the bank of the used for irrigation, particularly to raise the vegetables24. Due to tank, and another temple was constructed probably in 100 years back modernization and urbanization, the lands were being used for the by the locals. The length and the breadth of this tank are measured production of vegetables now has been confiscated by the people and are about 400X300 mtrs respectively. According to the locals, it living in the region. This “L” shape step-well runs from north to south is very old and initially was only talab, for the use of the people of the with the entry lying towards the east at the northern end. This step- town17. well is artistic in its style of architecture. It is sadly neglected, even is (ii) Doodh Talai: It is more than 200 years old tank considered mal treated monuments located 39 kms. East of Kuchaman. It is the 18 as a talai . Water of this tank was always very sweet and was being repository of some of the finest specimens of decorative and figural used by the people of the town for the purpose of only drinking. Its sculpture that one can hope to see in Rajasthan. It is believed that it measurement is 1000X1000 mtrs. in its length and breadth. was constructed in the early period of Gurjara Pratiharas which show There are more than six wells and two baolis/ baoris in the four landings, the second and the third being the most decorated ones. town such as Keshoram Meghwal Kuwan, Four wells near Primary The second landing shows one deep and elaborate niche, on either School, Lohiya Kuwan, and Hanuman Sagar Kuwan. Two baoris such side. The niche properly framed by a border carrying Valli and inset as Maliyon Ka Dhada and Phool Baori19. Details are mentioned below: within, is a mini Trishakha door frame with Ganga and Yamuna at the (i) Kesoramji Meghawal Kuwan: It is situated in the south of bases of the Jambs, underscoring the niches being conceived as a the Kumbhar Khania talab and is very close to it. It is not in operation mini shrine the Pediments of these niches are things of beauty in while specifically water of this well was being used for drinking of themselves. Each Pediment rests over a Kapotapali and features a ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 181 99 182 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 projected Tri-sectioned Rathika in the centre adjoined by mini Dvi- Gopaldas succeeded to the gaddi and became the ruler of Pali in ange shrines copped by Ekandaka- latina pinnacles. The third level is Marwar. During Delhi Sultanate many Muslim Sufi saints settled down essentially similar but with some differences. The pediments of one in the town29 such as Maghribi Shah (Dargah of Maghribi Shah) 30, of the confronting niches here show another top level and consisting Samman Shah (Dargah of Samman Shah) 31, etc. Many inscriptions of a Shimhakarna or large Chamber Shala placed at the back near the are also available in Persian, which are providing immense information wall. The step-well is about 9 fts wide, 200fts deep and more than regarding Sufi saints of Khatu (see Table-3 and 4). Many other 110 fts in length along its axis25. monuments and water structures are exist in the town32. Phool Baori, Chhoti Khatu Table-3 : Inscription on Dargah of Maghribi Shah (c) Two dargah and two old mosques are also situated in Chhoti Place Dargah of Maghribi Shah, into the wall of the Verandah Khatu. Khatu was among the towns of Rajasthan which was revisited on the West 26 by Mir Muhammad Masum Nami on his journey from Iran . One Date AH 629, Ramadhan, June-July 1232 AD very old mosque is now in very bad condition. According to the locals, Dynasty Mamluk the Muslims were offering five times prayer (namaaz) in this mosque since its construction in 13th century. But the people who were residing King Iltutmish near this mosque has been permanently migrated and shifted near the Contents Records the construction of a tank by Masud son of dargah of Chhoti Khatu27. There is a dargah inside the second old Ahmad, son of Umar al- Khilji mosque called as Nizamuddin Bukhari Dargah or Sayyid Shah Nizam Source EIAPS, 1966, pp. 6-7, pl. Ib, ARIE, 1958-59, No. D. Bukhari Dargah in Chhoti Khatu. It has an inscription (see Table-2) 170, PAIOC, Mysore, pp.632-34 inscribed on the wall of the dargah28. Table-4 : Inscription on Dargah of Samman Shah Table-2 Place Dargah of Samman Shah, Over the main entrance Inscription on Dargah of Chhoti Khatu Date AH 802, 1399-1400 AD Place On the Dargah of Sayyid Shah Nizam Bukhari Dynasty Not Known Date AH 1080, Dhul Hijja 26, Sunday, May 7, 1670 AD King Not Known Dynasty Not Known Contents Records the construction of the tomb of Shah King Not Known Shamman and gives AH 648 (1250-51 AD) as the date Contents States that Sayyid Nizam Bukhari who came from of his death Lahore died at the age of one hundred years after a Source ARIE, 1958-59, No. D. 177 sojourn of forty years at this place After a cursary survey, it is observed that the qasba Khatu was Source ARIE, 1962-63, No. D. 193 an important place in Marwar during Medieval period, which was Bari Khatu known for its richness regarding the socio-religious and cultural The Thikana is the head seat of Chanpawat (Champawat) clan history. It has its own significance and contributed much for the of Rathore dynasty and is also known as Bari-Khatu (Khatu Badi), or making of the composite culture and still maintained its popularity Khatu Kalan and the Chief were enjoying single Tazim and Kurab Banh due to existence of many heritage monuments either on the banks of in the Jodhpur Durbar. Founder of the family was Rao Champaji of the talabs or in the boundary wall of the qasba. The town therefore is Kaparda in Jodhpur, who became the ancestor of the founders of an example of communal harmony and peace. Hindu, Jain and Muslims Khatu, Daspan, Ransigaon etc. He was succeeded by Rao Bherodasji are the majority of population and are very loving and cooperative to of Kaparda, Rao Jaisaji, and then Rao Mandanji, whose son Rao each other. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 183 100 184 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 References 7. Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of Rajasthan, op. cit., p. 108 1. According to Yaqub Ali Khan, Khatu was the earliest Islamic sites of 8. Ain-I-Akbari, Vol. I, p.512. Rajasthan. For details see Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of 9. Z.A. Desai, Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan , published by The Rajasthan, B.R.Publishing Corporation, Delhi,2011, p. 108. With the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan, accession of Chunda as the ruler of Marwar in about 1383 AD the Jaipur, 1971, pp.28-42. history of the Rathore principality centres a new phase of increasing 10. Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of Rajasthan, op. cit., p. 108. expansion of its domain, which was made possible due to weak 11. Ibid. successors of Firoz Tughlaq as the Sultan of Delhi (Biram Died in the 12. ARIE, 1962-63, p.200. [Our team deliberates plenty to decipher the year of 1383 AD fighting against the Johyas in a village (Lakhbara) inscription with the help of the Persian knowing scholars and few near Gajner in Bikaner, vide, The Gajner Inscription of the year of others who engaged especially on the Mughal Architecture]. 1383 AD; Vir Vinod, p. 802). According to the sources Chunda’s career 13. EIAPS, 1966, pp.5-6, and 13. opens with varied conquests and of great significance. Thus, he finally 14. In Indo-Persian literature, the term dargah is used both for the royal brought under his rule all the territories round about Mandor (Bahi, court and the tomb of a pious man. For it see Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, f. 16 b; Nainsi, II, p.89, Jodhpur Khyat, I, p. 30, Vir Vinod, p.803), and ‘The Early Chishti Dargahs’, published in Muslim Shrines in India, Nagor (Bahi f. 17a; Nansi, II, p.90;). Chunda also subdued Khatu, edited by Christian W. Troll, OUP, New Delhi, 1989, p.1. Cf. Ziauddin Didwana, Sambhar and Ajmer, while all of which were then under the Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1862, Muslim rule (Bahi, f.17b; Jodpur Khyat, I, p. 31; Kaviraj Khyat, II, pp. 494,499 (In Urdu dargah means only the tomb of a Muslim saint). p.29). For more details see Visheshwar S.Bhargava, Marwar and The 15. We have surveyed important monuments which are associated with Mughal Emperors (AD 1526-1748), Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, water structures of Khatu. The tenure of our survey tour was on 26 to 1966, p.7.[ During my work, I felt that Immense evidences are available 29 March, 2017. in the archival records regarding the monuments of Khatu but still 16. Inch map of the area. there is no much works has been done on it. It needs more wore work]. 17. Physical survey and interview at the site. 2. Map on ‘Medieval Roads to the Deccan’, prepared by Zahoor Ali Khan, 18. The difference between talab and talai is basically related to their size available in the Cartography Lab, Centre of Advanced Study, and the slope to their size. The slope of talab is on the corner while that Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University; Irfan Habib, An of talai is kept in the centre of the water body. Atlas of the Mughal Empire, Delhi, 1982, p. 0B; The Times Reference 19. Physical survey and interview at the site. Atlas of the World, Times Books, London, 1995, pp. 143-153. 20. Ibid. 3. Map on ‘The Mughal Empire Economic’, prepared by Faiz Habib, 21. Ibid available in the Cartography Lab, Centre of Advanced Study, 22. Ibid. Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University; Irfan Habib, An 23. Ibid Atlas of the Mughal Empire, Delhi, 1982, p. 0B; The Times Reference 24. In an interview, an old man of Mali caste explained us that due to Atlas of the World, Times Books, London, 1995, pp. 143-153. sweetness of water of this baori, almost all the produced vegetables 4. This information is available in the records of Survey Report of the were fresh and carrot was sweet in taste. A step-well in Rajasthan Archaeology and the area surveyed and verified by our survey team called baoli or baori or bavadi. See Dying Wisdom (Traditional Water after conducting many interviews with the locals and knowledgeable Harvesting System), ed. Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, CSE, p.389 persons of the town. (Glossary). 5. The baoli/baori is still alive but not in operation. Presently it is under 25. Exhaustive physical survey and interview at the site. the custody of the Archaeological Survey of India and popularly known 26. ARIE, 1958, pp.172-4. as Phool Baori. 27. Physical survey and interview with the knowledgeable persons at the 6. The Kaland/Rahat operated well is still alive but not in operation. site. Presently it is surrounded by huts and is not possible to survey the 28. The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums), wells. Presently it is known as Maliyon Ka Dhada or Gaon Ka Kuwan. published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 185 101 Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 168, pp. 53-54. Emergence and Growth of Ladnun as 29. Samandiyan Baba Dargah, (It is more than 800 years old dargah of Chishti Silsila). It is situated in the parkota boundary of the old fort of an Urban Centre (13th–17th c. A.D.) Khatu. According to some sources fort was situated in Chhoti Khatu Ms. S.S. Arif but through our survey it is proved that it exists in Badi Khatu. 30. The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums), published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Ladnun is a town located in the Nagaur district of the Indian Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List state of Rajasthan. Ladnun was earlier known as Chanderi Nagari. It of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 86, is located 225 km northwest of Jaipur. It is situated 329 metres above p. 28. sea level. In historic point of view this city was witness to the culture 31. The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums), between Ganeshwar and Indus. Stone objects found at areas around published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List Nagaur, Parbatsar and Didwana proves the presence of pre historic of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 105, man. The emergence of chalcolithic civilization of Sikar Jodhpura p. 34. side by side with Ladnun makes it important in historical point of 32. Water bodies such as Shiv Talab, Mulukpur Talab, Dharagar Talab view. Ladnun is mentioned in Mahabharata by the name of Gandharvana and other three wells which are not in operation. under asharam of Acharya Bharadwaja.1 In medieval times, this area was under the Pratiharas prior to the . After the Turkish invasion, the rule of Rajputs was scattered and power of Pratiharas and Chauhans remained limited to small regions. A number of inscriptions are found in Ladnun containing names of Delhi Sultans like Alauddin Khilji, Firoz Shah Tughlaq, etc showing that the city had some connections with the Delhi Sultanate.2 It is also noticeable that the said town was very rich and prosperous during the reign of Akbar3 and his successor as well. It can be seen through a table ( Table I) showing collection of revenue from Ladnun belonging to the Sarkar of Nagor. Out of total revenue collected from Nagor, 2.33% belonged to Ladnun and ranking 14 among the 28 mahals. My present paper on Ladnun is based on the survey conducted by a survey team under Prof. Yaqub Ali Khan and Dr. Jibraeil, in March 2017, of which I was also a member. The city of Ladnun was under the Mohil Rajputs from 12th to 16th century, A.D. The Ladnun fort which is presently in ruined condition is said to have been built by Chauhans. The earliest surviving inscription found in the fort belong to the 1010 V.S. (953 A.D).4It seems that there is only one surviving wall of the fort containing bastions. (Plate I) Presently the fort is survived by a number of Jain and Hindu temples and mosques. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 187 102 188 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Shahi Jama Masjid: that the people of various caste were living together in the area. (Plate This is one of the surviving mosque situated very near to the VI and Other notable sites of the cities are bees khamba , main gateway of the fort. It was surveyed with the help of Janab Kalushah Pir Baba ki dargah, manjhsa talab, panchpiron ka maza, etc. Murad Khan. The entrance of the mosque contains an inscription Conclusion: beginning with the first Kalima of Islam (Plate II). There are several The historical importance of Ladnun could well understand by other inscriptions containing Quranic verses. The surviving pillars of the fact that the city finds its mention the Mahabharata. In medieval the mosque poses striking similarity with the Quwwat ul Islam mosque times this city had all the contents required for it to be an emerging th and Adhai din ka Jhonpdha belonging to the late years of the 12 urban centre. The city had a fort, a number of dargah, ancient Jain th century, A.D. and early years of 13 century, A.D. respectively (Plate and Hindu temples, baoli, etc. Unfortunately, it failed to gather attention III). It seems that the technique adopted in the construction is by of the historians to trace its contribution to history. Ladnun has been dismantling neighboring temples and then re-erecting them in the form known as the centre of Jain. The Jain monks must have travelled of a mosque. The Shahi Jama Masjid is said to have been constructed extentively throughout the area to promote their religion. The Jains some 400 years after the fort, during the time of Shams Khan Dandani.5 generally practice trade which leds to the coming of more and more From the survey profound information could not be gathered regarding people. The urs held at the dargah of Ghazi Umar Rao Pir have the authenticity of the time period of the mosque as the area is now promoted the notion of composite culture in the city. been confiscated by the local population. References: Bhairon Ji ka Mandir: 1. Surajmal Rao, Itihas ke paripeksh me Ladnun Nagar, cyclostyle. Further moving inside the the fort a temple is found called 2. Z. A. Desai, Published Muslims Inscriptions on Rajasthan, Govt of Bhairon Ji ka Mandir, surveyd by the help of Shri Ramdayal. Presently Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, pp 98- 101, K. K. Sehgal , Rajasthan District the temple has been renovated and is located at the corner of the fort. Gazetteers, Govt of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1975, p-26 (Plate IV). 3. Abul Fazl Allami, Ain i Akbari, Vol II, translated into English by H. S. Jarret, Low Price Publications, Delhi 2011, p 282 Dargah of Ghazi Umar Rao: 4. Goving Agarawal, Churumandal ka Shodhpurn Itihaas, Lok Sanskriti Few steps away from the Ladnun fort is the dargah of Ghazi Shodh Sansthan, 1974, p-61 Umar Rao. The dargah is in well preserved condition containing a 5. Shams Khan Dandani was the founder of the Khanzada Dynasty mosque. (Plate V). Sufi Hameeduddin Suwali of Nagaur who belonged belonging to the first half of 15th century to the thirteenth century has mentioned about his visit to Ladnun and 6. M. H. Siddiqi, Madhyakaleen Nagaur ka Itihas, Rajasthani Granthagar, to the shrine of Ghazi Umar Rao.6 Jodhpur, 2001, p- 227- 236 7. Pushpa Prasad, Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191- 1526, Dargah baoli: Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1990, p- 6 Pushpa Prasad in her work Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191- 15267, explains the areas under Dihli as Bang, Tilang, Gurjar, Karnataka, Gauda and Pandayan associated with Ladnun in the 14th century, A.D. She is also giving information in a list called Ladnun inscription of 1316 A,D. regarding the same. It is also significant that a baoli/ stepwell being explained by same author but there is no adequate information regarding the exact location of the baoli. In our survey we also explored a baoli. The baoli or stepwell is situated right infront of the dargah. It contains a big graveyard containing many inscriptions.It is evident through these inscriptions 103 190 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tanakas, stepped ponds have played an important role for the people of this region. The Emperors of this arid land were also involved in Water Reservoirs in Jaipur during erection of artificial lakes, ponds, step-wells and stepped ponds, which has been also representing a long period of their water architecture. 18th-19th Centuries Kachhwahas, the rulers of Amber adorned this region with many Ritika Meena beautiful architectural jewels; and the step-wells, stepped ponds, lakes, tanakas, kunds were among them. Water is life – these words really make sense for the people of Water Reservoirs in Jaipur Rajasthan. This hot and arid land has lack of perennial rivers though Talkatora-It is a small lake situated behind the Jai Niwas garden has a short rainy season and few substantial rivers and most of them and Govindadeva temple, which can be reached through a way passing dry up completely during the hot season. This initiated people of through Chougan. This was laid by Sawai Jai Singh in A.D. 1713 Rajasthan to have large water reservoirs, such as – wells, shallow- adjoined to a hunting lodge and a pleasure garden Jai Niwas situated tanks, deep stepped basins (kunds), step-wells, artificial lakes and at the northern-western corner of the Mansagar and Manbagh.5 ornamented pools in palaces which accumulate water during the rainy According to Girdhari’s Bhojansara of 1739, Sawai Jai Singh specified season and act as water reserves for the local communities. From that ‘Jai Niwas should come within the city, this is my wish’.6 Later, ancient times water is considered as a sacred element in India as well the Govindadeva temple was also shifted to Jai Niwas garden at Surya as many of the ancient literary texts have also elaborated on the Mahal; and Badal Mahal, a retreat palace was also built by Jai Singh at significance of water. Sanskrit text Brhatsanhita alluded that the God the shores of Talkatora in A.D. 1729. Earlier, it was known as Shikar or our deities would like to reside near at water, such as at the shores Odi,7 which served as a hunting lodge for the chiefs and later after of ponds, lakes, and rivers with plentiful surroundings of greenery alterations made in 1729, it named Badal Mahal. But now at present, and mountains.1 Consequently, Indians grew up in a world laced with the Badal Mahal holds more attractive scenes to be witnessed. images of water. In one classical tale, or purana, a lake that never dries up is sited where the world connects to heaven, near Mount As H.L. Showers describes it in his ‘Notes on Jaipur’ “the Meru. The lake’s pure water is filled with lotuses, the flower symbol Talkatora, or as visitors called it Alligator tank, lies immediately beyond of the mother goddess who takes the form of water and lives in water.2 the Badal Mahal was crowded with Alligators. They are regularly fed at the durbar expanses. They are quite tame and come up the steps of Subsequently, the belief in water gradually increased; from dawn the tank to receive food from the hands of the attendants. A pastime to dusk it is used as a main element in performing rituals either in Hinduism or in Muslims. Hindus beliefs in three elemental ideas such occasionally indulged in is the feeding of the Alligators with bait tied as- water gives life, a daily bath cleans us of sin, and a bath replicates to a long rope. This is thrown into the tank and there is soon a battle a moment when one is closest to heaven.3 However, Hindus also royal for its possession. The successful combatant having bolted the expressed it as “tirthas”, means “watering hole” and a spot or expanse bait, rope and all, a tug- of- war ensues between him and the men of water that gives merit to anyone who baths in it, “owing to its own holding the rope. It takes many men to haul the monster on shore. 8 nature”.4 The tirthas (centres of pilgrimage) are, almost invariably, Finally, he bites the rope through and escapes.” situated on the bank of a river, sea-shore, lake or stream, pond, step- The narrative scene, mentioned in the description of H. L. wells, step-ponds, etc., particularly the Ganga River in North India Showers closely resembles to a painting of Mewar (A. D.1720), in has its own significance which has a direct link between water and which the Maharana Sangram Singh and his nobles stand in an open the sacredness; Hindus anxiously prefer to have a bath on its shores hall overlooking the (much exaggerated) landing ghat, where the wildly as a pilgrimage. thrashing lake alligators are being ceremoniously fed.9 Perhaps, Sawai Apart from this, due to the largely arid climatic conditions in Jai Singh had been influenced by the Pichola Lake with alligators; and Rajasthan, the provision of artificial lakes, ponds, step-wells or baoris, borrowed that idea from Mewar. Later, he infused that idea here in his ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 191 104 192 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ancestral land in the form Talkatora with alligators, which were also Dravyavati Canal-To resolve the problem of scarcity of water fed at the durbar expanses. Sawai Jai Singh had commenced a canal to bring water from the It was not enough from him, like inMewar at Gangaur ghat of Dravyavati River or Jhotwara River to his new city in A.D. 1727.11 Pichola Lake here at Talkatora at Jaipur, the Sawai Jai Singh and his But the arzdasht letters from Anand Ram to Jai Singh, of Shravana successor’s holds durbars on the occasion of Gangaur and Teej Badi 13, V.S. 1783 (A. D.1726) reveals that a canal from Bandi River, festivals, and it is here that the processions met to its end. These about nine kos from JaiNiwas, would prove a more difficult and costly ceremonial occasions would enhance the beauty of this Talkatora, but undertaking than one from the Jhotwara River, which was about 2 now there are no alligators in the tank. kms from the palace, and intervening sand dunes were also not very 12 As it has been already mentioned that the water reservoirs and high. water management systems are the primary requirements for the A map plan at pothikhana, city palace also reveals that a large establishment of any city, this was not negotiated in the planning of canal was planned to be built from Bhavasagar dam at Ramgarh to the Sawai Jaipur. Infact, scarcity of water in Amber was one another Dravyavati Lake near Jaipur, to bring water to the new capital of reason including overcrowding of Amber. Thus Sawai Jai Singh chose Sawai Jai Singh. It was never built, but the detailed plans for it depicted this site for the establishment of his new capital because of its proximity how far the project was developed. Three thousand pillars were to be to water resources like Mansagar, Talkatora and Dravyavati River in erected to carry the channel at a regular height, and the distance the north-west. Simultaneously, he built Jaisagar adjacent to Talkatora. between the pillars is given in a textual note. Pillars at 1000 gaz intervals Jaisagar-The papers of Siayah – Imarati, Jama-Kharach reveals are shown in red, and at 100 gaz intervals in yellow. Each pillar is that the construction of Jaisagar was commenced in V. S. 1784-8510 numbered, and the height needed to raise the water is given, mostly by Sawai Jai Singh just adjacent to Talkatora towards the north-east between four and eight gaz. Villages on either side of the canal have of the city. This was also known as Raja Ayamal ka talab because it is been shown and named, and also the hills between which the canal 13 said that water from Jaisagar came up to the steps of his haveli during must pass. monsoon. It was also built to resolve the problem of water as well as Apart from this map, recently excavations under the Metro enhance the beauty of his city. Water flowed from the northern part Railway Project Work at Chhoti Choupar in Jaipur have revealed a of the city and the hillocks of Nahargarh. The water way from the canal which brought water to Jaipur from Dravyavati River which temple of Balanandji to the lake was called ‘Nandi’ which used to flow to the north-west of the city. Apparently, Sawai Jai Singh flow near the Fatehram’s Tibba through twelve openings called ‘moris’ borrowed this idea of a canal passes through intersecting the main finally reaching Jaisagar. When the lake was full, the extra water used market, from Mughals. In Shahjahanabad, Shah Jahan had also laid a to overflow from the west side of Madho Vilas (V.S. 1757) into the canal which passes through the main avenue of Faiz bazaar adjacent lake of Mansagar or Jal Mahal. to Lahore gate;14 later it was buried by the British in nineteenth century. Paintings at City palace, Jaipur are also evident of the fact of Besides it, Sawai Jai Singh had also excavated wells in city to facilitate existence of Jaisagar, in which Sawai Jai Singh with his ranis is the localities of Jaipur. standing in the Badal Mahal and having a view of Talkatora and Jaisagar Mansagar-Mansagar, an artificial lake popularly known as Jal from here. The magnificent beauty of these lakes is particularly depicted Mahal, created by Raja Man Singh at north-east of the way to Jaipur in this painting. The Sanskrit literary texts Ishavarvilaskavaym and from Amber, just next to the Kanak Ghati. He had also erected a dam Jaipur vaibhavam were also alluded about these lakes and also named bandh Mansagar adjoined to the Mansagar at the foot of the mentioned that this lake was filled up and it was converted into hills to north-east of it.15 Besides it, he also constructed a garden, brahmapuri i.e. reserve residential site for Brahmins in a city. Later, named Manbagh just at the front of Mansagar. In fact, the Manbagh they remained half portion of the Jaisagar adjacent to the brahmapuri and the Mansagar both are flanked on the edges of the way which was named SantoshSagar which align to the northern-eastern lead to the Sanganer16 from Amber. This was a main road, linking boundaries of city. Amber, the capital with Sanganer. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 193 105 194 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Man Singh laid this lake to fulfil the requirements of water which Nur or Fountain of Light at Ajmer built in year 161518 and Visal Sar at was a practical necessity as well as a form of pleasure resort where Ajmer completed in A. D. 1616.19 His successor Shah Jahan, they could relax at Manbagh placed just opposite to it. But consequently praise this architecture of hunting lodge, completed the unfortunately, at present this garden does not exist. construction of Ana Sagar at Ajmer.20 Later he also commenced the Impact of Mughal architecture on the water reservoirs of erection of Bari Mahal near at Dholpur (1637) and Rupbas and Mahal,21 Jaipur-Akbar was deeply interested in architectural practices though Agra which also bear the characteristics of a hunting lodge. During his innovative ideas are very new in Indian patronage; he infused his reign the pavilions of hunting lodge were enhanced beauty in prominent Mughal architectural practices with Indian architecture. decorative perspective and became large in size so as they were also The resulted outcome was more accurate with mathematical approach considered as pleasure resorts besides only hunting lodge. Occasionally and adorned with their buildings with beautiful decorative patterns. such pavilions were also laid in the midst of a lake or water tank. As apparent, the construction on riverside sites was the chief element of Kachhwahas who were closely associated to the Mughals, also his palace architecture. adopted their water building architectural practices and infused them to their own constructions. Apparently, it is clear that Amber has a Such architectural practices were also adopted by the very number of baoris like Nakki, Shila and Panna Mian which carried Kachhwahas particularly Sawai Jai Singh was fascinated of this Mughal influence on their architecture. Besides, the Hindus baori which architecture. The construction of Talkatora and Jai Niwas garden only carries the religious and social objects for their establishment, adjacent to a hunting lodge was commenced in 1713 was the most the baoris at Amber were produced with secular purposes. The prominent specimen of such pleasure hunting lodge in Jaipur by magnificent water pool has shaded and warmed two or three terraced- Kachhwahas. Besides it, Jal Mahal laid in the midst of Mansagar was wing pavilions based on cusped arches and fluted columns, has essence another magnificent example of hunting lodge as well as pleasure of ShahJahani’s architectural taste. Subsequently, their walls are retreat resort. As in this way the influence of Mughal architecture on decorated by dados which furnished with motifs. The floors and the water buildings are clearly expressed in the terms of Talkatora and terraced open platforms of these step-wells were furnished by knotted JaiNiwas, later Badal Mahal was also added to its shores enhanced its carpets, bolsters and cushions where the chiefs and nobles had their complete beauty. retreat parties; particularly during summers these baoris or so called References : Mughal hammam were really very helpful in combating the heat of 1. Brhatsanhita (ed.) Triathi, A.V., Part II, p. 665 this arid land. 2. Zimmer, Heinrich, The King and the Corpse: Tales of the Soils Conquest Just like the step-wells the lakes and stepped ponds were also of Evil (ed.) Joseph Camphell, p. 316 considered as the pleasure retreat water resorts. The Mughals 3. Livingston, Morna, Steps of Water : The ancient Stepwells of India, p. particularly Jahangir had infused a new architectural practice which 7 focused on gardening and hunting pavilions. He was fascinated of 4. Kane, P.V., History of Dharmashastra, p. 555 gardening and the chahar baghs of Kashmir built by him and his beloved 5. Sawai Jai Singh Charita, p. 45 Nur Jahan are evident of his enthusiasm for garden architecture. Besides 6. Roy, A.K., A History of Jaipur City, p. 235 7. Sharma, M.L., Notes of Jaipur, p. 22 these gardens situated on the hills flanked either on the riverside or 8. Ibid., pp. 22-23 the lakeside; he also referred such riversides gardens adjacent to the 9. Topsfield, Andrew, City Palace and lake palaces Architecture and hills as a hunting palace. On the shores of such hunting places he Court life in Udaipur Painting, p. 163 Stones in the Sand, (ed.) p. 63 used to lay tower, tank and pavilion, accomplished it as magnificent 10. Siayah-Imarati, Jama Kharach Paper, J.S.A. records, Bundle No. 3, p. pleasure house. For example, Jahangir’s small hunting pavilion on the 844 banks of the Pushar Lake constructed in A.D. 1615-16,17 but 11. Bhatnagar, V.S., Life and Times of Jai Singh 1688-1743, p. 331 unfortunately it is in ruined condition today. Another is Chesma-I- 12. Arzdasht, Shravana, Badi 13, S. 1783 (July 16, 1726), J.S.A. records, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 195 106 Jaipur 13. Gole, Susan, Indian Map and Plans, p. 199 14. Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, p. 193 Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize Paper 15. Manchartawali, p. 65 16. It is a popular lore that the Sanga Baba during Bharmal and after him, established a new town Sanganer named after him, to the South of the Historical Significance of Nirakh Bazar City. It is famous for the eleventh-century ; and for the Sanganeri block printing textile industries as well as for the handmade Document of Amber State paper industry. Mohammad Shahnawaz 17. Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, p. 120 18. Ibid., p. 121 Nirakh Bazar documents are unique as they offer an extensive 19. Ibid., p. 122 20. Ibid. range of information on economic structure of pre-modern Rajasthan. 21. Ibid., pp. 204-205 The profusion of data available at Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner paved way for explorative study of nirakh bazar document for different parganas which throws light on the price control and stability of the state’s economy. A study of Nirakh Bazar documents has drawn the attention of historians S. Nurul Hasan and S.P. Gupta in 1967.1 The increasing interest of scholars has helped in opening up fresh areas of study. The importance of the nirakh bazar documents has been recognized by eminent historians2 namely Ashim Kumar Roy, S.P. Gupta and Dilbagh Singh in recent past. Nirakh Bazar documents refer to the prevalent market rates of agricultural and non-agricultural products for each and every principal market of the state. These documents are tremendously rich in their information related to the market prices. For detailed study of prevalent market rates of Amber State we have nirakh bazar documents of approximately sixty places namely Amarsar, Amber later Sawai Jaipur, Bahatri, Dausa, Ajabgarh, Gazi Ka Thana, Geejgarh, Lalsot, Chatsu, Malarna etc. These documents are commencing from V.S. 1719 (1662 A.D.) to the 19th century.3 Keeping in view the quantity and quality of the Nirakh Bazar documents, an attempt has been made in this paper to explore and analyse the statistical data. Present study focuses on factors behind the uniformity in market rates, nature and historical significance of the document, role of state administration, price fluctuations, availability and non-availability of the commodities and the use of prevalent daily market rates. Enough statistical data is available in these documents to analyse and understand the economic phenomenon of the Amber State. Another important thing is that these documents enable us to make comparison between different parganas over the years. Due to the information at ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 197 107 198 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 hand, we have selected nirakh bazar document of four parganas namely Gur13 (Jaggery) 3.81 304.8 3.81 334.21 0 Amber, Malarna, Lalsot, and Bahatri (Baswa). These documents show Khand chini14 that market of these parganas had some similar commodities and some (Raw sugar) 11.43 914.4 9.41 825.44 -18 commodities were different to each other. This may be possible due Til (Sesame) 2.35 188 2.96 259.65 +26 to difficulties in transportation from one place to another. Tel (Oil) 5.52 441.6 5.93 520.18 +7 Nirakh bazar document is much helpful to know stability and Ghee uniformity of the markets in the territory of Amber. These documents (Clarified Butter) 9.41 752.8 10.0 877.19 +6 throw a good light on the uniformity in daily market prices and provided Rui (Carded cotton) 8.0 640 8.42 738.6 +5 even slight fluctuation among the commodities. Daily market rates Ata (flour) 1.38 110.4 1.14 100 -18 were prepared and duly signed by the panch Mahajan4 and were sent Lun (Salt) 0.83 66.4 0.89 78.07 +7 to the hazuri.5 These reports are preserved as permanent records at Singhara the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. State officials were always (Water chestnut) 3.64 291.2 4.44 389.47 +22 instructed to receive nirakh bazar records for the information of *Price difference at Lalsot compared to Bahatri has been shown as Maharaja.6 It is noteworthy that state officials put a seal on the reports ‘+’ (increase) ‘–’ (decrease). of nirakh bazar.7 Figure I (a) showing comparison between pargana Bahatri and Lalsot To make comparison possible, we have converted all the prices into rupees per man (fractions calculated in terms of decimals). In the original document, the statistics are given as quantity per rupee. Due to fluctuations in the sers per man among the different parganas,8 the prices have been considered in terms of the 40 sers in a man. Apart from this, we have also tried to make comparison easy among the commodities within a single pargana over the year. we have assumed 100 as index9 to wheat and compared to other commodities available at the market in respect to wheat. From this method of comparison we can see price fluctuate easily among the commodities. Table (I) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716 Item Pargana Pargana Remark Price Difference* Figure I (b) showing Price difference at pargana Lalsot compared Bahatri10 Lalsot11 (%) to Bahatri Actual Index Actual Index prices (Wheat=100)prices (Wheat=100) Gehun (Wheat) 1.25 100 1.14 100 -9 Moth (Turkish gram) 0.85 68 1.14 100 +34 Mung12 (Green gram) 0.93 74.4 1.67 146.49 +80 Urad (Black gram) 0.95 76 1.14 100 +20 Jau (Barley) 0.86 68.8 0.77 67.54 -11 Chana (Gram) 0.86 68.8 0.80 70.18 -7 Bajra ( Pearl millet) 1.14 91.2 1.21 106.14 +6 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 199 108 200 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 From the table (I) and graphs (I a&b) we can see that the Ghee major price differences occurred in the kharif crops namely moth, (Clarified butter) 8.89 700 10.32 315.60 +16 mung urad and bajra between the pargana Bahatri and pargana Lalsot. Gur (Jaggery) 3.81 300 5.82 177.98 +53 On the other side the price difference is minor among the rabi crops. Rui (Carded cotton) 5.0 393.70 5.71 174.62 +14 After the analyses of these two parganas it is proved that prices of such commodities namely moth, mung, urad, bajra, til, oil, ghee, rui, Khand chini salt, singhara were higher at pargana Lalsot compared to pargana (Raw sugar) 10.0 787.40 13.33 407.65 +33 Bahatri. At the pargana Lalsot, decline of prices occurred among the *Price difference at Amber compared to Malarna has been shown as ‘+’ commodities such as wheat, jau,gram, khand chini and flour. (increase) ‘–’ (decline). It is noteworthy that the intense positive growth in prices has Figure II (a) showing comparison between pargana Malarna and occurred in pulses. The prices of mung 80%, moth 34%, til 26%, Amber singhara 22%, urad 20%, salt 7%, oil 7%, bajra 6%, ghee 6% and rui (cotton) 5% increased at pargana Lalsot in terms of pargana Bahatri. While the prices of gram 7%, wheat 9%, barley 11%, flour 18%, and khand chini 18% declined at Lalsot. There was no fluctuation in the prices of gur. Table (II) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man V.S. 1770/A.D. 1713 Item Pargana Malarna15 Pargana Amber16 Remark Actual Index Actual Index Price prices (Wheat prices (Wheat Difference* Katha Katha (%) =100) =100) 17 Gehun Katha 1.27 100 3.27 100 +157 Figure II (b) display Price difference at pargana Amber compared to (Wheat) Malarna Gehun Bajya18 1.23 96.85 3.08 94.19 +150 (Wheat) Ata Katha (Flour) 1.43 112.60 3.56 108.87 +149 Ata Bajya (Flour) 1.38 108.66 3.33 101.83 +141 Jau (Barley) 0.94 74.02 2.5 76.45 +166 Chana (Gram) 1.12 88.19 3.2 97.86 +186 Jowar (Millet) 1.31 103.15 2.76 84.40 +111 Bajra (Pearl millet) 1.31 103.15 2.58 78.90 +197 Moth (Turkish gram) 1.27 100 2.83 86.54 +123 Urad (Black gram) 1.57 123.62 3.64 111.31 +132 Mung (Green gram) 1.63 128.35 4.21 128.75 +158 From the perusal of above table and graphs we find massive Til (Sesame) 2.62 206.30 3.81 116.51 +145 price differences between pargana Malarna and pargana Amber. At Lun (Salt) 0.89 70.08 0.52 15.90 -42 pargana Amber price of commodities two or three times higher than pargana Malarna during the year of V.S. 1770/A.D. 1713. An Tel (Oil) 5.51 433.86 8.89 271.87 +61 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 201 109 202 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 examination of the table II reveals the price differences through Chawal (Rice) 3.20 3.08 3.08 3.20 280.70254.55 231.58 207.79 percentage at the markets. There is inflation19 at Amber relative to (-) (-4) (0) (+4) Malarna where, wheat (katha) abruptly increased with 157%, wheat Chawal Mota (Rice) 2.67 2.22 2.35 2.50 234.21183.47 176.69 162.34 (-) (-17) (+6) (+6) (bajya) 150%, flour (katha) 149%, flour (bajya) 141%, barley 166%, Khand chini 9.41 12.38 12.31 10.0 825.441023.14925.56 649.35 gram 186%, jowar 111%, bajra 197%, moth 123%, urad 132%, mung (Raw sugar) (-) (+32) (-1) (-19) 158%, til 145%, oil 61%, ghee 16%, gur 53%, rui 14% and khand Gur (Jaggery) 3.81 4.21 3.72 2.91 334.21347.93 279.70 188.96 chini 33%. Table showing remarkable positive growth in food grains’ (-) (+10) (-12) (-22) price at the market of Amber compare to Malarna while at the same Ghee time, the price growth of other commodities was not considerably so (Clarified butter) 10.0 9.41 9.41 9.01 877.19777.69 707.52 588.06 (-) (-6) (0) (-4) high as it was in case of food grains. Nevertheless price hike is evident Tel (Oil) 5.93 6.96 6.96 6.40 520.18575.21 523.31 415.58 in all the commodities available at pargana Amber, a negative growth (-) (+17) (0) (-8) appeared in the price of salt. It may be possible due to abundant supply Til (Sesame) 2.96 2.86 2.96 2.50 259.65236.36 222.56 162.34 of salt. The price of salt was very low throughout eastern Rajasthan (-) (-3) (+3) (-16) because salt was extracted from the lake of Sambhar. Jau (Barley) 0.77 0.92 1.11 1.11 67.54 76.03 83.46 72.08 (-) (+19) (+21) (0) In pargana Malarna the average prices of rabi crops was lower Chana (Gram) 0.80 0.95 1.18 1.14 70.18 78.51 88.72 74.03 than kharif. More price variations occurred in oil, ghee, salt, gur, (-) (+19) (+24) (-3) khand chini, rui, til, mung, urad and barley relative to wheat (katha). Baijhari On the other side, in pargana Amber more price variations appeared in (Mixed grain)22 0.77 0.93 1.11 1.11 67.54 76.86 83.46 72.08 terms of wheat (katha). (-) (+21) (+19) (0) Moth The inflation at pargana Amber is discernable as compared to (Turkish gram) 1.14 1.05 1.25 1.11 100 86.78 93.98 72.08 pargana Malarna, possibly due to low supply of commodities or heavy (-) (-8) (+19) (-11) demand, erratic rainfall and difficulties in transportation. It may also Bajra be possible that sometimes merchants were interested in hoarding in (Pearl millet) 1.21 1.11 1.33 1.33 106.1491.74 100 86.36 order to get more benefit during the time of famine. They purchased (-) (-8) (+20) (0) entire grain from other merchants and sold at higher rate during the Urad (Black gram) 1.14 1.18 1.48 1.21 100 97.52 111.28 78.57 20 period of famine. (-) (+4) (+25) (-18) Table (III) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man Mung Pargana Lalsot (V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716) (Green gram) 1.67 1.60 1.67 1.43 146.49132.23 125.56 92.86 Item Actual Price Index (Wheat Katha = 100) (-) (-4) (+4) (-14) Asarh MangsirPaush Paush Asarh Mangsir Paush Paush Singhara Vadi 1 Sudi 1 Vadi 1 Sudi 15 Vadi 1 Sudi 1 Vadi 1 Sudi 15 (Water chestnut) 4.44 - - - 389.47- - - Gehun Katha (Wheat) 1.14 1.21 1.33 1.54 100 100 100 100 Lun (Salt) 0.89 0.77 0.77 0.89 78.07 63.64 57.89 57.79 (-)21 (+6) (+10) (+16) (-) (-13) (0) (+16) Gehun Bajya (Wheat) 1.01 1.19 1.33 1.43 88.60 98.35 100 92.86 Rui (-) (+18) (+12) (+8) (Carded cotton) 8.42 7.49 8.42 8.89 738.60619.0 633.08 577.27 Ata (Flour) 1.14 1.38 1.48 1.60 100 114.05 111.28 103.90 (-) (-11) (+12) (+6) (-) (+21) (+7) (+8) Mirch (chilly) 32.0 37.65 35.56 35.56 2807 3111.572673.6 2309 Maida (refined flour) 1.43 1.67 1.90 2.11 125.44138.02 142.86 137.01 (-) (+18) (-6) (0) (-) (+17) (+14) (+11) Mirch dam Chun (powder) 0.89 1.05 1.25 1.25 78.07 86.78 93.98 81.17 (Kind of chilly) - 32.0 32.0 32.0 - 2644.632406 2077.9 (-) (+18) (+19) (0) (-) (0) (0) ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 203 110 204 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Kodon23 - 1.33 1.54 1.48 - 109.92 115.79 96.10 Table (IV) showing the rate of bullion on the basis of average price of 10 (-) (+16) (-4) days 24 Kapas (Cotton) - 2.50 2.67 2.67 - 206.61 200.75 173.38 V.S.1773/A.D. 1716 (Rs./An.) V.S.1770/A.D. 1713 (Rs./An.) (-) (+7) (0) Item Bahatri Lalsot Malarna Amber Chhola (chickpeas) - 0.95 1.14 1.11 - 78.51 85.71 72.08 Kundan - - - 12/12 (-) (+20) (-3) Gold 13/- - - 12/10 25 Gojro Muhr (gold coin) 11/15 11/14 11/4 11/8 (Mixed grain) - 1.0 1.18 1.25 - 82.64 88.72 81.17 Sliver 11/8 11/12 12/- 11/5 (-) (+18) (+6) Taka26 17/12½ 17/37½ 18/12½ - 18/19 17/37½ Sali (Rice) - 1.25 1.37 1.48 - 103.31 103.01 96.10 (-) (+10) (+8) Table shows the market rates of gold, kundan, muhr and copper From the analyses of above table, it should be clear that the in terms of the silver rupee. From the table it is clear that there were prices of commodities in pargana Lalsot fluctuated in different months. minor fluctuations which appeared among the market value of the More price variations appeared in kharif crops compared to rabi crops. bullions. To study fluctuations in copper and gold prices in relation to After the scrutiny of table III we find commodities such as wheat silver, these documents are extremely helpful. We generally get two (both qualities), flour, refined flour, gojro, and Sali frequently increased values for the taka. Sometimes there were slight fluctuations in values over the months. of different kinds of the taka. An attempt has been made through this table to explore price After the analyses of nirakh bazar documents we assume that variations which occurred at the market in a single year. To understand food grains might have been consumed locally and were not exported the level of fluctuation, we have reference that prices of khand chini to other areas which naturally show a great variation in the considerably fluctuated e.g. 32% rise during the month of Mangsir, commodities. The variations which occurred in the prices might be sudden a decline to 1% during paush month and again at the last date possible due to the supply and demand, erratic rainfall, illegal extortions, of paush month it declined to 19%. burden of taxes, difficulties occurred in transportation, highway theft and robberies, famine etc. Remarkable changes occurred in the prices of commodities in relation to each other within a single year. The relative value of the Another significant aspect of the nirakh bazar document is that commodities in terms of wheat (katha as index) can be examined market was unified by looking into the range of prices prevailing in from the table. On the one side relative value of the commodities like the different areas. Range variation in prices of different commodities wheat (bajya), chun, barley, gram, baijhari, moth, salt, chhola and was small which indicates that at least within the limits of parganas, gojro marked less in terms of wheat (katha). While on the other side, the market was practically unified and there was uniformity and stability flour, refined flour, rice, rice (mota), khand chini, gur, ghee, tel, til, at the markets. Nirakh Bazar document shows the general well-being bajra, urad, mung, singhara, rui (cotton), chilly, chilly (dam), kodon, of the people of Amber State. kapas (cotton) and sali (rice) had marked increase. It may also be observed that state always kept an eye on the There were different qualities among the food grains such as prevailing market rates and availability of the commodities. State called two qualities for wheat, two qualities for flour, two qualities for chilly officials to take action against merchants if any complaint was received and three qualities for rice. Baijhari and gojro were the mixed grains. for scarcity of grain etc. therefore, merchants were strictly instructed 27 Singhara was available only during Asarh and unavailable during last to sell grain according to the prevailing rates at the bazar. Apart from three months. It may be possible that singhara was produced near this, state always provided facilities to the merchants as they were about Asarh and Baisakh and was not produced during the month of fully or partially exempted from taxation to commute articles and grains Mangsir and Paush. The rate of mirch dam remained constant during at the market from far flung areas. our period of study. Mirch dam, kodon, kapas (cotton), chhola, gojro References and Sali (rice) were not available during Asarh. 1. S. Nurul Hasan and S.P. Gupta, “Prices of the Food Grains in the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 205 111 206 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Territory of Amber (c. 1650-1750)”, Proceedings of Indian History 12. Mung- Phaseolus Mungo, or a species of pulse. See, John T. Platts, A Congress, Patiala, 1967, pp. 345-368. Dictionary of Urdu Classical Hindi and English, New Delhi, Manohar 2. Ashim Kumar Roy, History of the Jaipur City, Manohar Publications, Publishers and Distributers, 2006, pp.1095. New Delhi, 1970; S.P. Gupta, “Prices and Rural Commerce in 17th 13. Gur- molasses, treacle, raw sugar, the product of the first inspissation Century Eastern Rajasthan”, PIHC, Kurukshetra, 1982, pp.270-282 & of the juice of the sugarcane. See, Wilson, H.H., A Glossary of Judicial The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan (c.1650-1750), Manohar and Revenue Terms, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1968, Publications, New Delhi, 1986.; Dilbagh Singh, The State, Landlords pp.190. and Peasants: Rajasthan in the 18th Century, Manohar Publications, 14. Khand Chini- Raw sugar or brown sugar which was not refined, See, New Delhi, 1990. Sitaram Lalas, Rajasthani Sabad Kos, Vol.I pp. 602. 3. Nirakh Bazar pargana Udai V.S. 1719/A.D. 1662 R.S.A.B; Nirakh Bazar 15. Nirakh Bazar pargana Malarna dated Asarh Vadi 1, V.S. 1770/A.D. pargana Sawai Jaipur V.S. 1916/A.D. 1859 R.S.A.B. 1713, R.S.A.B. 4. Nirakh Bazar pargana Bahatri dated Baisakh Sudi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D. 16. Nirakh Bazar pargana Amber dated Asoj Sudi 8, V.S. 1770/A.D. 1713, 1716 R.S.A.B; Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot dated Mangsir Sudi 1, V.S. R.S.A.B. 1773/A.D. 1716 R.S.A.B. 17. Gehun Katha- wheat of Superior quality 5. Arzdasth pargana Amber dated Kartik Vadi 3, V.S. 1750/A.D. 1693 18. Gehun Bajya- wheat of Inferior quality R.S.A.B, Ajit Singh and Manram reported Maharaja Bishan Singh that 19. Inflation- It is an economic term which indicates that general price Nirakh hundi of qasba Sanganer and Nirakh bazar of qasba Amber rise among the commodities. were sent to the hazuri. 20. Arzdasht dated Asoj Vadi 7, VS 1751/AD 1694. R.S.A.B. 6. Arzdasth pargana Amber dated Paush Sudi 15, V.S. 1752/A.D. 1695, 21. Figures in parenthesis indicates ‘increase’ (+) or ‘decrease’ (-) over R.S.A.B. the previous value. 7. For detail see Nirakh bazar of different parganas, R.S.A.B. All these 22. Baijhari- mixture of gram, jau etc., See, Sakaria, Badriprasad & Sakaria, seals written in Persian i.e. Nirakh bazar of pargana Sawai Jaipur Bhupatiram, Rajasthani –Hindi Shabdkosh, Panchsheel Prakashan, contained Muhr-i Niyabat Qazi Muhammad Nasir (Nirakh Bazar Jaipur, 1982, pp. 917. pargana Sawai Jaipur V.S. 1785/A.D. 1728), pargana Bahatri contained 23. Kodon or kodu- a grain of low quality on the seal Muhammad Shah Ibn Shekhu Shah (Nirakh Bazar pargana 24. Kapas- When it is not separated from seed, it is termed Kapas. See, John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu. Opcit. pp. 609. Bahatri V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716), Nirakh bazar of pargana Chatsu has the 25. Gojro- mixture of wheat and barley name of Enayatullah Ibn Shaikh Abdul Aziz (Nirakh Bazar pargana 26. The market value of taka in different parganas given related to silver Chatsu V.S. 1771/A.D. 1714), Nirakh bazar of pargana Lalsot containing rupee. Barkhurdar Qazi Ahmad Ibn Qazi Muhammad Sharif Khadim Shara 27. Arzdasht dated Asoj Vadi 12, VS 1751/AD 1694. R.S.A.B. (Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716) and pargana Dausa has the name of Syed Amin Ibn Syed (Nirakh Bazar pargana Dausa V.S. 1723/A.D. 1666). 8. A man of 28 ser existed in pargana Amber, 30 ser in pargana Lalsot and 40 ser in pargana Chatsu. 9. Index- Generally, index number is used in time series data to compare the fluctuations over the period of time. Here as a special case we have used index number in cross section (in a year variation exists) data to compare variations between items. 10. Nirakh Bazar pargana Bahatri dated Baisakh Vadi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716, R.S.A.B. 11. Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot dated Asarh Vadi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716, R.S.A.B. 112 208 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 The interesting aspects which needs to be highlighted are the Wakalatnamas7 (the power of attorney) executed by the Rajput8, Administering the Dargah of Khwaja Muin Maratha9 and Jat Chieftains by the Banias and the Jain merchants in 1 favor of numerous families of khuddam (and baridar, the hereditary ud- din Chishti of Ajmer : Khuddam and attendants looking after the services inside and outside the tomb). other hereditary Stake holders They were appointed to pray for the welfare of their patrons during the special hours i.e., when prayer had the most acceptable timings Yusra Farooqui with the divine. It also needs to the highlighted that the time period of the Wakalatnamas synchronizes with some of the bitter Mughal Rajput “Whatever one has received is the reward of service rendered and Mughal Maratha conflicts. by him to his Pir, but he must take to heart the lesson which his Pir The khadim community10 has emerged as the most powerful imparts to him and try to act upto the same accordingly.”2 stakeholders in the affairs of the dargah. They were engaged in one -Khwaja Garib Nawaz (Muin ud-din Chishti) of the bitterest legal disputes with the diwan (official supposed to be In the state of Rajasthan, the dargah of Khwaja Muin- ud din from the direct lineage of Khwaja Sahab) and khadims, the matter Chishti is a place which is visited by thousands of devotees, visitors finally reached to the Supreme Court, which suggested for the passage and pilgrims, from almost every part of India and also from the other of an act by the Central govt. for the administration of the Dargah countries of South East Asia. The Annual celebration (Urs)3 of the Khwaja Sahab. Thus, the Dargah Khwaja Sahab Act was passed in dargah is an event where not only the district administration but also AD 1956 by the Central govt. Now, the Dargah as administered the State and Central governments makes massive arrangements for according to the provision of this act. It also recognizes the position the safety, security and comfort of the lakh of visitors who come of the khadims for several things including the inside services within from the sub-continent as from the foreign countries in a large number. the tomb of the Khwaja Sahab. Any visitor to the dargah perhaps The national leaders, political parties and the highest dignitaries of the cannot avoid the khadims as a class. This paper seeks to understand / nation, make it an occasion to reach to the civic society by sending analyze the emergence and the making of khuddams as the most the customary gifts (chadar or nazr-o-niyaz) for the dargah. Huge important stake holders at the dargah of Ajmer. publicity is given to such gestures by the print and electronic media. Evidence confirms that the custom of making offerings to the This healthy tradition has continued in spite of the contrary propaganda shrine is the major source of the income of the khuddam community. by the radical organizations, individuals. This dargah remains most These offerings have been usually in cash, land or food. In early visible and vibrant center of our shared past, pluralistic ethos and the Sultanate period, Sultan Nasiruddin Mehmud (d. 1266) and Alauddin composite culture. Khilji (d. 1316) visited dargah during their march (via Ajmer) in famous Since the Pre- Colonial times, the Dargah has occupied the campaigns of Nagore and Chittor respectively. While Isami says that central stage of the political discourse. Mughal Emperor Akbar (d. Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (d. 1351) paid a thanks giving visit to 1605) and his successors made full use of the centrality of dargah. the shrine of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishti. However from a They made huge donations, created Waqf, constructed numerous contemporary sources, we find that during a meeting with Firoz Shah buildings, which still survive and are in the use of devotees. The later Tughlaq (d. 1388), one of the khadims of Ajmer shrine wished to rulers of the successor states have also made huge donations for the return back the land-grant (madad-i-maash) deed he was holding, 11 maintenance of the various buildings and the performance of the due to the unnecessary persecution of the local officials. customary practices, rituals and other religious practices at the dargah. In AD 1455, when Mehmud Khilji (d. 1469), the sultan of Mandu These donors cut across the religious line4, these included Nawabs5, (Malwa) stationed himself at Mandalgarh, most probably it was a group Nazims, Nizams Rajput6 and Maratha Chieftains, Jain merchants and of these khadimin who approached him to attack and capture Ajmer, even the colonial administrators. and to establish law and order there, which the Sultan immediately ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 209 113 210 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 did. He then appointed Khwaja Naimatullah as the hakim of Ajmer. no permanent source of income, Akbar first of all assigned or renewed According to the author of Masir-i-Mahmud Shahi, the Sultan paid madad-i-maash (revenue free) land for the maintenance of the shrine homage to the dargah of Khwaja Ajmeri, suitably offered nazar and and upkeep of its custodians (khadims). stipends to the khudma/ sidana of the place and established a proper The Khuddam were not only supported by individual devotees. administration and also built/renovated a mosque adjacent to the mazar They were regular recipients of endowments made by the Mughal of the Chishti saint. Behlol Lodhi (d. 1489 AD.) is reported to have court. These were in the form of madad-i mash grants. ‘The grant of visited the shrine, but in the early decades of sixteenth century, the madad-i- maash was theoretically an act of charity…. All those who people of the city had to witness another horror from the hands of were engaged in service or in any trade and thus had other means of Rana Sanga 1521 (d. 1528), who looted the place and the public of livelihood, could not properly hold grants.13 According to Abul Fazl, the city suffered heavily at his hands and some of them even migrated “His Majesty, from his desire to promote rank distinctions, to other place, but again the khadims proved loyalty to the dargah and confers lands and subsistence allowances on the following four classes remained there. In AD. 1524 they welcomed the visit of Prince Bahadur of men: first enquirers after wisdom, who have withdrawn from all Shah of Gujrat who in AD.1532, sent his commander Shamsher-ul- worldly occupation, and make no difference between night and daytime Mulk to recover the city from Rajputs and to restore dargah to its in searching for true knowledge; secondly, on such as toil and practice past glory. Prior to Sher Shah’s visit in AD. 1544, one of the queens self-denial, and while engaged in the struggle with the selfish passions of Rao Maldeo choose her residence at Ajmer after quarrelling with of human nature, have renounced the society of men; thirdly, on such her husband. She lived in valley below Taragarh fort, where remains as are weak and poor, and have no strength for enquiry; fourthly, on of a palace attributed to roothi-rani (annoyed queen) are still to be honorable men of gentle birth who, from want of knowledge, are found.12 unable to provide for themselves by taking up a trade”.14 Thus, we can say that during the Pre Mughal time, the khadims In the event, criteria for receiving these grants were rather wider inspite of all the privation and troubles, loyally remained attached to than Abul Fazl suggests. the dargah of their beloved master, never thinking for a moment to move with the prevailing conditions in the region. The remarkable Descendants of saints or religious divines and persons who devotion and attachment of the Khuddam (khadims) and the ceaseless had retired from the world, but most frequently, those simply belonging efforts to create pleasant and peaceful environment that dargah of to families reputed for learning or orthodoxy, or just held to be Khwaja Sahib remained a place of pilgrimage for all sorts of people, respectable, were regarded, without particular reference to their 15 well before the establishment of Mughal empire in India. As a result individual merits, as eligible for receiving grants. of these services the khadim community gained respect of the people The Khuddam were thus eligible for such grants from the state. who offered small and large amounts of money as nazar, while some The grants came in the form of land, cash or food. The grantees were of the kings and chieftains seem to have bestowed upon them land to enjoy the revenues (hasilat) from the land, and they were exempted grants and stipends, which contributed to the improvement of their from all obligations to pay the land revenue (mal-o jihat) as well as material condition and social status. ikhrajat, the petty burdens imposed by officials, who are then specified In Mughal era, between AD. 1562-79, Akbar (d. 1605) visited in detail (in the madad-i maash documents), and so, from all ‘fixed the shrine almost every year, on annual Urs, on the birth of a Prince, obligations and royal demands’ However, the grantee had no right to or a success in the military campaign, either against Rajputs or Afghans, sell or transfer his madad-i maash land. he was always found paying thanks giving pilgrimage at the shrine A number of Mughal and later Mughal madad-i- maash and lavishly pouring cash and kind as nazar on Khadims and Inam on documents which gives an idea of the scale of support the dargah at others. The young Emperor firmly believed that all his successes were Ajmer from the Mughal Court and others. Like, In AD 1576, Akbar due to the spiritual blessings of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti. Finding grants 6890 biga to Shaikh Fathullah and his brothers. The land the conditions of khadims as well as of dargah unsatisfactory, having consisted of 4200 bigha of cultivated land and 2690 bigha of ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 211 114 212 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 uncultivated waste land. The revenue of 1000 bigha of this land was some religious dignitaries besides qawwals, and huffaz (Quran recitors) to be assigned to the expenses of the ‘urs’, while the remainder was maulud khwans (reciters of verses in praise of Prophet etc.) were for the maintenance of the grantees.16 After in AD 1586-7, Akbar grants finally settled. It appears that the Emperor had further consolidated 240 bigha of land to a khadim named Shaykh Ismail.17 A total number the Mughal hold over the affairs of the shrine specially in these of 18 villages were granted in the haveli, pargana, sarkar and suba of gatherings through the diwan, the sole agent of the imperial authority.26 Ajmer, to meet the annual expenses of urs, langer, enlightenment, and A number of family documents of these khuddam regarding other rituals at the shrine, and for the salaries of staff, including rozinas division of properties, shares in ancestral belongings, mutual (daily allowances) to the khadims to conduct ceremonies of dargah. agreements, hiba-namahs (deeds of gifts) etc. bring to light important Biyar and Kakniawas, the two very fertile villages, were assigned to and valuable details about provincial as well as central officials and the entire khadim community, for their maintenance as madad-i-maash the administrative and judicial system working at Ajmer. Emperor providing them a solid and permanent base for meeting their livelihood Aurangzeb during his first visit after the battle of Dorai (Devrai) made expenses. a cash nazar of Rs. 5,000 to khadims. Later while stationed at Ajmer Jahangir (d. 1627) obviously beliefs that his birth through the during AD.1679-81 to crush the Rathor rebellion, he frequently paid blessings of Shaikh Moinuddin Chishti and therefore, paid same visits to the shrine generally on Fridays after namaz and offered nazar. respect to his dargah and khadims as did his father. In AD 1614-15, He did not disturb the land grants earlier assigned to khadims by his Jahangir grants 400 bigha to Saiyid Khubullah, Saiyid Karamullah, ancestors but added very few and insufficient grants of 30 bighas and Muhammad Raza.18 After in AD 1615-16, he grants 36 bigha of each and that too, to the aged and old members of the community and land to Haji Muhammad19 and 230 bigha of land in favor of Bibi Jan 15 bighas each to the young khadims engaged in pursuing religious and other khadim widows.20 In AD 1681, Aurangzeb (d. 1707) grants education. Perhaps the crisis in jagirdari and the prevailing conditions 30 bigha of cultivated land to Shaykh Bayazid, who is said to be a in the province had kept him in check and control for giving more very old man with no other source of income.21 After in AD 1683, he grant of lands.27 grants 45 biga to Saiyid Baqir Muhammad and Colleagues, all are the In AD 1690, Rao Anirudh Singh ruler of Bundi, has made a Scholars of Islam and had no other source of income.22 grant of Changespura village (in Bundi) to Syed Muhammad Jafar During Shahjahan’s visits to Ajmer, he structured a Rota system Khadim,28 his vakil, as a bhent (nazar) in the name of Khawaja Sahib. to ensure that the duties of locking and unlocking the tomb and Darbar Khan the subedar of Ajmer, issued an order to the officials of performing the various ceremonies there were carried out efficiently the suba in 1673, that 20 bighas of land he handed over to Syed Dan and that the burden was spread equitably. A sanad23 was issued dividing khadim his vakil, for the maintenance of his khanqah.29 In the reign the khuddam into seven groups, each group being responsible for the of Shah ‘Alam Bahadur Shah30, AD 1707-12, Saiyid Muhammad ‘Aqil’ shrine for one day each week. Each Khadim gets a chance to handle is granted 100 biga of land.31 And 100 biga to Shaykh Muhammad the heavy set of keys, tied to a long cloth, which are put across his Mumriz, son of Shaykh Nur Muhammad and his sons.32 shoulder as he is responsible for day’s activities. Mostly Khuddams However, Syed Hayatullah khadim was confirmed on the post depends on the pilgrims for their livelihood.24 They provide of muhtasib of Ajmer and teacher at the madarsa of dargah in place of accommodation, escort them to the various ceremonies held at the his deceased father Syed Wali Muhammad, with a grant of yomia shrine, and show them around the sacred sites of the city. Those who (daily allowance) of Re. 1/- per day and 150 bighas of land as madad- go to the dargah for the first time are soon taken in hand by the i-maash. The Emperor also granted 100 bighas of land each to Syed Khartoum.25 Aqil and Shaikh Mumraiz khadims for their livelihood. His son On the other hand, it is also claimed that Shahjahan had issued Jahanshah sent Rs. 2000/- as nazar and for cooking of deg, to his specific orders regarding the sitting arrangement during the Urs and vakils/khadims, viz. Syed Murad and one another in the fulfilment of on Thursday mehfils held at the shrine. By these imperial orders the minnet (vow) of his son Roshan Akhtar (later Emperor Muhammad sitting places of Diwan, Khuddam, descendants of other saints and Shah). It was during the reign of Jahandar Shah in 1713 that ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 213 115 214 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Muhammad Shafi Tehrani ‘Warid’ the author of Miratul Waridat paid became disciple (murid) of Shaikh (Ali Hujveri), he had to serve the homage to the dargah of Khwaja Sahib and composed 42 verses in people of his khanqah (hospices) at least for three years, with such praise of the Chishti saint of Ajmer.33 devotion and dedication that he is a khadim and the rest are makhdoom Farrukhsiyar (d. 1719) in spite of his keenness could not make (masters). Khawaja Hussain Nagori has alluded khadims are equivalent a trip to Ajmer due to the political situation prevailing at his court. But to Rizwan (the door keeper of heaven), and this shows how great he received the sacred tabarrukat sent by khadims with all respect saints of the time held the khadims in high esteem, and appreciated 44 and devotion, and in AD 1714, grants the village of Geegul and Beonja their role. (in haveli Ajmer), which had an annual revenue of Rs.949, to all the “Knowledge is comprised upto an unfathomable ocean and khuddam.34 In Muhammad Shah reign, AD 1721 (1st April), Azim Khan, enlightenment is like a wave in it, then what is the relation of God jagirdar of Ajmer, gives 700 rupees as an offering to the shrine of his and man? While the ocean of knowledge is sustained by God lone, 45 vakil, Saiyid Sharifullah, son of Habibullah.35 And in AD 1725, 28,000 the enlightment pertains to man.” dam per annum, the revenue from the village of Banuri in the environs -Khwaja Garib Nawaz (Muin ud-din Chishti) of Ajmer are granted to the khanqah run by Muhammad Saleh, khadim References: of the dargah of Muin al din.36 Again in AD 1727 (24th May) He sends 1. Khuddams are also known as moallims, mujavirs, sidana, mutavassilin, Rs 3000 to him for the shrine.37 gaddi-nashins, sahibzadgan etc, who played a vital role and worked The Nawab of Loharu grants Rs. 450 annually (1815-16) to his tirelessly to guide and impress (rushd-o-hidayat) upon the pilgrims vakils, Saiyid Sadar ‘Ali’ and Saiyid Bayatullah.38 Shah Muhammad (zairin), the true spirit of Chishti Silsilah, with the motto, “service to Khwaja Baksh Ahmadi grants 5 biga of land (AD 1815) from his holding His creatures is the true taat (obedience) of the creator”. Certainly it in the Saharanpur district to his vakil, Miyan Qalandar Baksh. He was due to the extra-ordinary grass root work of these hereditary mentions that the ancestors of Shaykh Qalander Baksh have been the khadims, who carried the mission of Khwaja Sahib at his Shrine, vakils of his family for many a generations.39 The Nawab of vigorously, against all odds, that they are still attached to the dargah Bahawalpur, Muhammad Khan Abhasi, gives one maun of Seasum oil and are held in high esteem by pilgrims, duly respected and offered to his wakil, Saiyid Kamar ‘Ali Shah’.40 The Maharajas of Udaipur nazars. See, Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja “Gharib Nawaz” of Ajmer, Jodhpur-Ahmedabad, 2015, p.129., were also clearly involved in the Dargah as is witnessed in a letter of 2. Laxmi Dhaul, The Sufi Shrine of Ajmer, Rupa & Co., 2004. AD 1868-9 which summons the Maharaja vakil to see him in his 3. The Annual Urs is a time of celebration and joy. Devotees from all over palace in Udaipur as soon as possible. Details of his offerings to the the world converge at the Dargah Sharif to pay their respects. There 41 shrine and his vakil could not however be found. are those that believe that whatever they ask during the Urs will be After analyzing the documents, we can say that the khuddams granted. The Urs celebration starts on the evening of the 25th Jamadi- had played a very significant role in dargah42 and enjoyed the madad- utb-thani, the sixth month of the Islamic calendar. Four or five days i maash grants in the form of cash, land and grain or in any form of before the start of the Urs, the flag hoisting ceremony ‘nishan jhanda’ kind43, as it clearly evident from the documents, that the khuddams is held over the main gate or Buland Darwaza. During the Urs, the were the recipients of madad-i- maash grants time to time from audition gatherings mehfil-e-sama are continuously held on all six different rulers, such as The Mughals, Nawabs, Nizams, Rajput, days in the Mehfilkhana, in the rooms (hujrahs) and the gaddis (sitting places of Khadims) within the dargah, in the houses of khadims and at Maratha Chieftains, even the Colonial rulers. We noticed that, after other centers in the city. Spiritual and devotional songs create an the death of khadim, the madad-i maash grant were transfer to his atmosphere of love and respect towards Khwaja Sahib. Ibid, pp.86-90. widow and children’s. 4. In late 15th century, Shaikh Jamali arrived at dargah in company of his In present scenario we see that every person associated with pirzadah Shaikh Nasiruddin, (son of Shaikh Samauddin Kamboh) and dargah claims to be the khadim, which is not the proper tradition of observed that number of Hindus regularly pay homage at the shrine of becoming khadim. Because as H.G. Lammens says, whenever a person the great Chishti saint, and as mark of respect offer all nazar to the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 215 116 216 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mujaviran. deliberate misrepresentation to increase their prestige, and command 5. Like The Nawab of Loharu grants Rs. 450 annually (1815-16) to his greater respect and more generous offerings. Others make less vakils, Saiyid Sadar ‘Ali’ and Saiyid Bayatullah and Nawab of demanding claims, that they are descended from the immediate Bahawalpur, Muhammad Khan Abhasi, gives one maun of Seasum oil entourage of the saint. The improbability of this applying to the entire to his wakil, Saiyid Kamar ‘Ali Shah’ for details see Ajmer documents, khadim population is emphasized by the claim that some are descended pp-331, 335. from Muhammad Yadgar, who, according to the ‘Siyar al Arifin’ lived 6. Abhay Singh, son of Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar (jodhpur) had confirmed in Transoxiana, and there is no record of any of his descendants a grant of 125 bighas of land of Thanwa village in Bawal pargana migrating to Ajmer either during Muin al din’s life time or later. Their (suba Ajmer). And also the Rathor rulers of Krishangarh (near Ajmer) ancestors have worked as servants of the shrine since Muin- al- din’s had granted 129 bighas of land in Narwar village to Syed Inayatullah, lifetime. While some outsiders may have infiltrated their ranks there is one of the khadims. We also noticed that Raja Sawai Jai Singh gave no reliable evidence of this. The commercial motive would have two mohars and 500 as nazr, when he visited the dargah in AD. 1723. complemented the possibility of social advancement. The attraction of See, ‘The Hindus and the dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview the position is demonstrated by the fact that almost no khuddam left by S.Liyaqat H. Moini, p. 159, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan Ajmer for Pakistan at the time of Partition. See, P. M. Currie, The Qaisar & Som Prakash Verma), Jaipur, 1993. Shrine and Cult of Muin-al-Din Chishti, 1989. 7. Ibid, pp.155-56, The Wakalatnama is a sort of pledge or ‘binding’ 11. Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja Gharib-Un-Nawaz deed by which a devotee attached and bound himself, his family of Ajmer, pp.133-34. members, relatives, clansmen (and in case of a pir, his followers, too) to 12. Ibid. a particular khadim (or rarely more than one khadim) by accepting 13. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of the Mughal Empire, p.307. him as his/their vakil at the dargah to help and guide them in the 14. Abul Fazl, Ain-I Akbari, vol. I, p.268. performance of Ziarat (religious visit), circumambulation, rituals, 15. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of the Mughal Empire, p.309. recitation of faith (to offer prayers for the dead), etc. we also know 16. Ajmer Documents, pp.5-6. that the Wakalatnamas were generally written or signed during the 17. Ibid, p.19. pilgrims visit, but in the case of the nobles, Chieftains and high officials 18. Ibid, p.40. these were sent through trusted officials such as diwan, etc. of the 19. Ibid, pp.146-7. noble or the raja. 20. Ibid, p.42. 8. Ibid, The Wakalatnama of Fath Singh, the son of Inder Singh (a cousin 21. Ibid, pp.229-30. of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur), dated 30 Ramzan, 38 regnal year 22. Ibid, pp.240-1. of Aurangzeb is one of the very few documents written in both Persian 23. Ajmer Documents, pp.211-14. and Rajasthani. It seems one of the rarest Wakalatnama in which two 24. An inquiry report of 1949 records that khuddam who needed more khadims have accepted as vakils at one and the same time. See, Plate- client pilgrims would wait at the railway station, and when devotees A. arrived, they would be auctioned to the khadim prepared to make the 9. Ibid, p. 157, Among the well-known Hindu rajas, the Wakalatnama of highest bid. he khuddam also solicit devotees through the post. Cards Raja Sahu, the grandson of Shivaji (30 rabi-ul awwal, 50th regnal year are sent out advertising their services and to remind devotees to make of Aurangzeb, 2nd July 1706), it is the only Wakalatnama in which the their offerings. During the ‘Urs’ the Ajmer post office is inundated with highest amount of Rs. 1000 was promised as nazr to be sent yearly to money orders addressed to khuddam as offerings to the shrine. In 1949 Syed Murad in lieu of the performance of his duties as vakil. See Plate one khadim was reported to spend somewhere between Rs.5, 000 and B. 10,000 per annum on postage alone. 10. When we see the origins of the khadim community, in 1976-7, 25. Laxmi Dhaul, The Sufi Shrine of Ajmer, pp.86-90. approximately 1400, including Women and Children. Their exact 26. Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja Gharib-Un-Nawaz provenance is the subject of dispute. Some khuddam claim that they of Ajmer, p.146. are descended from Muin- al -din himself, but this appears to be a 27. Ibid. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 217 117 218 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 28. Syed Jafar, the father of Syed Murad, was well known khadim of his 37. Ibid, p.300. times and was held in high esteem by the ruling elite, and his son Syed 38. Ibid, p.331. Murad who lived between AD. 1638-1737 belonged to the famous 39. Ibid, p.333. Syedzadgan khadim (khuddam) community of Ajmer who have been 40. Ibid, p.335. attached to the shrine of Khwaja Sahib since its inception, in spite of 41. Ibid. fluctuating fortunes of Ajmer. Sheikh Chandan, the great grandfather 42. Every Thursday night, a special mehfil (gathering), is arranged in the of Syed Murad, appears to be a man of influence as he held 140 bighas eastern courtyard. Small cushions, gadela are placed for the Diwan of land in madad-I maash during the period of Akbar. and for the Khadims, while for the general public a sheet of cloth is Syed Murad also held the office of the deputy swanih nigar of Ajmer spread out. On the sixty day of every lunar month, the khadims also for some times during the reign of Muhammad Shah and also held a arrange a function called Chatti Sharif which takes place in the morning rank of 700 zat and 500 sawar, and acted as diwan of Ajmer in 1696. in front of the same Courtyard. The recitation of the Quran-khwani, We noticed here that the khuddam of the shrine had started accepting the entire Quran by a large number of people takes place and then one government jobs from the closing years of the 17th century. But, by and of the khadims starts reciting the Shajara-i-Chistiyya (spiritual lineage large, they worked in the dargah administration as teachers in the of the Chishti order) as well as other verses composed by Khwaja madarsa of the shrine and they also accepted post of the muhtasib, Sahib’s ancestors. amin, jiziya and deputy mutawalli etc. we also noticed that Syed Murad 43. Apart from land grant, hundi and cash, we noticed that documents was able to procure vikalatnamas of the well-known Mughal grandees, reveal that nazr o niyaz was often in the form of kind, even including Non-Muslims and Muslims alike, and even the Mughal Princes, thereby animals. Like goats (bakri), horses and elephants. We also get references establishing his links with the ruiling elite by becoming their vakil at to cloth (parcha, mashru, kamkhwab) to be used as the ghilaf (covering the shrine. He was a very influential person and was respected by every sheet) of the tomb. See. Plate-C. And details See, ‘The Hindus and the section of the society. He died during the reign of Muhammad Shah, dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview by S. Liyaqat H. Moini, AD 1737, as can be gathered from a condolence letter from Maharaja p. 155, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan Qaisar & Som Prakash Abhay Singh of Jodhpur to his son Syed Masud. See, ‘The Hindus and Verma), Jaipur, 1993. the dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview by S.Liyaqat H. 44. ibid. p.135. Moini, p. 155, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan Qaisar & Som 45. Laxmi Dhaul, op. cit. Co., 2004. Prakash Verma), Jaipur, 1993. 29. Abdul Bari Mani, Asanid-us-Sanadid, Ajmer, 1952. 30. Bahadur Shah was the last Mughal ruler, who made a pilgrimage to the Ajmer Shrine, twice in 1708 and 1710. He offered 1000 ashrafis and Rs. 11,000-as nazar to the khuddam, who too, presented him two swords, while turbans (dastars) and a praying carpet (janamaz). during his second visit the Emperor ordered the dismissal of Fakhruddin Ali Khan from the post of Sajjadgi (mansab-i-sajjadgi) and diwan, due to the later’s unruly behavior and misconduct in the presence of the king and that, too, within the dargah premises. Infect, he was found unfit for holding a post at this holy place. 31. Ibid, p.261. 32. Ibid, p.267. 33. Muhammad Shafi Warid, Mirat-ul-Waridat, Aligarh, pp.21-22. 34. Ibid. p. 279. 35. Ajmer Documents, p.297. 36. Ibid. p.291. 118 220 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Coasts in Arbian Sea. Moreover Ajmer was the key to the conquest of Rajputana and Gujarat. Akbar realized this strategic significance of Development of Mughal Architecture at Ajmer. Accordingly, Ajmer was upgraded as the headquarters by Akbar for his operations in that region and reconstituted it into a subah6. Ajmer : An Archaeological Satudy of the Ajmer remained with same status under Mughal Rulers Jahangir and Mosques of Dargaha Complex Shah Jahan who continued royal durbars here. Ajmer witnessed the Prof. M. K. Pundhir occurrence of various important happenings. It was at Ajmer that Sir Thomas Roe presented his credentials to Jahangir7. Besides, Dara Shikoh was born here and war of succession was won by Aurangzeb Ajmer is situated between 26º27" north of latitude and 74º37" in the battle of Dorai near Ajmer in16598. During the break-up of the east of longitude1 in the centre of present province of Rajasthan. Mughal empire, the Marathas ruled supreme here. The British finally Geographically it can be located in the valley of Aravalli mountain annexed Ajmer in 18189 after concluding a treaty with Daulat Rao Ranges. The antiquity of Ajmer can be traced from the period of Scindia, the Maratha chief. Mesolithic period as microliths of Mesolithic age have already With the annexation of Ajmer in Mughal Empire, Akbar started 2 discovered at Khera in Ajmer . The significance of Ajmer as town was the construction of a number of buildings at Ajmer which represent never lessened due to its strategic location. Historically Ajmer especially the early phase of development of Mughal architecture and building during medieval period became very important as its occupation was technology. These building provide the best examples to delineate the considered almost essential to conquer Rajputana and Gujarat. These influence of pre Mughal indo Islamic architecture and local architecture two regions were very crucial from the point of view of trade and styles on the Mughal architecture. The buildings constructed in early commerce especially central Asia. The nomenclature of the town of phase mainly consist of Akbar’s Fort, Akbari masjid in the complex of Ajmer was on the name of Chauhan king Ajaipal who was credited dargaha, palace near dargaha, Buland Darwaza at Taragarh Fort, etc. with the erection of one of the earliest fortresses at Taragarh situated Later Mughal Rulers such as Jahangir and Shahjahan too built a number 3 on the summit of the Ajaimeru hills . Ajmer was remained the hub of of buildings at Ajmer such as main tomb building and Shahjahani masjid Chauhan empire till the Turkish conquest in 1192 A.D. Rajput rulers in the complex of Dargaha, Daulat Khana and Chhatries on the had embellished Ajmer with a large number of structures of varied Embankment of Ana sagar, etc. These building represent the later nature such as forts, palaces, dams, stepwells, temples, etc. with the development took place in the arena of Mughal architecture and building establishment of Delhi Sultanate Ajmer was permanently annexed to technology during 17th century under Jahangir and Shahjahan when it. It enhanced the strategic importance of Ajmer politically and Mughal style touched the zenith. commercially. Under the Sultans, Ajmer was developed as a centre symbolizing the synthesis of various diversified cultures. During early Presently an attempt has been made to study the two mosques Mughal period for a brief interval Ajmer was conquered by Marwar built in the complex of Dargaha; one built by Akbar and other by Ruler Maldeo and became the part of Marwar state4. Very soon it was Shahjahan to study the development of Mughal Mosque architecture occupied by the sultans of Malwa. Now Ajmer faced a very turbulent and the technology employed in it over a period of hundred years. time. Finally Ajmer was conquered and annexed by Mughal Ruler Akbar To complete our project entitled “Archaeological Survey of Pre- and it became a part of newly laid Mughal Empire in 1558 A.D.5. modern Monuments at Ajmer”, a number of field trips to Ajmer have Thereafter Ajmer remained an integral part of his empire. By that time been undertaken with a purpose to survey and study the Medieval Ajmer had already developed as a centre of pilgrimage for all Monuments during 2004-200610. In the course of these surveys, two communities. Its status as a religious centre got boosted up with its mosques existing in the Dargaha complex besides other monuments absorption in the Mughal Empire. At that time Ajmer commanded the have been thoroughly surveyed, investigated and studied with the help main trading routes connecting the North India with Central Asia and of archaeological tools. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 221 119 222 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Akbari masjid is situated in the north western corner of the sufficient to hide the domed roof of the nave and side aisles as well33. complex11 and to the northern side of the main mausoleum of Shaikh The bays of the side aisles were provided arched openings on Moinuddin Chisti. The mosque structure is aligned on east west axis12. all side except on western side34. The height of these arched openings The name of the mosque has been drive from the Mughal Ruler Akbar is equal to that of the Qibla fixed in the hexagonal apse in the centre of as it was built by him in 1570 A.D.13 The mosque is a massive structure western wall35. Arches used in the bays of side aisles are again four built with brick masonry14. It followed a traditional plan of the mosque centered and the span below the arches is well proportioned to the architecture in which centre is occupied by a courtyard that is height of the openings of the arches36. surrounded by cloisters on eastern, northern and southern sides and a The protruded apse containing qibla has been given two storey 15. liwan i.e. prayer hall on the western side The main entrance has orientations37. Lower storey accommodates mihrab in the centre while been provided in the centre of eastern wing which was conceived in side sides have been provided doors which open outside in the backyard 16 the form of an entrance gatehouse . The mosque is built on oblong of Western wall38. The second storey contains a chamber with an 17 plan measuring 47.80 by 43.80 metres . The Qibla, central hall of arched opening inside the nave while flanking angular sides contain western liwan and eastern gate house, all are built in the same the blind arches of equal size to that of central arched opening39. The 18. alignment apse has been surmounted by a low rise dome based on high raised The structure of the mosque is composed of western liwan or octagonal drum40. sanctuary running on north south axis with a courtyard in front of Central nave is surmounted by a single huge circular dome it19. The space of the sanctuary is organized into central nave and where aside aisles are roofed with multiple shallow domes41. They are flanking lateral wings of aisles20. Side lateral wings of aisles consist of eight in number, one each on the eight chambers existing in the side eight square bays connected with each other through archways21. wings42. To bear the dome above, square chambers and the inner oblong These bays measure 3.30 each side22. The elevation of the nave i.e. portion of the nave were converted into circular by using pendentives central hall is just double the height of side lateral bays of aisles23. in the phase of transition43. The pistaq, huge dome above the nave and The central nave is oblong and enshrines a Qibla in the shape of a small dome surmounting apse of qibla are existed in the same a hexagon protruded outside in the western wall in the centre24. It alignment44. formed the hexagonal apse. The western most side of the apse further Northern, southern and eastern side cloisters are of single bay accommodates an alcove again of hexagon plan25. It serves as the real deep where eastern liwan contains a grand portal to provide entrance qibla. The façade of the central nave has been built in the form of a to the inner side45. Northern and southern cloisters are divided into high Pistaq i.e. a portal composing of high double arches fixed in one seven aisles46. These aisles forms a square measuring 3.30 metres into another in a rectangular frame26. The lower arch provides the each side47. Each aisle is surmounted by a shallow dome i.e. cupola48. functional entrance27. The height of the portal is 17 metres. Arch of The technique of the phase of transition has been employed to convert the Pistaq is a four centered pointed and its thickness covers the the square aisles into circle for the purpose of roofing with cupolas whole width of the portal28. Both the quoins of the pistaq have been which need circular base49. The stages of the phase of transition have occupied by octagonal miners which have crossed the elevation of been achieved in corbelling50. The entrances to these aisles are built in pistaq in the form of turrets29. If the width of the Pistaq is deducted trabeated style with a width of 2.30 metres and the span of 2.90 from the oblong area of the central nave, rest of the area of the nave metres51. Eastern wing is composed of a gatehouse in the centre and forms an oblong aligning on east west axis measuring 8.8 by 9.1 flanked by three square bays on both side52. These bays measure 3.30 metres30. The façade of the sanctuary is consisted of central Pistaq metres each side53. These bays are provided a trabeated entrance with flanking by double arched openings of the side aisles31. The height of a width of 2.00 metres and span of 2.90 metres54. These bays are side openings is approximately half of that of Pistaq32. The height of again surmounted with shallow dome or cupolas55. The gatehouse in the façade of the sanctuary was achieved in such a way that it is the centre of the eastern wing facilitates the main entrance to the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 223 120 224 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mosque and its height is double of that of the side parts of wing At the end of north and south side of western liwan, there are two having bays on both sides56. The elevation of the gatehouse is equal to chambers corresponding to the two rows of bays79. The bays are built the height of the pistaq of the façade of the western sanctuary57. with the help of pillars and arches spanning from one pillar to another80. Eastern side gatehouse or portal is projected outside towards All the arches are four centred and in these arches cusps are eastern side and the both wings of the gateway are receded diagonally conspicuously missing which is generally considered the hallmark of backward58. The projection is 2.35 metres59. The portal is consisted the Shahjahani architecture81. Moreover arches are not true as these of central passage flanked by cloisters and then by rooms60. The were built in a single piece of white marble82. All bays are open on all cloisters are connected with rooms by doors given in the centre61. sides except the bays existing on western, northern and south sides83. Central passage is enclosed on both sides i.e. eastern and western Western side bays are closed on western side while northern bays are side by double arches fixed in the rectangular frame where one small closed on northern side and southern on southern side. Central nave arch is fixed in the bigger arch62. The smaller arches which are of half is too two bays deep of equal size. Western bay of the central nave of the height of frame provide the functional passage63. Between these contains a qibla which was built in the form of hexagon, has been arches an arched window is also built closed with lattice64. The central projected towards western side beyond the Western wall in the form passage is surmounted with a shallow dome65. Flanking sides of the of apse84. Western liwan can be approached through three staircases central passage of double storeys accommodated in the same height from lower platform as in the same way lower platform can be reached of the passage66. Flanking rooms of the lower storey are embellished through three staircases from ground85. These staircases are in the with projected windows on both i.e. eastern and western sides which same alignment to the staircases providing access to western liwan. flanked the central passage67. In the same orientation the rooms of the The mosque structure is provided dropping eaves on eastern side which upper storey are provided alcoved opening in the form of door68. In has been given support of brackets86. Eaves and brackets are again other words both the facades of the gatehouse i.e. eastern (outer) and built in white marble. Floors of the prayer hall and the courtyard in western (Inner) are composed of the central arched opening fixed in front are paved with white marble. the oblong frame in the centre flanked by double storey of projected windows at below and alcoved opening in upper part. References Exterior and interior surface of the structure of the mosque 1. Dhoundiyal, B.N., Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, Ajmer, 1966, p. 701. Cf. Meena, B.R., Heritage of Rajasthan-Monuments and was plastered with lime mixed surkhi mortar69. Whatever decoration Archaeological Sites, New Delhi, 2009, p. 2 is found, it was done on the lime plaster. In the mosque, the stages of 2. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 27 70 the phase of transition were embellished with arch netting . Pylon of 3. Sarda, H.B., Ajmer Historical and Descriptive, Jodhpur, Revised the nave has rectangular panels which once contained the geometrical Edition, 2009, p. 29, Cf. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 701 design but in the course of time it has been faded away. Architecturally, 4. Ibid. p. 32 instead of using pillars, load walls and masonry piers were used71. 5. Ibid. p. 33. CF. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 702 6. Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazl, Eng. Tr. By H. Blockmann and Jarrett, Shahjahani Masji, Dargah Complex, Ajmer Calcuta, 1873, vol.-I, p. 386 Shahjahani masjid is located in the south west corner of the 7. Ibid. p. 34 72 73 complex . It was built with white marble by Shahjahan in 1638 A.D. . 8. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 702 It runs on north south axis74. The mosque is consisted of western 9. Ibid. p. 36 liwan and in front, a platform with an enclosure75. The platform with 10. We have undertaken four field trips to Ajmer to conduct the physical enclosure covers the area of 47.56 by 16.25 metres76. Western liwan surveys to complete our project entitled “Archaeological Survey of is two bays deep and is divided into the central nave and flanking five Pre-modern Monuments at Ajmer”, in collaboration of Dr.S.L.H. Moini aisles on both sides77. Each bay is of square shape measuring 45.13 which has been funded by centre of advanced study, department by 7.70 metres78. Each Bay is surmounted by Cupola or shallow domes. ofhistory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh during the period from ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 225 121 226 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 2004 to 2006. Dr. Moini is kind enough to allow me to use Survey data 50. See Plate-XIII. for writing this paper. 51. See Figure-I. 11. See Mao of the Dargaha Complex. 52. See Figure-I. 12. See Figure- I 53. See Figure-I. 13. Sarda, Ajmer Historical and Descriptive, p. 105 54. See Figure-I. 14. See Plates-I to XIII 55. See Figure-I. 15. See Figure-I and Plates- I to XIII 56. See Plate-I. 16. See Figure-I and Plate-I. 57. See Plate-I. 17. See Figure-I. 58. See Figure-I. 18. See Figure-I. 59. See Figure-I. 19. See Figure-I and Plates-I & II. 60. See Figure-I. 20. See Figure-I. 61. See Figure-I. 21. See Figure-I. 62. See Plate-I. 22. See Figure-I. 63. See Plate-I. 23. See Plates-II & III. 64. See Plate-I. 24. See Figure-I and Plates-X & XI. 65. See Figure-I. 25. See Figure-I and Plates-X & XI. 66. See Plate-I. 26. See Plates-II, III, IV & V. 67. See Plate-I. 27. See Plates-II & III. 68. See Plate-I. 28. See Plate-II. 69. See Plates-I to XIII. 29. See Plates-II & III. 70. See Plates-VI, VIII, IX & XIII. 30. See Figure-I. 71. See Plates-I to XIII. 31. See Figure-I and Plate-II. 72. See the Map of the Dargaha Complex. 32. See Plates-II & III. 73. The date of the construction has been mentioned by Jahan Ara Begum; 33. See Figure-I and Plates-IV & V. daughter of Shahjahan in the Munis-ul Arvah at an expenditure of two 34. See Figure-I. 35. See Plates-XI & XII. lakhs and forty thousand rupees. Sarda, Ajmer 36. See Figure-I and Plates-VIII & XII. Historical and Descriptive, p.116-117. 37. See Plates-X & XI. 74. See Figure-II. 38. See Plates-X & XI. 75. See Figure-II. 39. See Plates-IX, X & XI. 76. See Figure-II. 40. See Plate-V. 77. See Figure-II and Plates-XIV & XV. 41. See Figure-I and Plates-III, V & XIII. 78. See Figure-II. 42. See Figure-I. 79. See Figure-II. 43. See Plates-VI. VIII & IX. 80. See Plates-XIV & XV. 44. See Figure-I. 81. See Plates-XIV & XV. 45. See Figure-I and Plates-I, II, III & XIII. 82. See Plates-XIV & XV. 46. See Figure-I and Plate-XIII. 83. See Figure-II. 47. See Figure-I. 84. See Figure-II. 48. See Figure-I and Plate-XIII. 85. See Figure-II and Plates-XIV & XV. 49. See Plate-XIII. 86. See Plates-XIV & XV. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 227 122 228 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Map of the Dargaha Complex FIGURE- I

Ground plan of Akbari Mosque, Dargaha Complex, Ajmer ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 229 123 230 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 FIGURE- II

Plate- I: An Inner View of Eastern Gateway, Akbari mosque

Plate- II: A View of facade of Western Liwan, Akbari Mosque

Ground Plan of Shahjahani Mosque, Dargaha Complex, Ajmer Plate- III: Another View of façade of Western Liwan, Akbari Mosque ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 231 124 232 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Plate- IV: A Closer View of side portion of Pylon of Western Liwan, Akbari Mosque

Plate- VIII: A View of Phase of Transition, Plate-IX: Another View of Phase of Western Liwan Transition, Western Liwan

Plate- V: A View of Pylon and Dome of Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-VI: A View of arch-netting, Side Aisles Plate- VII: A View of Side Aisles Plate- X: A View of Qibla, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 233 125 234 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Plate- XI: Another View of Qibla, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-XIV: A View of Shahjahani mosque

Plate-XII: A View of Bays of Side Aisles, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-XV: Another view of Shahjahani mosque

Plate-XIII: A View of Phase of transition of Cloisters with Ceiling, Akbari mosque 126 236 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (workshop) and the products produced by these karkhanas. The karkhanas generally required to cater to the ruler's demand for its Craftsmen and the State : household and army in the form of articles of luxury goods and war auxiliaries. According to K.M Ashraf and TriptaVerma the system of A case study of Jaipur Kharkhana royal kharkhanaswas probably borrowed from Persia, although it is Syed Shahid Ashraf possible that state owned workshops were an ancient institution in India.3 And the similar patterns was used by the Jaipur for establishing these karkhanas but it is also very interesting fact that the Jaipur This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between the karkhanas went far away from the Mughal karkhanas and earned more ruling classes and the craftsmen. The craftsmen are generally ignored reputation than the imperial karkhanas of Agra and Delhi. by the modern historians, apart from being the very important part of every empire all the times. Behind the glory of every Empire there According to Sumbul Halim Khan some of the great works done were always the craftsmen of different fields. These craftsmen gave by Jaipur karkhanas, where the Imperial karkhanas of the Mughal their services in the form of their skills and productions, which was were unable to compete them for intance (1) The Rangkhana, which used by the state and state recieved fame by the other Empires, or in was one of the very important Karkhana of Jaipur, is not found in the list of karkhanas of the Mughals. Ain-i-Akbari is silent about the other words we can say that these craftsmen were the backbone of interesting details provided for colouring of textiles and the clothing the Empire. prepared in Rangkhana. This clearly shows that only Rangkhana of A commendable work in the field of arts and crafts is that of Jaipur was able to produce such nice colouring works and Raja Jaisingh Eugenia Vanina who has very well described the organization of Sawai is credited for promoting this art of colouring and this took the craftsmen, technology and labour division as well as the socio- Sangneri printings upto a distinct identity.4 (2) The Shuturkhana of economic conditions of the craftsmen of medieval India. According Jaipur was far better than the Mughal counterpart because camels for to Vanina, urban centres of medieval India, big as well as small, hosted accompanying the hunting expeditions of the emperor were required all kinds of manufactures, such as textile industry, carpet-making, and thus, often sourced from here. The camel corps accompanied jewellery, production of dyes, oils, sugar, scents, soap, paper, ink, imperial administrative assignments and the similar military contingents glass, weaponry tools, household utensils, all kinds of metal, wood, were maintained at Ujjain, Shahjahanabad, and Akbarabad. Camel stone, and leather works, minting, construction and shipbuilding. swivels are traced for a specific period under the Mughals, when Ahmadabad, Braoch, Baroda, Lahore, Multan, Dacca, Malda, both Shuturnal (camel swivel) and Zamburak (Camel barrel) remained Qasimbazar, Burhanpur, Narasapur, Masulipatnam, Kanchipuram were popular in Jaipur. This clearly hints at the possibility that they were famous for their textiles; Bayana and Sarkhej for indigo; Agra, Delhi, either inducted from Jaipur karkhanas or at least were inspired from Lahore, Sialkot, for weapons; Baroda, Patna, Bihar Sharif, Sialkot, the development of the Mughal karkhanas.5 (3) The other very important Zafarabad for paper. There were innumerable towns and townships speciality of Jaipur karkhanas is the military maps prepared in producing goods for the local market.1 Under the organization she Suratkhana (atelier) and then kept in Pothikhana (library workshop). describes three types of craftsmen:-i) craftsmen who worked for the These military maps specified the weight of gunpowder, location of village community on the basis of a system like jajmani; ii) craftsmen cannons, artillery, checkposts, placement of armed men, details of who resided in the countryside but were not included into the jajmani the military contingent of the enemy and even of the Mughals. even network, like weaver's settlement in Bengal, Bihar or South India, and the distance of checkposts, forts, treasury, routes via forests, and iii) urban crafts catering for the mass of urban population and for the river. such type of military maps were used in the imperial expeditions elite.2 of Kabul, Assam, Deccan, Sinsini, and among others.6 The Jaipur The Mughals and the Kachwahs were fond in arts and their Karkhana was also famous for its Minakari techniques. The master interest can be seen through the establishment of the karkhanas artisans from Persia were brought to Jaipur and settled there to provide ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 237 127 238 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 training in this art. The art of Minakari was used in the Silehkhana based on individual identities. The strict membership rules and rigid (arms workshop) for the purpose of beautifying and ornamentation regulations of caste organization, in turn, helped the rulers to keep of the arms such as swords and daggers, which were then presented craftsmen and traders under control.10 as peshkash (the tribute of a subordinate to his superior) to the It is clearly evident that the Empire always shows their keen Emperor. The nazr (gift) and peshkash received by the Raja were also interest to patronize the craftsmen class and look after them. As these stored in karkhanas so that they could by properly maintained.7 craftsmen enhanced the prestige of the Empire and helped the Empire Nandita Prasad Sahai has done remarkable research in which to be strengthened by producing the Arms of good qualities. Which she has argued that the artisans of Jodhpur were provided land grants ultimately helps in the warfare and expeditions. The craftsmen as religious charities so that they could have their preferred shrines in themselves made their own future and respects by their tremendous their localities. The artisans who acquired exceptional proficiency in works. So, it is very obvious that these craftsmen played their important their trade were often recruited by the state to work in the state role in state formation. workshops (karkhanas) and meet the demands of the royalty. The References artisans provided their services in both the forms, on contract basis 1. Eugenia Vanina., Crafts and Craftsmen in Medieval India: Thirteenth- and on wage employment. Those artisans who received allowances Eighteenth Centuries, MunshiramManoharlal, New Delhi, 2004, p. 6. or grants could renew them. For instance, one Mochi Muhammad 2. The Jajmani system is an exchange of goods and services between used to receive grains and allowances from the government and after landowning higher castes and landless service castes. The service castes his death the allowances ceased. But when his son Kamal petitioned were the artisans and craftsmen and the landed higher castes were the to the government to resume the allowances, then an order was passed patrons. to provide the allowances to Kamal which was earlier provided to his 3. Kunwar Muhammad Ashraf, Life and Conditions of the People of father. Apart from this the artisans were also provided reward for Hindustan1200-1550, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1970, pp. outstanding workmanship with inam in the form of cash, land, or an 140-41; TriptaVerma, Karkhanas under the Mughals from Akbar to honour like the presentation of turban (pag) from the rulers. It appears Aurangzeb: A study in Economic Development, Pragati Publications, from her work that artisans were important for the ruling classes and Delhi, 1994, p. X. the state.8 4. Sumbul Halim Khan, Art and Craft workshops under the Mughals: A Different social groups lived in different areas designated for study of Jaipur Karkhana, Primus Book, New Delhi, 2015, p. 8. 5. Ibid, p. 8. them or developed by them. Nandita Prasad Sahai describes that the 6. Ibid,p. 8. artisanal settlements in muhallas were facilitated by the state, and the 7. Ibid, p. 8 rulers were sensitive to the needs of caste members to reside in their 8. Nandita Prasad Sahai, 'Crafts and Statecraft in Eighteenth Century 9 own quarters. When the houses of many blacksmiths of Luharpura Jodhpur', Modern Asian Studies, vol. 41, No. 4, (July 2007), pp. 683- in Nagaur collapsed due to the Maratha raids, the state was keen to 722, p. 717. ensure that they did not abandon the city. The state therefore ordered 9. Sahai, 'Crafts and Statecraft in Eighteenth Century Jodhpur', p. 714. for the blacksmiths to be given substitute houses on the state controlled 10. Eugenia Vanina, Urban Crafts and Craftsmen in Medieval India, p. lands in the city. The state took care to ensure that they settled in the 126 same muhalla since they preferred to live close to their caste members. The same settlement pattern was argued by Eugenia Vanina, that urban castes, which resided in muhallas were a very convenient network for revenue collection and organizing all kinds of work required bythe state. Mughal state, often, in its everyday function engaged with subject population based on their caste affiliation and as collectives or groups. Rarely, the points of engagement between the state and subject were 128 240 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan, , Punjab and a few parts of Madhya Pradesh have their origin in Marwar and have similar lifestyles and traditions.3 Marwaris’ Migration and Their According to All India Marwari Yuva Manch, “all persons having adopted the lifestyle, language or culture of Rajasthan, Haryana, or Trading Activities in Bengal nearby regions and who themselves or whose ancestors living whether During 16th to 18th Centuries in India or any part of the world, would be identified as the ‘Marwaris.”4 The Marwari community initially was of Jain faith and they opted for Abdul Motleb Shaikh trade and commerce, the only possible occupation, open to them.5 The first stage of the emergence of Marwaris was their migration Technically, the denizen of Marwar was termed as Marwaris, in and outside Rajputana, broadly speaking, between Rajputana and but usually, it is a common practice to the inhabitants hailing from the the rest of India especially to Bengal, in search of opportunity for State of Rajasthan and its neighbouring places, as Marwaris. It is industry, trade, and commerce.6 Timberg also writes, Thousands of quite interesting to study the migration of the Marwaris from Rajputana merchants from the north-western states of Rajasthan (Bikaner, Jaipur, to other areas of the country, particularly in Bengal. Before this work, Jaisalmir, and Jodhpur) moved east and south.7 many scholars attempted to highlight the migrations and settlement of The geophysical background of the Rajputana region was a trading communities or Marwaris from one place to another inside potent cause of this sort of migration. The soil of the Rajputana region, the boundary of the Rajputana state, i.e. Oswals migrated from Riyan by nature, was barren, sandy and stoney, its weather was bad with to Idar, Oswal (Dugad gotrs) from Patad to Merta1. These well-known scanty rainfall and with occasional outbreaks of natural calamities studies only focus the Marwaris migrations within the states. Here I like famine, plagues, etc. So this region was devoid of sufficient, made an attempt the Marwaris migration outside Rajasthan especially even adequate, natural resources and thus nature itself was a great to Bengal. This paper focuses on the Marwari communities migrations bar to human livelihood, a stumbling block to job opportunities and a in Bengal and their trading activities from big cities and small towns great hindrance to commercial agriculture, trade, and industry. like Dacca, Murshidabad, Cooch Behar, Siliguri, Barishal, Rangpur Chattopadhyaya viewed that, “The barrenness of the soil of Rajputana etc., I also present an idea about who the Marwaris were, and how forced them out of their province in search of economic availed they became the most successful trading class in Bengal. Secondly, I themselves of the opportunities and turned out, in course of time to look at the history of a business town in Bengal, focusing on the be big industrialists, business magnates and financiers-the Rothschilds, relationship between rulers and merchants. the Nattukottai Chettiers, the Zaibatsu capitalists of Bengal, so to say.”8 Thomas A. Timberg mentions since noteworthy groups of There were certain compulsions which had made the people of merchants and industrialists come from the Shekhawati region of the Rajasthan leave their native land and search out better and alternative neighbouring region of Jaipur and Bikaner and other areas of Rajasthani means of livelihood, the compulsions being the predatory hordes of there has been a tendency to join all these Rajasthani migrants under Mairs, bad or oppressive laws of the princely regimes of Rajasthan, the rubric of Marwar. In colloquial usage, outside of Rajasthan, Marwari heavy taxation, uncongenial social surroundings, poor facilities for is used to refer to migrant businessmen from the neighbourhood of education, lack of other amenities and infrastructure, and so on. Rajasthan.2 A recent research on the Marwaris, D.K. Taknet, identifies These are the forces and factors behind Marwari migration the Marwaris in the following way, the word ‘Rajputana’ symbolises anywhere in India but as the present study mainly to focus on the the national fervour and Marwar is confined to the geographical and Bengal syndrome, it is relevant to pinpoint the specific forces and cultural aspects of Rajasthan. In fact, there are three factors- language, factors which caused the Marwari migration to this region. Bengal geography, and the exclusive social caste phenomena- constitute the from ancient times had been a purely agricultural region and the Marwaris who use dialects spoken all over Rajasthan except for development of her economy was mostly agriculture-based.9 As most Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli regions. Some people living in of the people of this province earned their subsistence from agriculture, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 241 129 242 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 they took to agriculture rather than commerce as their profession. in 1564 AD.19 The pace of migration became faster in the last decade WW Hunter viewed, “There seems to be no tendency on the part of of the sixteenth century when the Mughal rule in Bengal at the last the people to gather into towns, or into seats of industry or commerce. took firm root under the governorship of Raja Mansingh at the time of The population is a purely agricultural one, and….. that forty-nine out Akbar. of every fifty persons live more or less by cultivation.”10 The same It is believed that many Marwari traders left for Bengal to supply view, Hunter expresses and says, “The population of the district is rations to the troops of Mansingh,20 which reflects the collaboration 11 entirely rural ……and live solely by agriculture.’’ The same picture between the Marwaris and Mughals in the conquest of Bengal. Where 12 could be found in the district of Cooch Behar too. Naturally, no the Mughals provided the Marwaris with the essential political security business community could emerge from among the native inhabitants for transacting business, the latter provided the Mughals with financial of this region. So this rare situation was a positive inducement behind capital obtained through their networks of fellow members residing Marwari migration to the region under study. all over Bengal.21 Nevertheless, the Marwari migration in the sixteenth Competition among the commercial communities also exist in century was intended mainly for military purposes, not for economic Bengal it could early see this kind of phenomenon i.e., there were reasons. But with the coming of the seventeenth century, the situation Bengalees, Europeans, Punjabis, Kashmiris, i.e. Subarna Baniks, began to shape otherwise and henceforth, Marwari migration might Gandha Baniks, Vaishya Sahas along with the Marwaris.13 But in north- have been prompted by trading goals. Manrique also refers that the eastern India and more specifically in North Bengal, there had always wealthy Khatris known today as Marwaris, because they came from been a commercial vacuum which the Marwaris filled in. That is why Marwar in Rajasthan22 and they were the prominent merchants, bankers, the Marwaris from the very beginning exerted a monopoly control and moneylenders, who had accompanied their Mughal patrons to over all kinds of trade and commerce in this region. wealth and success. T.A. Timberg has quoted that “those narrow boundaries within The Mughal imperial officeholders of Bengal spent only the cash which they contain their banking activities must be to a significant raised from their assigned jâgîrs, or territorially defined revenue units, degree correlated with their monopoly position in the trade of Bengal.”14 to finance their military operations. In fact, though, officers often Fortunately for them, the North Bengal region was a virgin soil of needed more money than could be derived from their revenue money-lending or banking or Mahajan business. In the Cooch Behar assignments, and in such cases turned to moneylenders. A worth region, the native people or the state did not come forward to introduce mentioning example is of Mirza Nathan, in 1621 AD, whose jâgîr systematic banking establishments in order to lend money to the people provided him with revenue sufficient to support around one thousand who were mostly agriculturists.15 So the money-lending profession cavalrymen, obtained from the “merchant-princes [mullak-i tujârân] was a point of attraction of this region to any migrant community like of Jahangirnagar” the substantial loan of Rs. 100,000 for the purpose the Marwaris’, the forerunners of India’s indigenous system of of purchasing or hiring boats to transport troops and supplies in banking. In Bengal, the first phase of Marwari migration occurred in northern Bengal.23 Somewhat earlier, and for a similar purpose, he had the sixteenth century.16 Rajasthan has an affinity with Cooch Behar borrowed Rs. 30,000 from Marwari merchant in Gilah, a Mughal region of Bengal in another admiration. This affinity grew up through outpost in the Kuch country far to the north. This indicates that such the establishment of a matrimonial relation between Rajasthan and banking houses followed Mughal arms even to the remotest frontiers Cooch Behar. In 1596 AD, Prabhabhat Devi, sister of Maharaja of imperial expansion.24 In sum, by the mid seventeenth century, as Lakshminarayan of Cooch Behar was given in marriage to Mansingh, both foreign observers and contemporary revenue documents attest, king of Amber.17 Also in 1940 AD, , the second sister of the Mughals had established both power and credibility throughout Maharaja Jagatdipendra Narayan of Cooch Behar was wedded to the delta. They achieved this by means of a military machine that Mansingh of Jaipur according to Hindu rituals.18 This feeling of affinity effectively combined gunpowder weaponry with mounted archers and might have enhanced Marwari migration in this region. Some Marwari’s naval forces, a determined diplomacy that rewarded loyalty while entered Bengal for the first time in the disguise of Rajputs and Vaishyas punishing perfidy, and the financial services of mobile and wealthy ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 243 130 244 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Marwari bankers.25 While during the eighteenth century the Seths or into the same business which made its name famous throughout the scions of the House of Jagat Seth hailing from Marwar served as length and breadth of Hindustan.34 bankers to the Nawabs of Bengal.26 Dacca was then capital of Mughal Bengal and the most The Mughal rule is witnessed the working of certain new forces important centre of river-borne trade in eastern India.35 It had direct which had completely transformed Bengali life and thought. During communications with all the branches of this inland navigation. The the first century of Mughal rule in 1575-1675 AD, the outer world annual return of trade transactions in this inland port amounted to came to Bengal and Bengal went out of herself to the outer world, and more than ten million rupees.36 Dacca’s muslins and woven stuff were the economic, social and cultural changes that came out of this world famous and they had a great demand in Europe. The English, intercourse between Bengal and the outer world created something the French, the Dutch, the Armenians, the Gujaratis, and other Indian new in the Bengal scenario.27 Apparently, the Mughal emperors did not and non- Indian merchants made Dacca a competitive trade mart and deliberately introduce these forces, but the political change which in this very competitive market, bankers with their timely supply of accompanied their conquest and the administration they imposed on credit prospered day by day.37 So Manik Chand’s ‘Kuthi’ began to the conquered land made the triumph of the new forces possible and prosper. After Murshid Kuli Khan became the Dewan of Bengal in easy. The first of these forces was the growth of a vast sea-borne 1701 and then the Subedar in1703 AD, Manik Chand’s fortune went a trade.28 Saltpetre (an essential ingredient of gunpowder) had a great step further. A family tradition states that Manik Chand helped Murshid demand all over Europe.29 It came from north Bihar (Lalganj) and was Kuli Khan to purchase his confirmation in office after the death of exported to Europe by the river route through Bengal. Many other Aurangzeb. All the financial transactions of Murshid Kuli Khan were items, added to the list of Bengali’s export trade were silk-stuffs, made through the banking house of Manik Chand.38 Even the annual indigo, fine cotton goods, coarse cotton textiles, etc.30 East Bengal’s tribute to Delhi was remitted through the ‘kuthi’ of Manik Chand. connection with the Mughal rule also facilitated Bengal’s trade. The When Murshid Kuli Khan transferred his headquarters from Dacca to trans-Brahmaputra region was, henceforth, closely connected Murshidabad Manik Chand accompanied him to the new centre. Here westwards with the rest of Bengal and the whole of Upper India.31 So Murshid Kuli Khan established a mint in 1706 under the direct in the seventeenth century, Bengal had become a lucrative trade centre supervision of Manik Chand. Side by side, Manik Chand also opened which attracted outmigration of trading communities. The Marwari’s banking business of his own at Murshidabad and established its readily responded to this opportunity. Indeed Bengal’s new trading branches at Calcutta, Hugli and so on.39 prospect coincided with the Marwari migration into Bengal. Thus the The Marathas invasions of Bengal under Bhaskar Pandit in 1742 seventeenth century the pace of Marwari migration into Bengal picked onwards during the Nawab of Alivardi Khan provided a cause behind up. Marwari migration in Bengal. The Marathas divested the normal life In 1652 AD, Hiranand Saho, a section of the Oswal sect of of Bengal. As the invasion centered around the western part of Bengal, Nagaur in Marwar reached Patna in search of a career.32 But initially, i.e., mostly Howrah, Midnapur, Hooghly, Burdwan, Katwa, Birbhum he struggled hard to make himself established. There is a myth that a and lastly Murshidabad, this part of Bengal began to be less populated dying old man in the midst of a jungle near Patna, was pleased with resulting in an increase of population in East and North Bengal.40 This Hiranand’s nursing and caring, and handed over to him a vast hidden invasion affected every aspect of Bengal’s economic life. Agriculture, treasure. With this vast wealth, he established a gaddi at Patna and trade and commerce, indigenous industries, flow of capital- all these started his banking business. After having prospered he also established suffered a serious-setback causing immense hardship to the general seven gaddis for his seven sons in different progressing cities such as mass. Obviously, large numbers of the population had to migrate to Delhi, Agra, Patna, Dacca and so on. His eldest son Manik Chand neighbouring safer places which they found in East and North Bengal. inherited the Decca gaddi.33 Manik Chandra proceeded to Dacca when Murshidabad was the capital of the Nawabs and the Marathas severely Azim-us-Shan was the Governor of Bengal and he was destined to plundered Dahipara, a suburb of Murshidabad, burnt its bazaar and become the first of the Seths of Murshidabad and to launch his family reached the capital city which also became a victim of wanton pillage. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 245 131 246 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 They robbed away 3 lakhs of rupees by sacking the mint of Jagat Marwari migrants made humble beginnings as small traders or hawkers. Seth, the great banker of Murshidabad, alone.41 Many Marwari families While many of them concentrated solely on the business they started including the house of Jagat Seth lived in the capital city. The Maratha initially, expending them as and when opportunities presented invasions had thrown the capital city in the midst of uncertainty and themselves and the requisite capital could be found, a fairly large hopelessness, so that trade and commerce were on the wane. number ventured into diverse fields. And with the passage of time, the Consequently, the merchant communities of the capital city along with Marwaris were found in all kinds of business. Today the Marwaris many Marwari families were bound to move to the safer region of are timber and tea merchants, grocers as well as sellers of cloth and North Bengal which seemed to them to be a region of much economic wholesale traders in rice and pulses and also suppliers of building potentiality. materials. Marwari migration was further facilitated by the absence of By dint of hard labour and with preservence and tendency, the medium-sized business sectors and tradesmen, especially in Darjeeling Marwaris have risen from a modest beginning, sometimes even starting and the other two districts –Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri. So the from scratch, to their present-day position of importance and pre- Marwaris not only gripped the wholesale business but also the retail eminence in other words they went from rags to riches. Like the business of the area. In some cases, they lent money to the hill people Jews of Europe succeeding in their commercial venture within an who were interested in opening up shops. Mention may be made the unbelievably short period, the Marwaris too coming from their far- Marwari migration was not simply an option or compulsion for the off homeland with a lota (small water of spherical shape vessel made Marwaris, rather it was an objective intention of the community under of brass or copper) and a kambal (blanket) have achieved spectacular study for the extension of trade and business. This intention was success on the business front. The Marwaris are today unmistakably supported by the local landed aristocrats and feudal lords who had a among the captains of trade and commerce in North Bengal. definite intention for the extraction of a share of the surplus created out of the effort of Marwaris in the expanded trade and business. It References was perhaps because of this latent understanding that no communal 1. Hakim Singh Bhati’s compiled work in the from of a book entitled, Rajasthan Ke Aitihasik Durlabh Granthoh Ka Anushilan, Rajasthani violence took place within the given timescale of the study. Interestingly Granthagar, Jodhpur, 2016, pp. 214-215. Also see Jibraeil, Oswals: enough, although the Marwaris had settled in the area for a long period Their Migrations and Settlement as Reflected in Archival Source (Jain of time, most of the Marwari families still have their distinct relations Vanshavali) –The Exploratory Works of Hakim Singh Bhati with their place of origin. As a result, there has always been some (Cyclostyle). Cf. Jain Vanshavali, available at Chauparani, Jodhpur, transfer of funds from the area of migration to the place of origin of Rajasthan. the community. All these factors and forces paved the way for Marwari 2. Thomas A, Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists, migration to Bengal. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1979, p. 10. The Marwari as a community is sui generis. Coming from far 3. D.K. Taknet, Industrial Entrepreneurship of Shekhawati Marwaris, Jaipur, away Rajasthan almost empty-handed they have settled in many places 1986, p. 24. in India as very successful businessmen. Their hardy nature, 4. All India Marwari Yuva Manch: A brief Introduction, p. 1. parsimonious habit and business acumen have helped them succeed 5. Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, in their commercial ventures. Wherever they have gone, they have Oriental Longman, New Delhi, 1978, p. 44. pursued their business goals with single-minded devotion and 6. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A Case Study unwavering zeal. They are not known to take failures lying down, of Bengal, K.P. Bagchi & Co., Calcutta,1987, p. 336. even if they fail which is rare, they make fresh efforts with assistance 7. Thomas A. Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists, op. cit. , p.84 and co-operation from successful fellow Marwaris. As a matter of 8. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A case study fact, their determination to succeed in business even by foul means, of Bengal, op.cit., p. 336. if necessary, is an inherent trait in the Marwari character. Almost all 9. Shafaat Ahmad Khan, ed., John Marshall in India: Notes and ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 247 132 248 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Observations in Bengal, 1668–1672, Oxford University Press, London, of Bengal, op .cit., p. 336. 1927, p. 62; Also see, R. K. Mukerjee, The Changing Face of Bengal: 27. Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir: An A Study of Riverine Economy,: University of Calcutta, Calcutta, Introductory Study in Social History, Munshiram Manoharlal, New 1938, p. 137. Delhi, 1969, pp. 49-51. 10. W. W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Vo. IX& X, Trubner, 28. Simon Digboy, ‘The Maritime Trade of India,’ Tapan Raychaudhury London , 1874 & 1876, p. 261. and Irfan Habib eds., CEHI, Vol. I, 2008, p. 127. 11. Ibid., p. 87. 29. Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of 12. Narayan Chandra Saha, Kuch-Beharer Marwari Samaj, Madhuparni, Bengal, 1630–1720, op.cit., p. 75; Also see, Sushil Chaudhury, Trade a special issue on the District of Cooch-Behar, BS 1396, P. 147. and Commercial Organization in Bengal, 1650–1720, Firma K.L. 13. Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir: An Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1975, pp. 178–179. Introductory Study in Social History, Munshiram Manoharlal, New 30. Ibid. Delhi, 1969, p. 96; Also see, Om Prakash, The Dutch East India 31. J.N. Sarkar, J.N. Sarkar, The History of Bengal, Muslim Period, (1200- Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Princeton University 1757), University of Dacca, Dacca, 1948, pp. 216-228. Press, Princeton, 1985, pp. 224-229. 32. Nikhil Nath Roy, Jagat Seth, Calcutta, BS, 1389, P. 9. 14. Thomas A. Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists op.cit. 33. Ibid. pp. 9-10. , p. 58. 34. Ibid, p.8 15. Ananda Chandra Ghosh, Lecture on the history of Cooch-Behar, BS, 35. Abdul Karim, Dacca, the Mughal Capital, Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1272, P. 158; Also see, Asruman Dasgupta, Krishak Samaj O Riner Dacca, 1964, 70. Also see; Manrique, Travels, pp.1- 45.Census of Dai, Cooch-Behar Darpan, Ist edn., C.S.P., BS 1345, p. 15. India, 1901, Vol. VI, The Lower Provinces of Bengal and Their 16. Chaudhury Amanatullah Ahmed Khan, Cooch- Behar Itihas, Cooch Feudatories, Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta, 1902, p. 156 Behar, 1936, pp. 137-138. 36. J.H. Little, ‘House of Jagat Seth’ with Introduction by Prof. N.K. 17. Ibid. Sinha, Historical Society, Calcutta ,1967, pp. vi-vii 18. Bhagabati Charan Bandopadhyaya, Cooch- Beharer Itihas ed. Dr. 37. Ralph Fitch, ‘The Voyage of Master Ralph Fitch Merchant of London Nripendra Nath Paul, Calcutta, 1987, p. 177. to Ormus, and so to Goa in the East India, to Cambaia, , 19. Balchand Modi, Desh ke Itihas mein Marwari jati ka sthan, Calcutta, Bengala,’ in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his 1939, p. 368. Pilgrimes 1625; Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905. P. 184; Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial 20. D.K. Taknet, Industrial Entrepreneurship of Shekhawati Marwaris, Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, 2d ed., William Crooke Munshiram Jaipur,1986, p. 54 Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1968, p. 290. 21. Fray Sebastien Manrique,. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, 1629– 38. Nikhil Nath Roy, Jagat Seth, op.cit. p. 15. 1643, translated by E. Luard and H. Hosten, Hakluyt Society, Oxford, 39. J.H. Little, ‘House of Jagat Seth’ op. cit., p. iii. 1927, pp. 1-45. 40. J.N. Sarkar, The History of Bengal, Muslim Period, (1200-1757), op. 22. Abdul Karim, Dacca, the Mughal Capital, Asiatic Society of Pakistan, cit., Dacca, p. 455. Dacca, 1964, p.70. 41. Ibid., p. 456. 23. Dusan Zbavitel, Bengali Folk-Ballads from Mymensingh and the Problem of Their Authenticity, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1963, pp. 161–162. 24. Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, The Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Dacca, East Pakistan, 1959, p. 171; Cf. Viyaya Gupta, Padma Purân?a, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1962, p. 140 25. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204- 1760, Berkeley University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993, p. 71. 26. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A case study 133 250 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Rajput relations in the eighteenth century, we have considered the historical context in which they came into contact with each other. Friends or Foes : The primary sources consulted are Kharitas, Kyats and Dastur Komwar Dikhni. The Maratha-Rajput Relations The early activities of Shahji and Shivaji indicate that it was not Dr. Kalpana Malik a chance circumstance but determined efforts that led to the rise of the Maratha power in the Deccan in the seventeenth century.6 Shivaji The Marathas have been generally perceived in a negative light inherited the independent regions of Pune, Chakan, Supe and Indapur by contemporary sources.1 The secondary sources too give a jagir from his father which proved to be a stepping stone for the rise monolithic representation of the Marathas.2 Through his New History of Maratha power under his leadership. These also formed the initial 7 of the Marathas, G.S. Sardesai became the first Maratha historian to boundaries of Shivaji’s swarajya, (territory directly governed by him) 8 attempt presenting a fresh and full treatment of Maratha history.3 and is credited to be his first achievement. Shivaji was the first Maratha However, recent researches based on the Maratha sources have leader to crown his achievement by giving it a halo of legitimacy. This 9 challenged both the contemporary and secondary portrayal of the also brought him politically at par with other kings. The Rajput princes Marathas. They have re-looked at the Marathas basing themselves on respected the Bhatt family of Banaras so highly that no ceremony Marathi sources. Thus, Andre Wink4 and Stewart Gordon5 have could be completed without some member of that learned family being 10 portrayed the Marathas in a new light. Since the Rajput states were present to officiate at the function. Following this tradition Shivaji the main target of the Maratha attacks in the eighteenth century, it is decided to invite Vishveshwar alias Gaga Bhatt for his coronation. An important to study the relations of the Marathas with the Rajputs as amiable cord was struck between the Marathas and the Sisodia House recorded in the Rajasthani sources. Both, the Marathi as well as of Mewar (that enjoyed a premier status among the Rajput Rajas of Rajasthani sources provide extensive and significant information Rajasthan) when in 1673, at the time of Shivaji’s coronation it was relating to their relations. finally asserted that the Bhonsle house had descended from Sajjan, the son of Rana Hamir of Chittaur’s uncle and predecessor in the On the basis of these sources one feels tempted to ask is it Sisodia House. The claim of relationship with the house of Udaipur justified to perceive the Maratha-Rajput relations in water tight appears to have been accepted by contemporaries. Nainsi traces the compartments. The question arises, should perception of the Marathas descent of Shahji Bhonsle to the Sisodia chief of Mewar, Rana Khetsi. be restricted to their monolithic representation as deceitful, treacherous, One of the son’s of Khetsi, named Chacha was born out of a carpenter narrow-minded, rapacious and notorious liars. Was it possible to caste woman (khatin). Chacha’s descendent later on migrated to the check the Maratha advancement in the regions bordering Malwa? Who Deccan and Nainsi states that Shahji Bhonsle’s descent was from this was to be blamed if not the Rajputs themselves for turning to the 11 Marathas for the settlement of their inter-state and struggles for branch of the Sisodias. The family name of Bhonsle is said to be succession disputes. There is rich historiography on how both, Shinde derived from the fief of Bhosavat in Udaipur, where a prince named and Holkar were enticed by rival Rajput princes to support their cause Sajjan Singh fled after the conquest of Udaipur to seek fortune as a 12 and how the inability of the Rajputs to meet the promises made to the soldier in the South. It is against this background that we should Marathas to gain their support complicated the relations between the perceive the initial phase of cordiality between the Marathas and two sides and served as the pretext for continued Maratha pressure. especially the Sisodias of Mewar and the Kachhwahas of Amber. However, the question arises whether the Marathas are to be solely The initial phase of the Maratha-Rajput relations must be seen blamed? Did the Marathas ever visualize a well-conceived Rajput policy as a part of Mughal-Maratha conflict in Malwa. It is clear that the in the context of their future plans to regain and retain political Rajputs came into contact with the Marathas while serving as the ascendency? Why was their handling of the Rajputs vastly different mansabdars of the Mughal emperors. Both the Rajput Rajas, Mirza from the Mughals? In the present paper, while examining the Maratha- Raja Jai Singh and Raja Jaswant Singh had tried to subdue the Marathas ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 251 134 252 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 under the leadership of Shivaji but were unsuccessful. The Marathas consultation and talks in the inner circle of the emperor, ministers and and Rajputs came in close contact during the reign of Aurangzeb (1658- other influential members at the capital.”15Sawai Jai Singh’s pro- 1707) when Mirza Raja Jai Singh was sent to campaign against Shivaji. Maratha policy was motivated by his desire to drive away the Mughals It was due to the efforts of Mirza Raja Jai Singh that in May 1666, from Malwa with the help of the Marathas and then extend his own Shivaji, his son Shambhaji and a small party of 250 troops set out to territories up to Malwa.16 But Sawai Jai Singh’s third subedari of Malwa meet the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Later, Shivaji escaped from Agra in 1730’s proved to be particularly favourable to the Marathas. Sawai and the emperor suspected that Shivaji had fled from Agra with the Jai Singh convincingly argued that the Maratha occupation of Malwa connivance of Sawai Jai Singh’s son, Ram Singh. The Rajput prince was inevitable despite Mughal efforts to stop them. He entered into was punished, first by being forbidden the court and then by being negotiations with the Peshwa’s representatives after the Maratha deprived of his rank and pay. Later, Sambhaji had tried to persuade victory over the Mughals in 1735. This paved the way for the Mughal Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur and through him, other rulers of grant of the right to collect chauth from 28 parganas of Malwa to the Rajasthan, to make common cause with the Marathas to overthrow Marathas. The anti-Maratha faction at the Mughal court blamed Sawai ‘the tyrannical regime of Aurangzeb and re-establish Hindu supremacy’, Jai Singh for ruining the empire by his secret support to the Marathas.17 in the country. Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and his son also The tradition of friendship between Sawai Jai Singh (Bade Maharaj) paid a heavy price as the emperor Aurangzeb accused the father of and the Marathas was invoked in the letters to the subsequent rulers collaborating with the Maratha king Shivaji. In consequence of his of Jaipur from the Peshwa, Shinde and Holkar. In fact, Baji Rao failure in the Deccan, he was recalled by Aurangzeb, who appointed addressed Sawai Jai Singh as ‘Kaka.’18 him as the commander of the force sent to quell the Afghan rebellion Sawai Jai Singh’s subedari of Malwa in 1713-1717 and 1732- in Kabul. Jaswant Singh left Marwar under the regency of his eldest 37 brought Rajasthan and Malwa closer. During Sawai Jai Singh’s son, Pirthi Singh who died due to a poisonous robe of honour presented stay in Malwa, trade and commercial relations between Ujjain and to him by Aurangzeb. When the news reached Jaswant Singh at Kabul, Jaipur also began, as Sawai Jai Singh was interested in developing his he realized that Aurangzeb had made his son bear the brunt of his capital city as a major trading and commercial center in Rajasthan. He father’s deeds. At the end of a long reign of forty-two years, Raja extended invitations to traders and bankers from Ujjain to settle in Jaswant Singh died far away from his home.13 Thus, the above Jaipur or establish their shops and branches there. Shops, mansions discussion makes it amply clear that both, the Kachhwahas and the and other belongings of the traders from Malwa in Jaipur are referred Rathors had to bear the brunt of the Mughal emperor’s ire for being to in the kharitas of Mahadaji Shinde and Malhar Rao Holkar. It seems accommodative of the Marathas. that migration from Ujjain to Jaipur during the time of Sawai Jai Singh When Shambhaji was killed along with his close associate Kavi was much wider as reflected in a kharita from Malhar Rao Holkar. It Kalash at Aurangzeb’s instructions, the poet’s family moved to Marwar. deals with the following information: “Pandit Harbaji Krishna Brahman The family took shelter at Bilara near Jodhpur. Durgadas instructed is there in Jaipur and performing vyarcharya (priesthood) since the the hakim of Merta to meet the expenses of the family of Kavi Kalash time of Sawai Jai Singh along with many other brahmans and are at the rate of rupee one and fifteen annas per day. These events indicate facing trouble, the state should take care of them and see to it that that relations between the Marathas, Sisodias, Kachhwahas and they are not suffering.”19In 1764, Malhar Rao Holkar wrote to Sawai Rathors were acquiring a new dimension. When the Marathas were Jai Singh to provide protection to seth Kewalram, whose father was trying to gain foothold in Malwa, the Jaipur Raja, Sawai Jai Singh brought to Jaipur from Ujjain by Sawai Jai Singh.20 extended clandestine support to the Marathas. The Maratha king Shahu In the beginning the sporadic Maratha forays into the Mewar regarded him as his reliable supporter in the Mughal court and Peshwa territory resulted in the annoyance expressed by the Mewar Maharana Baji Rao considered him as a sincere friend.14 Sawai Jai Singh was in the kharitas addressed to the Maratha king Shahu. The latter also appointed as the Mughal governor of the province of Malwa three took cognizance of the situation and rebuked his officials in times. Raghubir Sinh has opined: “Jai Singh was friendly with the consideration of the old ties that they had with the house of Mewar. Marathas, kept them informed of even the most confidential Raja Shahu exhibited his earnestness and sincerity towards the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 253 135 254 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Maharana when in 1726, he issued a permanent ajna-patra (written of letters between the Maratha king Shahu, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao, order) under his own as well as the seals of the Peshwa and the Rajaram and Tarabai with the rulers of Jaipur. When Raja Shahu’s Pratinidhi, in favour of Rawat Bhim Singh Shaktawat of Piplia, a representative, Tatya Gangadhar performed the shradh ceremony of noble of Mewar. He instructed his military commanders and all officers his father, Sawai Madho Singh sent rupees 200 for him25 and in 1753, not to disturb the land and the people of the Piplia village (situated rupees 250 for his wife.26 We get to know that cordial relations existed within the Mewar state territories) adjoining the Malwa suba.21 between Tarabai, wife of Rajaram of Satara and Sawai Madho Singh. With the accession of Balaji Baji Rao in 1740 up to the death of Between 1754 and 1761, twenty four representatives from Satara Sawai Jai Singh in 1743, there was friendly interaction between the visited Jaipur.27 The vakils were present at the courts of each other. latter and the Marathas. According to Malcolm, Sawai Jai Singh desired Frequent dispatches of special envoys and representatives from both to combine his loyalty to the emperor and friendship with the sides for negotiations and clarification over contested issues used to Marathas.22 During the reign of Sawai Jai Singh the cordiality enjoyed take place in an amicable atmosphere. In a letter to Sawai Prithvi by the Marathas with the house of Jaipur was invoked on many Singh, Mahadaji laid stress on the friendship between Jaipur and the occasions. But the Maratha king could not check the ambitions of the Marathas that had been existing for three generations. He reiterated Maratha sardars. An instance of this can be seen in the contest for the his desire to keep up the tradition of friendship continuing ever since throne of Jaipur. Initially the Peshwa, Baji Rao had supported Sawai the time of Bade Maharaj, i.e., Sawai Jai Singh.28 Ishwari Singh on account of consideration for Mirza Raja Jai Singh Another area of co-operation and friendship was the Maratha- and Sawai Jai Singh’s cordial relations with Balaji Rao and the Peshwa Jaipur alliance against the Jats of Bharatpur. Mahadaji expressed himself. After being defeated at the battle of Rajmahal, the Mewar solidarity with Sawai Madho Singh against the Jats of Bharatpur. Maharana sent an envoy to Puna to seek the help of the Maratha king Whenever the Marathas helped the Jaipur rulers against the Jats special Shahu for his nephew Madho Singh, the younger son of Sawai Jai bonding emerged between the Marathas and the Rajputs. The Jaipur Singh and offered rupees ten lakhs for the assistance. Due to the ruler gave special honour and reward to those who visited Jaipur for economic compulsions of paying his debts, the Peshwa was tempted participating in the battle against the Jats of Bharatpur.29 Holkar wrote to support Madho Singh. Madho Singh befriended Malhar Rao Holkar to Sawai Pratap Singh that since long time Najib ud-daula, Jaipur and and even exchanged turbans with him and the two became pagdi badal the house of Holkar were united. Mahadaji also sought military help of 23 bhai. With the accession of Sawai Madho Singh on the throne of Jaipur in 1783 against Mohammad Beg Hamdani, the Mughal Jaipur, the Maratha-Rajput relations entered a new phase. The pargana commander. of Rampura which was given to Sawai Madho Singh by the Mewar Maharana was now transferred to Malhar Rao Holkar.24 It was remarkable that even at the time of acute hostility and tension between the two sides, both Shinde and the Jaipur ruler It is true that the Rajput states faced financial strain by way of remained courteous and respectful to each other. This will become Maratha demand for tribute and war expenses. Nonetheless, overt clear from the fact that when tensions were soaring high and Mahadaji display of hostility and resistance to the Maratha presence in Rajasthan Shinde came to Tunga to give a fight to the Jaipur and Jodhpur rulers, in myriad ways did not hinder the possibility of mutual co-operation. the expressions used in the official language for his arrival at Tunga The kharitas exchanged between the Rajput rulers and the Marathas are very polite and full of respect.30 The battle of Tunga – miscalled bear testimony to the fact that co-operation of the Rajput rulers was that of Lalsot, “though sanguinary, had no decisive result.”31 sought by the Maratha leaders on sundry issues. They also furnish information on social and economic ties between Jaipur rulers and the But the relations of the Rajputs with the Marathas were not Marathas. The social relations were always maintained by way of stable. At the same time their relations were not uniform with all the exchange of greetings at the time of coronation ceremony, invitation Rajput states. Malhar Rao Holkar had exchanged the turban with for participation and exchange of gifts on the occasion of festivals Maharaja Abhay Singh of Jodhpur and also promised to take care of and whenever marriages were solemnized in the royal houses. the interests of his son Ram Singh but the latter’s insolent behavior Diplomatic relations were always maintained through regular exchange alienated him from Holkar. Despite this, Holkar never supported his ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 255 136 256 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rival Bhakt Singh. Initially the Maharao of Kota, Durjan Sal had friendly the general perception that their relationship was marked by hostility, relations with the Marathas but this did not deter the Maratha chiefs armed conflicts and plunder needs to be relooked. Rather their from ravaging Kota territory. Infact the state became a tributary of relationship should be viewed with a historical context. the Marathas. Kota was subjected to much degradation at the hands of the Marathas as it lay in their march towards the North.32 At the References same time, Jhala Zalim Singh, the regent of Kota was friendly to the 1. Khafi Khan Muhammad Hashim, Muntakhab-ul Lubab in H.M. Elliot Marathas. The contest for the throne of Bundi invited the Marathas and J. Dowson (tr. and ed.) The History of India as told by its own into the land of the Hada Rajputs of Bundi. Budh Singh’s queen sent Historians, Vol. VII, London, 1867-77, profiled Shivaji as “the truculent Pratap Singh Hada to seek help from Malhar Rao Holkar. The Marathas rebel”, p. 258, “the designing rascal”, p. 259, “the treacherous foe”, p. 260 and the Marathas as a “race of robbers”, p. 464 and as rapacious received rupees six lakhs for their assistance.33 After Budh Singh’s elements; Bhimsen, Nushkha-i Dilkusha, tr. Jadunath Sarkar, (ed.) V,G, death the struggle was carried forward by his son Ummed Singh and Khobrekar, Bombay, 1971, pp. 138-140, calls the Marathas as though the battle of Bagru proved final and irrevocable it made Ummed ‘malefactors’. Singh the feudatory of the Marathas.34 Though Shivaji claimed his 2. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or The Central and descent from the Sisiodias of Mewar, it did not deter the Marathas to Western Rajpoot States of India, Vol. I, Indian Publication Society, exact tribute from Mewar. The period between 1761-82 in Mewar Calcutta, 1898, p. 322; V.A. Smith, Oxford History of India, OUP, 1920, was marked by internal strifes. The state of Mewar witnessed a civil p. 436. war between Maharana Ari Singh and Ratan Singh. Ratan Singh claimed 3. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Shivaji & His Line [1600- to be the posthumous son of Rana Raj Singh II. The Marathas were 1700], Vol. I, Phoenix Publications, Bombay, Second Impression, 1957, invited on several occasions to help the rivals. p. 8. Here it is important to mention that the Jaipur state’s policy 4. Andre Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India : Agrarian Society and towards the Marathas varied between overt resistance and covert Politics under the Eighteenth century Maratha Svarajya, Cambridge friendly overtures. When one wades through different genres of University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Rajasthani sources, i.e., Khyats as well as archival records, the terms 5. Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in used for the Marathas are derived from the place of their origin. They Eighteenth Century India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1994. are mentioned as Dikhnis or natives of Deccan. No other common 6. A.R. Kulkarni, The Marathas (1600-1848), Books & Books Publishers terms, not even the term Maratha, which is indicative of their ethnicity & Distributors, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 6,7. has been used. We may conclude by saying that the Rajasthani 7. A.R. Kulkarni, Medieval Maratha Country, Books & Books, New Delhi, documents offer more or less a dispassionate perception of the 1996, p. 140. Marathas in Rajasthan. The relations between the Marathas and the 8. Rajaram Vyankatesh Nadkarni, The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Empire, Rajputs were not totally adverse but were also marked by attempts to Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1966, p. 101. further mutual co-operation. But despite bonhomie, the Rajputs did 9. Jagdish Narayan Sarkar, ‘Significance of Shivaji’s Coronation’, in not desist from resisting Maratha occupation of Rajasthan. Unlike the Shivaji Architect of Freedom, (ed.) Narayan H. Kulkarni, A Coronation Tercentenary Volume, Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti, Delhi, 1975, Mughals, the Marathas failed to make the Rajputs as their swordsmen. p. 215. At the same time the Marathas were not interested in annexing the 10. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Shivaji & His Line [1600- Rajput states. Rather they just wanted to be recognized as the 1700],Vol. I, Phoenix Publications, Bombay, 1958, p. 216. paramount power. With the Maratha help the claimants of the Jaipur 11. Muhnot Nainsi, Muhnot Nainsi ri Khyat, Vol. I, (ed.) Badri Prasad and Jodhpur states achieved their goals. The Maratha-Rajput relations Sakaria, Jodhpur, 1984, p. 15. in the pre-Panipat phase were marked by confrontation and conciliation. 12. David Kincaied, Shivaji The Founder of the Maratha Empire (The Grand From the content of the evidence discussed above it appears that the Rebel), Discovery Publishing House, Delhi, 1984, pp. 25,26. Maratha relations with the Rajputs cannot be viewed merely in terms 13. Gabrielle Festng, From the Land of Princes, Smith Elder & Company, of persistent antagonism. We need to take a wholistic view. Hence, Waterloo Place, London, 1904, pp. 216-218. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 257 137 14. Harish Chandra Tikkiwal, Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1701-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations, Hema Printers, Jaipur, 1974, p. 51. 15. Raghubir Sinh, Malwa in Transition Or A Century of Anarchy The First British policy towards the Abolition of Phase 1698-1765, D.B. Taraporewala Sons & CO., Bombay, 1936, p. Slavery in Rajputana States 129. Prof. V.K. Vashishtha 16. Ibid., p. 130. 17. Ibid., p. 234. 18. R.V. Oturkar, ‘Rajput-Maratha Cultural Relationship’, Proceedings of The slave trade and slavery flourished in several facets at the th the Indian History Congress, 14 Session, Jaipur, 1951, p. 191. time of the establishment of British paramountcy in nineteen Princely 19. Indore kharita No. 21, Bhadon Sudi 1, V.S. 1808/1751, Rajasthan State States of Rajputana and the neighbouring territories of Central India Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records. and Gujarat in 1818. The slave dealers (Barda Furosh) belonged to the 20. Indore kharita, No. 85, Posh Vadi 10, V.S. 1821/1764. communities of Charans, Bhats, Rajputs, Minas, Gwarriahs, Banjaras 21. Raghubir Sinh, Studies on Maratha & Rajput History, Shri Natnagar and low castes.1 The traffic in slaves thrived in Rajputana because of Shodh Samsthan, Sitamau, Research Publishers, Jodhpur, 1989, p. 141. the patronage of the Rajput rulers and their jagirdars to the slave 22. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, Including Malwa, And dealers as they collected taxes from them on the sale of slaves and Adjoining Provinces, Sagar Publications, New Delhi, 1970, p. 88 also purchased slaves for replenishing their train of domestic hereditary 23. Shyamal Das Mishra, Vir Vinod: Mewar ka Itihas, Vol. II, Motilal servants. The female children were also kidnapped and sold for Banarasidas, Delhi, Reprinted, 1986, p. 1239. prostitution in Rajputana States, Delhi and Agra.2 24. Holkarshahicha Itihas 1693-1797 A.D., Vol. I, (ed.) V.V. Thakur, Holkar The slavery was prevalent in four forms in Rajputana States. Government Press, Indore, 1944, p. 83. (i) The domestic hereditary slaves (Daroga system) popularly known 25. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Fagan Sudi 4, V.S. 1807/1750, Rajasthan as darogas or golas;3 (ii) the forced labour (begar);4 (iii) the debt State Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records. bondage known as bonded labour (sagari);5 and (iv) the Basi was an 26. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Posh Sudi 15, V.S. 1810/1753. “acquired slavery” by the peasants who settled themselves on the 27. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol IX, Kati Sudi 12, V.S. 1811/1754; Maghshri estate of their Rajput jagirdars, and were not deprived of their property 11, V.S. 1811/1754; Fagan Budi 6, V.S. 1811/1754; Chait Sudi 11, V.S. 6 1811/1754; Maghshri Budi 14, V.S. 1812/1755; Maghshri Sudi 2, V.S. or civil rights like golas or agricultural serfs (villains) of Europe. 1812/ 1755; Chait Sudi 14, V.S. 1817/1760; Asoj Budi 7, V.S. 1818/ Among these legalized forms of slavery, the Daroga system survived 1761. on the purchase of slaves, while the residual ones were the segments 28. Gwalior Kharita No. 45, Posh Vadi 2, V.S. 1825/1768, Rajasthan State of the feudal structure of the Rajputana States. Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records. The present paper aims at examining the formation of British 29. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Jeth Budi 7, V.S. 1812/1755, P. 664. policy towards the abolition of slavery and the reasons for its failure 30. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Sawan Sudi 13, V.S. 1843/1786, to exterminate it. throughout the battle Mahadaji Sindhia was addressed as ‘Sindhia Patel’, ‘Sindhia’, or ‘Patel.’ I. Formation of British policy for abolition of slavery 31. Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. III, p. 380. Since its establishing political power in India, the British 32. R. K. Saxena, Maratha Relations with the Major States of Rajputana, p. Government followed a cautious social policy.7 Hence, it was only 23. after the abolition of slavery and the passage of the First Reform Bill 33. V.G. Dighe, Peshwa, Baji Rao I & Maratha Expansion, Karnataka by the parliament in England (1830), that Governor-General Publishing House, Bombay 2, 1944, p. 116. Ellenbarough abolished slave trading and domestic servitude in British 34. Beni Gupta, Maratha Penetration into Rajasthan Through the Mukandara India in 1843.8 However, it was only after the consolidation of British Pass, Research Publications, Delhi, 1970, p. 42. paramountcy in Rajputana States as a result of the establishment of ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 259 138 260 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Rajputana Agency in February 1832, that Governor-General William bond from the dancing women declaring that they would abstain from Bentinck (1828-1835), a social reformer and utilitarian to the core, purchasing children in the State. This was a “wise measure” and its diverted the energies of the Political Agents for the abolition of slavery strict enforcement was liable to shut the market in Kota for the slave in Rajputana States.9 dealers.15 The shift in British policy towards the abolition of slavery in The Jaipur State declared trafficking in slaves illegal in 1839.16 Rajputana became apparent when the Maharao of Kota ordered a slave In 1844, John Ludlow, the Political Agent and Head of the Council of dealer under his protection to proceed to Marwar to purchase four Regency at Jaipur, with the co-operation of the members of the Council female slaves. Captain R. Ross, the Political Agent in Harauti, brought of Regency, tried to do away completely with any possibility of its to the notice of his government, in June 1832, the prevalence of this revival. On his suggestion, the Council of Regency closed the “detestable traffic” not only in Harauti but also in every part of possibility of the restoration of slave trade and the continuance of Rajputana as well as Malwa. Ross was eager to exercise ‘effectual slavery by a proclamation on 5 February, 1847 prohibiting to call the interference’ to put it down,10 while his higher-up Lieut.Col. A. Lockett, domestic servants by the derogatory words, such as, golas and golis, the Agent to the Governor-General in Rajputana States (A.G.G.) wanted as they served their masters by choice. Further, restrictions were to abolish it by ‘advice and admonition’.11 The existing treaty prevented imposed upon the Nagas, Dadupanthis, Sads and Shamees for 17 the British Government from interfering authoritatively in the internal purchasing children for inducting them as their disciples (chelas). administration of the State for the discontinuance of the practice. Appreciating the attempts of the Council of Regency to exterminate slavery in all its shades in the Jaipur territory, James Sutherland, the Moreover, it could not take any coercive measure to suppress the A.G.G. for Rajputana States circulated the Jaipur proclamation to all practice, as it was liable to disturb the British relations with the State. his subordinate Political Agents for the information of the Rajput rulers Therefore, the British Government directed the A.G.G. and his that even the use of the term slave (gola and goli) was forbidden in subordinate Political Agents to seek co-operation of the rulers “in a that principality.18 This circular created salutary impact on the States. friendly and confidential manner” to ban slave trade.12 The Court of Directors took a step further by declaring slave trade illegal and a On receiving information of the purchase from the Banjaras of crime. Hence, they permitted the Political officers to “remonstrate” female children and dancing girls by the thakurs at Pachpadra, the salt the rulers against any infringement of their proclamations prohibiting market of Marwar State, John Ludlow, then the Political Agent at slave trade or any laxity on the part of their officers in the enforcement Jodhpur, approached the Jodhpur Darbar for the suppression of this trafficking in slaves.19 Thereupon, the Jodhpur Darbar discountenanced of its provisions.13 Thus, the slave trade lost its legitimacy as the the sale of children by the Banjaras in the State and declared on 27 Court of Directors gave free hand to the British functionaries in the November 1840, that the buyers of children from them would be suppression of the social evil like slavery in the Rajputana States. punished by fine. On the other side, the State permitted the residents II. Proclamations against slave traffic of Marwar to buy and sell children within its jurisdiction. It contended The British policy towards the abolition of slavery marked its that there was no harm in such domestic transactions as from time beginning in Rajputana in September 1832, when Dr. J. Corbet, the immemorial the subjects of Marwar were accustomed to purchase officiating Harauti Political Agent, by a friendly advice, won over the children within the State by executing bonds.20 This open support to rulers of Kota and Bundi States to prohibit in their respective dominions trafficking in slaves by the State government seemed ridiculous to buying and selling of slaves under the penalty of severe punishment. Captain P.T. French, the officiating Political Agent at Jodhpur (1844- Maharao Raja Ram Singh of Bundi executed the prohibitory order 45). He dilated upon its cruelty in conversation with Maharaja Takht more thoroughly than Rajrana Madho Singh, the hereditary Prime Singh and by arguments convinced him of the baneful and demoralizing Minister of Kota.14 It was only when Maharao Ram Singh of Kota was effect of the prevalence of such a system.21 Consequently, on 21 freed from the galling control of his hereditary Prime Minister (in September 1844, it was announced by beat of drums in every market 1838) that he followed the example of Bundi. In 1846, he secured a place that buying or selling of children was prohibited in Marwar ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 261 139 262 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 State.22 Thus, it was after the sustained efforts of the Political officers III. Measures to suppress Domestic slavery and Forced for about four years from 1840 to 1844 that the slave dealing was labour declared illegal in Marwar State. Informing all the Political Agents The political awakening in British India galvanized the darogas about this success, James Sutherland observed23: for the first time to approach the Court of law in Jodhpur State32 in This is a fine specimen of what may be done through the 1914. They also strove for civil rights and for their enumeration as judicious exercise of our (British) influence at the courts, and amongst Raona Rajputs from 1920 through the All India Raona Rajput the Natives of this country. I trust the period is not very distant when Mahasabha, .33 Coupled with this, the political pressure of other practices and usages, revolting to our better feelings, may cease the Slavery Convention under the auspices of League of Nations from through a judicious exercise of the same influence. September 1925, prompted the Rajputana States to withdraw legal The success at Jodhpur encouraged the Political Agents to make recognition from the Daroga system and to declare that the services concerted efforts for the suppression of slave trade in other parts of of the darogas would not be enforceable by law.34 Hence, the British Rajputana. The rulers of Sirohi24 and Jhalawar25 passed enactments Government claimed in 1936 that “neither slavery nor conditions against slave traffic in 1844 and 1846, respectively. The State of Alwar26 analogous to slavery existed in any Indian State”.35 This was a and all other Rajputana States interdicted it by the later part of the misrepresentation as the British Government could not mobilize the nineteenth century. The Mewar State was the last to prohibit it. W.F. Rajputana States to prohibit it by a legislation like the 1843 Act in Eden, the Political Agent, Mewar as the Head of the Council of Regency British India with the hope that it would progressively die with the during the minority of Maharana Shambhu Singh (1861-1865) spread of railways, and education, and, above all, with the abandonment proclaimed buying and selling of children and women illegal in the of the main grounds of its continuance, the purdah system. Moreover, 27 Mewar State in 1863. Above all, the incorporation of “child stealing” it considered it impolitic to issue any order as the paramount power to and “selling of females” as the heinous offence in the Extradition abolish it as it was restrained by treaties to interfere directly in the treaties by the Rajputana States between 1868 and 1870, also facilitated internal administration of Rajputana States.36 Hence, in the want of a the trial of the slave dealers belonging to the neighbouring States and legislation the Daroga system continued till the integration of Rajputana the British Provinces.28 The punishment to the slave dealers was States into Rajasthan State. In the midst of this sort of a shambles, facilitated by the inclusion of trafficking in slaves in the Penal Code the agitations of the Bhils and peasants, as well as the persistent of all Rajputana States in exactly the same manner as was enforced pressure of the Slavery Convention (1925) and the International Labour by the Indian Penal Code for the British India.29 Organization (1930) geared the Rajputana States to abolish forced As a result of these efforts of the Political officers, only stray labour (begar) between 1920 and 1936 for private works but it was cases of trafficking in slaves came to their notice by the seventies of legalized like British India for public purposes within the place of the nineteenth century in Rajputana30 though slavery in the nature of residence of the labourers on payment of adequate wages.37 domestic hereditary servants and bonded labour continued there. The rulers had issued orders proscribing barter of children in deference to Thus, on the persuasion of the British Government, the Rajputana the wishes of the British Government but none of them had attempted States suppressed slave trade and forced labour and emancipated the to lessen the number of their hereditary domestic slaves (darogas). darogas from the legal shackles but they took no cognizance of the Similarly, the Political Agents turned a blind eye to the Daroga system bonded labour (sagari) as there were no voices of protests against it. as it enjoyed social recognition all over the Rajput States and they had It was only after the formation of Rajasthan State (1949) and, received no complaint from any daroga about his position during their subsequently with the disruption of the jagirdari system there (1960)38 campaigns against the trafficking of slaves. Hence, the British that the people secured relief from all forms of social slavery through interference to prohibit it would have been resented almost as much the Indian Constitution and social legislation in Rajasthan State39 under as by the darogas as by their masters.31 a socialist, secular and democratic Republic of India. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 263 140 264 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 References 18. Circular to Political Agents and Superintendents in Rajputana, 11 1. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India Including Malwa and March 1846 (Encl.4), Cons. 26 June 1847, No.l49, F&P, NAI. adjoining Provinces, London 1832, Vol.II, pp.199-202. See also, W.H. 19. Sutherland to Ludlow, 6 October 1841, (Encls.1 and 3), Cons. 26 Sleeman, A Report of the System of Megpunnaism, Serampore Press, December 1846, Nos.376-77, F&P, NAI. 1839, pp.4-7. T.D. Broughton, Letters Written in a Mahratta camp during 20. Tr. of a note from the Agency Vakil to Political Agent, Jodhpur, 27 the Year 1809, Archibald Constable & Co., Westminister, 1892, pp.104, November 1840 (Encl.2), Cons. 20 June 1846, No.212, F&P, NAI. 114-15; Michael O’ Dwyer, India as I knew it (1885-1925), London, 21. Memorandum of some chief events at Jodhpur since 20 January 1844. 1925, p.100. Cf. P.T. French to Major C. Thoresby, Offg. A.G.G. Rajputana, 23 2. James Sutherland, A.G.G. in Rajputana to F. Currie, Secretary to September 1844, Cons. 1 February 1845, No.54, F&P, NAI. Government, 26 May, Cons. 20 June 1846, Nos.210-214, Foreign & 22. Translation of a Note from Agency Vakil to Political Agent (No.4), 21 Political (hereafter abbreviated as F&P,), National Archives of India, September 1844, Cons. 20 June 1846, No.212, F&P, NAI. New Delhi (Hereafer abvbreviated as NAI). See also, File No.158(3)-P, 23. Sutherland to H.H. Greathed, Jodhpur Political Agent, 26 May, Cons. 1925, F&P, NAI; GD 20, File No.30, Part III, 1926, Mehkama Khas, 20 June 1846, No.213, F&P, NAI. Jaipur, Rajasthan State Archives, Branch Jaipur (Hereafter abbreviated 24. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI. as RSAJ). 25. Burton to Sutherland, 9 March, Cons. 14 April 1848, No.54, (Encl.3), 3. F.no.158(3)-P of 1925, F&P, NAI. F&P, NAI. 4. V.K. Vashishtha, “Begar in Princely Rajputana under British 26. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI. Paramountcy”, Social Science Research Journal (Punjab University, 27. File No.2/1846 (Slavery), List No.1, S.no.10, Rajputana Agency Records, Chandigarh), Vol.VII, No.1&2, March-July 1982, pp.170-171. NAI. 5. Report on the Political Administration of the Rajputana States, 1874- 28. C.U. Aitchison, (Compl.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and 75, (abbreviated as RPARS), Foreign Department Press, Calcutta, 1875, Sanads, Government of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta p.25, para. 84. 1932, Vol.III, pp.36, 72, 106, 139, 213, 232, 247, 266, 291, 323, 368, 6. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Motilal Banarsidass, 386, 403, 431, 456, 463, 475. Delhi, Reprint 1971, Vol.I, p.206. 29. File No.264-P (Secret) 1926, F&P, NAI. See also, GD 20, File No.30, 7. Sudhir Chandra, “Evolution of the Social policy of the Company’s Part III, 1926, Mehkama Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ. Government in India”, Quest, Vol.47, Autumn 1965, pp.35-40. 30. RPARS, 1868-69, pp.23-24; RPARS, 1871-72, p.100. 8. F.no.158(3)-P – 1925, NAI. Also see, D.R. Banaji, Slavery in British 31. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI; India, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Calcutta, Revised edn. 1933, See also, File No.158(3)-P-1925, F&P, NAI. p.95. 32. File No.158(3)-P-1925, F&P, NAI. 9. For details see, V.K. Vashishtha, “Evolution of the Social Policy of the 33. Narendra Singh Panwar, Raona Rajput Darshan, All India Raona Rajput British Government in the States of Rajputana during the nineteenth Mahasabha, Kishangarh, 2nd edn., 1929, pp.2, 81-84; Sarangadhar Century”, Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress, Vol.VIII, Das, Bikaner ; A Report submitted to the President, All India States Ajmer Session (1975), pp.95-102. People’s Conference, Bombay, 1940, pp.48-50. 10. R. Ross, Political Agent Harauti to A. Lockett, A.G.G. Rajputana, 22 34. GD 20, File no.30, Pt.III, 1926, Mehkma Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ. June, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.25, F&P, NAI. 35. Resident at Jaipur to Vice-President, Jaipur, 24 March 1936; Resident 11. Lockett to Macnaughten, 30 June, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.25, F&P, at Jaipur to Prime Minister, Jaipur, 9 October 1937, GD-20, File no.30, NAI. Pt.III, 1926, Mehkma Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ. 12. Macnaughten to Lockett, 9 July, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.26, F&P, 36. F.no.158(3)-P – 1925, F&P, NAI. NAI. 37. Vashishtha, “Begar in Princely Rajputana under British Paramountcy”, 13. Political letter from Court of Directors, 1 April 1835, No.5, NAI. op.cit., p.173. 14. J. Cobert, Offg. Harauti Political Agent to Lockett, 17 September, Cons. 38. Dool Singh, A Study of Land Reforms in Rajasthan, Students Agency, 22 October 1832, No.2, F&P, NAI. Pilani 1964, pp.1 and 83. 15. C.E. Burton, Harauti Political Agent to Sutherland, 18 March, Cons. 39. The Indian Constitution has prohibited traffic in human beings (Art.23) 18 July 1846, No.132, F&P, NAI. and forced labour (Art.24). Among the social legislation could be 16. Ludlow to Sutherland, 5 March, Cons. 1 May 1847, No..49, F&P, NAI. mentioned, Immoral Trafficking Women Act, 1956 and Rajasthan Sagri 17. Translation of a Proclamation by the Jaipur government, 6 February Abolition Act, 1961. 1847 (Encl.2), Cons. 1 May 1847, Nos.48-50, F&P, NAI. 141 266 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Rajputana States, the British Indian Government adopted a different policy. Acquisition of Lands for the Construction of On January 29, 1864 Public Work Department appointed a committee by a resolution to find out possibilities to construct railways Railways in Jaipur State during late 19th line through Central India and Rajputana States. This committee Century: An Economic Fallout prepared a plan for the construction of railways through Central India Khalid Ahmad and Rajputana States and submitted to the British Authority at Bombay.5 At the same time all the Rajputana States were agreed for Railway Construction in their respective territories. But before any construction The Railway Construction in Rajasthan was started by the work, Colvin under Secretary to the British Indian Government, Foreign Colonial British Indian Government for their Economic as well as Department, wanted to settle down the matter or terms and conditions Political interest as reflected in their correspondences. On March 23, on which lands had to be surrendered for railway construction in 1864 Captain Walter, the Political Agent of Bharatpur State clearly Jaipur State.6 defined the motives behind the railway construction in Rajasthan. In Terms and Condition required for Railway Construction in Jaipur his letter to the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States, State: Following terms and condition were proposed by British Indian he mentioned that “a railway from Agra to this place, would not only Government to Jaipur State to accept before any construction work:7 be a very remunerative investment, but would tend materially to open out the resources of the Bharatpur State. As you are aware, there is Firstly British Government proposed to Jaipur State that the an enormous trade at this place in salt, all of which goes to Agra. The State had to surrender 200 feet lands in breath for the construction of traffic, at present, is very heavy along the line of road, and when the railways line, Stations and other railways purposes without cost. The road is open through to Jaipur, it will of course materially increase.”1 State had to be paid compensation for any destruction of property like houses, gardens etc. on ceded lands to the respective owners. This In the proposed study I have made an attempt to find out the compensation had to be paid by the State treasuries. In British Indian various intricacies of Railway Construction in Jaipur State which Provinces the British Indian Government followed the policies which fraught with many such as whether Jaipur State surrender lands for now proposed for Jaipur for the construction of railways in its railway purposes free of cost or demand compensation for lands, territories. total breath of the lands required for railways lines, Stations and Co., what was the required terms and condition proposed by British Indian Secondly the Jaipur State had to surrender full jurisdiction and Government to Jaipur State. Further I have made an investigation that Sovereignty rights to the British Indian Government on ceded lands how Jaipur State surrendered Sovereign Rights on ceded lands as for railways purposes. well as to part away with the future income from these proposed And lastly the State had to surrender all transit and other duties constructed railways by surrendering transit duty rights to the British on goods, which had to be carried by these proposed railways. Indian Government. However duties on goods breaking bulk being carried to and from the For the construction of railways in India, large tracks of lands railways had to be charged at the same rates or rates to be fixed by were required for the railways purposes. In the British Indian Provinces both authorities. the East India Company prepared to provide these required lands free But the Jaipur State was not willingly accepted these three of cost to the railway company.2 For that on August 17, 1849 an proposed terms and conditions. The State shows various problems agreement was completed between the East India Company, the East and suggested some modifications in these proposed terms and Indian Railway Company and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway conditions to the British Indian Government. While after long Company respectively3 and decided to provide required lands free of correspondence British Indian Government succeed to convince or cost to the railway companies for railway purposes.4 But in case of compel Jaipur State to accept required three terms for railway. Calvin ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 267 142 268 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 under Secretary to the British Indian Government clearly informed to within the State territory would be subjected to pay transit duties the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana, that without accepting wherever goods were loaded or dislodged by the railways. three proposed conditions by the State, the construction of railways The Political Agent of the State convoyed to the Agent to the could not started in Jaipur territories.8 Governor General for Rajputana that Maharaja promised to give his Process to accept required terms and conditions by Jaipur full co-operation for the construction of railways, which had to be 11 State constructed in Jaipur territories. On July 15, 1864 lieutenant Colonel E. K. Elliot, the Agent to On July 26, 1865 the British Indian Government again the Governor General for Rajputana communicated to the Jaipur and communicated with the State and reminded about the proposed railway ordered him to obtain the assent from the State on proposed terms line for Rajputana and Central India and asked for approval of the and conditions for the construction of railway. He also ordered him terms and conditions proposed by British Indian Government earlier. to convince the State for co-operation for the construction work. Through this communication the British Authority informed the State about the benefits of railways which brought in other parts of the At the same time the British Authority communicated with the country. They emphasised that “it is well known throughout India State through Political Agents, and conveyed to the State that British what benefits the railway brings in its train; how it is the means of Authority would welcome any suggestions or proposals from the State exporting the products of a State thereby giving them a much large for route proposed for the railway line. The British Authority also market and higher value, at the same time that it brings in the Wealth assured the State that the Paramount Power would be considered the and manufactures of the other countries.”12 suggestions essentially. The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana ordered to the Political Agent of Jaipur to settle down the But Maharaja of Jaipur State was ready to accept the proposed conditions but again he suggested some modifications, these are as matter of lands required for railway construction and also in regards follows:13 of transit duties. The essential terms for the railways constructions were “that whether the sovereignty of the ceded land be granted or Firstly, the State accepted to surrender 200 feet in width required not the through traffic be free.” The British Authority clearly stated for lands free of cost. But Maharaja demanded compensations to be that for construction of railways, the State had to surrender 100 feet paid to the owners of houses, wells and gardens etc. on the ceded wide land permanently and 50 feet wide land temporarily on each side lands. of the line.9 Secondly, the Maharaja of Jaipur was ready to surrender full On August 10, 1864 the Political Agent of Jaipur informed the sovereignty and Jurisdictions rights to the British Indian Government Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana that Jaipur State was on the ceded lands. But he demanded that the natives were not to be welcoming the plan for the construction of railway in Jaipur territories. left as refugee in the hands of railway officials. Whenever they need However Maharaja suggested some modifications in the proposed three protection, it should be provided and the native’s offenders were terms by British Indian Government. Following three suggestions were subjected to the State Court. provided by him through his Khureeta:10 And lastly, the Jaipur State had to surrender transit duties over Firstly the Jaipur State had ready to surrender 200 feet lands goods passing through Jaipur territory without breaking bulk. for railway construction free of cost but Maharaja was not in favoured The Bombay, Baroda and Central India Company was prepared to pay compensations to the owners for any destruction of property a plan to construct a railway line from Baroda to Neemuch and then like gardens, wells, houses tanks etc. which had to be caused by this line had to be connected with Delhi via Jaipur and submitted a railway construction. proposal before British Authority for its sanction.14 Secondly Jaipur State was not ready to surrender sovereignty By December 1865 the States of Bharatpur, Serohi, Udaipur, rights on ceded lands. And lastly the State was ready to surrender Alwar, Jhalawar, and Tonk accepted all the three conditions. But Jaipur transit duties, however the goods which had to be breaking the bulk State still not accepted all three conditions. The Maharaja of Jaipur ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 269 143 270 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 agreed upon second and the third conditions. Even he was agreed to However the British Indian Government classified that the British provide required lands free of cost but demanded compensations for Authority had to be responsible only for those refugees, who were houses, gardens, buildings etc., which might be destroyed in courage arrested within railway limits and not responsible for those who were railway construction. He also raised the refugee matter on these ceded not come under railway limits.19 On the matter of compensation lands.15 demanded by the State for any loss of their transit duties, the British The Secretary to the Government of British India, Foreign Indian Government was not ready to accept the demands and 20 Department directed to the Agent to the Governor General that he consequently the matter was delayed. would try to convince the State, yet not agreed on the proposed By October 1866, the Maharaja of Jaipur was not ready to accept conditions. He clearly stated that you convey the State that “it is they the conditions on which lands had to be surrendered to the railway and their people who will benefit largely by the construction of the company for the construction of railway.21 By May 1867 all the railways in question, and that it is therefore unreasonable for them to Rajputana States were accepted the three conditions except Jaipur look for compensation on account of the houses, gardens etc. which and Kishangarh States.22 may be absorbed within railway limits.” On the issue of the surrender The Maharaja of Jaipur demanded that the British Authority as well as trial of the offenders that Natives of any State for any should have to provide compensation for the total loss of private crimes committed on these ceded lands had to be subjected to trial property which had to be incurred on the required lands for the railways and punished according to the law of the British Indian Government. construction. The Maharaja clearly stated that the British Authority While these refugees, who committed heinous crimes out of ceded would prepare a clear proposal to avoid the destruction of property lands had to be surrender to the respective State.16 and the selected route should have been proved beneficial and The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana tried to lure significance for the State and its people and before any construction and pressurised the State through his correspondence. He proposed they would ask approval from the State. On the other hand the British to the Maharaja of Jaipur that the British Authority had a plan to connect Indian Government gave their full assurance that full considerations Sâmbhar Lake with railway. There was not any tax imposed on this would be followed to avoid any unnecessary destruction of property area till now. This area produced salt and supplied it to the other which would occur on ceded lands for railway construction The British States. Whenever Jaipur State imposed transit duties upon salt, it would Authority surveyed the lands for railway line to calculate the loss of reduce the demands of salts and it would cause loss to the State. property.23 When the expenses of the carriage had to be reduced, Jaipur State The Jaipur State further prepared a list of demands which would be able to supply salt in large label. Definitely it would help to covered all aspect of the State demands, and put forwarded to the increase the revenue of the State.17 British Authority at Rajasthan. Soon it was conveyed to Jaipur State Earlier the Secretary of the Government of British India, Foreign by Major Beynon that some of the demand of the Jaipur State was not Department directed the British Authority at Rajputana to settle down to be accepted by British Authority as there were not favourable while the issue of surrender and trial of refugees on ceded lands. He stated some of the demands were in full considerations. Further he that those refugees “guilty of heinous offences’’ had to be handed to emphasised that the Maharaja of Jaipur State was the only Maharaja the respective State, but he not clarify whether criminal or civil amongst the Rajputana Princes who became hurdle for the development offenders, who wants to avoid the law of their State by flying within of a railway construction, hence affecting the development or general 24 ceded lands or railway boundary. The Agent to the Governor General welfare of all the Rajputana States. for Rajputana explained that offenders had to be treated as same manner Followings were the demands as proposed by Jaipur State and and handed to the respective State. The British Indian Government remarks given by the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana:25 granted their assent on instruction given by the Agent to the Governor 1. Firstly Jaipur State demanded that whenever survey was done General for Rajputana.18 and line was finalised, assent from the State would be needed ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 271 144 272 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 prior to the survey details being asked for approval from British 10. The State demanded that laws would be made to avoid ill treatment Indian Government. The Agent to the Governor General for with local travellers by the railway servants and every law which Rajputana was not ready to accept this condition but the State would be made should have required the State consent. The British demand could be accepted when route would be selected and Authority ready to make laws for that but rejected the demands finalised. The Jaipur State could provide at that time any of the State to give the power to the State to accept or reject the suggestion and alternative route, when survey was submitted laws made by Paramount Power. for its approval. 11. The State further demanded that all grievances of the natives 2. Jaipur demanded that to look after the survey work of the whole had to be listened and decided by the Political Agent of the Jaipur line some people of the State should be employed. The British State in presence of the State Vakeel27 and emphasised that those Authority accepted this demands. grievances had to be immediately solved. But the Agent to the 3. That any destruction of private property had to be safeguarded Governor General conveyed that a Railway Act had to be passed as far as possible. for the trial of Railway servants. 4. The State wants that Jaipur City and the Ghats had to be avoided 12. That the State would not be responsible for any destruction altogether. In matter of Jaipur City the Agent to the Governor committed by any native within railway jurisdiction and not General accepted State demand but in matter of Ghats he had subjected to pay compensations for that. The Agent to the different opinion until the survey work had been completed. Governor General for Rajputana accepted that demand. 5. Jaipur State demanded that all the religious buildings and centres 13. The State wanted that the railway officials were not allowed to especially the temples dedicated to lord Mahadeva26 had to be reside outside the railway jurisdiction without the prior safeguarded at any condition. But the Agent to the Governor information and approval from the State. The Agent to the General for Rajputana not accepted that demand. Governor General for Rajputana accepted that demand. 6. That in condition of extra lands required for railway i.e. 200 feet 14. That the State had to possess power not to permit to the railway ceded land, the State had power to provide more land or reject company for any purchase or procurement of required materials the Railway Company demands and the State had to be reoccupied or goods which may be required for railway construction within such lands when lands were not further needed for railway Jaipur territories. The Agent to the Governor General informed purpose at the free of cost. The Agent to the Governor General that in matter of woods the Jaipur state earlier showed her for Rajputana accepted this demands. objection but in matter of other materials British Authority would considered upon that. 7. That the State had to appoint a Hurkara or State employees at every Station which was remained under Jaipur territories to 15. That a special saloon and carriage had to be constructed after safeguard the State interest. The Agent to the Governor General getting the opinion and approval from the Maharaja by the Railway for Rajputana accepted this demand. Company for his special use at the fixed rate of fares which would be finalised before the opening of the line. But the Agent 8. The State further emphasised that there should not have any to the Governor General for Rajputana agreed that Railway change into management, new innovations and system related to Company had to be constructing it but Maharaja had to be raised be railway would have not to be implemented without prior fund for that. information of the State. But the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana rejected this demand. 16. Railway Company had to facilitate special trains for Maharaja’s use at a rate of fares to be finalised in the same way. The Agent 9. That whenever any rules and regulations related to railway line to the Governor General for stated that proposed matter was to passed by British Authority. It would be officially informed to be finalised by mutual consent later. the State. The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana accepted this demand. 17. And finally the State demanded that the railway officials were ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 273 145 274 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 not allowed to buy any landed property within Jaipur State. The of railway.31 Now he believed that the Paramount Power safeguard Agent to the Governor General accepted that demand. the general interest of the State and its subject with law and justice The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana sent all the but also need of the State and the manners, customs and feelings of above demands proposed by Jaipur State and recommended to the its subject.32 British Indian Government for its approval.28 J. W. S. Wyllie the under On the other hand the British Authority assured the State that Secretary to the British Indian Government, Foreign Department Government had to consider all suggestions given by Jaipur to safe conveyed that British Indian Government ratified the remarks or guards especially to safeguard the Mahadeo temples and the State’s decision taken by the Agent to the Governor General except point 14. suggestions not affecting the economic and permanent working of He clearly stated that British Indian Government was not ready to the railway matters, and also whenever any changes were implemented, accept such type of demand. Further he added that the railway authority would be communicated to the State. Whenever any complain about would be permitted to purchase at favourable rates decided by mutual ill-treatment was found the British Authority would have to give full agreement on the required materials because it was not possible to consideration to further avoid it.33 The Vakeel of Jaipur would be invited carry the management. to look after the interest of its subjects.34 He suggested to the Agent to the Governor General that in Jaipur Conclusion: These terms and conditions proved very big loss State large numbers of land plots were not in use and he can suggest to the State in form of lands, revenues, other private properties by the to the State that either the State or railway company would plant trees mane of the railway construction. By accepting these terms and for fuel into these lands for a fixed period. In this way railway would conditions the Jaipur State firstly not only permanently lost their lands be able to meet the required fuel in easy way without any destruction but also pay compensation to the owners from State treasury. It was of private or the State limited resources. He further emphasised that British Indian Government wanted to convey the message of the direct loss to the State. Secondly as per the second term Jaipur plantations to the State. For that the Forest Department were also State lost Sovereignty and Jurisdiction Rights on ceded lands. Lastly issued latters. And finally on demand number 12, the British Indian as per the third term the State lost source of revenue from transit Government conveyed that “the Durbar must do its best to enforce duties permanently. against its subject any penalties which they may have incurred for References 29 offences committed within the limits of the railway.” 1. Rajputana Agency Office, Railway, File No. 126-I, 1863 to 1868 and The Maharaja S. Ram Singh of Jaipur State was still not satisfied 1877, No. 28/18G, Bharatpur, March 23, 1864, Serial No. 4, National and on December 22, 1867 again he sent revised demand which was Archives of India, New Delhi, p. 15 covered same terms mentioned above including those terms which 2. Bell, Hoarce, Railway Policy in India, Rivington, Percival and Co., was earlier accepted by the British Indian Government. Further he London, 1894, p. 7 informed that in letter of the July 13, State’s main demand was that 3. Bell, p. 10; Sanyal, Nalinaksha, Development of Indian Railways, “the prevention of any misunderstanding with the Railway Company” University of Calcutta, 1930, p. 15 and nothing more than that and he wanted that before beginning of 4. Bell, pp. 60-62; Sanyal, p. 16 railway, there would be made a provisions to avoid any clash with 5. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, For details see the these two parties. Maharaja further stated that the Jaipur State was in Report of the Committee appointed by Public Work Department, favour of construction of railway which had to be passed through Resolution No. 449, January 29, 1864 State. He further emphasised that the British Authority always miss 6. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, March 1865, Serial understood my suggestions.30 No. 24, No. 721, p. 63. In this letter A. Colvin, under the Secretary to the Government of British India, Foreign Department informed the Finally on February 5, 1868 the Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States that British willingly withdrew his all demands or conditions proposed earlier and Authority satisfied to know that all the Rajputana States accepted the agreed up on required original terms and conditions for the construction for the railway construction in their respective territories. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 275 146 276 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 7. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to serial 20. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 54, No. No. 24, p. 63. When I gone through the sources I have found that as 519, Fort William, March 29, 1866, p. 125 in the first Railway Contract signed on August 17, 1849 between the 21. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 63, No. East India Company, the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway 1257/149G, Beawar, October 4, 1866, p. 143 Company and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company. In this 22. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 65, No. contract British Indian Government agreed to provide required lands 910, Simla, May 20, 1867, p. 147 free of cost to the Railway Companies in British Indian Provinces. 23. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure 2 to However in that contract it was not mentioned to pay compensations Serial No. 68, No. 155/108G, Jaipur Palace, July 13, 1867, p. 154; to the owners for the loss of property as mentioned in first clause. For When I gone through the sources I found that the total loss of property details see, Bell, p. 60-62 which had to be occurred on ceded lands was not provided. 8. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 24, No. 24. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 721, March 24, 1875, p. 63. In this letter A. Colvin, under Secretary to 1116-111, Enclosure 1 to Serial No. 69, p. 157 the Government of British India, Foreign Department informed to the 25. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States that British 1116-111, Enclosure 2 to Serial No. 69, pp, 157-159 Authority satisfied to know that the State accepted the proposal for the 26. Lord Shiva is also known as Mahadeva. construction of railway in Jaipur territory. 27. Vakeel was one of the State Employee. 9. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 7, No. 28. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 946, Erinpura, July 15, 1864, p. 23 1116-111, Serial No. 70, No. 1117- 60G, Mount Abu, September 11, 10. Khureeta was a State charter issued by Maharaja of the State. 1867, p. 161 11. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 8, No. 29. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 67/36G, Jaipur, August 10, 1864, p. 25 1116-111, Serial No. 71, No. 1716, Simla, October 9, 1867, p. 163 12. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 29, p. 30. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 73. The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana clearly informed 1116-111, Serial No.73, Enclosure 1 to Serial No. 73, December 22, to the said respective State that the British Indian Government was not 1867, p. 167. For details revised terms proposed by Jaipur State which ready to commenced the construction work for railways, unless the was cover almost same terms proposed in Letter No. 1116-111 of the Enclosure 2 to Serial No. 69. See, Serial No. 73 of Enclosure 1 to Serial State accept conditions proposed by Government. No. 73, pp. 168-170 13. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to Serial 31. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. No. 41, September 25, 1865, p. 98 1116-111, Enclosure to Serial No. 74, p. 171; Rajputana Agency 14. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 43, No. Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 1116-111, Serial 1623/132, Chundaleca, October 30, 1865, p. 103 No. 75 No. 95G, February 12, 1868, p. 173; Rajputana Agency Office, 15. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 45, No. Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 1116-111, Serial No. 76, 1883/353G, Neemuch, December 30, 1865, p. 107 No. 384A, February 28, 1868, p. 175 16. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 46, No. 32. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 140, Fort William, January 26, 1866, p. 109 1116-111, Enclosure to Serial No. 74, p. 171 17. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to the 33. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. Serial No. 47, No. 220/22, Dhoka, February 19, 1866, pp. 111 and 112 1116-111, p. 178 18. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 53, No. 34. I bid., p. 179. 237/46G, Erinpura, February 21, 1866, p. 124; Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 54, No. 519, Fort William, March 29, 1866, p. 125 19. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 67, No. 552, Simla, April 14, 1866, p. 131 147 278 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 praises of the deceased. It’s like giving a eulogy to the deceased person. This profession was mainly practised in Rajasthan, India during the Enonymous Rudaali : Dying Emotions, 19th and 20th century and still ailing in some parts in moribund condition. Ailing Trend (with especial reference Since the upper-class women are not allowed to show their to Western Rajasthan) grief due to their status in the society, these Rudaalis are hired to cry on their behalf. They trade their tears in exchange for money. Hiring Dr. Anju Suthar such professional mourners was considered as an act of social status at the time. Introduction Rudaali is one of the notorious orthodox practices where Shedding tears is said to be a weakness of women who can at mourning was compulsory expressions of uncontrolled emotions by once manipulate their crying image to their advantage. While a crying rolling on ground and beating head and breast accompanied by songs man is an “embarrassment”, the image of a crying woman is “usual”. in praise of the dead. Primarily, women who live in acute poverty and A crying woman earns the sympathies of those around her because belong to the lower castes are forced to become Rudaali. Their status she is ‘vulnerable’ and is in need of the support of man. The image of in the society is no less than that of a prostitute. A Rudaali can be a crying woman thus reinforces the image of man as a protector. But identified by her trademark appearance – dressed in black and with what if the implication of the image is turned upside down? 1 unkempt hair. They are expected to beat their chests, crying and wailing over the dead and even dancing by scattering themselves with vehement Materials and Methods outcry in praise of the deceased. For the purpose of in depth study references and contents has been taken from relevant books, articles, journals and websites. The Film and Fiction historical method of analysis, interview with local lodger are used. Famous Bengali litterateur Mahasweta Devi delineated written Both primary as well as secondary sources of information have been account in her writings “ RUDALI” that there is no expression of taken. genuine grief, but only an ostentatious show of grief performed by the rudaalis. Some of the maliks book the rudaalis even before the Results and Discussions death of their ailing parents. In the absence of professional mourners— Professional mourning or paid mourning is a mostly historical who happen to be prosperous prostitutes in big cities—to mourn for occupation practiced in Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures, and “the unmourned dead,” Sanichari and Bikhni, characters of Mahasweta many other parts of the world. 2 Professional mourners, also Devis’ novel become famous in the rural area. They find no shame in called moirologists are compensated to lament or deliver a eulogy. their work because “through motherhood and widowhood they were Mentioned in the Bible, the occupation is widely invoked in literature, tied to the moneylenders, while those people spent huge sums of money from the Ugaritic epics of early centuries BC to modern poetry held on death ceremonies, just to gain prestige. Let some of that money in high esteem in some cultures and times, the practice was vilified in come into Sanichari’s home”. Sanichari makes a list of mourning others. categories and fixes charges for each. Like: Female professional mourners also, called Rudaali, were ‘Just for wailing, one kind of rate.’ ‘Wailing and rolling on the common in many parts of India, especially in the Western Indian state ground, five rupees, one sikka.’ of Rajasthan. Our Indian Culture was home to one such profession, ‘Wailing, rolling on the ground and beating one’s head, five where the lower caste ladies were hired to cry at a death by the upper- rupees, two sikka.’ ‘Wailing and beating one’s breast, accompanying class people. And such lower-class women are known as ‘Rudaalis’. the corpse to the cremation ground, rolling around on the ground Along with the loud hues and cries they also sing along some songs in there—for that the charge of six rupees.’ ‘At the kirya ceremony, we ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 279 148 280 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 want a cloth, preferably a length of plain black cloth.’3 Leno bhalo na baapko, sahib rakhya tek.” Based on the life of Rudaalis there is a 1993 Indian Hindi film Means: directed by Kalpana Lajmi, based on the short story written [Walking on foot even for a mile is not favoured, nor is the by Bengali litterateur Mahasweta Devi explains this situation precisely. birth of a single daughter. The film is set in a small village in Rajasthan, India. . It tells the story A debt of one’s father is not favoured, so may God protect us of a woman named Shanichari, who was abandoned by her mother from these misfortunes.] shortly after her father’s death. Bad fortune follows her throughout her life. As the narrative begins, the dying zamindar/ Thakur (translation: Womans’ Esteem landlord) anticipating his imminent death, and realizing that none of “As long as a woman has a husband, she has esteem in the his close relatives are likely to mourn him, he summons a rudaali village.” When a young woman loses her husband, especially the lower named Bhikni from a nearby town.4 caste woman, she is considered unlucky and blamed for her husband’s It portrays a low caste woman who becomes a victim of death. And then she is forced to do this black odhni to earn a living. Brahmanical patriarchy. The barbarous treatment by the society’s In the Darogi community, the Rudaalis also worked superiors and feudal lords along with the class oppression and as Daoris (mistresses) to the Thakurs of the Haveli. They used to live economic misery made women to be Rudaalis. Hence, Rudaali refers in a small hut outside the Haveli and take care of the Thakur’s kids to a humiliating toil of the low caste women who wail over their caste during the day and used to please them at the nights, and also used to masters’ death. Sexual exploitation in the form of Rape has since long work as professional mourners. The kids born to these Rudaalis had been seen as an effective method to discipline women who waver no father and they used to work at lower posts for these Thakurs. away from their ‘Social Duties’. In a nutshell, it can be narrated that Tyrannically if any girl was born to these Thakurs then she is killed Rudaali is a clear indicator of the marginalized status of women in off immediately to avoid dowry at the time of her marriage. They connection with the socio-political scenario. Actually, woman is basis considered daughters as unlucky and female foeticide was also of society but couldn’t get appropriate place by man.5 Directly or practised here but the daughters born to these Rudaalis used to indirectly she is not given her rights by the society and families as continue with their mothers’ profession. As they used to work for the man is being endorsed for the same.6 Condition of women depends Thakurs, they would take care of them financially. The Rudaalis of and decided by education, social structure, money, family and the Mirasi community worked independently and went to mourn for constitutional provisions.7 someone’s death, when called for. They did not serve the Thakurs; Black Odhni is their uniform. Because black was considered as hence, they had to fend for themselves. the colour of death and it was also the favourite colour of the death Dress & Shelter God, Yamraja. Their long necks tattooed into big traditional symbols and big eyes shaded into black kohl, always ready to flow whenever Rudaalis’ age decide their dressing. For example, if she is early given a call. Along with the loud crying, they were also supposed to age widow, then l light green coloured cloths are for her, whereas create a scene by beating their chests and slapping the floors for the aging widow will have to wear dark red coloured cloth engraved with next 12 days. Because, the more dramatic the act, the more it is talked black peacock feathers. Deep dark coloured Kurti- Kanchali and small about by the neighbours. They take a small lunch break from the magji (below side added different cloth in lahanga) with same shade. crying and shouting and relish on the leftover rotis and raw onions Rudaalis have to live out side the village, this not entire truth. provided by the relatives. And then continue with the same performance As a matter of fact, in early times Raje- Rajwade had number of lands, again by chanting, “Hey Raam, Hey Raam.” so considering rudaali as sinister, rudaalis acquire shelter out side the village. Now they live in and out the village. Rudaalis earn more from There’s a popular Rudaali saying, cultivation. Animal husbandry and wages rather depending than on “Pando bhalo na kosko, beti bhali na ek, crying and weeping, their so called defined work. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 281 149 282 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 If we talk about out village living, they are given home in ORAN gender-question. The women of the oppressed classes suffer not only in some villages of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. From where the from their socio-economic disadvantages, but also because of their last house of village is situated, this is the start of rudaalis first house. gender. The race class-caste-gender nexus makes the condition of Their place of residence is made of unbacked clay and thach. This is women difficult in rural Indian society. the women in the rural areas also a bitter truth that till date rudaalis are not safe from so called or those belonging to lower class, “lower caste” or minority samaj ke thekedaars. They sing in group and reveal their grief. 8 communities continued to remain in shadows. Narration of rudaali Another aspect of existence of rudaali is that in Shergarh and retrieves the invisible women and their muted voices from the Patodi of Jodhpur district, Chhitar ka paar , Kotada, Chuli of Barmer peripheries of Indian society. The story of “Rudali” brings into light district, Ramdevra, Fatehgarh, and Pokran of Jaisalmer district till the plight of women belonging to different segments in a rural society: today rudaalis are struggling , although they are very limited in numbers. the rudalis, the prostitutes and the upper-class housewives. Reasons behind scarcity of rudaalis are – impact of Rajput Zameendars Conclusion is synchronized and rest of them are not enthusiastic in fictitious show In the modern time Indian country is fast emerging as a global off. Rudaalis come from Gamju, Dusaad, Bheel and lower cast power but for half of its population, the women across the country, communities. They all belong to widow bracket and think of as sinister. struggle to live life with dignity continues. Women, irrespective of Some of rudaalis make surrender themselves and accepted their class, caste and educational status, are not safe. In the modern NATA PRATHA against majesty of social panchs. Some always found society women have been the victims of exploitations since long time them in identically chained situation and continued with the same. in different fields in their life both physically, socially, mentally and Occupation of crying is not enough for sustenance, so they are indulged economically. There are several causes of sexual as well as moral in cultivation, animal husbandry and wages. They are summoned to abuse which are very often highlighted by the media in Indian modern cut off curbed khejari and Rohida trees. Somewhere they are disallowed society, and a lot of those also remain unexplored. Although, such to come in front to some one in the early morning.9 violence against women, sexual harassment, and exploitation to women Rudaalis are confronting so many challenges. They are having is not of recent origin, its trace is found in the history of ancient problems to marry their daughters. Lack of education is another big India. Women are facing problems in every sphere of life whether challenge to be dealt with. employment, access to health care or property rights. India is fast They are even fighting for bread and butter. Although literacy developing but women in India continue to be discriminated. is rolling in gradually. Now people from upper casts primarily choosing The remote region rudaali (Sanichari and Bikhni) dwell in peaceful cremation. For the reason importance of rudaalis are reducing metaphorically represents the uneven face of society. It has nothing positively. Now they don’t want mercy on their unhealthy conditions. righteous. Standard historiography does not provide any account of They desire to come out from shape of society and mentality. the exploitations, hardships and struggles of the down-trodden people. They thirst for independence. Even after the independence of India, the so-called lower-caste and They ambition for education. lower-class people, the tribal and ethnic minority communities continue They look for sustenance. to reside in darkness. They are deprived of their fundamental rights, They hunger for respect. like food, shelter and security and rudaalis are the best example to They urge for a suitable life partner. review and recite. And of course, in state of widow longing their life as they want.10 References The harsh reality of life 1. Saiket Guha: Rudali: men, women and politics of crying, Bharatiya Pragna: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indian Studies (E-ISSN 2456- State of “Rudali” does not only engage with the issue of 1347) Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016. exploitation of the lower-class people, but specifically addresses the 2. Films- ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 283 150 · The Indian film Rudaali (1993), directed by Kalpana Lajmi and set in Rajasthan, is about the life of a professional mourner, or Rudaali. · The short documentary Tabaki (2001), directed by Bahman Kiarostami, Creating Identities in Hindi Cinema : follows the lives of “mourners for hire”. · The Philippine film Crying Ladies (2003), directed by Mark Meily, In Context of Rajasthan follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners, set in the Philippines. Persis Latika Dass Literature – · In Honoré de Balzac’s landmark novel Le Père Goriot (1835), the title Cinema, popular or parallel, a visual art of story–telling with character’s funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather rich inputs of music, screenplay, cast and script, is considered one of than his daughters. the greatest influences in our modern life. Cinema creates surreal or · In his 2014 novel Ghost Month, author Ed Lin states that professional tangled images derived from both the past and the present. Subject to mourners are available for hire in contemporary Taiwan. mass appeal it tends to be rhetorical and melodramatic in India yet its 3. Mahasweta Devi. (2003). “Rudali.” (A. Katyal, Trans.). In Urvashi contribution to the nations polity, society and economy cannot be Butalia (Ed.), Katha: Stories by Indian women (pp. 16-45). New Delhi: brushed aside. Given the multicultural ethos of the country, the various Stanza. ‘Rajasthans’ portrayed in films create divergent images in the mindsets 4. Kalpna Lajmi edited film “Rudaali” 5. Katariya Kamlesh-Nari Jeevan: Vaidic kal se aaj tak, unique trader of the audience. Such images whether realist or imagined, positive or publication, Jaipur,2009, p.- 30 negative, subtle or brutal, leave a sonorous effect on the viewer. The 6. Apte prabha-Bhartiya samaj main nari, classic publishing house, research is descriptive as well as evaluative in content, describing the Jaipur,1996, p.-01 various prototypes emerging from films based on Rajasthan, followed 7. Vyas ramprasad & Upadhyay manorama,Bhartiya nari:parivertan by a scrutiny of the resulting identities regarding the history and culture avam chunotiya, Rajasthani granthakar, Jodhpur, p.-68 of the region. 8. Rajasthan Patrika: 04 Jan. 2017 parivaar parishishth, Amit baiznath Cinema is a powerful tool to shape perceptions, create new Garg,s article “Rote Rote Gumnaam Hoti Rudaali” ones and reinforce the old ones. Films provide insight into certain 9. Interview with local inhabitants. aspect of the region they are based on such as nature, culture and 10. Amit Baiznath Garg,s article “Rote Rote Gumnaam Hoti Rudaali” people which result in constructing certain fixed attitudes towards Rajasthan Patrika, Ibid that region. Rajasthan too has been tampered in different moulds in Indian cinema producing movies that could be cast under various prototypes. Some of the apparent prototypes focussed upon in the paper are Rajput-Period Dramas : Rajasthan has always had a stoical appeal in popular perception. The sons of the soil giving up their all for the motherland, while the women draped with unflinching love and loyalty, ready to sacrifice their last breadth on the altar of honour and nation. Rajasthan’s history and literature abounds with legends, both men and women, whose anecdotes go a long way to give credence to the image the land holds in the eyes of the masses. Cinema and especially, the Hindi cinema having a wider audience, has used these historical legends as subject matter for the films right from its early phase. Such productions harp on the stereotyped images of the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 285 151 286 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 erstwhile Rajput elite. These are not the official views of history based subject for the rebels and reformers in the film industry. Maya Darpan on facts and archives or research monographs, but based on popular (1972) by Kumar Shahni, based on a short story by Nirmal Verma view of the past whose stories and images are derived from epics, was set in late fifties and portray the dilapidating feudal lifestyle among poems, theatre and folk tales.1 Interestingly the earlier movies like some sections of the landed gentry along with a sub-plot of feminist Amar Singh Rathore (1956) and Maharani Padmini (1964), both leanings, inter-caste romance and modernization.3 Throughout the directed by Jaswant Zaveri and starring Jairaj in leading role, reflect movie an empathetic strain can be felt for the crumbling societal the stated mindset and in spite of showcasing Rajasthan reflect a structure and the educated as well as enlightened elite attempting to ‘Marathi theatre feel’ to the experience especially in sets, dresses and adjust to the changes around them. Rajput directed by veteran dance numbers. In Maharani Padmini, portraying Alauddin Khilji’s filmmaker Vijay Anand was a multi-starrer of the 80s based on the conquest of , Malik Qafur is shown as a heterosexual chief backdrop of post-independence Rajasthan. The movie in spite of being conspirator behind the attack whereas fact is that he was a eunuch a commercial venture parading the elite lifestyle of the former and it was the strategic location of the fort guarding the trade route aristocracy did raise the issue of dacoity plaguing the region at the between Delhi and Gujarat that attracted Alauddin to Chittor more time. An interesting twist was the involvement of the erstwhile ruling than any other cause. Parallel cinema of seventies brought the notion class in such nefarious activities besides the traditional victims i.e., of ‘realism’ in Indian cinema and made way for scripts and directors the low castes. Next cinematic venture that undertook a conscientious that endeavoured for historical objectivity. Gulzar’s Meera (1979) falls depiction of the rural and exploitative nature of feudalism was J P under the category. The film is a biopic on the poet princess Meera Dutta’s Ghulami (1983).4 The movie had strong Marxist leanings and accorded a semi-goddess status in popular tradition in states like was a brazen depiction of persistent economic and social slavery for Rajasthan and Gujarat. The movie without deifying her divine reverence the low castes in post-independence Rajasthan. The venture highlighted for Krishna painted a very humane picture of the protagonist as well numerous humiliating and exploitative customs that the affected castes as the associated characters. The location, the costumes and have to face in villages even today due to the oppressive mindsets of mannerisms were well researched and quite authentic. According to the high castes. It projected Marxist revolution with the proletariat Heidi Pauwel,2 the director used the Hindu Bhakti Movement as an taking arms in their hands as the only solution to the vicious situation. excellent vehicle for democratic and modernizing forces in popular Rukmawati Ki Haveli (1991) based upon the Spanish play ‘The House culture in particular with regard to women. Similary, Jodha Akbar of Bernada Alba’ by Fedrico Garcia Lorca was scripted and directed (2008), the multi-starrer mega-production of Ashutosh Gowarikar, in by Govind Nihlani. The movie depicts the rigid and discriminating spite of all the protests and the controversy over Harka and Jodha, patriarchal set up amongst the landed elite of Rajasthan. The women tried to retain its historical objectivity. It represented nostalgic affection have been assigned certain norms pertaining to chastity and obedience, for a Muslim ruler who worked for the welfare of his subjects. deflection from which could lead to detrimental consequences Commendably, all the stated movies despite the minor flaws and their including ‘Honour Killing.’ Belonging to the gentry as well as weaker storylines basically derived from medieval times, do stress on the sex, they have to live stoically denying any natural desire and longing. innate Hindu-Muslim tradition of the land. When an audience from Next in view are Gulaal (2009) by Anurag Kashyap and Sahib, Biwi other parts of culturally divergent India or from overseas watches Aur Gangster Series (2011-13) by Tigmanshu Dhulia, representing such ‘Rajput-Period Dramas’ they develop a particular image regarding the modern politically insinuating feudality of Rajasthan. Both the the monarchical history, culture and lifestyle of the pre-independence movies illustrate the misogynistic feudal royalists armed with private ruling elite. armies attempting to gain power in modern democratic setup through Feudal Rajasthan : Although, feudalism worldwide is a conspiracies and revolutions.5 Gulaal delves deeply in the milieu of medieval feature, yet it was ingrained so deeply in Rajasthan’s political, student politics in the state, marred with caste and crime. The movie social and economic scenario that it continues its hold on every aspect highlights the dormant urge of a section of the erstwhile ruling elite to of human life in post-independence also, thereby becoming a solemn regain their lost power through armed rebellion to recreate ‘Rajputana.’ ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 287 152 288 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 It is the tale of the disaffected and alienated Indian youth of twenty in general. The protagonist ‘Sanwari’ raises her voice against ‘child first century and empathetically attempts to study the various marriage’ and has to face rape for challenging the age-old hierarchy. heterogeneous factors like state, school, family and communities that Her fight for justice is blocked by a socio-political system that favours mould their identity.6 Dealing with issues of legitimacy and gender the upper caste and class. Bawandar is a powerful denunciation of roles, it is also a brusque satire on the modern day politics of Rajasthan. Indian society perpetuating casteism, chauvinism, injustice, oppression Continuing in the same strain is Sahib Biwi aur Gangster series. Though and sexual harassment as directives to control women.9 Such cinematic based on power struggle between the ruling elites in modern democracy productions become a source of social and anthropological study for it also explores the feminine search for identity and power within the the academic scholars, many of which base their study of typical institution of marriage for the women of the same class. In the series patriarchal characteristics on the backdrop of Rajasthan. the ‘wife’ eliminates the other woman along with her ‘lover’ (gangster), Myths and Legends : Drenched in Rajasthani myths and legends incapacitate the husband, wins the election and remains married and a come stories penned by indigenous writers depicting the different 7 ‘Rani Sahiba’ till the end. hues and hopes of the land of shifting dunes. Some of the movies of Caste and Gender : Subject of women and depressed class this genre are Duvidha (1975), Paheli (2005) and Lekin (1990). Both oppression in an extremely caste-oriented and rigidly patriarchal society Duvidha and Paheli are based on a story by Vijaydan Detha in which are dealt with in movies like Tarpan(1994), Bawandar(2000) and a ghost falls in love with a merchant’s bride and consummates the Rudali(1993).Tarpan by K Bikram Singh deals with caste norms and relationship by impersonating as the husband. A vivid portrayal of hierarchies that continue to plague post-independence Rajasthan. It is pain of loneliness and sexual frustration suffered by the women make the story of a couple who move into a village to clean a well used by the story real in spite of being supernatural in content. Comparatively, the upper castes the movie is based on fatalism and divine retribution. Mani Kaul directed Duvidha due to the influence of parallel cinema The age-old adage of children being punished for their forefather’s was more credible than Paheli by Amol Palekar. The latter was more sin is threaded throughout the storyline. The movie portrays the varied of a commercialized version having roped in Bollywood superstars hues and forms of high caste gender exploitation still rampant in rural like Shahrukh Khan and Rani Mukherjee in leading roles. Nevertheless Rajasthan. Till each oppressor confesses their guilt and receives both the movies leave the audience mystified over complex human absolution, the water of the well symbolizing the earth will continue relationships and the social dictums that control the affairs of the to reek with their crime. Rudali by Kalpana Lajmi was based on a heart. For the viewers such movies are a peep into the unknown and short-story by Mahashweta Devi. The movie narrates the plight of the enchanting mysteries of the land of mirages and leaves them panting the doubly marginalized low caste ‘Shanichari’ expected to live as per for more which they attempt to find during their visit to Rajasthan. her gender and caste norm. The storyline is her attempt to resist all Many a times a local folk tradition also gets highlighted like the odds that life and society throw at her. Belonging to a particular caste traditional puppet art of Rajasthan that received a major impetus of ‘Dalit’ she is expected to be a professional mourner hired to lament because of its projection in Paheli10 Lekin by Gulzar is loosely based publically for the dead among the high caste since it is below the on a Bengali short story by Rabindranath Tagore ‘Kshudhit Pashaan’ behavioural etiquettes of their household women to do so. Widowhood, translated as ‘The Hungry Stones’ in English. The protagonist Rewa, loss of love (son of the local landlord) and rejection from her only is a woman caught between life and death and is waiting for a promised child fail to shatter her resilient demeanour but the second abandonment guardian who would help her to escape the cycle of time. She is by her own mother, the axis around which her identity was framed, neither dead nor alive which makes the storyline mythical, rustic and breaks her into finally accepting the predestined as well as socially open to interpretation just like folktales bridging the gap between the sanctioned role of a ‘Rudali.’8 The last cinematic discussion in the past and the present. genre is on Bawandar by Jugmohan Mundhra, based on Bhanwri Devi Royal Elite : The Nineties witnessed an influx of Rajput rape case of Rajasthan. Though grounded in the desert terrain of aristocrats in the genre of commercial cinema. Highlighting the opulent Rajasthan the movie relates to the Indian consciousness and realities and grandiose lifestyle of the erstwhile royalty became the baseline ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 289 153 290 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 for such ventures. Although there were many cinematic productions India Hachette India, 2014 portraying the archetypal princely palatial lives of Rajputana with 2. Pauwel, Heidi “Who is afraid of Mirabai? Gulzar’s Antidote for Mira’s breeches, horses, glittering jewellery, resplendently embroidered classy Poison” Religion in Literature and Film in South Asia Ed Diana attires but some of the prominent creations picked for the discourse Dimitrova, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp.45-67 are Kshatriya and Parampara (1993), Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) 3. Jayamanne, Laleen The Epic Cinema of Kumar Shahni Indian University the latest Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015) and Mirzya (2016). Even the Press 2015 poster of J P Dutta’s Kshatriya seemed oozing with the masochism 4. Gopalan, Lalitha Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genre in classically associated with the Rajput Kshatriyas. The storyline was Contemporary Indian Cinema British Film Institute, 2002 same as Yash Chopra’s Parampara released just after the former. With 5. Sommya, Bhawna; Kothari, Jigna; Madangarhi, Supriya Mother, Maiden, Mistress-Women in Hindi Cinema Harper Collins, 2012 Rajput aristocratic background the movies shot at erstwhile palaces 6. Shary, Timothy; Seibel, Alexander Youth Culture in Global Cinema narrate the quintessential tale of feudal family discord with a lacklustre University of Texas Press 2007 pp 109-110 commercial flavour thereby faring poorly at the box-office. Eklavya: 7. Chauhan Kiran; Capila Anjali “The Winning Woman of Hindi Cinema” The Royal Guard (2007), India’s official entry to the Oscars for the Advance Research Journal of Social Science, Vol. 5, Issue 2, December ‘Best Foreign Film Category’ is about a bloodbath that erupts in a 2014 pp 211-218 royal family in Rajasthan representing the lost world of the dethroned 8. Aiyappan, Arya “When a Rudali raises a Bawandar: The Marginalized royalty. Pictographically, the movie is a treat by resplendently get a Voice” Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific showcasing the Aravalis, the monsoon fed water-bodies and the Issue 28, March 2012 marooned railway tracks enhancing the soulful mysticism of the 9. Ibid adjacent desert. The whole experience is augmented by the beauty 10. Parciack, Ronnie Popular Hindi Cinema: Aesthetic Formations of the and magisticity of the hill-top palace portrayed as the residence of the Seen and Unseen Routledge, 2016 p. 159 protagonists. The movie is a typical Rajasthan Aristocratic on the 11. Golani, Sonia Decoding Bollywood: Stories of Fifteen Film Directors surface but at a deeper level explores the caste biases and exploitation Westland 2014 pp 193-94 reflected through the low caste status of the ‘bodyguard,’ the police officer and the love interest of the hero. 11 Closely treading the same route is Prem Ratan Dhan Payo a production of the Rajasthan based Barjatya House. Based on a novel, ‘The Prisoner of Zenda’ by Anthony Hope, the movie dared to explore and illustrate the theme of monarchy even in twenty-first century India without appearing too ludicrous. Nevertheless, it did succeed in the exquisite exhibition of the luxurious and flamboyant life-experiences thickly associated with the Rajasthan nobility in the imagination of the mass audience. To conclude, cinematic portrayal of a region or people creates identities in the mindset of the audience not only amongst the outsiders but even within the people of the same state. This portrayal maybe inspired from reality, a blurred past oscillating between fact and fiction or a total myth. Whatever may be the nature of the cinematic script it does creates stereotyped and sometimes surreal identities leading to a particular historical and cultural perception of the state. References 1. Dwyer, Rachel Picture Abhi Baaki Hai: Bollywood as a Guide to Modern 154 292 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 History and Culture Society in 1984. In 1977 he chaired a session at the Seventh International Conference of the Association of Historians of Asia The Historiography of Professor K.S. Lal held in Bangkok. Professor Shankar Goyal Professor Lal was honoured as "Man of Achievement' in 1973 by the International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, U.K. The American Biographical Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, nominated him for the Academic Journey of Professor K.S. Lal prestigious title of the "Man of the Year' in 1995 and the "International Professor K. S. Lal (1920-2002) was one of the most eminent Man of the Millennium' in 1999. He was nominated twice as a member historians of medieval Indian history. He took his doctorate degree in of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Government of India medieval Indian history from the University of Allahabad in 1945. in the years 1998 and 2001. For a short period he was also appointed as Starting his career as a Lecturer in the same University, he served in the Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research in 2002. Madhya Pradesh Education Service from 1945 to 1963 and taught at Government Colleges in Nagpur, Jabalpur and Bhopal. He was Reader Contribution of Professor K.S. Lal to the History of in the University of Delhi for ten years (1963-73) and, for the next ten Rajasthan : His Presidential Address to the Rajasthan History Congress (1978) years, Professor and Head of the Department of History in the University of Jodhpur (1973-79) and the University of Hyderabad (1979-83). As mentioned earlier, Lal was Professor and Head of the Department of History in the University of Jodhpur from1973 to 1979. the KhaljisProfessor Lal published a large number of monographs and articles One of his major contributions to the history of Rajasthan in this period, onSultanate medieval Indian history. Many of his books received worldwide besides his many articles on the subject, has been his Presidential Address in Asian History acclaim; they have been noticed in leading journals published in London, delivered to the Eleventh Session of the Rajasthan History Congress at Leiden, Chicago, Leipzig and Rome. His publications include: History of Jaipur in 1978.1 In it he shows how the history writing in Rajasthan Harem {1950; Muslim State in India {1950; Twilight of the Medieval India gradually developed through the ages. While elaborating his ideas on Muslim Rule{1963; in India Studies in Medieval Indian History {1966; Studies the state of historiography in Rajasthan, he states that James Tod set a (edited){1969; Growth of Muslim Population in pattern of historical writing which was to be followed by generations and {1973; Early Muslims in India {1984; The Mughal generations of historians. His prototype was read and re-read and adopted {1988; Indian Muslims: Who are They ? { 1990; Legacy of as a model for historians of Rajasthan. Shyamaldas, Gaurishanker {1992; Muslim Slave System in Medieval India Hirachand Ojha, Vishveshwar Nath Reu and many others followed the {1994, and Historical Essays : Politics and Society (Vols. I and II) direction set by him and in many ways improved upon it. He further says {2001. He had command on Persian, Urdu and Rajasthani sources of that the history of Rajasthan is a story of warriors and their deeds of the medieval Indian history. He had also produced two volumes in Hindi fortitude and valour. The rulers of Rajasthan right up to our own times on the History of Modern Europe as early as in 1956 and 1957 (Vol. I: liked this sort of history to be written, and the historians obliged their from 1453-1789 and Vol. II : from 1789-1945). sentiments. No wonder, we have a number of works published and Professor Lal participated in many seminars and conferences, both unpublished, theses and dissertations, scholarly works and works for the national and international, in India and abroad. In Madhya Pradesh he general readers, in which the ruler is the hero, and the history is the story was Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh Itihasa Parishad and Convener of of his chivalrous deeds. But as the values and directions of life changed in the Regional Records Survey Committee. He presided over the Medieval every aspect and sphere and new moulds and models have made their History Section of the Indian History Congress in 1958, Punjab History appearance in the field of historiography since the days of Tod, and even Congress in 1975, Rajasthan History Congress in 1978, and Indian Ojha and Reu, he cautioned modern historians to keep in mind the new ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 293 155 294 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 patterns of historical writing, the problems they set forth, and their own glorious deeds than heroes, not much attention has been paid to the history response to these problems. of women. Biographies of some of the bravest of the brave ladies need to According to Lal, just as modern society is derecognizing its rulers, be attempted on lines similar to those of Kumbha, Sanga, and Pratap, for modern historiography is doing the same with regard to medieval and Rajput women were no less prominent than their menfolk in preserving 4 ancient monarchs, and in their stead elevating the common man to a high at the cost of their lives, Rajput and Indian social and cultural traditions. pedestal. The conviction that the people is the real sovereign, the Lal also explains his ideas on the nature of Rajput policies with determinant of its destiny, has lead to greater emphasis on the study of the Mughals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As is well known, the history of the common man, otherwise called social history. The new the Rajputs were in the vanguard of Mughal military strength. They were social history, according to him, consists of history not only with politics mansabdars of very high grades and held offices of subedars and left out but all that is left over from political history, and comprehends thanedars. They ruled over Mughal provinces in many parts of the country, women's history, work history, crowd behaviour, protest movements, and fought to extend its frontiers within and outside India. By the end of history of laws, etc. He also emphasizes the importance of economic the seventeenth century it was clear that the Mughal empire could not history. For him, it is a study in the economic activities of man over the survive without Rajput military and administrative cooperation. It may centuries. Thus, the new social and economic history is a departure from be presumed, naturally, that the Rajputs had gained immense experience the classcial political history, as it studies the economy of the structure about the geography and administration of the country from Bengal to and changes in the society and more specially the relationships between Kabul and Delhi to Deccan. Therefore, on the fall of the Mughal empire social groups. It is this social and economic history that is considered in it is they who should have made a bid to rule the country. But they gradually our times to be more important than political history.2 This new socio- receded into their shell and the Marathas spread out. Things came to economic history, as Lal shows, is truly broad-based. It comprehends such a pass that the brave land of the Rajputs, who had immense war every aspect of people's life, from village economy to international trade, experience, was trampled upon by the new-come Marathas at will. It is from travel by boat to ship-building and maritime activity, from the simple against this background that Lal raised some basic questions : Why did life of the rural folk to sophisticated ways of the urban elite. It has no the Rajputs not attempt to carve out an all India empire ? Why did they quarrel with Marxist or non-Marxist historians. It does not flatter those become unduly weak after the decline of the Mughal empire ? Why did 5 who style themselves as secularists. internecine struggle reappear in Rajasthan ? For the study of socio-economic history, Lal writes, Rajasthan All in all, the Presidential Address of Lal is a fairly substantial provides both a chance and a challenge to the researcher. Here, the source piece of work, a definite contribution to the history of Rajasthan. Though material for political history is abundant; even for social history the primarily a historian of medieval Indian history, Lal also authored many position is better than in many other states of India. There is an immensity scholarly research articles on medieval Rajasthan, and in his works also of source material lying neglected in private hands, which is yet to be threw some fresh light on many a baffling problem of its history. But, as we will see, unfortunately his approach, as outlined by him in the collected and classified.3 In the state archives also Rajasthan possesses of the Khaljis much source material than perhaps any other states in India, and this Presidential Address, has not found reflection in his own works. material is by and large chronologically sound and well preserved. As Major Works of Professor K. S. Lal most of the states of Rajasthan maintained cordial relations with the 1. History of the Khaljis (Allahabad, 1950) : K. S. Lal's History Mughals, destruction of records here as a consequence of recurring (1290-1320), his D. Phil. dissertation, was first published invasions was not great. in 1950 from Allahabad. His study of the period has reduced the extent of Lal gives special attention to the institutions of jauhar and sati in Alauddin's empire, and has removed to a very large extent the charge of Rajasthan. Here, he observes, where sometimes the heroines did more bigotry so often levelled against him. He has arrived at the conclusion ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 295 156 296 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 that the Khaljis belonged to the Turkish stock, and believed that the story initiative taken by the late Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The of Padmini in nothing more than the growth of a legend.6 He threw some papers and discussion at the Congress centered on the following themes : fresh light on the causes of the family quarrels of Alauddin, his first (i) Movement of peoples and ideas in Asia from the earliest times to the expedition against Devagiri, Ulugh Khan's expedition to Gujarat and modern period; (ii) Changing relations between the peoples of Asia; and Alauddin's conquest of Jaisalmer. He also gave a sketch of the life, society (iii) Social, economic and political organisation in different countries and and institutions of the early Mongols. In the second edition (1967), a regions of Asia. The Congress was a big success and the large number of chapter on the dynasty's cultural initiatives was added and the chapter on participants included distinguished scholars from almost all countries of administration underwent a thorough revision. This work of Lal is Asia and also from Australia, Europe, and the U.S.A., including, to name regardedin Medieval as oneIndian of theHistory best on the subject. Its remarkable quality gave only a few, J. Filliozat, A.K. Narain, S.A.A. Rizvi, G.M. Moraes, B. the book a long life in the discipline, even when newer problòmatiques of Subba Rao, D.C. Sircar, Radhakamal Mukerjee, B.P. Sinha, R.S. Sharma, socio-economic history began to replace the ones of dynastic history. D.R. Regmi, Satish Chandra, Irfan Habib, John Gallagher, Khushwant Singh, Munibur Rahman, G.E. Wheeler, K.M. Panikkar and Humayun 2. Studies in Medieval Indian History (Delhi, 1966) : Lal's Studies is a selection from his essays and articles. It Kabir. The Proceedings stimulated further interest in comparative studies is divided into three parts : history and historiography, government and of historical problems and integrated interpretation of the various aspects politics, and religion and society. The first essay on the meaning and of historical developments in Asia. purpose of history is a long and highly interesting one. Many intellectuals 4. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India : A.D. 1000- from Herodotus to Toynbee have written on the meaning and importance 1800 (Delhi, 1973): In this work Lal discusses the growth of Muslim of history, but discourses of such savants are so philosophical and abstruse population and its influence on Indian social order. Population studies of that they are rightly called "Philosophy of History' and help little the pre-Census times are being successfully attempted in many western young minds to grasp its significance and value. Lal's approach, on the countries, but in India not much work has been done in this area. This other hand, is that of a teacher who was, as it were, thinking aloud and book of Lal is almost a maiden attempt at population study of the medieval talking to his students. Of the other essays, in chronological order, Lal India. It need hardly be said that to squeeze information on the design and has written on modern Indian historians of medieval India, Ziyauddin size of population in medieval times from contemporary sources has Barani as an authority on the Khaljis, factors underlying the loss of Indian been an uphill task. In his study Lal has found it fruitful to divide the eight independence in the twelfth-thirteenth centuries, procedure of succession centuries of the medieval period into four parts of two centuries each, and in the Sultanate of Delhi, nature of the State in medieval India, corruption study the overall population as well as the growth of Muslim numbers in the Middle Ages, battle of Haldighati and after, changing pattern of separately for the periods 1000 to 1200, 1200 to 1400, 1400 to 1600, society in early medieval India, ideas leading to impoverishment of the and 1600 to 1800 A.D. These bench-marks are not as arbitrary or Indian peasantry in medieval times, condition of the Hindus under the unscientific as they look. The year 1000 saw the introduction of Muslims Khaljis, Hindu-Muslim rapprochement in early medieval India, Babur's in the cis-Indus region consequent upon the invasions from Ghazni, 1200 impressions of Hindustan and Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi. witnessed the establishment of the Turkish rule and 1400 its dicline. 3. Studies in Asian History (Edited, New Delhi, 1969) : This is Akbar's age came to a close by about 1600. The two last centuries the Proceedings of the First Asian History Congress which Lal edited. witnessed both the peak of glory and the nadir of decline of Muslim power He himself attended the Congress as a delegate and was affiliated to in India.8 Section I with which his own paper titled "Afghan Immigration in the 5. Early Muslims in India (New Delhi, 1984) : In this work Lal Early Middle Ages' was concerned.7 The Congress was organised by the discusses the history of early Muslims in India. According to him, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations in December 1961, thanks to the history of the early Muslims in India is the history of Muslim merchants, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 297 157 298 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 missionaries, soldiers of fortune, invaders, sultans, the ruling classes was a queer establishment wherein mothers and aunts, sisters and and commoners, who came to India from the time of the birth of Islam in cousins, wives and concubines, princesses and minor princes, dancing- the eighth century to the end of the thirteenth. Once in a while they came girls and maids, besides of course choicest beauties for the master's in groups, often in droves and sometimes like ants and locusts. Their pleasure{all lived under one roof as in a joint family. Each lady had a arrival raises the questions what was the psychological make-up of these distinct role to play and each was treated with deference, admiration, early medieval Muslim people? How did they feel and behave and work adoration and strictness as was her due. At the apex was the queen mother in a country where the majority of the population remained non-Muslim? or the mother of the reigning king, followed by the chief wife and secondary Did they love the land where they were born or to which destiny had sent wives. It is these wives and concubines{hundreds of them and their them or stayed on here just to enjoy the fruits of victory and looked to entourage of servants, slave-girls and entertainers{that swelled the outside Muslim lands for inspiration ? Did they feel like Indians or size of the harem. considered this country as their hunting ground ? These and many other In his work Lal attempts a study of these women{queens, similar questions arise in the minds of the modern historians to which concubines, princesses, dancing- and slave-girls. In contrast to the history medieval chroniclers do not furnish any answer. of the Mughal kings and nobles, which has been the main area of study by There are three options, Lal writes, open to modern scholars for scholars of medieval Indian history, the Mughal Harem deals with the the study of the early Muslims. One choice is that while scrutinizing, life of the ladies of Mughal royalty and nobility. But contrary to probable evaluating and interpreting the writings of medieval chroniclers, they expectation based on the title of the book, it is not a spicy record of sheer should not attempt any value-judgement, for the values are constantly hot love. At the same time it is also not a dreary catalogue of ornaments changing. Another alternative is that since the writers of ancient and worn by the women from head to foot, or items of their toilet or wardrobe. medieval times have all uncritically eulogized the glorious achievements It does not give details of marriage celebrations in the seraglio, nor the of their respective rulers and administrators, the modern historian must technicalities of the games played or plots of stories read or told. Ladies scrutinize the means employed by them to achieve their glory on the of the seraglio were not independent personalities. Most of them existed basis of universally accepted human and moral values. Resort to a third solely for the purpose of giving sexual pleasure to the king or master. option may be to steer a middle course, and it is to state facts, facts The Mughal harem, as Lal shows, was a living symbol of the abuse of critically scrutinized, verified by all documents and proved by all power of arms, wealth and luxury. On an average, he concludes, the evidence, and not to succumb to the temptation of substituting Mughal emperors ""spent half of their time in the harem and the other half generalizations for reflective study. In a word, wherever we recognize in official work.''9 civilization, whatever the factors which have created it, we may ignore 7. Indian Muslims : Who are They ? (New Delhi, 1990) : In India the price it has cost. This is what Lal has done in this work. several factors have contributed to the growth of Muslim 6. The Mughal Harem : (New Delhi, 1988) : This work of Lal is population{invading armies with their retinues, constant recruitment of an interesting monograph which was well received even by non-history soldiers from across the borders, red-carpet welcome extended to scholars. In this work Mughal harem means the harem of the Mughal immigrants from Muslim countries, forcible conversions, proselytization emperor, the seraglios of royal princes and important nobles, but primarily by means of pressures and temptations, large-scale polygamy with Hindu the harem of the king and by king is meant all the Mughal emperors from women, and the proverbial Muslim fecundity enjoined by express Babur to Bahadur Shah Zafar, but in particular Akbar and his three statements of the Prophet who wanted his flock to be more numerous successors{Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. Akbar gave the Mughal than any other people. There is, however, one factor which though harem an elaborate administrative set-up, which during the time of his important has remained neglected and to which Lal draws pointed successors developed into an elegant and sophisticated institution. It attention in this work. He has documented in some fulness how the ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 299 158 300 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 continued wars of conquest waged by the Islamic invaders ensured a treated that foreign visitors like Megasthenes, who were acquainted with constant supply of Hindu prisoners of war who were sold and resold as their fate in other countries, failed to notice the existence of slavery in slaves and who eventually ended up by feeding the Muslim population. It this country. With the advent of Islam, slavery became inalienable with may sound cruel but the theology of Islam does prescribe capture and religion and culture and was accorded a permanent place in society. It enslavement of non-combatants as part of the legitimate booty. goes to the credit of Islam to create slave trade on a large scale, and run Lal examines in some detail and refutes conclusively the oft- it for profit like any other business. Prophet Muhammad had not only repeated theory that the Hindu caste system was responsible for accepted the prevailing Arab practice of making slaves but also set a conversions to Islam and asserts that the truth was just the opposite. He precedent when he sold some Jewish women and children of Medina in points out that many countries in the Middle East, Central Asia and North exchange for horses and arms. War was prescribed on religious grounds, Africa which had no caste system succumbed rapidly and completely to and became an integral part of Islam. The Quran expressly permitted the the onslaught of Islam. In contrast, the Hindus by and large resisted Muslims to acquire slaves through conquest. The concept of Jihad against conversion even when the choice was between Islam and death. In India unbelievers, the share of every Muslim in the loot from war including pride, the Hindus took in their caste, as in their religion and culture, was slaves, and the profit obtained through the sale of slaves added new zest one of the powerful factors which prevented the Islamization of India. in Islam for practising and profiting from slavery. It was enjoined on the 8. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India (New Delhi, 1992) : The faithful to enslave non-Muslims for no other reason than that of their legacy of Muslim rule in India needs to be dispassionately assessed being non-Muslims. because in spite of a thousand years of Muslim conquest and rule India In his Mulsim Slave System in Medieval India Lal documents for has survived with a Hindu ethos. In this work Lal shows that had India the first time the Muslim slave system as it obtained in medieval India been completely conquered and converted to Islam its people would have under Muslim rule. He has relied solely on the role of Muslim scriptural taken pride in the victories and achievements of Islam. But the Muslim sources for the study of Islamic slavery system both in theory and practice. rule in this country remained foreign in character throughout its career, But he does not mention the views of other eminent scholars on the subject seeking recognition from the Caliph, maintaining itself on the strength of as well as recent debates on issues like slave mode of production, slavery soldiers imported from Muslim countries abroad, and preferring foreign as a factor in feudalism, etc. Muslim adventurers for employment in prestigious posts. The Muslim Conclusion state was theocratic and militaristic. So far as the Hindus were concerned, To sum up, Lal's contribution to the discipline of history is simply for them the period of Muslim rule was a period of unmitigated suffering immense and monumental. He was a historian of traditional mould; his and misery. The Hindus had been recognised as zimmis and not given approach to history was similar to that of Thomas Carlyle who believed the choice between Islam and death. But this status, however, did not that history is nothing but the biography of great men. For him the save the Hindus from repeated massacres and constant molestation. declarationIndian History of the former President of the U.S.A., Harry S. Truman, that Millions of Hindu men, women and children were captured and sold as ""It takes men to make history; or there would be no history''10 has a lot of slaves all over the Muslim world. The Hindus survived this nightmare truth. While explaining his ideas about history in his Studies in Medieval not because Muslim rulers spared pains in spreading death and he opines that ""history is not just the knowledge of things devastation, but because the Hindus offered stiff and ceaseless resistance, abstract, it is not a record of mere dates, and it is not concerned with those particularly in the countryside where Muslim arms found it hard to who only stand and wait and achieve nothing; it is a record of the penetrate. achievement of man and it gives us guidance and inspiration and wisdom. 9. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (New Delhi, 1994) : It helps us to know why we are today and how we can help ourselves for Slavery was known in ancient India, but here the slaves were so mildly tomorrow.''11 According to him, ""history may be defined as the study of ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 301 159 Volume XI, Jaipur Session, 1978, Jaipur, March,1979, pp. 1-8. the2. extraordinary achievements of man and of mankind.''12 REFERENCES Folk Dance of Marwar - 'Terahtali' 1. K.S. Lal, his Presidential Address, Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress, Dr. Sadhana Meghwal Ibid., p. 3. Many historians of Rajasthan in the following years were influenced by the newly emerging trends of historiography and emphasized the need of studying social and economic history of Rajasthan. Introduction 3. This situation still continues. Culture is derived from the word ‘Cultura’, literally meaning 4. Incidentally, L. S. Rathore has produced two poetical works of high merit entitled cultivation. Culture is a condition of training, strengthening and development of physical and mental faculties. India holds an important Thenever Johur cease of toPadmini pay homage (1988) to and our Kodam Padminis : The and Lingering Kodams. Echoes in the Castle of 5. K. S.Pugal Lal, his (2000). Presidential We also Address, genuinely p. 7.feel that whatever opinion a modern historian place in the world owing to its Culture. 6. K. S.may Lal, hold about the customs ofjauhar and sati, the popular mind probably will Regarding the Indian Culture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, in his book “Discovery of India”, fully agrees to the view of Dr. Ramdhari Delhi, 1973, pp. 97 ff. 7. K. S. Lal, ed., Singh Dinkar who incessantly emphasized that the Culture of India is 8.9. K.S. K.S. Lal, Lal, History of the Khaljis, Allahabad, 1950, pp. 120-30. Composite and it has developed slowly and steadily over the Studies in Asian History, New Delhi, 1969, pp. 17-26. generations.1 Indian Culture is basically an amalgamation of several Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India : A.D. 1000-1800, cultures in different parts of the country. People of India profess 10. Cf. Harry S. Truman, several religions and languages which varies from place to place , so 12.11. K. S. Lal, The Mughal Harem, New Delhi, 1988, p. 33. does their music, dance, food, clothesand customs. Rather it can be Memoirs, I, New York, 1955, p. 120. very well said that Culture of India is a Composite Culture. Among the Studies in Medieval Indian History, Delhi, 1966, p. 8. various cultures that outshine in India, the culture of Rajasthan holds Ibid. a key position. Rajasthan is the proud possessor of Cultural Heritage going back to the remotest periods of history. The rich heritage of Rajasthan manifests itself in its Unique Culture which includes the architectural beauty of forts and palaces, latticed havelies, intricately carved temples, the colourful fairs and festivals, the Rajput paintings, the folk dances, the enchanting music, the bright coloured traditionaldresses and ornaments etc. Folk dances of Rajasthan : Arts and crafts reflect a rich culture of Rajasthan. The extant literature on the subject of Indian dance is Bharata’s “Natyashastra” The great Sufi mystic Rumi, says, “Dancing is the nearest way to God.” 2 Dances reflect the feelings and emotions of the inner self. There are several modes of Dance, each of which has its own distinct tradition, its own manner and its own following. Dance is a co- ordinated movement of the whole body and mind. AbhinayDarpan3 explains that a dancer must sustain the song in the throat, depict meaning by hands , the mood (bhav) through eyes and keep time with feet. ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 303 160 304 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 In Rajasthan , folk and tribal dances have gained an added as well. Since it is the women who play the cymbals, they play a importance when the people dance with lots of enthusiasm and vigour crucial role in the rhythmic renderings of the songs. Interestingly, with very simple and open heart singularly or in a group or community, there arealotof gestures that come directly from women’s household then such dance is called Folk Dance.4 These folk dances can be activities, like pounding the grains, separating the wheat from the classified into three categories namely, chaff, spinning the charkha, churning the yoghurt.Within these seven 1) Regional Folk dances or eight gestural patterns, there is the potentiality for creating all kinds 2) Folk dances of various castes and communities of movements that can highlight a particular text. 3) Professional folk dances Interestingly, these all night ceremonies, which include the ritual of Arti and the chanting of stutisin honour of Ramdevji, are called The Bhavaidance, Kalbeliyadance, Chari or Pot dance, Dandiya, KachhiGhodi and Terahtali are the most popular dances jama .The word jamais derived from the Arabic jamat, which means 8 other than the famous folk dance ieGhoomar ‘congregation of the faithful’. While there aresome jamas where only bhajans are sung, without any performance of Terahtali. Local Marwar ( Western Rajasthan) has richly contributed to enhance diety,Ramdevji’s stratification needs to be situated alongside many the prestige and popularity of the folk dances of Rajasthan. other religious philosophies and practices like Sikhism, Sufism and Terahtali Bhakti related practices. The coversions that succeeded in the Medieval This is one of the most famous and unique Professional Folk period primarily among occupational and low–caste groups mainly Dance of Marwar. Since thirteen manjeeras are tied to the hands and because they offered the possibility of salvation to every human being legs of the performers, this dance is calledTerahtali.5 It was the . Without an advocacy of Equality, these conversions would not have traditional dance that the performers used to sing and dance on the succeeded. In the beginning of twentieth century, a large no of groups religious festivals for the patrons . It was traditionally performed by practised Terahtaliwho were patronised by low caste Meghwal the ladies of the Kamadcommunity.6 There was a particular way in community in the Nagaur district , associated with the Leather work which the manjeeras tied on the legs and hands are struck.They and weaving. Some Terahtali groups were also sponsored by the Nath produce a marvellous and enchanting musical sound. They generally community in the Udaipur-Pali district. sing songs in worship of local dietyRamdevji of Runicha. In every These Kamadsof Terahtali are linked to the Meghwal locality of Kamadcommunity, there is a temple dedicated to Lord community as they are sponsored by the Meghwals. They can eat and Ramdevji . dance but they do not set up matrimonial alliances with the Meghwals Historicity and Social connotations .Following a sudden descisionon the part of the community in Nagaur Drawing on a repertoire of devotional songs, Terahtali to stop their women from dancing in public, there was almost no 9 celebrates the life of Ramdevji who is said to have lived between the Terahtaligroups active in this area in the post- Independence period. late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He is worshipped as a Only in recent decades are we beginning to see some groups returning God primarily by large sections of the scheduled castes, not only in to the dance in Nagaur and Ajmer districts.In Udaipur-Pali districts as Rajasthan but in Punjab, Gujarat and parts of Madhya Pradesh and well, there are about 100 Terahtaligroups that that continue to be Utter Pradesh as well.7 sponsord by the Nath communitybut, by and large these groups earn The Kamad community is considered of a higher status in the their living by singing devotional songs all-night singing sessions social ladder. If a person goes to Marwar or Deedwana, they are (jagran) of different communities. They have also started to participate called ‘Gorvi’ and ‘Dhanak’. They perform in front of the people of in radio and television programmes, as well as cultural festivals in all communities. The lands they possess, are generally granted by the India and abroad. The women dance and sing but the men just Jagirdars. Most Terahtaligroups are made up of extended families, accompany them by playing the instruments like manjeeras, taanpuras including not just the husband, wife and their children, but their relatives and chotaras.10 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 305 161 306 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Performance of Terahtali that has been recognized as a professional dance like the Bhavai dance. Terahtaliis generally performed throughout the whole night.The Both Bhavai and Terahtali ought to be performed by various fire and manjeerastied in hands and legs are thirteen in total and hence the swords and they can be performed by people engaged in such dance name. Basically there are three ways in which the manjeeras are struck traditionally in their community. to produce different intensities of sounds, accompanied by different Terahtali reflects the social conditions of the Kamadcommunity rotational gestures of the hands or flicks of the wrist. The cymbals in Rajasthan.We also get to know about their economic status. Terahtali can be clashed against each other using both hands, or else they can is no doubt a very enchanting and mersmerising dance and it enriches be played against each other in each hand.Some of these gestural the culture of Marwar region thereby enriching the cultural heritage rhythmic patterns evoke a chain, which is called SakaliaThe manjeeras of Marwar. that are tied elbows are called Talen and those manjeeras that are kept in hand with long strings tied to them are calledChuta manjeera.11The References women perform this Terahtalidance by sitting or lying down . They 1. Dinkar, Dr.Ramdhari Singh,1956, Sanskritike Char Adhyay, Lokbharti even hold swords in their mouth and a lighted lamp is kept in a thali on publication, Allahabad, Preface, p. xi. 2. Chopra,P.N. and Prabha, Encyclopedia of Indian Culture, Reliance their head.Aftersometime, they take bronze plates in both their hands Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003, p.82 and then rotate them very swiftly and maintaining their balance on 3. Ibid. just their fingers. These Terahtali dancers always begin their 4. Bahrat, Narpat, Rajasthan kaSanskritik Gaurav,RajasthaniGranthagar, performance by worshipping Lord Ganesha and singing Devotional Jodhpur, 2008, p.13 songs. Other than folk deity Ramdevji , songs are also sung in which 5. Ibid. worshipping of great saints of India and Rajasthan takes place in 6. Bhanawat, Dr.Mahendra, Sanskritike Rang, BharatiyaLok Kala particular. The Kamads also sing in praise of Krisna Lila ,Harishchadra, Mandal,Udaipur, 1979, p.9 Kabir, Meera, Ramananda, Gorakhnath etc.12 7. Bharucha, Rustom,Rajasthan an Oral History, Penguin Random The Ritual context of Ramdev: The Terahtaliis strongly attached House,India, 2003, p. 182 to the devotional and ritualistic practice of worshipping Ramdev in 8. Dominique, Sila Khan, Conversions and Shifting Identities: RamdevPir the bhakti mode. Significantly, Ramdev himself is not credited with and the Ismailis in Rajasthan,1997,p. 68 (Increasingly through the creating a new sect as such, in so far as he did not lay down any processof Re-Hinduisation, the word Jamais being replaced by the scripture or ritualistic code of worship for his followers. Rather, he more Hindu sounding ‘jagran’ can more accurately be perceived as spreading a religious movement 9. Bharucha, Rustom,Rajasthan an Oral History, Penguin Random that already existed, extending it to newly found convertsin the most House,India, 2003, p. 182 downtrodden sections of the low-caste Hindus, notably the Meghwals, 10. Bhanawat, Dr.Mahendra, Sanskritike Rang, BharatiyaLok Kala Mandal, Udaipur, 1979, p.9 who are also derogatorily referred to as Dherh because of their 11. Ibid ,p. 10 association with the removal of dead cattle. Significantly, Ramdevjiwas 13 12. Bahrat, Narpat, Rajasthan kaSanskritik Gaurav, Rajasthani for a long time identified as the ‘God of the Pariahs’ . While this is Granthagar, Jodhpur, 2008, p. 13 no longer the case as he is claimed by many other middle and upper– 13. Domnique ,SilaKhan,TheKamads of Rajasthan—Priests of a forgotten caste groups, the stigma of untouchability is still attached to his name, Tradition, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third series, Volume 6, compelling the scheduled castes of Meghwals and Kamads to reassess 1996, p. 30 their claims on Ramdev as his erstwhile primary devotees and priests, respectively. Conclusion : This Terahtali, the devotional song cum dance, is assuming a massive all-India pan-Hindu phenomenon, inevitably controlled by the upper caste. It is one of the folk dance of Rajasthan 162 308 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gSA bl {ks= esa Lo- Jh oh-,l- okd.kdj dk uke Hkh eq[; :i ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus e/;izns'k esa Hkksiky] Xokfy;j] eanlkSj vkfn ds fudV uohu 'kSykJ;ksa dh pkEcyk ukyk ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa ekuo fp=.k [kkst dh gSA 1956&57 bZ- esa flbf.M;u vkfdZ;ksykWthfi esa mudk ,d ys[k fljkWd MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ 'kSYVlZ bu e/;izns'kfi 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr gqvkA4 blesa muds }kjk [kksts x, Hkksiky ds lhekorhZ cSjkx<+ ds vusd fpf=r 'kSyJ;ksa dk mYys[k gSA layXu js[kfp= esa Xokfy;j] dVuh] Hkksiky rhuksa ls ,d&,d vuqœfr Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gS ftlesa dqN 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dks yksdfiz;rk Lisu esa gqbZ [kkst us fnykbZA budh [kkst v{kj Hkh lekfo"V fd, x;sA5 okd.kdj dk flHkkjr dh izkxSfrgkfld fp=dykfi furkUr vkdfLed ,oa vizR;kf'kr :i ls lu~ 1879 esa gqbZA eklsfyuksa n lkSrqvksyk uked ,d Lisuh O;fDr dh ik°p yM+dh tks ≈ijh xqQk,° ns[kus esa yhu vius firk ls uked izdkf'kr ys[k esa igyh ckj O;ofLFkr vkSj foLr`r :i esa Hkkjrh; izkxSfrgkfld 6 vyx gksdj uhps dh vksj HkVdrh gqbZ pyh xbZA og vYrkehjk ds l'k‰ flckbulfi fp=ksa ds fo"k; esa futh /kkj.kk,° O;Dr dh xbZA jktLFkku esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dk fp=ksa dks vusd lgL=kfCn;ksa ds O;o/kku ds ckn viuhn Hkksyh vk°[kksa ls ns[kus dk O;kid izpkj&izlkj vyfu;k° ds 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst ls gqvkA bldh lwpuk lcls igys jktLFkku if=dk ds eq[; i`"B ij 15 vxLr] 1978 dks izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA7 bl lkSHkkX; ik ldhA og ekjs mYykl ds Tores-Tores fpYykrh gqbZ vius firk ds ikl xbZ vkSj mlus mUgsa viuh [kkst dk izFke ifjp; fn;kA mldh ;g [kkst fo'o dh [kkst dk Js; bfrgkldkj MkW- txrukjk;.k dks gSA fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa ,d u;s v/;k; ds lw=ikr dk vk/kkj chuhA1 ›kal] jktLFkku dk xkSjo] ohj izlqrk esokM+ dh Hkwfe ds vafre Nksj ij lnkuhjk vf›dk] lkbZcsfj;k] e/; ,f'k;k] vkLV™sfy;k] mtcsfxLrku vkfn vusd ns'kksa esa peZ.;rh unh ds fdukjs jkorHkkVk uxj ds ikl jkorHkkVk&fpŸkkSM+x<+ ekxZ ij 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst gks pqdh gSA jkorHkkVk ls yxHkx 1 fd-eh- nwjh ij pEcy unh ij pkEcyk ukyk gS bl ukys esa Hkkjr esa izkxSfrgkfld 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst & Hkkjr es loZizFke 'kSyfp=ksa dh vusd 'kkSykJ; gSA ftuesa ,d 'kSykJ; 'kSyfp=ksa dh n`f"V ls vf/kd egŸoiw.kZ gSA [kkst 1880 esa dh xbZA bl [kkst dk Js; dkykZ;y vkSj dkWdcuZ dks tkrk gSA bUgksaus bl 'kSykJ; dh yEckbZ yxHkx 80 QhV rFkk pkSM+kbZ 16 QhV ,oa ≈°pkbZ yxHkx 7- foa/; {ks= ds fetkZiqj ds fudV dSewj dh igkfM+;ksa esa 'kSyfp=ks dh [kkst dhA 6 QhV gSA ;g 'kSykJ; vkfnekuo dk cgr cM+k fuokl jgk gksxk bl 'kSykJ; esa dkykZ;y ds 'kks/k dk;Z dk izdk'ku ugha gqvk] dsoy mudh lwpuk dks Qjojh] 1883 vusd izdkj ds 'kSyfp= gSA ftuesa ekuo fp=.k vR;Ur lqUnj ,oa ltho gSA dh izkslhfMaXl vkWQ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky dh lwph esa nh xbZ gS] ijUrq 'kSykJ; esa izos'k djrs gh ,d ekuo dk fp= gSA bl fp= dh yEckbZ 10-6 bap gSa dkdcuZ us vius 'kks/k dk lfp= oSKkfud fooj.k fl,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ xnZu ,oa flj dh yEckbZ 1 bap gSA ekuo /kM+ dh yEckbZ 5 bap gSA iSjk dh yEckbZ caxkyfi ds tuZy esa lu~ 1883 esa izdkf'kr dj fn;kA mldk 'kh"kZd bl izdkj gS & 4-6 bap gSA bl fp= esa euq"; dks vkjke dh eqÊk esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA fp= eas flvkWu nh fjlsaV ,fXtLVsal vkWQ fjukSlje bafMde bu nh ukFkZ&osLV jkWd isfVax ›kWe ekuo dk ,d gkFk dej ls yxk j[kk gSA tcfd nwljk gkFk dej dh vksj >qdk gqvk fetkZiqj] fjizstsafVax nh gfUVax vkWQ nh ,uheyfi2 bl ys[k ds lkFk gh dkWdcuZ dks gS fdUrq dej ds yxk gqvk ugha gSA fp= esa gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 4&4 bap gSA nks bap dsu unh dh ?kkVh esa] cakÊk ls nf{k.k esa nks ehy ij mUgsa xSaMs dh vLehHkwr vfLFk;k° dksguh rd rFkk nks bap dksguh ls vkxs gSA gkFkksa ,oa 'kjhj dh vaxqfy;ksa dks fpf=r Hkh izkIr gqbZ Fkh] ftlls xSaMs dh ml {ks= esa gksus dh iqf"V gksrh gSA3 djus dk iz;k fd;k x;k gSA 'kjhj ds vUnj dq, js[kk,° vafdr dh xbZ gSaA ,slk yxrk lu~ 1899 esa dkWdcuZ us HkYMfj;k] yksgjh vkSj fy[kfu;ka ds 'kSyfp=ksa ij ekuksa js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls 'kjhj ds vkUrfjd Hkkx ds vad.k dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ys[k izdk'fkr fd;kA 1910 bZ- esa lh- MCyw- ,s.Mjlu }kjk fla?kuiqj ds 'kSyfp=ksa dh ;g fp= yky dRFkbZ jax ls js[kkadj.k fof/k ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqjk'eh; [kkst dh xbZA 1931 bZ- esa Jh vejukFk nŸk us 'kSyfp=ksa ij viuk v/;;u ,d dky dk ltho fp= gSA iqLrd ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k bldk uke Fkk & ^, ∂;w fizfgLVkWfjd jsfyDl ,.M blh 'kSykJ; esa izFke ekuo fp= ls FkksM+h nwjh ij ekuo dk ,d vksj fp= jkd isfUVaXl vkWQ fla?kuiqjA* iape<+h {ks= esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst MkW- th- vkj- gUVj vafdr gS] ;g fp= 'kSykJ; esa ikuh vkus ds dkj.k FkksM+k /kqa/kyk gks x;k gSA bl fp= vkSj Mh- ,p- xkMZu }kjk dh xbZA yk;ksgkVZ vkMe us viuh iqLrd flizhfefVo vkVZ dh yEckbZ 8-5 bap gSA xnZu o flj dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gSA iSjksa dh yEckbZ 4-5 bap bu bafM;kfi esa Hkkjrh; izkxSfrgkfld 'kSyfp=ksa dh dyk vkSj izkphurk dk o.kZu fd;k gSaA gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 3 bap gSA dksguh rd gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gS rFkk dskguh ls ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 309 163 310 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkxs Hkh gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gSA iSjksa dh ixFkyh dh yEckbZ 1 bap gS ;g fp= caxky ua- 9] 1943 xfre; voLFkk esa vafdr gSA ,d gkFk uhps dh vksj gS tcfd nwljk gkFk ≈ij dh 11- xkMZu] Mh-,p- bafM;u dso isfUVax] tuZy vkWQ jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ vksj mBk gqvk gSA ;g fp= yky dRFkbZ jax ls cuk gqvk gSA blh 'kSykJ; esa lewg :i caxky ua- 5] 1943 esa 8 ls 10 ekuoksa ds y?kq fp= Hkh vafdr gSA 'kSykJ; esa ikuh vkus ds dkj.k ;s fp= 12- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 238 /kqa/kys gks x;s gSA iape<+h {ks= esa fLFkr MksjhFkhMh ls ekuo vkœfr feyh gS fdUrq 13- MkW- vkj- ds- oekZ] jkWd vkVZ lsUV™y bafM;u 82&87 'kjhj dh n`f"V ls fHkUu gSA8 xkMZu us Hkh iape<+h ls blh izdkj ds ekuo dk o.kZu 14- MkW- vkj- ds- oekZ] jkWd vkVZ lsUV™y bafM;u 73&74 fd;k gSA9 dtjh?kkV ,oa tEcwnhi ls xfre; voLFkk ds ekuo dk o.kZu feyk gSA10 15- MkW- rstflag ekobZ] njk ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u i`- 42&49 16- MkW- ,e-,y- lkgq] vyfu;k ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u jk;x<+ {ks= ds dojk igkM+ ls xfr'khy ekuo vkœfr;k° feyh gSA11 lkxj 17- ds- jktu] jkWd isfUVax bu /keZiqjh fMfLV™DV] rfeyukMq] iqjkdyk 1991] okWY;we&2 {ks= esa x?ksjh unh rV ij fLFkr vkcpUn ds 'kSykJ; ls ';ke dqekj ik.Ms; }kjk bl la[;k 2 i`- 59 12 izdkj dh xfr'khy ekuo vkœfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA fy[kokfu;k ls ,dy o 18- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 121&141 13 lewg :i esa ekuo fp=.k feyk gSA mŸkjh fo/u {ks= ls xfr'khy ekuo ds vusd 19- iqjkdyk] 2015 okY;qe 25] i`- 36&42 14 fp= feys gSA njk ds frifV;k] gjuk&jks>k] dkyk Vksyk] ikMk [kqaVk] HkMkuh dk 20- iqjkdyk] 1992 okY;qe 3 ua 1 ls 2] i`- 27&28 Nktk o Jhiqjk ls mRdh.kZ ekuo ds fp= feys gSA njk ls fLFkj vkSj xfre; voLFkk ds ekuo fp= feys gSA15 MkW- ,e-,y- lkgq us vius 'kks/k xzUFk vyfu;k ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u esa ,d ekuo dk fp= o`f.kr fd;k gSA bl vkœfr esa ekuo us viuk ,d gkFk dej ij ,oa nwljk flj ij j[kk gqvk gSA ekuo dks pyrs gq, crk;k x; gSA16 rfeyukMw ds /keZiqj ftys ds vEekolbZ dqnw dksfVdqUnw esa Hkh ,slk fp=.k feyrk gSA17 fl?kuiqj] Hkksiky]fetkZiqj] iape<+h] gkslaxkckn ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa Hkh ekuo fp=.k feyk gSA18 prqHkqZtukFk ukyk o xka/khlkxj esa Hkh ekuo fp=.k blh izdkj feyk gSA19 ujflagx<+ ds 'kSyfp=ksa esa ekuo dks ,dy] ;qxy ,oa lewg :i esa fp=.k feyk gSA20 lUnHkZ 1. M.C. cfdZV & Four Hundred Centuries of Rock Art MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyhA 2- fy;ksu gkMZ,Me] fizfefVo vkVZ] r`rh; laLdj.k] i`"B 111&112 3- tuZy vkWQ nh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky (J.A.S.B.)] laLdj.k 52] Hkkx II] ua- 1] i`"B 56&64 4- bafM;u vkfdZ;ksykWth 1956&57 bZ- i`"B 79 5- bafM;u vkfdZ;ksykWth 1956&57 bZ- i`"B 80 6- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyhA 7- jktLFkku if=dk] izFke i`- 15 vxLr 1978] t;iqj laLdj.kA 8- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 335&36 9- lk-d- 1939] i`- 146 10- xkMZu] Mh- ,p- bafM;u dso isfUVax] tuZy vkWQ jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ 164 312 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (lks) ifjdj) vFkkZr~ Hkkx] Hkksx] mifjdj vkfn djksa ds miHkksx dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA3 bl lk{;' esa izfrxzghrk dks Hkwfe nku ds lkFk&lkFk ns; {ks= ds o`{k] rkykc] vkjfEHkd dky esa jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dwi] ou ,oe~ ty lEink iznku djus ls vkl&ikl ds fuokfl;ksa ds fufeZr mijks‰ lk/kuksa ds miHkksx dh O;oLFkk vklku gks xbZA ijekj 'kkld Hkkst izFke ds ckalokM+k (Hkwfenku i=ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) rkezi= (fo-la- 1077] 1020 bZ- 'krh) esa ,d lkS fuorZu Hkwfe czk„.k dks nku esa fn;s MkW- jtuh 'kekZ tkus dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA4 egkjktk vYg.k nso dk [kf.Mr rkezi= (fo-la- 1205] 1148 bZ- 'krh) esa flDdksa] vUu o Hkwfe uki dh bdkbZ dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa xqtZj izfrgkj] pkyqD;] ijekj] xqfgy] pkSgku] iky vkfn Êed] ÊEe (flDds)] Êks.k (Hkwfe eki] 1 Êks.k æ pkj vkk] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl 1] 2] i`- 384&85] 395&96 Nrjh dk vyadj.k Hkh ml dky fo'ks"k ds oSHko dks n'kkZrk gSA vxj ge /kkfeZd igyw dh vksj utj Mkys rks if'peh jktLFkku esa yksd nsorkvksa dk lnSo fof'k"V LFkku jgk gSA djhc 9oh 'krkCnh (xksxkth) ls ohj jktiq#"kksa dks yksd nsorkvksa ds :Ik esa iwtk tkus yxk gSA blh rjg ohj o cfynkuh Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor dks Hkh nsoksa esa iwtk tkrk gSA tks/kiqj esa vklksi dh gosyh esa nwljh eafty esa mudk nsoLFkku gSA yksx n'kZukFkZ tkrs gSa o viuh cksyok cksyrs gSaA Nrjh ls izkIr f'kykys[k dk izkjaHk ^Jh x.ks'kk; ue%* ls gqvk gS tks rRdkyhu jktoa'k dh /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk ij izdk'k Mkyrk gSA blh ÿeokj f'kykys[k esa ?kksM+s ds uhps 3 fL=;k° (miifRu;k°) fpf=r gS& ,d ds gkFk esa flrkj] nwljh ds gkFk esa oh.kk vkSj rhljh ds gkFk esa rky gS tks laHkor% rRdkyhu ekjokM+ esa ^lrh&izFkk* dks mRlo ds :Ik esa euk;s tkus dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA fL=;k° Lo;a viuh [kq'kh ls lrh gksrh FkhA vklksi esa Hkh Bkdqj jktflag ds ihNs mudh nwljh Bdqjkuh bejr daoj 168 320 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 /kkj.k dh ?kVuk lcls yksdfiz; gSA lwjrx<+ (chdkusj) ls iqjkfRod [kqnkbZ ls izkIr VsjkdksVk rFkk ewfrZ;ka xqIrdkyhu gS5 ftlesa xkso/kZu /kkj.k rFkk nkuyhyk ds n`'; jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dk fodkl vorfjr gq, gS tcfd bl rjg ds fp= vkSfl;ka o e.Mksj esa vf/kd ifjiDo feyrs MkW- latho dqekj gaSA jktLFkku ds dUlqvk (dksVk) esa ,d vR;Ur lqUnj prqZeq[kh f'kofyax dh ewfrZ feyh gS tks lEHkor% vkBoha lnh dh gSA6 Hkjriqj dh cnyso dh 27 QqV ≈ph ewfrZ fo'kkyrk vkSj O;kidrk dk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA7 jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dh O;ofLFkr izxfr ekS;Z vkSj ekS;ZŸkj dky esa mHkjrh gSA jS<+ ds mR[kuu ls izkIr dfri; eqnzk,a rFkk e`.k&ewfrZ;ka bl ckr dh lk{kh gS fd jktLFkkuh dyk e/;dky esa jktiwr oa'k ds 'kkS;Z o izfrHkk dks izHkqRo LFkkfir ewfrZdyk] 'kSyh ds fopkj ls vkd`fr vkSj vfHkjke dh vfHkO;fDr esa n{krk izkIr dj djrh gSA bl dky esa fgUnw laLd`fr esa ,d ubZ tku vkSj psruk mRiUu gqbZA NBh ls pqdh FkhA ekr`nsoh dh ewfrZ;ksa ds dej vkSj da/ks ds vkoj.k rFkk xys ds gkjksa rFkk ckjgoha 'krkCnh dk dky ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa cM+k lcy flº gqvkA nso] nsfo;ksa rFkk dkuksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa esa ekS;Zdkyhu dyk dh 'kfDr] xfr vkSj xq#rk >ydrh gSA ;f{k;ksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk vk/kkj xqIrdkyhu ek/kq;Z] lkSjHk o dkseyrk cuh jgh] ijUrq e`.ke;h ewfrZ;ksa ds Hkkoksa vkSj vaxks dh xfrfof/k dk foU;kl cM+k je.kh; izrhr gksrk muesa 'kfDr] 'kkS;Z vkSj Hkkoqdrk dh vfHkO;fDr yk;h x;hA bl dky dh ewfrZdyk gSA bldks ns[ksus ls yxrk gS fd dsoy mPp dksfV dk dykdkj gh ewfrZ;ka ugh cukrs ds eq[; dsUnz vkHkkusjh] vV:] vkcw] ukxnk] fpŸkkSM+x<+] fdjkMq] vksfl;k] lhdj] Fks vfirq lk/kkj.k yksx o ckyd Hkh ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs Fks vkSj mlesa #fp j[krs vkacsj] e.Mksj] ckMksyh vkfn gSA FksA cSjkB ds mR[kuu ls izkIr r{k.k lkexzh esa Hkh ckjhdh vkSj dkS'ky ds y{k.k vkHkkusjh ckanhdqbZ ls 7 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA orZeku esa ogka nks Lekjd loksZijh gSA1 vof'k"V gS] pkan ckoM+h rFkk g"kZekrk eafnjA g"kZekrk ds vo'ks"k 'kSyhxr fo'ks"krkvksa 8 bZlk iwoZ nwljh lnh esa tu dyk us vn~Hkqr izxfr dhA ftl izdkj Hkkjrh; ds vk/kkj ij vkBoh&uoha 'krkCnh ds fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSaA vHkh bl eafnj ds dyk dk izokg Hkjgqr] lkaph] vejkorh ,oa xka/kkj esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ml izokg ls xHkZx`g esa ,d vk/kqfud nsoh izfrek izfrf"Br gS ftlds vk/kkj ij bldk uke g"kZekrk jktLFkku Hkh izHkkfor gqvkA 'kaqxdkyhu laLd`fr us /kkfeZd izHkko vkSj tu&fo'okl gS ijUrq eafnj dh izeq[k rk[kksa esa izfrf"Br oklqnso] fo".kq] izn~;qeu vkSj cyjke 9 ds la;ksx ls ewfrZdyk dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;kA e/;fedk tks fpŸkkSM+ ls 8 ehy dh lad"kZ.k dh izfrekvksa ls ewyr% eafnj fo".kq dk izrhr gksrk gSA bu ewfrZ;ksa esa ukxjkt nwjh ij gS] bl dyk ds iks"k.k dk LFkku cukA ;gka ds mRdh.kZ ckSº Lrwi rFkk ukjk;.k ,oa nEifr dh ewfrZ;k° cM+h jkspd gSA nksuksa esa izse ykylk rFkk mlesa izse fprou ls okfVdk dh OkS".ko izfrek,a ml ;qx dh dyk vkSj /kkfeZd thou dk lans'k nsrh gSA iRuh }kjk vkukdkuh dh Hkkouk dk mRdh.kZu mYysf[kr gSA vV: ds f'ko eafnj ds dbZ tSu eafnjksa ds vo'ks"k vkt fpŸkkSM+ ds LFkkiR; dk Hkkx cus gq, gSA blh izdkj vo'ks"kksa esa [kEHkksa dh rjk'kh rFkk ikoZrh dh ewfrZ lqUnj] Hkkoiw.kZ vkSj ltho gSA10 jaxegy ls izkIr i'kq vkSj oYyjh txr dh vkd`fr;ka rFkk uj&ukjh ds Lo:i tks vkcw ioZr ij pkj gtkj QqV dh ≈°pkbZ ij nsyokM+k uked xzke ds fudV cus fofo/k ifj/kkuksa vkSj vkHkw"k.kksa ls vyad`r gS rFkk ftuds ?kqa?kjkys cky vkSj ruh gqbZ eqNsa nks tSu eafnj Hkkjrh; dyk txr~ dh ,d uohu yksdksŸkj psruk ds mnkgj.k gSaA muesa gS lthork o LokHkkfodrk ds vPNs mnkgj.k gSA bl dky esa cuh gqbZ cqº] egkohj] ls ,d foey'kkg dk 1032 bZ- esa cuok;k gqvk gS vkSj nwljk rstiky dk 1232 bZ- dk 'kadj vkSj oklqnso dh ewfrZ;ka tks e`.ke;h vkSj iRFkjksa dh gS] os bl ckr dh izek.k gS gSA jk; d`".knkl us buds izlax esa fy[kk gS fd eafnj esa ;|fi vyadj.k ,oa ewfrZ;ka fd jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk tu&Tkhou dk ,d fof'k"V vax FkhA2 ,d lh gS] fQj Hkh buesa ,slh foy{k.k tkfy;ka] iqrfy;ka] csy cwaVs vkSj uDdkf'k;ka T;ksafg ge xqIrdky ;k mlls vkxs c<+rs gSa rks jktLFkkuh dyk esa ,d u;k cukbZ xbZ gS fd ns[kus okyk nax jg tkrk gSA laxejej ,slh ckjhdh ls rjk'kk x;k gS] n`f"Vdks.k vkSj psruk dk izknqHkkZo gksrk gSA jaxegy] Hkjriqj] cSjkB] jS<+] dY;k.kiqjk] ekuks fdlh dq'ky lqukj us jsrh ls jsar&jsar dj vkHkw"k.k cuk;s gks] ;k ;wa dfg;s fd Mqaxjiqj vkfn LFkkuks ij f'ko] fo".kq] ;{kh vkfn dh ewfrZ;ka fufeZr gqbZA jktLFkku esa cquh gqbZ tkfy;ka vkSj >kyjsa iFkjk xbZ gSA vkt fnu rd vkxjs ds rktegy dh 'kksHkk d`".k dk ewrZ :i e.Mksj (tks/kiqj] pkSFkh bLoha)3 ds ,d xqIr dkyhu oS".ko eafnj ds brus xq.k xk;s tkrs gSa fd ;fn bu nksuks eafnjksa dh vksj FkksM+k Hkh /;ku fn;k tkrk rks ds rksj.k }kj ds LrEHkksa ij feyrk gSA ,d LrEHk ij xkSo/kZu /kkj.k] ;'kksnk eD[ku ;g Li"V gks tkrk fd budh lqUnjrk rkt ls gh vf/kd gSA11 fcyksrh gq;h] f'k'kq d`".k ekrk ds lkFk ysVs gq, vkfn vafdr gSA4 d`".k dh xkSo/kZu uoha rFkk nloha 'krkCnh esa 'kSo iqtk dk dsUnz ckMksyh (dksVk) FkkA ckMksyh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 321 169 322 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 esa NksVs&cM+s dqy 9 eafnj gS ftlesa |Vs'oj eafnj esa f'ko ds uVjkt Lo:i dks fo'kn 15oha lnh esa egkjk.kk dqEHkk }kjk fufeZr dhfrZLrEHk] dqEHkLOkkeh fo".kq eafnj] ftls :i esa mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA ckMksyh ds f'ko eafnj dh iV~Vh esa ;qxy izsfe;ksa dk vkt ehjkckbZ dk eafnj dgrs gSaA bu eafnjksa dk vyadj.k cgqr mRd`"V vkSj cukoV vadu izse vkSj mYykl ds vf}rh; uewus gaS] ukfj;ksa ds Hkksys eq[k bl izdkj rjk'ks x;s cM+h /kwe/kkeh gSA budh ewfrZ;k° fcYdqy futhZo vkSj vdM+h&tdM+h gSA ;gk° bruh gaS fd mu ij vk°[kas gVk;s ugha gVrhA [kEHkksa dh mRdh.kZ dyk cstksM+ gSA pUnzkorh ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk f=ewfrZ o vjch v{kjkas esa vYykg dk uke Hkh mRdh.kZ gSA17 unh ds ≈ij pUnzkorh eafnjksa dk lewg gS ftudh Nrksa dh uDdk'kh vkSj ukjh dk esokM+ esa vkgM+ ,d vU; ewfrZdyk dk egRoiw.kZ dsUnz FkkA vkgM+ esa ,d lqUnj vadu vU;= ugha feyrkA blh rjg ewfrZdyk dh n`f"V ls fdjkMq (ckM+esj) fo".kq eafnj Fkk tgk° ,d oS".ko HkDr }kjk vkfnojkg dh izfrek LFkkfir djokbZ xbZ egRoiw.kZ LFky gS] ;gka ik°p eafnjksa dk lewg gS ftuesa ls ,d oS".ko gS rFkk vU; 'kSo FkhA blds vykok fo".kq ds dPNi ,oa eRL; vorkjks dh izfrek,° v/kquk vkgM+ gSA 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls ;s eafnj 11oha] 12oha 'krkCnh ds fuf'pr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA12 laxzkgy; esa lajf{kr gSA vkgM+ esa ,d lw;Z eafnj FkkA vkgM+ laxzgky; esa lajf{kr lw;Z fdjkMq ds eafnjksa esa urZdh] ca'kh/kj d`".k vkSj ;kSoukSUer ukjh vius le; dh dyk dh ,d izfrek feyh gS tks lEHkor% blh eafnj dh gSA vkgM+ esa eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ds vPNs uewus gS] ;s eafnj ckgj o Hkhrj ls cM+s vyad`r gSA ;gk° dh 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq rRdkyhu lkekftd thou ds n`';ksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gS tks vf/kd egRoiw.kZ rFkk ve`r eaFku dh ifV~V;ka cM+h jkspd gSA ;gka ekr`eerk dh cM+h lqanj vfHkO;fDr gSA18 gqbZ gSA ekrk vius f'k'kq dks I;kj djus esa ekuks vius ‚n; dks fudky dj /kj nsrh gqbZ tks/kiqj ds ikl vksfl;k° uked LFkku ls ckjg cM+s&cM+s eafnj feys gSaA ftlesa vafdr dh xbZ gSA13 blds xzkeh.k vkHkw"k.k o gko&Hkko LFkkuh; lH;rk dks le>us Hkhrj o ckgj fofo/k Ádkj dh ewfrZ;k° rFkk csy c°wVksa dk vadu gS] tks jsfxLrkuh dyk esa cM+s mikns; gSA xqIrdkyhu eafnjks ds leku vusd }kj'kk[kkvksa ls ;qDr }kj ij xaxk&;equk dh ewfrZ;ksa rFkk i=&'kk[kk] :i 'kk[kk vkfn vusd v/kZLrEHkksa ij f'kox.kksa dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA ;s ewfrZ;ka LFkkuh; dyk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls Hkjiwj gSA ;gk° ds rFkk }kjikyksa dh ewfrZ;ka mRdh.kZ gSA i=oYyh] ?kViYyo] dhfrZeq[k] edjeq[k vkfn eafnj eq[;r% iapk;ru izdkj ds gSA vr% fo".kq] f'ko] lw;Z] 'kfDr o x.ks'k vkfn vfHkizk;ksa ds vusd dykRed izdkj bl eafnj ls izkIr gksrs gSA fdjkMq ds bu eafnjksa iapnsoksa dh ewfrZ;k° vf/kdrk ls feyrh gSA ;gk° fLFkr lw;Z eafnj ds xHkZx`g esa rks dksbZ dh ewfrZdyk bl rF; dk Li"V ladsr djrh gS fd dSls 12oha ëkrkCnh rd ewfrZ ugha izkIr gqbZ] ijUrq flj ny dh izeq[k ewfrZ y{ehukjk;.k dh gS] ftlds nksuksa ewfrZdyk iw.kZr% okLrqdyk ds v/khu gks xbZA ;|fi bu eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa esa Li"Vr% vksj x.ks'k] cz„k rFkk dqcsj ,oa f'ko dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ gSA vkSfl;ka esa nks izeq[k 'kfDr Œkl ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA eafnj Hkh feys gS ftlesa fiiyk ekrk o lfp;k ekrk ds izflº eafnj gSaA bu eafnjksa esa iapk;ru 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ls Hkjs iM+s gSaA esokM+ esa mn;iqj ls 15 fd-eh- mŸkj esa ukxnk esa fLFkr lkl&cgq eafnj dh r{k.k dyk ds fy;s cM+k izflº gSA eafnj ds rksj.k }kjk [kEHkksa o Nr rFkk ifjÿek ds v/kwZ.kk uxj tks 11oha lnh esa ckxM+ izkUr ds ijekj jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh FkhA pkjksa vksj yxh gqbZ ifV~V;ksa ds n`';] tkfy;k°] iqrfy;k°] csy cw°Vs vkSj uDdkf'k;ksa dks vius ;qx dh ewfrZdyk dk vPNk dsUnz FkkA ;gk° ds f'ko] fo".kq] guqeku] tSu vkfn ns[kdj n'kZd nax jg tkrs gSaA bgyksd vkSj ijyksd lEcU/kh iV~Vh vk/;kfRed fparu eafnjksa ds vo'ks"k ml dyk ds lk{kh gS ftlds }kjk nsoksa] nsfo;ksa] ;{k] ;f{k;ksa] dk] rks ;{kh dh iqryh lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr dk vuqie uewuk gSA14 ukxnk esa LRkEHkksa] vIljk vkfn dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ dh xbZ FkhA xHkZx`g] lHkk&eaMi] ≈ijh rFkk lkl&cgw ds nks eafnj gSA cM+k eafnj lkl rFkk NksVk cgw ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA15 ckg~; Lrjksa esa yxh ewfrZ;k°] r{k.k dyk ds lqUnj uewus lqjf{kr voLFkk esa gSA fojkV ukxnk xqfgy 'kkldksa dh izkphu jkt/kkuh gksus ds dkj.k egRoiw.kZ FkhA xqfgy 'kkldksa Lo:i dh x#M+ okgu ij cSBh fo".kq dh ewfrZ] fnDiky] ;ejkt dh ewfrZ] vfXu] lw;Z ds lw;Zoa'kh gksus ds dkj.k gh ukxnk dk cM+k eafnj (lkl eafnj) fo".kq dks lefiZr vkSj dqcsj dh ewfrZ;k° vius okguksa ds rFkk y{k.kksa ls ,slh cuh gS fd os lqUnjrk dh fd;k x;k gSA lkl eafnj ds eaMi dk vUrZHkkx vR;Ur izHkko'kkyh gSA fpŸkkSM+ ,slk lhek dks ikj dj xbZA dbZ vIljkvksa dh ewfrZ;ka] ÿhMk] ‹k`axkj] vpZuk vkfn dyk dsUnz jgk gS] tgk° 8oha&9oha 'krkCnh ls 15oha 'krkCnh rd ds ewfrZdyk ds izfÿ;kvksa ds fofo/k:i gekjs lkeus izLrqr djrh gSA ;s ukjh vkd`fr;ka i'kq&i{kh] mRd`"V uewus ;gk° vusd ewfrZ izLrj [k.Mksa esa feyrs gSaA 13oha lnh ds lek/kh'oj ds yrk] o`{k okfnfu;ksa dh lgp;kZ ls ,slh ltho yxrh gS fd ekuks ;s thou ds vusd eafnj ds ckgjh Lrjksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa] vIljkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk lkSUn;Z n'kZdksa dks LoIuksa dks lR; djus tk jgh gSA dqNsd vadu ‹k`axkfjd okluk ds iks"kd gS tks n'kZdksa eqX/k djus okyk gSA ,d isuy esa mRdh.kZ cSyxkM+h e; xkMhoku ds LokHkkfod dks lglk viuh vkSj vkd`f"kr djrs gSaA19 vadu dk vPNk mnkgj.k gS] tgk° cSy o gk°dus okys dh eqnzk mPpdksfV dh gSA16 dksVk esa dUlqvk vFkok d.okJe f'ko iwtk dk lcls izkphu dsUnz FkkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 323 170 324 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ;|fi eafnj dk ewy :i u"V gks x;k gSA eafnj dk iwuZfuekZ.k gqvk gS ijUrq prqZeq[k 4- ogh] i`- 140 f'kofyax vius ewy LFkku ij xHkZxzg esa fo|eku gSA blds ikl ,d vU; prqeqZ[k 5- jrupUnz vxzoky] jkek;.k lhUl bu jktLFkku LdYiplZ] 1954 i`- 156&57 f'kofyax rFkk ydqyh'k dh ewfrZ;k° gSA e.Mi ds lkeus dh fHkfŸk esa nks vkSj ewfrZ;k° 6- ,Q- dhyluZ] dUlqvk LVksu bUlfÿI'ku vkWQ f'kox.k fn ekyo bZ;j 795 bZ- iqjkus vo'ks"kksa esa ls yxkbZ xbZ gS ftlesa ,d ydqyh'k rFkk nwljh u`R;jr x.ks'k dh gSA bf.M;u ,.VhDosjh 19] 1890 i`- 55&62 e.Mi ds izos'k }kj ds fljny ij oS".ko ewfrZ;k° vafdr gSA20 7- ekxZ] jktLFkkuh LdYiplZ] i`- 26] 27 8- ch-,y- 'kekZ] vk-l-b-,-fj- 1925&26 i`- 127] 28 vyoj ds ikM+k uxj o dksVk dh jkex<+ dh ewfrZ;k° esa xqIrdky dh dyk dk 9- iwiqy t;dj uksVl vkWu le LdYiplZ bu lh Vw ,V vkHkkusjh] jktLFkku yfyrdyk] vkst gS ijUrq LFkkuh; thou vkSj dyk esa Hkh mldk tqM+ko gSA ;g fo'ks"krk muds vad 1&2] 1955&56 i`- 139&44 HkO; psgjs vkSj eksVs 'kjhj ls Li"V gSA cz„k] ljLorh] f'ko&ikoZrh vkfn dk jkex<+ 10- ekxZ jktLFkuh LdYiplZ] i`- 28&32 ds nsoLrj dh ewfrZ;ksa esa vadu eksVk vkSj Hkn~nk gS ijUrq Hkko izn'kZu esa LokHkkfodrk 11- jk; d`".knkl Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk i`- 133&134 >ydrh gSA bu eafnjks ds xHkZx`g dh ckg~; fHkfŸk dh ewfrZ;k° ,oa vyadj.k vR;Ur 12- ,e-,-ydrh gSA ;gk° dh urZfd;k° dk f=Hkax vkSj pj.k dh eqnzk dks dykdkj us cM+h lqUnjrk ls mRdh.kZ fd;k gS tks LokHkkfodrk fy;s gq, gSA23 lanHkZ 1- ds-,u-iqjh] ,Ldsfo'ku ,V jsM] i`- 20&30] 45&48 2- esokM+ Fkwz n ,tst] i`- 10&11] dUuk jsM&jaxegy- i`- 104] 146] xks,V~t vkSj oktisbZ] vyhZ VsjkdksVkt i`- 24&25 3- Mh-vkj- Hk.Mkjdj] Vw LdYiplZ ,V e.Mksj 1905&06 i`- 135 171 326 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kqaxdkyhu dyk dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh ;{k izfrek,as jktLFkku dh Hkkjrh; ewfrZ foKku dks vuqie nsu gSA uksg] v?kkiqj] ohjkobZ] lksxj] ihjuxj vkfn jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk ;ksxnku LFkyksa ls izkIr ;{k&;{kh dh yxHkx vk/kh ntZu ewfrZ;k° Hkjriqj laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr MkW- eerk ;kno gSaA6 jktLFkku ds izkphu izLrj dyk ds {ks= esa ^uksg* Hkjriqj ls izkIr ;{k ewfrZ dk mYys[kuh; LFkku gS tks uksg xzke ds ckgj rkykc ds fdukjs iwtk gsrq fo|eku gS] bl ewfrZ esa ;{kjkt dk nkfguk gkFk ≈ij mBk gS vkSj ck;ka gkFk dej ij j[kk gS] flj ij nso izklknksa esa Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dh ijEijk ds LFkk;h HkaMkj izkIr gksrs gSaA cky ck;ha vksj twM+k cka/ks gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA xys esa nks piVsa gkj 'kksHkk;eku gSa] piVs ewfrZdyk nsorRo ds pj.kksa esa Jºkour HkDrksa ds lkFk gh lkFk f'kYih rFkk r{k.kdkj xzScs;d dh yfM+;ksa ds Nksj ij ihNs iq"ixqPN yVdk gS] lkeus dqEHk le mHkjs isV ij ds vn~Hkqr leiZ.k dk ifj.kke gSA1 ewfrZdyk dk vk/kkj lkekftd o /kkfeZd fo'okl mnjcUn o dej ij /kksrh dks dejca/k }kjk laHkky j[kk gS] gkFkksa ds dad.k o ≈ij gksrs gSa ftudh izsj.kk ls ewfrZ;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA jktLFkku esa izpfyr ^li=* ds;wj fo'ks"k vkd"kZd gSaA uksg xzkeoklh yxHkx 2200 o"kks± ds mijkar vkt /kkfeZd fo'oklksa us eafnj fuekZ.k o ewfrZf'kYi dh ijEijvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k] ;gk°° Hkh bl fo'kky izfrek dh tkD[k (laLd`r 'kCn ^;{k*) uke ls iwtk djrs gSa] ;g ij 'kSo] oS".ko eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lw;Z] 'kfDr o ;{k izfrek,a Hkh yksdfiz; ,oa iwftr FkhaA izkphu Hkkjr esa ^;{k iwtu* dk i;kZIr egRo FkkA vFkoZosn esa of.kZr vkt Hkh xzke nsork] j{kd o ikyd gSaA xzke dh le`fº o [kq'kgkyh dk Js; bl 7 ^iq.;tu* ,oa ^brj tu* dks ;{k dk gh i;kZ;okph ekuk x;k gS] blh xzaFk esa dqcsj tkD[k ckck (;{kjkt) dks gh izkIr gSA oSJo.k dks ;{ks'k] ;{kjkt ,oa ;{ksUnz lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA bls /ku ds b"Vnso ds ,d vU; izfrek tks dq"kk.kdkyhu gS] Hkjriqj ds lehiLFk ^v?kkiqj* uked :i esa ;{kjkt dgk x;k gSA2 ckn ds lkfgR; esa ;{k&Hkouksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;{kksa dk xzke ls feyh Fkh tks vktdy Hkjriqj laxzgky; ds iqjkrRo d{k esa lqjf{kr gS] ;gk°a tulk/kkj.k ls laca/k Hkh crk;k x;k gSA ij rqf.My ;{k us vius flj ij Vksdjh mBk j[kh gS] piVk xzSos;d] eq[k ij eqLdqjkgV Hkxorxhrk3 esa dgk x;k gS ^lRokuq:ik loZL; Jºk Hkofr Hkkjr] Jºke;ks∑;a dk Hkko] cM+h ewaNsa] dqEHkksnj Hkko bR;kfn dyk lkS"Bo dks c<+k jgs gSaA eaMksj ls iq#"kksa ;ks ;PN™% l ,o l%A ;tUrs lkfRodk nsoku ;{k j{kkafl jktlk%A* nso iwtk izkIr o tks/kiqj laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr yxHkx 13 QhV ≈°ps xqIrdkyhu izLrj LraHk oSfnd Fkh] ;gk°a lkfRod dgh xbZ gS] ;{k iwtk ftls jktl dgk x;k gS lk/kkj.k tu ij œ".kyhyk dh >kafd;k° izLrqr dh xbZ gSa ftuesa yxHkx 9 QqV ≈°ps LFky ij esa izpfyr FkhA ;{kksa dks vykSfdd lRo ekuk tkrk Fkk tks izk;% o`{kksa esa fuokl djrs xkso/kZu/kkjh n`'; vafdr gS] blh n`'; esa fgald i'kqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk v'oeq[kh ;{kh Fks vkSj izlUu gksus ij vusd lkalkfjd dkeukvksa dh iwfrZ dk oj nsrs Fks] os vusd Hkh fo|eku gS tks eq[; izfrek esa ^lgk;d vax* ds :i esa r{k.kdkj }kjk izLrqr dh LFkkuksa ij LFkku nsork vFkok dqy nsork ds :i esa izfrf"Br FksA ;e vkSj 'kÿ ds lkFk xbZ gSA mudk fo'ks"k laca/k FkkA dHkh os vfu"Vdkjh Hkh gks ldrs Fks vkSj vkos'k ds dkj.k Hkh ;{kjkt ,oa v"V fnDikyksa dh Js.kh esa /kun dqcsj8 czk„.k] tSu o ckSº lHkh cu tkrs FksA ;f{kf.k;ksa esa vIljkvksa dk lkn`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA4 dqN ;{k ckn esa erkoyafc;ksa ds fy;s iwT; gSaA jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa Hkh dqcsj dk i;kZIr vadu czk„.k vkSj ckSº nsorkvksa esa :ikarfjr ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj mudk izHkko izfrek fo/kku dh fd;k x;k gS ftlesa vkluLFk nso ds ,d gkFk esa le`fº dk lwpd fctksjk Qy ijaijk o rkaf=d iºfr;ksa ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA5 bZlk iwoZ dh 'krkfCn;ksa dh ;{k fo|eku gS vkSj nwljs gkFk esa #i;ksa dh FkSyh ftls ^uksyh* dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg dh izfrek,as fo'kkydk; ,oa iq#L=œfr;ksa ls cM+h gSaA buesa iVuk] in~ekorh] ij[ke] xqIr dkyhu izfrek dkeka (Hkjriqj) ls feyh gS tks orZeku esa yanu ds foDVksfj;k cM+kSnk vkfn dh ;{k ewfrZ;k° fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa fdarq eSaus bl 'kks/k i= esa ,YcVZ E;wft;e esa iznf'kZr gSA ,d vU; iwoZe/;dkyhu dqcsj izfrek fpŸkkSM+ esa ck°lh jktLFkku esa ;{k izfrekvksa ds v/;;u dks dsUnzfcUnq esa j[kk gSA vr% esjk fo'ks"k /;ku uked LFkku ls feyh gS] bl dykœfr esa xtokgu ij vklhu dqcsj ds eqdqV ds ;gk°° dh ;{k&;f{k.kh izfrekvksa o muds f'kYi lkS"Bo o.kZu ij jgsxkA jktLFkku ds e/; esa y?kq ftukœfr mRdh.kZ gS ftlds ek/;e ls r{k.kdkj us tSu dqcsj izfrek dh ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk foLrkj ls mYys[k ;{k&;f{k.kh izfrekvksa ij vk/kkfjr vfHkO;fDr dj blds egRo dks crk;k gSA fpŸkkSM+ nqxZ ds dkfydk ekrk eafnj esa xaxk eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa esa gh ugha vfirq vU; 'kSo] oS .ko o tSu eafnjksa o ewfrZf'kYi esa Hkh ;equk o izfrgkjksa dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ gSa] buesa yksdikyksa esa dqcsj vkSj ;e dh ewfrZ;k° fdlh u fdlh :i esa pkgs lgk;d rRo gks ;k eq[; rRo] ;{kksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA vafdr gSaA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 327 172 328 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dqEHk ';ke eafnj esa Hkh fnDiky izfrekvksa dh :i'kk[kk ij u`R; djrs gq, ,d nsoh efg"kefnZuh Lo:i17 dk o.kZu djrk gS tks laHkor% oV ;f{k.kh efg"kefnZuh izeFk] laxhrK] ;f{k.kh vkSj ekyk/kkjh ;qxy vafdr gSaA9 blh izdkj lek/kh'oj eafnj dk LFkkuh; ukedj.k FkkA ds osnh ca/k ds ujFkj ,oa dqEHkd rFkk ta?kk ij tSu 'kklu nsfo;ksa ,oa ;{k&;f{kf.k;ksa eafnj LFkkiR; ds vyadj.k esa JhdqekjLokeh us xaxk&;equk dh ewfrZ;ksa dk dh ewfrZ ds vk/kkj ij bls tSu eafnj ekuk gSA10 vkesj esa vafcds'oj eafnj ds ikl gh fodkl 'kkyHkaftdk ;{kh ls [kkstk gS] 'kkyHkaftdk ;{kh dh vkœfr f=Hkaxh eqnzk esa dY;k.kjk; eafnj gS tks yxHkx 8oha 'krkCnh dk gS] bl eafnj dh }kj'kk[kk ds o`{k ds uhps [kM+h gqbZ vafdr dh tkrh Fkh] ;s xaxk&;equk izfrekvksa ls dkQh lkE; vyadj.kksa esa i=oYyh] ukxoYyh] :i'kk[kk] LraHk vkfn dk vadu gS] }kj'kk[kk ds j[krh gSaA bl rjg dh ewfrZ;k° jktLFkku esa fpŸkkSM+x<+] vksfl;ka] ckMksyh ds eafnjksa ls] fupys Hkkx ij vIljk;sa] ekyk/kkjh ;qxy ,oa }kj ds nksuksa vksj nks Hknzd LraHk gSa] nksuksa ukxnk] txr vkfn ls izkIr gqbZ gSaA LraHkksa ij cM+s vkdkj dh ;f{k.kh vkœfr;k° ,oa flj ij NksVh ;{kh vkœfr;k° gSa] blh izdkj dqN izLrj Qydksa ij ,d lkFk x.kifr] y{eh ,oa dqcsj dks vkesj dh bu ewfrZ;ksa dh rqyuk vkHkkusjh ds g"kZrekrk eafnj dh ewfrZ;ksa ls dh tk iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSa tks fpj&le`fº ds |ksrd gSaA ,d ,slh izLrj f'kyk vkHkkusjh ls ldrh gS tks ledkyhu izrhr gksrh gSA11 'kSo ewfrZ;ksa ds ewrZ :ikadu esa izkjafHkd fyax feyh tks orZeku vkesj laxzgky; esa fo|eku gSA vksfl;ka ds fiIyknekrk eafnj esa :i ij f'ko dh vkœfr lkekU;r% ;{kkœfr ds leku gh vafdr dh tkrh FkhA Vh- x.ks'k o efg"kefnZuh izfrekvksa ds e/; dqcsj izfrek j[kh gS tks 8&9oha 'krh dh izrhr ,- xksihukFk jko us xqfMeYye~ ds eq[kfyax (izFke 'krkCnh bZ-iw-) ij vafdr f'ko dh gksrh gSA ;gk°a dqcsj dh izs;lh gkjhfr mudh ta?kk ij fojkteku gSA xk°/kkj dyk esa vkœfr rFkk lk°ph dh ,d ;{k izfrek esa12 lkE; dh vksj /;ku vkœ"V fd;k gSA dqcsj&gkjhfr dh izfrek,as izpqjrk ls feyh gSa tks le`fº dk lwpd gSA jktLFkku ds f'ko dks ;{k ds :i esa f'kofyaxksa ij vafdr djus dh ijEijk jktLFkku esa mŸkj izkphu Hkouksa] eafnjksa ds xHkx`gksa ds ckgj ta?kk Hkkx ij fnDiky dqcsj izfrek,sa izkIr gqbZ xqIrdkyhu f'kofyaxksa rd fujUrj izkIr gksrh gSA xkeM+h13 (Hkjriqj) esa ,d f'kofyax gSa tks j{kd ,oa le`fº dh |ksrd gSA ij nks c`gnksnj ;{k vafdr gSaA bl izdkj ds f'kofyax vR;Ur fojy gSaA pkSeka ;FkkFkZr% ;{k iwtk dh izkphu ijEijk jktLFkku esa vusd Lo:iksa esa izdV (caMiqjk] jktLFkku) ls izkIr ,d f'kofyax ij f'ko ls lkE; j[krh gqbZ ;{k izfrek] gksdj orZeku rd v{kq..k gSA jktLFkkuh vketu ds fy, ;{k vFkkZr~ tD[k ;k tkD[k yEch xnZu okyk ty ik=] L=heq[k o flag vafdr gSA rks iw.kZ le`fº] lqj{kk dk izrhd gksdj mudk =krk ,oa b"Vnso gS lkFk gh dykRed tSu lkfgR; ,oa dyk esa fgUnw nsork ftu rhFk±djksa ds ik'oZ nsorkvksa ds :i esa vyadj.k esa ,oa okLrqxr lkS"Bo esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkdj izfrek'kkL= dk muds vuqpj ds leku fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA tSu izfrek&foKku ds xzaFkksa esa bUgsa ;{k rFkk vuwBk igyw Hkh cuk gSA vkt Hkh vusd LFkkuksa ij ohj ds uke ls ;{k dk pkSjk feyrk gSA vr% tulk/kkj.k dk fo'okl gS fd ;{k lewps lekt ds 'kqHksPNq] ikyd ,oa ;f{k.kh14 ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS tks fnxEcj o 'osrkEcj rhFk±djksa ds j{kd j{kd gSA gSa] 24 ;{k rFkk ;f{kf.k;ksa dh izfrek] oSKkfud fo'ks"krk,a rFkk muds ewrZ :ikadu ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd os fgUnw nso ifjokj ls fy;s x;s gSa] tSls 'khryukFk rhFk±dj lUnHkZ dk cz„;{k] x#M+ ij vk:<+ xkseq[k;{k rFkk bZ'oj ;{kksa dh ewfrZ;k° ÿe'k% cz„] 1- JhokLro] fot;'kadj] jktLFkku ds izlax esa e/;dkyhu ewfrZf'kYi vo/kkj.kk ,oa fo".kq rFkk f'ko dh lR; izfrfyfi;k° izrhr gksrh gSaA blh izdkj ;f{k.kh pÿs'ojh] vFkZoŸkk] 1 ekpZ] 1991] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`- 1 xkSjh vkSj dkyh dh tSu ewfrZ;k° fgUnw ekr`dkvksa dh gh izfr:i gSa tks ÿe'k% oS".koh] 2- vFkoZosn] 10@2@29&33 ekgs'ojh o dkyh gSaA15 3- Hkxon~xhrk] 17@3&4 4- ik.Ms;] MkW- xksfoUnpUnz] ckSº /keZ ds fodkl dk bfrgkl] iape laLdj.k] fgUnh jktLFkku esa izpfyr nsoh Lo:iksa esa {kseadjh rFkk oV ;f{k.kh Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSa laLFkku] y[ku≈] mŸkjizns'k] 2010] i`- 18&19 ftuesa {kseadjh dh izfrek,sa rks txr ds vafcdk eafnj16 ls] g"kZukFk (lhdj) eafnj ls 5- dqekjLokeh] ;{kt] Hkkx 2 izkIr gSa fdarq nqHkkZX;o'k ?kks.Vokf"kZd (izrkix<+) dk oV ;f{k.kh dk eafnj vkt 6- JhokLro] fot;'kadj] ikjaifjd ewfrZdyk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] fo|eku ugha gS fdUrq egsUnziky f}rh; ds vfHkys[k ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk i`- 59 gS fd oV ;f{k.kh dh bl eafnj esa iwtk gksrh Fkh] bl vfHkys[k ds dqN 'yksdksa esa ls 7- prqosZnh] f=yksdukFk (la-)] jktLFkku oSHko] Hkkjrh; laLœfr ,oa lao/kZu ifj"kn~] ubZ ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 329 173 fnYyh] i`- 178&179 8- ogh] i`- 179&180 9- ekbLVj vkSj k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] izrkix<+ bUlfÿI'ku vkWQ n Vkbe vkWQ izfrgkj fdax dk u feyuk bl n`f"V ls vk'p;Ztud vkSj bl {ks= esa fo".kq ds fofHkUu vorkjksa egsUnziky f}rh; vkWQ egksn;] laor~ 1003] ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] XIV] 1917&18] esa d`".k dh yksdfiz;rk dk ifjpk;d gSA bl n`f"V ls fo".kq ds vorkj ewfrZ;ksa esa i`- 176&188] 'yksd 3 Hkh jke dk vadu u feyuk mYys[kuh; gSA vksfl;k° esa eq[;r% vkBoha&uoha 'krkCnh bZLoh ds eafnjksa ij gh d`".kyhyk ds n`';ksa dk mRdh.kZu gqvk gS tks vU; ledkyhu dsUnzksa dh rqyuk esa fu%lansg vf/kd foLr`r] lqfu;ksftr] ijEijkfufnZ"V vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA nsodhiq= d`".k fo".kq ds vkBosa vorkj ekus x, gSaA oklqnso ds lkFk d`".k ds lehdj.k dh fuf'pr tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gS fdUrq ikf.kuh }kjk mfYyf[kr œ".k.kk;u xks= ls oklqnso dk laca/k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA laHkor% ;kno œ".k dh ijEijk dkykarj esa oklqnso œ".k ls tksM+h xbZ tks o`f".kuk;d ds :i esa iwftr Fks vkSj ftUgsa fo".kq ds vorkj ds :i esa LFkku izkIr gqvkA1 loZKkr gS fd œ".k dks lad"kZ.k] iz|qEu] lkEc o vfu:º ds lkFk muds HkDrksa ,oa iz'kaldksa }kjk nsoRo iznku fd;k x;k vkSj os o`f".k&dqy ds iapohj dgs x,A2 bl :i esa œ".k ds iwtu dh izkphurk yxHkx pkSFkh&rhljh bZ-iw- ls Kkr gSA œ".k ds thoupfjr ds fo"k; esa gfjoa'k] Hkkxor rFkk fo".kqiqjk.k vkfn vusd xzaFkksa esa fooj.k feyrk gSA bu iqjk.kksa esa œ".k dh yksdjatd yhykvksa dk fo'kn~ o.kZu gqvk gSA œ".k yhyk n`';ksa dk jktLFkku esa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 331 174 332 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izkphure mnkgj.k vksfl;k° ds lehi eaMkjs uked LFkku ls izkIr gqvk gSA vksfl;k° esa n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; ds mnkgj.k gfjgj eafnj 2&3 ,oa fo".kq eafnj&1 ij Hkh gSaA œ".k ds cky&yhyk n`';ksa esa œ".k ds tUe] xksdqy izLFkku ls ysdj pk.kqj ,oa gfjgj eafnj&1 ds mnkgj.k esa dal dks xfr'khy eqnzk esa ;ksxek;k dk o/k djus ds eqf"Vd ls eYy ;qº vkSj lwrykseg"kZ.k o/k rd ds n`';ksa dk vadu gqvk gSA NksVh mn~ns'; ls iSjksa ls ckfydk dks idM+s vkSj f'kyk ij iVdus dh eqnzk esa vafdr fd;k /kksrh] dqaMy] ds;wj] gkj] dkdi{k 'kSyh dh ds'k jpuk] œ".k vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&2 ds n`';kadu esa bl vkd`fr dks dal ds gkFkksa ls fudy tkus lkFk mRdh.kZ i'kq vkd`fr;k° xfr'khy o lqanj gSaA mYys[kuh; gS fd ?kVukvksa ds dh fLFkfr esa fn[kk;k x;k gS tks 'kkL=h; ijEijk ds vuq:i gSA6 izn'kZu esa Hkkxoriqjk.k esa of.kZr ÿe dks f'kYih us /;ku esa j[kdj n`';ksa dk fu:i.k gfjgj eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa dal ds ihNs ,d L=h laHkor% nsodh dh ugha fd;k gSA vkd`fr cuh gSA fo".kq eafnj&1 esa dal dks oklqnso ls ckfydk dks izkIr djrs fn[kk;k izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa vksfl;k° esa œ".kyhyk n`';ksa dh fo"k;xr ,d:irk dks x;k gS tks œ".kyhyk ds vaduksa esa nqyZHk gSA izLrqr mnkgj.k esa ckfydk ds fy, ns[krs gq, vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dk Lora= v/;;u fofHkUu eafnjksa ij muds f'kYikadu oklqnso dks nkfgus ik'oZ esa [kM+x/kkjh iq#"k [kM+k gS tks laHkor% oklqnso ls dal dks dh n`f"V ls fd;k x;k gSA f'k'kq nsus dks dg jgk gSA blds i'pkr~ dal dks ckfydk fy, fn[kk;k x;k gSA izLrqr œ".k tUe ,oa xksdqyxeu % gfjgj eafnj&1 ds mŸkjh d.B ij izFke n`'; esa n`'; dh igpku ekbdsy MCY;w ekbZLVj us r`.kkorZo/k ds :i esa dh gSA7 vkj-Mh- canhx`g ds v/k[kqys dikV ds nwljh vksj izlwfr x`g dk n`';kadu gS ftlesa iq"ikrad`r f=osnh us bl n`'; dh igpku ;ksxek;k o/k ls dh gSA8 'kf;dk ij nk,° djoV ysVh nsodh uotkr f'k'kq dks Lruiku djk jgh gSA nsodh] iwruko/k % gfjgj eafnj&1 esa ;ksxek;k o/k ds i'pkr~ iwruko/k9 dk vadu /kksrh] laojs ds'k o dqaMy ls lq'kksfHkr gSA canhx`g esa gh ,d vksj oklqnso }kjk ckyd gqvk gS ftlesa Hk;adj Lo:ik iwruk ,d eafpdk ij v/kZi;±dklhu iznf'kZr gSA œ".k dks vadL; vkSj v/k[kqys dikV dh vksj xeu djrs fn[kk;k x;k gSA dikV ds dadky Lo:ik] foLQkfjr us=] /kls diksy] ≈/oZds'k okyh jk{klh dk Lruiku ckgj ,d izgjh [kM+x fy, [kM+k gSA gfjgj eafnj f}rh; o fo".kq eafnj izFke esa izgjh djrs œ".k Hkwfe ij [kM+s gSaA iwruko/k dk izkphure ewrZ mnkgj.k cknkeh dh xqQkvksa vklhu ;k lqIrkoLFkk esa iznf'kZr gSA vksfl;k° esa œ".k tUe ds dqy 6 mnkgj.k gSaA3 (NBh 'krh bZ-) ls izkIr gSA e/;dkyhu izk;% lHkh dyk dsUnzksa ij œ".kyhyk ds xksdqy xeu n`'; dk lw;Z eafnj&3 ij jkspd vadu gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 esa n`';ksa esa izLrqr n`'; i;kZIr yksdfiz; jgk gSA jktLFkku esa vksfl;k° ds vfrfjDr eaMksj] ;'kksnk ds gkFkksa esa ckfydk dk ladsr nsus ds fy, f'k'kq dks ukjh o{k ls ;qDr Hkh dsdhUn rFkk vV: ls Hkh bl n`'; ds mnkgj.k feys gSaA10 fn[kk;k x;k gSA vksfl;k° esa œ".k tUe dk ftruk foLr`r vadu gqvk gS mruk vU; ;eyktqZu mºkj % iwruko/k ds i'pkr~ ik°pksa izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij ;eyktqZu fdlh LFky ij fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA [ktqjkgks esa œ".k tUe ls lacaf/kr n`'; dh igpku mºkj n`'; vafdr gSA izLrqr n`'; esa ckyd œ".k dks vis{kkd`r cM+s Lo:i esa nks dsoy 'ka[k vkSj in~e tSls oS".ko ykaNuksa vkSj Lruiku djkrh ek°&f'k'kq dh vkd`fr;ksa o`{kksa (;ey vkSj vtqZu) ds e/; vks[kyh ls ca/ks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&2 esa ds vk/kkj ij dh xbZ gSA4 nksuksa o`{kksa ds e/; dk varjky lqanj gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 o gfjgj eafnj&3 ij Hkh blh ek[kupksjh % œ".k tUe ds i'pkr~ œ".k }kjk ek[ku pksjh ;k ;'kksnk ds izdkj dk vadu gSA n`';kadu dh n`f"V ls gfjgj eafnj&2 dk mnkgj.k loksZRd`"V gSA nf/keaFku dk n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; fo".kq eafnj&1 vkSj 5 ij izkIr ugha gSA n`'; esa vksfl;k° ds lekukUrj vadu cknkeh rFkk lhjiqj esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA11 vksfl;k° ds ,d vklu ij izlUufpr uan dh vkd`fr vklhu gS] lehi gh ;'kksnk nkf/keaFku dj izLrqr n`'; esa œ".k lkekU; y{k.kksa okys gSaA jgh gSA cky:i œ".k dks ik= ls ek[ku fudkyrs fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA gfjgj 'kdVHkax % ;eyktqZu mºkj ds i'pkr~ 'kdVHkax dk n`'; gS ftldh dFkk eafnj&2 ds n`'; esa œ".k dh NksVh vkd`fr ek[ku ik= ij p<+dj eD[ku fudkyrs Hkkxoriqjk.k esa of.kZr gSA12 izLrqr n`'; eafnjksa dh vuqiafDr esa rFkk lw;Z eafnj&3 ds iznf'kZr gSA5 lw;Z eafnj&3 esa izLrqr n`'; esa ;'kksnk ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh L=h dk vUrjky Hkkx ds if'peh daB ds d.kZ Hkkx ij mRdh.kZ gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 ds vadu ugha gqvk gSA n`'; ls lacaf/kr ek[ku ik=] eFkkuh vkSj eFkkuh esa iz;qDr jTtq mnkgj.k esa 'kf;dk ij oke Hkqtk ds lgkjs ysVs œ".k] lehi [kM+h xksi vkd`fr vkSj vkfn dk vR;ar LokHkkfod vadu gfjgj eafnj&1 vkSj lw;Z eafnj&3 esa fn[kkbZ nsrk œ".k ds iSj ds /kDds ls myVrh gqbZ xkM+h ij j[kk ?kV fxjus dh fLFkfr esa lqanjrk ls gSA vafdr fd;k x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&3 esa 'kdVHkax dh dFkk dk lokZf/kd lqanj vadu ;ksxek;k o/k % gfjgj eafnj&1 ij mijksDr n`'; ds i'pkr~ ;ksxek;k o/k dk gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa œ".k dks nksuksa iSjksa ls xkM+h dks myVrs iznf'kZr fd;k ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 333 175 334 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 x;k gSA vkdkfjr gSA19 gfjgj eafnj&3 ij izLrqr n`'; dk foLrkje; ,oa vR;ar lqanj vadu izyEcklqjo/k % izyEcklqjo/k dk vadu Hkkjrh; f'kYi esa vR;Yi gSA vksfl;k° gqvk gSA esa izLrqr n`'; ik°pksa izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij izkIr gksrk gSA bl n`'; esa xksiksa ds lkFk dkfyk;neu % vksfl;k° ds œ".kyhyk n`';ksa esa dkfyk;neu dk lokZf/kd ÿhM+kjr œ".k o cyjke dh vkd`fr;k° gSaA izyEcklqj cyjke dks dU/kksa ij mBkdj foLrkj ds lkFk vadu gqvk gSA nks Hkkxksa esa mRdh.kZ izLrqr dFkkud esa dnEc o`{k ls ÿhM+kLFky ls nwjs ys tkrs fn[kk;k x;k gS tcfd cyjke mlds diV dks tkudj œ".k dks dwndj dkfy;ukx dk neu djrs vkSj dkfy;k ds fouk'k ls Hk;Hkhr mlds "kM~;a= dks vlQy cuk jgs gSaA13 cyjke }kjk izyEcklqj ds o/k dh dFkk mldh ifRu;ksa vkSj Lo;a dkfy; }kjk {kek;kpuk dk vadu gqvk gSA20 gfjgj eafnj&1 fo".kq o Hkkxor iqjk.kksa14 esa of.kZr gSA vksfl;k° esa izLrqr n`'; dks dqN fHkUurk ds lkFk esa œ".k dks o`{k ij p<+rs rFkk o`{k ls ;equk ds ty esa dwnus dks m|r vkSj ckn esa izk;% lHkh eafnjksa ij fn[kk;k x;k gSA dkfy;k o œ".k dks ;qºjr fn[kk;k x;k gSA /;krO; gS fd f'kYih us o`{k ij p<+rs vfj"Vklqj ,oa ds'kho/k & vksfl;k° esa vfj"Vklqj o ds'kho/k dk n`';kadu œ".k ds cky:i vkSj dkfy;k ls ;qºjr œ".k dks ;qok :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k gS tks ,d lkFk gqvk gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 rFkk lw;Z eafnj&3 esa bu nksuksa vlqjksa ds ÿe esa f'kYih }kjk œ".k dh cky Lo:i piyrk vkSj ;qok :i esa yksd dY;k.k ds Hkko dh izFker% vfj"Vklqj o/k rRi'pkr~ ds'kh o/k dk vadu gS tcfd vU; eafnjksa esa ;g vfHkO;fDr gSA bl n`'; esa xfr'khyrk o LokHkkfodrk dk vHkko gSA ÿe mYVk gSA nksuksa n`';ksa esa 'kfDr izn'kZu rFkk xfr'khyrk dk Hkko izHkko'kkyh :i esa dqoy;kihM o/k % bl n`'; dk vR;ar izHkko'kkyh vadu vksfl;k° esa gqvk fn[kk;k x;k gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa vfj"V vkd`fr vis{kkd`r Hkkjh&Hkjde gSA izLrqr n`'; esa dqoy;kihM uked xt o œ".k dh vkd`fr larqfyr :i esa rFkk œ".k dks mldk eq[k nckrs gq, mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA eaMksj rFkk cknkeh dh mRdh.kZ gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 esa gkFkh dh rqyuk esa œ".k dh vkd`fr cM+h fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA xqQkvksa ls izkIr n`'; esa Hkh blh izdkj dk vadu feyrk gSA15 gfjgj eafnj&2 esa œ".k gfjgj eafnj&1 esa nkSM+rs gq, gkFkh dh lwaM idM+s œ".k mls jksdus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa ck,a gkFk ls ds'kh dk eq[k idM+s rFkk nkfgus gkFk ls ml ij izgkj djrs iznf'kZr gSaA tcfd gkFkh vius nksuksa iSj mBk, œ".k ij izgkj djus dh eqnzk esa mRdh.kZ gSA fo".kq fo".kq eafnj&5 esa mijksDr ?kVuk dk vf/kd ltho o.kZu gqvk gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esa Hkh eafnj&1 esa NksVs vkdkj esa n`'; dk vadu gS] ftlesa œ".k dks gkFkh ds nk°r m[kkM+rs ds'kh ds eq[k esa œ".k }kjk gkFk Mkydj mlds o/k dk mYys[k gSA16 fn[kk;k x;k gSA21 xkso/kZu /kkj.k % lw;Z eafnj&3 ds nf{k.kh d.kZ Hkkx esa vkSj vU; eafnjksa dh laxhr n`'; % dqoy;kihMo/k ds i'pkr~ œ".k vkSj cyjke ds dal dh vuqiafDr esa œ".k }kjk xkso/kZu /kkj.k dk n`'; mRdh.kZ gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esas bUnz ds jax'kkyk esa igq°pus dk n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; esa dbZ vkd`fr;k° g"kksZYykl ls ekuenZu ds fy, xkso/kZu ioZr dks œ".k }kjk mBk, tkus dh dFkk izkIr gksrh gSA17 ok|oknu (

yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fy;s cuk;s x;s nsojksa esa izk;% Nr ugha gksrh ;g [kqys izkphu vkLFkk ds dsUÊ ^nsojs* gksrs gSa uk gh bu ij vk/kqfudrk dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS uk gh dksbZ ckg~; vkMEcj lknxjh ds izrhd ;g nsojs flQZ /kkfeZd vkLFkk dsUnz gh ugha gS vfirq mipkj dsUnz #fp lksyadh Hkh dbZ izdkj dh chekfj;ksa ds mipkj dk ;g nkok djrs gSa vkfnoklh lekt esa dbZ va/kfo'okl ekStwn gS muesa ls ,d ;g Hkh gS fd euq"; ij fdlh Hkwr&izsr dk izdksi ekuo us laLd`fr dk vkoj.k dc vks<+k vkSj laLd`fr ekuo dks dc viuh (izHkko) Hkh iM+rk gS ;k cqjh vkRek,° mudks vius o'k esa dj ysrh gS ;g nsojs mu cqjh vFkZoŸkk ns xbZ ;g dksbZ ugha tkurk fdUrq ekuo ds mn~Hko ds lkFk gh laLd`fr dk vkRekvksa ls yksxksa dks lqjf{kr dj futkr fnyokrs gSaA nsojs esa dbZ nsoh&nsorkvksa dh fuekZ.k gksuk fuf'pr Fkk vkSj lkFk gh /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dk Hkh izR;sd lekt esa izfrek,° gksrh gSa tks ik"kk.k ls fufeZr gksrh gSaA ;g ik"kk.k izfrek,° vkfnoklh lekt /kkfeZd /keZ ls lEcfU/kr jgk izkphudky ls Hkkjr esa ijEijk pyh vkbZ gS dh euq"; dh ,d fo'ks"k dyk dks Hkh iznf'kZr djrh gSA izk;% ;g nsojs] LFkku ;k pcwrjs FkksM+h dks Js"B cukus okys fu;e euq"; dks lH; cukrk gSA izHkko tks Hkh jgk gS fdUrq lh ≈°pkbZ ij cuk;s tkrs gaS rFkk fo'ks"k fnuksa esa ;gka fo'ks"k izdkj dh iwtk vpZuk dh vkLFkk dk egRo izkfpu le; esa Hkh Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh gSA tkrh gSA tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd dbZ izfr"Bkuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ;g lHkh Hkksik ,oa Hkko fdlh uk fdlh :i esa ^/keZ* ls tqM+s fgUnw laLd`fr esa tgka fo".kq] f'ko] egs'k vkfn vkfnoklh xkaoksa esa nsojs vkSj izR;sd nsojksa esa viuk ,d Hkksik gksrk gS nsojs dk dh mikluk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA fdUrq vkfnoklh lekt esa vyx gh yksd nsork gS tks buds fy;s iFkizn'kZd Hkh gSA gekjs vkl&ikl ge dbZ nsoh nsorkvksa ds eafnj eq[; Hkksik ikVoh dgykrk gS Hkksik ny ds ckdh yksx lsox (lsod) dgykrs gaSA ns[krs gSa tks fdlh uk fdlh fo'ks"k egRo dh n`f"V ls fufeZr gksrs gSa fdUrq tc ge lsoxksa dk dke ikrh p<+kuk (uhe] fcYoi=] vkfn dh ifŸk;ka p<+kuk) nsojs dh vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa tkrs gSa rks ogka gesa eafnjksa ds LFkku ij pcwrjs] LFkku ;k nsojs feyrs lQkbZ djuk vkSj nh;s&ckrh djuk gS lsok dk;Z djus nsojs dh lQkbZ djus ds dkj.k gSaA ftudk egRo vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy;s mruk gh ftruk dh gekjs fy;s eafnjksa dk gSA gh mls lsox dgk tkrk gSA nsojs esa 'ka[k vkSj >kyj ctkus okys dks o?kkjk rFkk kyj ds lkFk gkWyuqek cM+s dejkas esa Bgjs Hkksiksa dk ny Hktu nsork ds :i esa ekeknso dh ekU;rk jgh gSA dhrZu djrk gSA nso izfre dks 'osr diM+ksa esa yisV dj lj ij j[k ys tk;k tkrk gSA [kkdynso & ;s yksd nsork egkliZ ds :i esa iwftr gSaA ,d ls vf/kd Q.k vius ?kj ls fudyus ls ydj eksysyk igqapus rd Hkksik vUu ty lsou ugha djrk og okys liZ ds :i esa budh ewjr cukbZ tkrh gSA esokM+ ds dbZ nsojksa esa [kkdynso dh futZyk jgrk gSA ;g iSny gh ekSysyk vkrs gS rFkk tkrs le; ;fn cl esa cSB Hkh tk;s ekVh dh ewjr izfrf"Br jgrh gS vkSj yksd nsork ds :i esa mUgsa iwtk tkrk gSA rks ftl O;fDr ;k Hkksik ds lj ewfrZ gksrh gS og ugha cSB ldrk uk gh jkLrs esa ewfrZ t;leUn ds ikl xkrksM+&ohjiqjk xkao esa buds ewy nsojs gSaA tehu ij j[k ldrs gaSA izfr"Bk ds le; gh bUgsa [kM+k fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh nso ikcwth & ikcwth dks ≈aV ij lokj ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA bl vapy esa izfrekvksa dks 'osr oL= esa rFkk nsoh izfrekvksa dks yky oL= esa yisVk tkrk gSA ;s nso ikcwth dks ≈aVksa vkSj lkaMfu;ksa dk j{kd nsork ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA jk;dk jsckjh izfrek,a dkfrZd iwf.kZek] oS'kk[kh iwf.kZek] Hkknzin 'kqDyk iapeh rFkk ek?k 'kqDyk iapeh tkfr leqnk; ds nsojksa] eaMiksa esa budh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA ij nsojksa esa izfrf"Br dh tkrh gaSA izfrek izfr"Bku ds le; xkao esa mRlo tSlk ekgkSy [ksM+k nsoh & flag ij lokj nqxkZekrk dks gh izk;% [ksM+k nsoh ds :i esa iwtk gksrk gSA tkrk gSA yksd vkLFkk ds vuqlkj ;g nsoh ml xkao] [ksM+k kMw fy, x/ks ij lokj gksrh gSA ;g ^>ksyk Nki Hkksik* ds dkj.k LFkkuh; yksxksa dk #>ku budh rjQ de gksrk tk jgk gSA jkensoth ds thou dky eas gqvk FkkA bl ewjr ij ?kh p<+k;k tkrk gSA dqN le; iwoZ gh HkkLdj lekpkj if=dk }kjk bl rjg ds udyh Hkksikvksa dks mtkxj jkM+kth & jkM+kth dh ewfrZ esa iq#"kkd`fr gksrh gSA budh iqjkuh ewfrZ;ksa esa ,d fd;k x;k gSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 343 180 ijUrq ;fn budh orZeku fLFkfr dh txg buds izkjfEHkd :i dh ppkZ djsa rks ;g Lor% Li"V gks tk;sxk fd ;g nsojs fdl izdkj mi;ksxh gqvk djrs Fks tc vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iºfr ekStwn ugha Fkh rc ;gh nsojksa ds Hkksik vkS"kf/k;ksa ds ek/;e mejdksV&tSlyesj lEcU/k (/kkV&ekM+ lEcU/k) ls LFkkuh; tu dk bykt fd;k djrs Fks rFkk mUgsa LoLFk jgus dh euksHkkouk iznku iadt pk.Md djrs FksA lkFk&lkFk gh lkFk ;g ^nsojs* LFkkuh; dyk&laLd`fr dk Hkh thoar mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gSaA ;g vkLFkk ds og izrhd dsUnz gS tks fd ckgjh vkoj.k ls vNwrs gSa /kkV fdjkMw ikjdkj] ykSnjoks tkykSjA ftu ij fdlh izdkj dk jktuSfrd izHkko ifjyf{kr ugha gksrk lkFk gh ;g vkfnokfl;ksa vkcw iwxy ukxkSj lwa] uodksVka eaMkSjAA dh fu'pyrk dks izdV djrs gSaA tgka orZeku eas euq"; HkkSfrdrk dk pkSyk igu cSBk gS ;g vkfnoklh {ks= vkt Hkh ml vkoj.k ls ckgj gS vkSj viuh vkLFkk o laLd`fr izkphudky esa e#izns'k vFkok uodksVh ekjokM+ ukeksa ls fofnr ;g izns'k cgqr dks latks; cSBs gSaA orZeku esa izR;sd pht rdZ ij tqM+h gS fcuk rdZ ds ge fdlh Hkh gh foLr`r Fkk] ftlds uodksV (fdys) ckn esa dbZ fj;klrksa tSls /kkV izns'k esa mejdksV o ikjdkj] ekyk.kh {ks= esa fdjkMw] tSlyesj (ekM+ izns'k esa) ykSnjok] oLrq dks ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gS ijUrq ;g ^nsojs* vkLFkk ds og izrhd fpUg gS] tgk° ekjokM+ esa eaMkSj] ukxkSj] tkyksj rFkk fljksgh es vkcw vkfn esa caV x;s] ysfdu ;g rdZ ls ijs HkkoukRed ds vk/kkj ij Hkfo ; dh lEHkkouk,a rykíkh tk ldrh gSA izns'k viuh HkkSxksfyd o ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; ds dkj.k ijLij tqM+k jgk gSA1 lanHkZ nksgs esa loZizFke uke /kkV (mejdksV {ks=) dk vk;k gS ftls Hkkjr ds dksV 1- izkphu Hkkjrh; izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk & c`tHkw"k.k JhokLro laKd uxjksa esa if'pere o izkphu ekurs gSaA mejdksV (fgUnoh tqcku esa vejdksV) 2- jktLFkku dk ekVh f'kYi & MkW- nsonŸk 'kekZ] 2013 flU/kq lH;rk rFkk oSfnd laLd`fr dk mn~xe LFkyksa esa ls ,d gS] lukru laLd`fr dh 3- /keZ ,oa n'kZu % lkaLd`frd nk; (jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk) & dylkFk 'kkL=h lfjrk loZizFke /kkV dh ikou /kjrh ls izokfgr gksdj ekM+&/kjk tSlyesj {ks= esa 4- esokM+ laLd`fr vkSj ijEijk & /keZiky 'kekZ igqaphA mejdksV o tSlyesj jkT; viuh HkkSxksfyd] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd lekurkvksa ds dkj.k ijLij tqM+s gq, izrhr gksrs gSaA nksuksa dh yksd laLd`fr esa mej&ek:oh] ewey&egsUnzk (tgk° ewey tSlyesj ls] egsUnzk mejdksV ls) ds vk[;ku izpfyr gSA ihj ckck jkenso th raoj dk fookg Hkh vejdksV {ks= esa gh gqvk gSA HkkSxksfyd :i ls ns[ks rks Hkkjrh; egke#LFky Fkkj (The Great Thar) ekjokM+] ekM+ (tSlyesj)] /kkV (mejdksV) o chdkusj fj;klrksa esa foLr`r gSA bl Hkw&Hkkx dk if'peh Nksj ij mejdksV fj;klr fLFkr gS tks iwoZ&if'pe esa vejdksV ls ysdj ckM+esj ds pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ksa rd 200 fdeh ds {ks= esa rFkk mŸkj&nf{k.k esa tSlyesj ds lrk lwUnjk xkao ls ysdj ckM+esj ftys ds lsM+ok dLcs rd o ikfdLrku esa lŸkh nsgjk rd 150 fdeh- {ks= esa QSyk {ks= /kkV izns'k dgykrk gS] ftldh jkt/kkuh mejdksV FkhA orZeku esa Hkkjr foHkktu ds dkj.k mejdksV {ks= dk yxHkx 70 izfr'kr fgLlk orZeku ikfdLrku (Fkkjikjdj ftyksa) o 'ks"k 30 izfr'kr Hkkx Hkkjr (ckM+esj o tSlyesj dh dqN rglhyksa ds :i esa) vofLFkr gSA2 tSlyesj ls nf{k.k&if'pe esa 70 dksl dh nwjh ij mejdksV 'kgj fLFkr gSA tSlyesj uxj ls 35 dksl dh nwjh ij nkxtky uked LFky ij mejdksV o tSlyesj jkT; dh lhek,sa feyrh FkhA3 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 345 181 346 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ckgjoha 'krkCnh i'pkr~ tSlyesj ij HkkVh jktiwrksa dk 'kklu rFkk mejdksV ij dk;Z esa iz;ksx fd;k ml nsjklj egy15 dh nhokjksa ij mejdksV dh b±Vksa ds lkFk lks<+k jktiwrksa dk 'kklu jgk gSA lks<+k jktiwr tkfr lokZf/kd if'peh lhek Nksj ij f'kykys[k16 yxk gqvk ftl ij& gksus ds dkj.k buds oSokfgd lEcU/k fudVLFk tSlyesj jkT; ds HkkfV;ksa rFkk tks/kiqj AA Jh x.ks'kk; ue%AA jkT; ds jkBkSM+ksa dqyksa esa gq,A bUgha oSokfgd lEcU/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i ?kfVr ?kVukvksa A LorLr Jh u`i foÿekfnR; laor~ 1512* o"kZ ek?k eklsA o HkkSxksfyd fudVrk ds dkj.k ijLij fofHkUu le; dky esa fHkUu&fHkUu jktuSfrd 'kqDy i{k iapE;k frFkkS egkjkt jkmy Jh nsohnkl fot; jkT;sA lEcU/k jgs gSA4 vejdksV ikV us bVk vk.kh Hkhr djkohA HkkVh o lks<+k lEcU/kksa ds igyh izkekf.kd tkudkjh egkjkoy pkfpxnso 'kqHk Hkorq dY;k.keLrqA izFke (1229 bZ- ls 1264 bZ-) ds le; dh feyrh gSA5 pkfpxnso ds jkT;dky esa mRdh.kZ gSA tSlyesj jkT; esa lks<+k] pfUu;ka] cyksp ywVekj epkrs FksA mUgksaus uxj&BBs ds jkLrs esa egkjkoy nsohnkl (nsohdj.k) ds 'kkludky esa bZ- 1471 ls vejdksV tSlyesj ds lsB HkkfV;k cwykdhnkl ds ikap yk[k #i;s ywV fy;sA pkfpxnso us HkkfV;ksa ds v/khu gks x;k] tSlyesj ds HkkVh ujs'kksa us mejdksV ds lks<+ksa iaokjksa dks viuh QkSt ysdj lks<+ksa] pfUu;ksa rFkk cyksapks dks ijkftr dj leLr lEifr iqu% ys vius v/khu j[kdj muds lkFk e/kqj lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus dh uhfr dk voyEcu vk;kA bl ;qº esa 1300 lks<+k jktiwr j.k[ksr x;s6 rFkk lks<+k jktdqekjh dk fookg Hkh fd;k17 mejdksV ds lks<+ksa us gqek;wa dh fodV ?kM+h esa lgk;rk dh Fkh vkSj vdcj dk pkfpxnso izFke ls djkuk iM+k7 tks vkxs tkdj jktekrk (egkjkoy d.kZ dh ekrk) tUe Hkh mejdksV esa gqvk Fkk18 vr% tSlyesj ds egkjkoy gjjkt dks ;g lansg gks cuhA egkjkoy d.kZ ds le; jktekrk lks<+h jkuh dk fo'ks"k izHkko Fkk] mlus tSlyesj x;k fd mejdksV vdcj dh d`ik ls tSlyesj ls laca/k foPNsn dj ldrk gSA vr% ds mPp inksa ij mejdksV ds lks<+k jktiwrksa dks vklhu fd;k8 rFkk dqEgkjksa ls mlus jk.kk xaxk ls e/kqj lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k ijUrq jk.kk xaxk dk ukjkt gksdj mudk cykr~ deZ ifjorZu djok;k9A mPp inklhu lks<+kvksa us d.kZ ds O;ogkj dks vius vuqdwy u ikdj egkjkoy gjjkt us mls cUnh cuk fy;kA19 bl mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjkoy y[kulsu dh gR;k djok nhA tc ;g ckr HkkVh ljnkjksa dks izdkj jk.kk xaxk dh e`R;q mejdksV dh ctk; tSlyesj esa gqbZA20] 21 ekywe gqbZ] rc mUgksaus lks<+k inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks viekfur dj mUgsa ekjdj nqxZ ds fo- la- 1710 esa mejdksV ds jk.kk bZljflag (jk.kk Hkkstjkt ds iq=) us dksVM+h ikM+s (eksgYys) ds dq,° esa Qsad fn;kA ;g dksVM+h ikM+s dk dwi vkt Hkh cUn tSlyesj ds egkjkoy lcyflag ds fo#º dk;Zokgh djus dh ps"Vk dh] ijUrq jkoy gSA orZeku esa mijksDr ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dk lk{kh dwi ds pkjksa vksj dwM+s dk k] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 728&733 29 izeq[k ekxZ ds :i esa mYys[k fd;k gSA 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjfEHkd o"kks± esa lhekUr 24- ogh 30 ekxks± ij jsyos ykbZu cu tkus ls O;kikj dk yxHkx lkjk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k 25- ekjokM+ ejkBk ,sfrgkfld i=koyh] i`- 125&126] la- MkW- ,u- ,l- HkkVh rFkk bl ekxZ ij O;kikj igys dk 1@100 Hkkx jg x;kA31 lu~ 1947 esa gq, Hkkjr 26- ogh foHkktu ls bu nksuksa {ks=ksa esa jktuSfrd o O;kikfjd lEidZ lekIr gks x;s ijUrq lhek 27- x<+ohj] MkW- ,e- vkj] tSlyesj jkT; dk lkekftd bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] foHkktu ds ckotwn nksuksa {ks= ds yksx esa lkaLd`frd o lkekftd :i ls xgjk tqM+ko tks/kiqj] 2012 vc Hkh gSA32]33 28- 'kekZ] uUnfd'kksj] ekaM izns'k dh lqugjh fojklr] lhekUr izdk'ku] tSlyesj] 2014 lanHkZ 29- ekgs'ojh] ca'kh/kj] vki.kks lkaLd`frd okjlks] Jh Fkjh psjhVscy V™LV] vgenkckn 30- lk{kkRdkj&Jh v'kksd dqekj] LVs'ku v/kh{kd] tks/kiqj eaMy 1- dfo;k] 'kfDrnku] lEiknd] lks<+k;.k] jkt- jkT; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1966 31- lk{kkRdkj&Jh uUnfd'kksj 'kekZ] bfrgkldkj] tSlyesj 2- x<+ohj] MkW- ,e- vkj] vCck dh ckrsa] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 32- lk{kkRdkj&Jh vfHkeU;q jkBh] iVok gosyh] tSlyesj 3- 'kekZ] uanfd'kksj] ;qx;qxhu oYyizns'k] tSlyesj jkT; dk jktuSfrd bfrgkl] lhekUr 33- lk{kkRdkj&Jh x.kirflagth] futh lfpo Jh jk.kk gehjflagth lks<+k] mejdksV fj;klr] izdk'ku] tSlyesj] 1993 ikfdLrku 4- ogh 5- tSlyesj [;kr] i`- 49 6- VkWM] jktLFkku] Hkkx 2] i`- 1209 7- rokjh[k tSlyesj] i`- 32 8- nfj;kukFk dh ckoM+h esa miyC/k egkjkoy d.kZ dkyhu rkez i= 9- tSlyesj rokfj[k] i`- 32 10- dksVMh ikMk dwi ys[k 11- fo-la- 1505 ls 1518 rd f'kykys[k (lksukj fdys esa) 12- uS.klh [;kr] Hkkx 2] i`- 82&83 ij nksgs ds :i esa 13- tkxw] jk;pUn] jsfxLrku th rokjh[k] oksY;we 1] flU/kh vnch cksMZ] gSnjkckn] flU/ k 1956 14- ikVoh dqaoj nsohnkl jko tks/kkth jk nksfgrk [;kr] i`- 65 15- lksukj fdys ds jktegyksa esa fLFkr ftls d.k egy Hkh dgrs gSa tks vHkh cUn gSA 183 350 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 foÿe laor~ iks"k ekg 'kqHk frfFk vekol lkseA ewy u{k= O;frikr d.kZ e:dqaHk lwabZ;ka HkkseAA 5 Fkkj dk dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk yksd ekU;rk gS fd egkHkkjr ;qxhu ik.Moksa us vKkrokl ds nkSjku bu MkW- Hkaoj flag igkfM+;ksa esa ;ksx&lk/kuk ,oa riL;k djrs gq, iks"k ekg dh lkseorh vekoL;k dh dbZ o"kks± rd izrh{kk dh Fkh] exj mudh euksdkeuk iw.kZ ugha gqbZA rc var esa O;fFkr jktLFkku dh e#/kjk izkphu dky ls gh lwjksa vkSj lwjh;ksa dh deZHkwfe jgh gSA gksdj mUgksaus Jki fn;k fd dy;qx esa lkseorh vekoL;k gj rhu&pkj o"kks± ls vFkkZr~ ;g e#/kjk /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj izkœfrd n`f"V ls fofo/krkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ Hkh jgh vYikof/k esa vk;sxhA vr% yksdfo'okl gS fd blh Jki ds izHkkoLo:Ik foxr gSA bl izkar vFkok e#&izns'k ds ifjiz{; esa jkek;.k ds ;qºdk.M ds lsrqca/k izlax1 fodzeh laor~ 2000] 2003] 2006] 2013 vkSj 2027] 2030] 2034] esa lkseorh vkSj egkHkkjr ds vk'oesf?kd ioZ esa egkHkkjr ;qºksijkar Jhd`".k ds }kfjdk izR;kxeu vekoL;k gj rhu&pkj o"kks± ls vk;h FkhA6 izlax2 esa mYys[k feyrs gSaA ;gka Fkkj ds e#LFky esa dbZ esyksa dk vk;kstu gksrk gS] lqabZ;k dikys'oj egknso ds lEcU/k esa tuJqfr gS fd izkphu dky esa ;gka ij tSls&/kkfeZd esys] i'kq esys] i;ZVu esys vkSj O;kikfjd esys vkfnA ;gka ds /kkfeZd ,d lqabZ;k uked ekyh Hkxoku dh lk/kuk djrk FkkA mldh dBksj riL;k ls izlUu esyksa esa e#dqaHk ds uke fo[;kr ^lqabaZ;k esyk* izeq[k gSA gksdj f'ko Hkxoku us mls LoIu esa n'kZu fn;s vkSj oj ekaxus dk dgk] rc mlus dgk lqabZ;k esyk] ckM+esj ftyk eq[;ky; ls Bhd if'pe esa 50 fd-eh- nwjh ij fd gs izHkq vki esjh HkfDr ls izlUu gq, gSa ;g esjk lkSHkkX; gS vkSj ,slk oj nhft, fd fLFkr dLck pkSgVu esa yxrk gSA bl /kkfeZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld LFky pkSgVu dk izkphu vkids lkFk esjk Hkh uke vej gks tk,A rc Hkxoku f'ko&'kadj us mls oj nsrs uke pksFkkiqj ikVu uxjh FkkA pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ka vjkoyh ioZr ‹k`a[kyk dk vfHkUUk dgk&rFkkLrq vFkkZr~ ,slk gh gksxkA ftlds QyLo:Ik dkykUrj esa bl dikys'oj Hkkx gS] bldh ≈apkbZ (, ,e ,l ,y) 178 ehVj gSA yksd izflº tuJqrh ds egknso eafnj vkSj esys dk uke ^lqabZ;k esyk&dikys'oj* gks x;kA7 vuqlkj & }kij ;qx esa ikaMoksa us ouokl ds nkSjku vius vKkrokl dk dqN le; bUgha dikys'oj efUnj ds ikl gh x< osj ekrk dk efUnj vkSj lery ij rygVh igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkr ^fgekpy ioZr* ds vkl&ikl O;rhr fd;k FkkA bl ioZr ij oSj ekrk th dk efUnj gS tgka ij flag lokj ekrkth dh ewfrZ;ka izfr"Bkfir gSaA ;gka Hkxoku fo".kq ds pj.k&iknqdk izfr"Bkfir gSa] ftls LFkkuh; jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa ^fo".kq ij Hkh ,d >juk cgrk gS ftls oSjh >juk dgk tkrk gSA lqabZ;k egknso eafnj ds ihNs 3 ixfy;k* dgk tkrk gSA lkFk gh ;gka ij fufeZr pcwrjs ij Hkxoku fo".kq dh ewfrZ Hkh jSoy igkM+h ls ,d >juk cgrk gS ikl esa beyh ds isM+ gSa blfy;s bls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk izfr"Bkfir gSA blls Li"V gS fd ;g LFky izkphu dky ls gh oS".ko HkDrksa dk esa vkEcfy;k >juk dgrs gSaA blls FkksM+h nwjh ij ^bUnzHkk.k* uked rkykc gS] blds vk/;kfRed dsUnz jgk gSA bl /kkfeZd LFky ds lEca/k esa tuJqfr feyrh gS fd bl vUnj ^/keZjkt dh csjh* gS ftlesa ckjgksa ekl ehBk ty jgrk gSA8 ;gka blds vfrfjDr ioZr ij jk{kl HkLeklqj dks Hkxoku fo".kq us ekrk ikoZrh ds le{k HkLe fd;k Fkk] ^HkhexksMk >juk* Hkh ifo= LFky gSA bl izdkj ;gka dqy vkB i`Fkd&i`Fkd >jus rc ls ;gka ij fo".kq ds pj.k&iknqdk,a iwftr gq,A blds ikl gh ,d >juk cgrk gS ckjksekl pyrs jgrs gSaA9 budk ty xaxkty rqY; ifo= ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka dLck tgka ij ihiy dk o`{k gS blfy;s bls ihify;k >juk dgk tkrk gSA fo".kq ds pj.k&iknqdk LFky ls Bhd mŸkj fn'kk esa djhc 600 ehVj nwjh ij fLFkr igkM+ ij pkSgVu esa ckM+esj ekxZ ij ,d vfrizkphu rkykc gS ftls ^phQy ukMh* ds uke ls dikys'oj egknso dk efUnj gS] tgka ij izkphu f'kofyax vkSj x.ks'k] dkfrZds; vkSj tkuk tkrk gSA bldk fuekZ.k Hkh Hkhe ik.Mo }kjk [ksy&[ksy esa djuk crk;k tkrk 10 ekrk ikoZrh vkfn f'ko ifjokj dh ewfrZ;ka izfr"Bkfir gSaA ;gka ij Hkh ,d >juk cgrk gSA dkykUrj esa bl rhFkZLFky dh l=goha 'krkCnh bZLoh esa tSlyesj ds ;qok gSA dikys'oj egknso efUnj ls djhc ,d fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij ifo= /kke ^lqabZ;k ;ksxhjkt ,oa 'kqdnso eqfu ds vorkj Jh Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt (foÿeh laor~ egknso efUnj* gSA4 tgka ij Hkh ty dk >juk cgrk gSA tc ikS"k ekl esa dqN fo'ks"k 1770&1863) us ;k=k dh vkSj dikys'oj lqabZ;k egknso efUnj ,oa /kke ij dBksj u{k= la;ksx curk gS rc bl fo'ks"k volj ij ;gka fo'kky /kkfeZd esys dk vk;kstu riL;k dh vkSj ;gka ,d eB dh uhao j[khA Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt us bZ'k HkfDr] ;ksx gksrk gSA ;g fo'ks"k u{k= la;ksx bl izdkj curk gS&ikS"k ekg dh lkseorh vekoL;k] lk/kuk vkSj yksd dY;k.kdkjh d`frRo ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd lkfgR; dh jpuk Hkh ewy u{k=] O;frikr ;ksx] d.kZ ,oa lokFkZ flfº ;ksxA bl lEca/k esa ;g nksgk dh FkhA muds }kjk jfpr lkfgR; esa gLrfyf[kr xzaFk ^Mwaxjiqjk.k* (ik.Mqfyfi) yksdizflº gSμ pkSgVu eB esa vkt Hkh miyC/k gSA ftlls rRdkyhu /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj ;gka dh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 351 184 352 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izkd`frd okrkoj.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA lkFk gh Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt Lo;a dk ckck eafnj] Jh tEHks'oj eafnj] 'khryk ekrk eafnj] jksfgM+k ekrk eafnj] ckykth thouo`r Hkh feyrk gSA11 Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt dk vorj.k yksdnsoh Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk; eafnj] nknk Jh Hkh;M+th dk nsoy] nsjkuh&tsBkuh dh ykV] lar&egUrksa dh dh d`ik ls Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk; ds eafnj tSlyesj esa gB;ksx ls iqtkjh xaxksnd Ωf"k ,oa lekf/k;ka] Jh Mwaxjiqjhth dk /kq.kk] [kheiqjhth dk eafnj] tSu eafnj] nknkokM+h] ekrk psukorh ds ;gka gqvk FkkA blfy, budk uke yksdnsoh Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk; ds uke rksj.kh;k ekrkth dk eafnj vkSj pkSgVu ls djhc 10 fd-eh- nwjh ij fLFkr ohjk=k esa ij Mawxjiqjh j[kk x;kA bUgksaus xq# Hkoiqjhth ls nh{kk izkIr djds laU;kl /kkj.k fd;k okady ekrk dk eafnj gSA13 bu LFkyksa dk Jºkyqtu Hkze.k djds lq[k&'kkafr dh FkkA viuh vykSfdd flfº;ksa ,oa yksddY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± ds QyLo:i budh fnu dkeuk djrs gSaA Fkkj ds dqaHk lqabZa;k egknso esys ds 'kkunkj gkV&cktkj ltrk gS] nwuh&jkr pkSxquh [;kfr QSyrh xbZ lkFk gh ^lqabZ;k esys* dk Hkh lkseorh vekoL;k esykFkhZ fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvksa dh [kjhnnkjh djrs gSa lkFk gh nku&iq.;] ;K&gou dks u{k= fo'ks"k esa HkO; vk;kstu gksus yxkA bl lEcU/k esa ;g nwgk yksdizflº gSμ vkfn ds lkFk lqabZa;k egknso ls ykSfdd&ikjykSfdd dY;k.k dh dkeuk djds vk/ Mwaxjiqjh ijesljk Fkˇh pkSgV.k /kkeA ;kfRed lq[k vuqHko djrs gSaA lwabZ;ksa esˇks e: dqaHk pkokS pkSgV.k xzkeAA12 bl esys dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k ^lqabZa;k egknso dh eqgj Nki* gS tks tysjh ,oa dkykUrj esa ^Fkkj ds dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk* dk ftEEkk Jh Mwaxjiqjh eB ds eBk/kh'k fyaxkdkj ykSg /kkrq ls fufeZr gksrh gSA mls Luku ds ckn Jºkyqvksa dh LosPNk ls pkSgVu rFkk LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk lEHkkyk tkus yxkA ;g /kkfeZd esyk u{k= fo'ks"k dk O;fDr dh nkfguh Hkqtk ij dqaedqae;qDr HkLeh ls xeZ djds yxkbZ tkrh gSA ;g Nki la;ksx gksus ij gh dHkh ckjg o"kks± ls rks dHkh lkr ;k rhu o"kks± ds vUrjky ls dsoy bl /kkfeZd esys esa gh yxokbZ tk ldrh gS] ;g lHkh /kkeksa esa Js"B ekuk x;k vk;ksftr gksrk gSA bl esys dh frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k bl ds eB ds eBk/kh'k }kjk T;ksfr"k gSaA blfy;s ;g eqgj Nki yxus ds ckn vU; /kkeksa dh eqgj Nki blds uhps yxrh gSa] iapkax ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl /kkfeZd esys dh rS;kfj;ka djhc N% ekg iwoZ izkjEHk u fd blds ≈ijA vxj fdlh O;fDr ds igys ls nk;ha Hkqtk ij fdlh vU; /kke dh dj nh tkrh gSA bl esys dk vk;kstu gksus ij iks"k cnh prqnZ'kh] jfookj ds fnu ;gka Nki yxh gqbZ gS rks lqabZa;k egknso dh eqgj Nki mlls ≈ij yxkbZ tkrh gSA14 bl izdkj ds fofHkUu >juksa dk ty cM+s cM+s ik=ksa ,oa Vsadjksa esa ,df=r dj fy;k tkrk gSA ftls Fkkj ds jsfxLrku esa ty dh vYi ek=k dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] ty lalk/kuksa ds vHkko vU; LOkPN ty ds lkFk feykdj ns'k ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vkus okys ,oa LFkkuh; esa Hkh lPph bZ'k&HkfDr vkSj ty dks thou dk vk/kkj ekurs gq, ^lqabZa;k egknso esys* Jºkyqvksa }kjk iks"k lkseorh vekoL;k dks lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ cz„osyk esa Luku fd;k dks e#dqaHk vFkkZr~ Fkkj dk dqaHk ls vayd`r djrs gq, fo'o ds lHkh /kkfeZd esyksa tkrk gSA vFkkZr /kkeksa esa Js"B ,oa loksZŸke ekuk x;k gSA Mwaxj iqjk.k esa ;gka ds fofHkUUk >juksa ,oa /keZjkt dh csjh ds ty dks xaxkty foÿeh laor~~ 2074 dh iks"k lkseorh vekoL;k (18 fnlEcj] 2017 bZLoh) ds leku ifo= crk;k x;k gSA iks"k cnh prqnZ'kh dh jkf= esa lqabZ;k esa Hktu la/;k dk dks pkSgVu eBk/kh'k Jh txnh'kiqjh egkjkt ds vkfrF; esa bl esys dk vk;kstu gqvk ,oa jkf= tkxj.k dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA jkf= tkxj.k x.ks'k oUnuk ls izkjEHk gksrh gS] FkkA ftlesa djhc 20 yk[k Jºkyqvksa us Hkkx fy;k vkSj izkr% 6 cts ls nksigj 12 fQj 'kSo&'kkDr&oS".ko bR;kfn Hktuksa dh lfjrk oh.kk dh rku] >ha>k dh >.kdkj] cts rd Luku fd;k x;k FkkA ftlesa lqabZa;k /kke ds fofHkUu >juksa ds ifo= ty ls juk] vkSj ftyk iz'kklu ds 07 eftLV™sV rSukr jgsA ftlds QyLo:i ;g esyk iw.kZr% lk/kq dh dqfV;k&xqQk] oSj ekrk dk eafnj] >juk csjh] vkEcfy;k >juk] ik.Mo dksV] 'kkafriwoZd lEiUu gqvkA15 gkiksa dk dksV] gkikukMh] HkhexksMk] phQy ukMh] txnEck eafnj] jk/kd`".k eafnj] vr% lqabZa;k dikys'oj egknso /kke ,d izkphu /kkfeZd LFky ,oa yksd vkLFkk xkM+&Qw°d] Hkwr&izsr vkfn dk foLrkj ls o.kZu feyrk gSA ekudj bl esys esa c<&pkM+&Qwad o vius firjksa (xzke nsorkvksa) ij iwjk fo'okl 6- ogh] i`- 03 djrh gSA ;s va/kfo'okl budks ijEijk ls izkIr gq, gSaA ftudh tMs+a dkQh xgjh gS tks 7- egUr txnh'kiqjh&mi;qZDr] i`- 06 fd foKku o rduhdh ds fodkl ds ckotwn viuk izHkko cuk;s gq, gSaA 8- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr] i`- 04 9- xkses'k xkSM+ ls lk{kkRdkj &17-12-2018 bZ- iwoZe/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa ihf<++++++++;ksa ls pys vk jgs vusd izdkj ds ra=&ea=] 10- egs'k xkSM++ ls lk{kkRdkj&18-12-2018 bZ- va/kfo'okl] tknw&Vksus vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vPNh o cqjh ?kVukvksa dk irk 11- Mwaxj iqjk.k] ik.Mqfyfi] 17oha 'krkCnh bZLoh] pkSgVu eB] pkSgVu yxkus ds fy, 'kdqu iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bu lHkh ckrksa dks /keZ&fojks/kh vkSj 12- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr] i`- 01 /kekZuqjkxh lHkh ekurs FksA foosP;dky esa izpfyr lHkh /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa esa ra=& 13- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr ] i`- 04 ea= }kjk HkkX; cnyus ij tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA lEiUu ifjokjksa o jktnjckjksa eas Hkh 14- egUr txnh'kiqjh&mi;qZDr] i`- 07 va/kfo'okl dk cgqr izpyu FkkA jktk ds ;qº esa tkus ls iwoZ T;ksfr"kh 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk 15- jktLFkku if=dk] ckM+esj laLdj.k] 17&18 fnlEcj] 2017 bZ- le; ns[krs FksA os ns[krs Fks fd 'kdqu muds i{k esa gSa ;k foIk{k esaA1 dqŸks] taxyh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 355 186 356 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fpfM+;k°] dkSok] fNidyh vkfn ds O;ogkj ls 'kdquksa dk irk yxkrs FksA i`Fohjkt FksA vyc:uh ds vuqlkj Hkkjroklh fcuk thu ds ?kksM+s dh lokjh ugha djrs gSa] vxj pkSgku tc nwljh ckj eqgEen xkSjh ls ;qº ds fy, fudyk rks fgj.k mlds ck,° rjQ os thu yxkrs Fks rks ?kksM+s ij mldh nk;ha vksj ls p<+++++rs FksA9 lkai ds dkVs x;s yksxksa ds ls xqtjk vkSj ,d dkSvk lw;Z dh vksj eq°g djds fpYyk jgk FkkA mu lc 'kdquksa ls fy, vuds ra=&ea= FksA fo"k ea=ksa ds }kjk nwj gks tkrk gS] ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk mls ;g lUnsg gks x;k fd vc mlds lkezkT; dk iru utnhd gSA2 jktkvksa dks FkkA xk; dks ekrk ds leku vknj lRdkj iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA mldh nhikoyh ds foifŸk ls NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy, ;K fd;s tkrs FksA ik'kqir lEiznk; okys Hkwrizsrksa ls volj ij iwtk dh tkrh FkhA xk; dk ew= o xkscj nksuksa gh ifo= ekus tkrs FksA leqnzh j{kk ds fy, Hkxoku dks [kkSifM+;ksa dh ekyk HksaV djrs FksA ;k=k djuk Hkkjrh; yksx cqjk ekurs FksA ;fn dksbZ leqnzh;k=k dj ysrk Fkk] rks mlds foosP;dky ds vusd vi'kdquksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gS ftuds ?kfVr gksus ij fy, izk;f'pr dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA10 cMs+ ls cMs+ lkezkT; dk iru Hkh fuf'pr Fkk tSls & HkwdEi dk vkuk] leqnzh ygjksa dk ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk Fkk fd v/kZjkf= ds ckn tks LoIu vkrs gSa] os lR; ikuh lhek ls ≈ij mBuk] vkdk'k esa /kwedsrq rkjs dk fn[kkbZ nsuk] fl;kj dk gksrs gSaA cqjs LoIuksa ds fn[k tkus ij mldh vkifŸk ds fuokj.k ds fy, xaxk ;k nwljh fpYykuk] e/kqefD[k;ksa dk flagklu ds ikl fHkUufHkukuk rFkk dkSos dk dk°;&dk°; ufn;ksa dk ikuh fNM+d dj ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA cqjs LoIu ns[kus okys djrs gq, var%iqj ls xqtjuk vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk FkkA3 blh izdkj ekuo dh nk;ha jktk dks ea=ksPpkj.k ds lkFk lqcg 'kqº eD[ku esa viuk eq[k ns[kuk pkfg, rHkh cqjs vk°[k QM+duk mlds fy, 'kqHk rFkk ck;ha vk°[k QM+duk v'kqHk o veaxydkjh ekuk LoIu ds nksuksa ds cpk tk ldrk gSA11 foosP;dky eas yksxksa dk Hkwrizsrksa esa n`<+ fo'okl tkrk FkkA uhys oL= /kkj.k djuk vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk FkkA uhys oL= /kkj.k djus okys FkkA vkS"kf/k;ksa ls Hkh vf/kd yksxksa dk fo'okl >kM+&Qw°d ij gksrk FkkA xk°oksa esa ds Luku] /;ku] ri] ti] gkse] Lok/;k; fu"Qy ekus tkrs FksA4 ml le; ,sls Hkh yksdnsork o yksd nsfo;ksa ds uke ij Hkksis o rkaf=d yksx >kM+&Q°wd ls turk ds fo'okl izpfyr Fks fd ;fn Hkwy ls 'kjkc ih yh gks rks xkSew= ds lsou ls og 'kqº gks d"Vksa ds fuokj.k dk nkok djrs FksA vekoL;k ds fnu gy ugha pyk;k tkrk FkkA tkrk FkkA ,d yk[k ckj xk;=h ea= ds tki ls lkjs ikiksa ls eqfDr gks tkrh FkhA iRuh rn~;qxhu lkfgR; ls fofnr gksrk gS fd foosP;dky esa lekt esa izk.k R;kx ds fy, ds ej tkus ij vfXugks= djrs le; L=h dh izfrek cukdj ;K fd;k tkrk FkkA5 ,slk yksx rhFkZ LFkkuksa ij tkrs Fks ftlls mUgsa eks{k dh izkfIr gks ldsA pansy ujs'k /kax us ekuk tkrk Fkk fd tks Hkh O;fDr ;K o fookg esa ck/kk Mkysxk] og nwljs tUe eas dhMs+ 100 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds ckn 1002 bZ- eas iz;kx esa e`R;q dk oj.k fd;k FkkA12 dk 'kjhj /kkj.k djrk FkkA6 lekt esa bl izdkj ds va/kfo'okl cgqr izpfyr Fks fd fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd foosP;dky eas yksxksa dh /kkj.kk O;kid :i cqjh vk°[kksa ls utj yx tkrh gSA bl utj nks"k dks nwj djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds ls dŸkZO; ls gVdj HkkX; ij vk teh FkhA os fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, visf{kr Je ea=7 rFkk yky fepZ dks vkx esa tykus dk dke fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s mik; vkt Hkh dh ctk; HkkX; ij T;knk tksj nsrs FksA izcks/k pUnzksn; xzUFk esa Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS xzkeh.k ifjos'k es fd;s tkrs gSaA gEehj ds njckj dk izeq[k fo}ku lkjax/kj us vius fd ^^;fn fo/kkrk gh oke gS] rks D;k ugha ?kV ldrkA** foifŸk ds fuokj.k gsrq iz;kl xzUFk lkjax/kj iºfr eas 500 inksa eas 'kdquksa dk foLrkjiwoZd o jkspd rs 1958&64 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 357 187 2- u;upUnzlwfj] gEehjegkdkO;] Hkkx&3] i`- 58] la-& ,u-ts- fudsru] cEcbZ] 1879 3- foYg.k] foÿekadnso pfjr] Hkkx 2] i`- 348 4- vkiLrEc Le`fr] v/;k; 6] 'yksd 3] okjk.klh] 1939 esgjkux<+ esa izkphu ty laj{k.k rduhd & 5- dkR;k;uLe`fr ] v/;k; 9] 'ykssd 20 6- o`gLifrLe`fr] v/;k; 1] 'yksd 53] la-& ds-ch- jaxkLokeh vk;axj] cM+kSnk] 1941 Vk°dksa ds lUnHkZ esa 7- mifefrHkoiziapdFkk] i`- 158] la-& ih- isVlZu] dYkdŸkkA MkW- foeys'k jkBkSM+ 8- bfy;V ,aM Mkmlu] fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul] Hkkx&1] i`- 10] yanu 1866&67 (rhu Hkkxksa esa) ^ty gh thou gS* dh mfDr ekuo lfgr leLr izœfr ds fy, thou dh 9- lpm] bZ-lh-] vyc:uht bafM;k] Hkkx &1] i`- 179] 181&182] yUnu 1888 ewyHkwr vko';drk ty ds egRo dks izfrikfnr djrh gSA ty ds egRo dks Lohdkj 10- lpm] bZ-lh-] vyc:uht bafM;k] Hkkx&2] i`- 194 11- lksenso % ;'kfLrufryd pEiw] i`- 96] la- if.Mr f'konŸk] fu.kZ;lkxj izsl] cEcbZ dj gekjs iwoZtksa us blds laxzg ,oa mi;ksx ds dbZ mik; fd;sA dq,°] ckofM+;k° rkykc 12- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] Hkkx&1] i`- 14 [kqnokus rFkk >kyjs] Vk°ds vkfn cuokus tSls tu dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z fd;s fQj buesa laxzfgr ikuh dh 'kqºrk ds fy, Hkh dbZ rjg ds mik; fd;sA ftUgsa ge vkt ijEijkxr ty L=ksr dgrs gSa os ikuh dh rRdkyhu leL;k ds lek/kku ds izrhd jgs gSaA ,sls dk;Z jkT; Lrj ij jktk egkjktkvksa }kjk muds ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds Lrj ij muds v/khuLFk tkxhjnkj] lsB] lkgqdkjksa rFkk vU; leFkZ tuksa dh rjQ ls fd;s tkrs jgs gSaA1 jktLFkku ds ekjokM+ izns'k us HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls lnk ty dk vHkko ns[kk gSA blh lUnHkZ esa bldk uke e# izns'k Hkh jgk gSA ekjokM+ esa o"kkZdky esa cgus okyh ywuh unh dk vfLrRo jgk gS vU;Fkk fujUrj izokfgr gksus okys unh ukyksa dk vHkko gh jgk gSA de o"kkZ vkSj unh ukyksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k ekjokM+ esa Hkwfexr ty dh miyC/krk dkQh xgjkbZ ij jgh gSA vr% ;gk° gfj;kyh ugha oju~ jsr dk foLrkj vf/kd n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA thou ds vfuok;Z rRo ty ds vHkko us ;gk° ds tuekul esa ty dh vueksy Nfo o egRo dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA ekjokM+ esa izkIr ty L=ksr vusd izdkj ds gSa tSls&dq.M] dq,°] ckoM+h] >kyjs] VksHkk] rkykc] ukMs&ukMh] Vkads] >hy] >jus] ugjsa] ck°/k vkfnA2 ekjokM+ ds 'kkld jko tks/kk us 1459 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds nqxZ esgjkux<+ dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk tks/kiqj uxj clk;kA3 tks/kkth us ckyleUn rkykc Hkh cuok;kA4 ty lap; dh n`f"V ls ekjokM+ ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u fd;k tk;s rks ;gk° ds 'kkldksa] mudh jkfu;ksa] jktdqekfj;ksa] vU; lnL;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa vkfn }kjk cuok;s x;s rkykc] dq,°] ckoM+h] dq.M] ukMh] Vk°dksa vkfn dk foLr`r fooj.k v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gSA5 esgjkux<+ esa izkphu tylaj{k.k rduhd ds vUrxZr Vk°dksa dk fo'ks"k egRo jgk gSA o"kkZ ds ty dks laxzfgr djus gsrq 'kkldksa }kjk Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k dh rduhd ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 359 188 360 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 viukbZ xbZA bl rduhd ds vUrxZr o"kkZdky esa fdys esa fufeZr fofHkUu egyksa dh rd Hkh bldh nhokjksa esa rM+d ;k ikuh ds fjlko dh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha gS tks Nrksa] vU; Hkouksa dh Nrksa rFkk [kqys pkSd esa fxjus okys ikuh dks cgkdj cckZn gksus ls rRdkyhu le; dh fuekZ.k dk;Z dh mPp rduhd dk izrhd gSA bl Vk°ds rd vkus jksdus o mldk fofHkUu dk;ksZa gsrq mi;ksx djus ds fy, Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k tkus okyksa ds iSjksa ls gksus okyh xUnxh dks vklkuh ls lkQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g tkrk FkkA Vk°dk fuekZ.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd tehu ds vUnj ,d iDdk gkSn (Under Vk°dk dkQh le; ls lkQ ugha gqvk gS fQj Hkh bldk ikuh cgqr lkQ gSA bl Vk°ds ground water tank) cuok;k tkrk FkkA fdys ds fofHkUu [kqys pkSd vkSj Nrksa ij ds ikuh esa dhM+s ugha iuirs gSaA fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty lh/ks Vk°dksa esa igq°p tkrk ftlls izd`fr iznŸk ty dk laj{k.k 2- ckM+h ds egyksa dk Vk°dk & ;g Vk°dk Jh ukx.ksfp;ka eafnj ds eq[; }kj ds ,oe~ fofHkUu mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ekjokM+ ds fofHkUu 'kkldksa }kjk esgjkux<+ dh ikl nkfguh rjQ fLFkr gSA bl Vk°ds esa mrjus ds fy, lhf<+;ka cuh gqbZ gSA bl Vk°ds pkjnhokjh ds Hkhrj vusd NksVs&cM+s Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftuesa ls vusd Vk°ds dk fuekZ.k lokbZ jktk lwjflag th us laor~ 1664 (bZ- lu~ 1607) esa djok;k FkkA bl orZeku esa vfLrRo esa ugha gS ftudk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gSμ6 Vk°ds ds fuekZ.k gsrq b±Vksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk vgenkckn ls dkjhxj cqyk;k 1- irkfy;k Vk°dk & esgjkux<+ esa irkfy;k dq,° ds ikl jko ekynsoth us x;k Fkk ftldk uke uhcS FkkA8 bl Vk°ds dh lQkbZ izfr o"kZ gqvk djrh FkhA orZeku ,d Vk°ds dk fuekZ.k djok;k Fkk ftlesa o"kkZ dk ikuh vkrk FkkA ,slh laHkkouk gS fd esa ;g Vk°dk ty jfgr gSA bl Vk°ds dh nhokj ij xgjkbZ ukius ds fy, vkt Hkh lu~ 1857 esa tc ck:n ds xksnke esa foLQksV gqvk rc ;g Vk°dk Hkh u"V gks x;kA iSekuk cuk gqvk gSA egkjktk guqoarflag th us tc vius pquko ds le; esa fdys ij 2- ckck vkRekjke th dk Vk°dk & egkjktk fot;flag th us vius xq# ckck vkWfQl LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] rc blh Vk°ds dk ikuh ihus gsrq dke esa fy;k tkrk FkkA vkRekjketh dh Le`fr esa laor~ 1816 (lu~ 1759) esa ;g Vk°dk cuok;k FkkA esgjkux<+ E;wft;e V™LV ds iwoZ funs'kd lxrflag th rd bl Vk°ds dk ikuh ihus gsrq egkjktk r[krflag th ds le; rd ;g Vk°dk fo|eku FkkA Qrgegy ds th.kksZºkj mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk FkkA9 bl Vk°ds esa ckM+h ds egyksa dh Nr ij rFkk ukx.ksfp;k ds le; ;g Vk°dk ikV fn;k x;kA ekrk ds eafnj dh Nr ij fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty igq°prk FkkA bl Vk°ds dh yEckbZ 31 QhV] pkSM+kbZ 20 QhV vkSj ≈°pkbZ 24 QhV 6 bap gSA 3- Qrgegy dk Vk°dk & egkjktk vHk;flag th us Qrsg egy ds uhps ,d Vkadk cuok;k FkkA bl Vk°ds dk th.kksZºkj egkjktk ekuflag th us djok;k FkkA 3- nkSyr[kkuk pkSd dk Vk°dk & jko xkaxk ds le; esa bl LFkku ij HkS:th orZeku esa ;g Vk°dk vfLrRo esa ugha gSaA ds eafnj ds fy, rg[kkuk cuk;k x;k FkkA HkS:th ds eafnj ds ikl ,d Vk°ds dk fuekZ.k lokbZ jktk lwjflag th us djk;k FkkA i'pkr ds le; esa Vk°ds o eafnj ds ≈ij 4- pkeq.Mk ekrk th eafnj dk Vk°dk & egkjktk r[krflag ds le; esa ;g nkSyr[kkus dk fuekZ.k egkjktk vthrflagth us djk;k FkkA ml oDr bldk uke eafnj vkSj mlds vkl ikl dk {ks= ck:n ds foLQksV ds dkj.k mM+ x;k Fkk ftlesa ^vthr foykl* j[kk x;k Fkk ysfdu izpyu esa bldks nkSyr[kkuk gh dgk tkrk gSA10 ;g Vk°dk Hkh mM+ x;kA egkjktk r[krflag th us eafnj o Vk°ds dk iqu% fuekZ.k bl Vk°ds dh yEckbZ 38 QhV 6 bap] pkSM+kbZ 12 QhV 9 bap vkSj ≈°pkbZ 20 QhV gSA djok;k FkkA nkSyr[kkuk ds ≈ijh egy dh Nr] vthr egy dh Nr rFkk nkSyr[kkuk pkSd esa mijksDr Vk°ds orZeku esa miyC/k ugha gSa fdUrq esgjkux<+ esa orZeku le; rd fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty bl Vk°ds esa igq°prk gSA bl Vk°ds esa nkfguh vkSj ck°;h nksuksa rjQ Hkh dqN Vk°dksa dk vfLrRo T;ksa dk R;ksa cuk gqvk gS ftuesa eq[; Vk°ds bl izdkj gSa& ls vUnj mrjus ds fy;s 19&19 lhf<+;k° gSaA Vk°ds ds vUnj dh rjQ ls nks lh<+h 1- tukuh M~;ks<+h dk Vk°dk & ;g Vk°dk tukuk M~;ks<+h ds ckgj fo'kky NksM+dj rhljh lh<+h ij ,d Nsn (Hole) gS rFkk uhps ls ukS lh<+h NksM+dj nloha ijdksVs ls f?kjk gqvk gSA orZeku esa Hkh bl Vkads esa o"kkZ ty ,df=r gksrk gSA lh<+h ij fQj ,d gksy gS ftlls vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lhf<+;ksa ls Vk°ds esa lEHkor% ;g Vkadk izkphu gS] blfy, ;g laHkkouk O;Dr dh tk ldrh gS fd fdys mrjrs le; lgkjs gsrq jsfyax tSlh fdlh O;oLFkk ds fy;s lhf<+;ksa ij gksy j[ks x;s ds ?ksjko ds le; Hkhrj ds yksxksa ds fy, tykiwfrZ blh Vk°ds ls gksrh FkhA7 orZeku FksA Vk°ds ds nkfguh rjQ ,d ikbi yxk gqvk gS ftlls o"kkZ dk ty Vk°ds esa igq°pus le; esa Hkh tc vU; lzksrksa ls deZpkfj;ksa dh ty dh iwfrZ esa dksbZ ck/kk vk, rks blh dh O;oLFkk FkhA Vk°ds esa lQkbZ gsrq ikuh ds fudklh ds fy, ukyh dh O;oLFkk gSA Vk°ds dk ty mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA Vk°dk {ks= ds ikl yxs ,d NksVs cxhps dks Hkh Vk°ds esa o"kkZ ty ds lkFk vkbZ feV~Vh dks ikuh ls vyx djus dh rduhd ds rgr blh Vk°ds ls ikuh fiyk;k tkrk gsA ;g Vk°dk cgqr cM+k gSA bldh yEckbZ 40 QhV] Vk°ds ds Q'kZ ij ,d v"Vdks.k dq.M cuk;k x;k gSA bl dq.M dk fo'ks"k egRo bl pkSMkbZ 24-5 QhV vkSj xgjkbZ 13 QhV gSA vR;Ur izkphu gksus ij Hkh orZeku le; n`f"V ls gS fd Vk°ds ds ty esa lfEefyr feV~Vh /khjs&/khjs bl dq.M esa tek gks tkrh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 361 189 362 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 FkhA Vk°ds dh lrg dk dj mlds laj{k.k dh rduhd ds :i esa Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k &Vk°dksa dh lQkbZ gsrq ty dh fudklh ds fy, ukyh dh O;oLFkkA djok;kA bu Vk°dksa esa o"kkZ dk ty laxzfgr dj mldk fofHkUu dk;ksZa gsrq mi;ksx &ikuh dks 'kqº j[kus gsrq gok o izdk'k dh iw.kZ O;oLFkkA fd;kA Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k esa etcwrh dk fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlls Vk°dksa ls &ikuh dks 'kqº j[kus gsrq gesa yky nok ds iz;ksx dk mYys[k cgh esa feyrk ikuh dk fjlko u gksA bldk izR;{k izek.k ;g gS fd esgjkux<+ esa miyC/k Vk°ds ,sls gS tks dhVk.kqvksa dks u"V djrh FkhA11 n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa ekuks orZeku esa gh cuk;s x;s gksaA vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa Hkh Vk°dksa &ikuh dh 'kqºrk o lqxU/k ds fy, mlesa b= Mkyus dk Hkh mYys[k cfg;ksa esa ds :i esa tylaj{k.k dh ;s izkphu rduhd ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k dgh tk ldrh gSA feyrk gSA12 ysfdu ;g b= lh/ks Vsad esa u Mkydj] ty dks eVdh esa Hkjus ds esgjkux<+ esa miyC/k tukuh M~;ks<+h dk izkphu Vk°dk orZeku esa Hkh ty ls iw.kZr% Hkjk i'pkr ml eVdh esa b= Mkyk tkrk FkkA jfuokl dh eVfd;ksa esa xqykc ehBks] xqykc gqvk gS fdUrq blesa dgha Hkh ty ds fjlko dh f'kdk;r ugha gS vkSj u gh blds ty :eh] xqykc lsorh] vUrj dsrdh] vUrj pEiks vkfn ds iz;qDr gksus dk mYys[k esa dHkh dhM+s iuirs gSa] rkRi;Z ;g gS fd oSKkfud lk/kuksa ds vHkko esa ,sfrgkfld cfg;ksa esa feyrk gSA [kklk dke rkydS jksdM+ [kjp jh cgh (xzaFkkad 2830) ds ifjisz{; esa foKku ,oe~ rduhd dh n`f"V ls fuekZ.k dk;Z fdruh mUur voLFkk esa jgs vuqlkj ml le; vUrj dsrdh dh izfr 'kh'kh dk Hkko 5) #i;s] xqykc lsorh dh gksaxs fd esgjkux<+ esa e/;dky esa ty laj{k.k dh rduhd ds rgr~ cuk;s x;s Vk°ds izfr 'kh'kh 6) #i;s] xqykc ehBks dh izfr 'kh'kh dk ewY; 12) #i;s rFkk xqykc :eh vkt Hkh T;ksa ds R;ksa cus gq, gSaa orZeku ifjizs{; esa ,d fopkj.kh; rF; ;g Hkh gS fd dh izfr 'kh'kh dk ewY; 30) #i;s FkkA13 orZeku ljdkjsa o"kkZ ty ds laj{k.k gsrq ?kjksa esa ftu Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, yksxksa dks &Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k esa iRFkjksa dks ijLij tksM+us esa lhls ds iz;ksx dk mYys[k izksRlkfgr dj jgh gS] bl mi;ksxh ty laj{k.k rduhd dks ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa us ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 363 190 e/;dky esa gh viuk dj o"kkZ ds ty dk laj{k.k ,oe~ leqfpr mi;ksx fd;kA vr% orZeku le; esa ge lHkh dks bl rduhd dks viukus ds izfr xaHkhjrk iwoZd iz;kl djus pkfg;s] lkFk gh vkus okyh ih<+h dk /;ku Hkh bl vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k tkuk e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k ,oa pkfg;sA flDds & ,d lkaLœfrd v/;;u lUnHkZ 1- uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag & ekjokM+ dh ty laLœfr] i`- 14 vkseizdk'k HkkVh 2- ogh] i`- 20 3- fo'os'oj ukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 97&98 jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa f'kykys[kksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA 4- uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr] Hkkx&1] ifjf'k"V&1(d)] deBk jh foxr] i`- f'kykys[k cgq/kk f'kykvksa] izLrj&iV~Vkas] Hkouksa ;k xqgkvksa dh nhokjks] eafnjksa] Lrwiksa] 560 eBksa] rkykcksa] ckofM+;ksa] dqvksa rFkk [ksrksa ds e/; LFkkfir f'kykvksa ij mRdh.kZ feyrs 5- tks/kiqj ds fofHkUu 'kkldksa }kjk cuok;s x;s ty lzksrksa dh tkudkjh uS.klh r ekjokM+ gaSA f'kykys[kksa ds fo"k; fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ;g f'kykys[k jktkvksa] lkeUrksa] jkfu;ksa] jk ijxuk jh foxr] Hkkx izFke ds ifjf'k"V&1(d) deBk jh foxr esa i`- 560&78 vkSj eaf=;ksa rFkk vusd /keZijk;.k O;fDr;ksa }kjk cuok;s x;s gSaA vkus&tkus okys ekxZ esa ifjf'k"V 1([k) fuoka.kk jh foxr] i`- 570&90 ij feyrh gSA gksus ls ;k [kqyh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksus ls bu f'kykys[kksa ds dbZ va'k u"V gks x;s gSaA 6- uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] ekjokM+ dh ty laLœfr] i`- 23&80 le;kuqdwy budh Hkk"kk laLd`r] fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] Qkjlh rFkk mnwZ jghA buesa x| & uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr] ifjf'k"V 1(d) vkSj 1 ([k)] flag] okbZ-Mh-] o i| nksuksa dk lekos'k jgk gSA bu f'kykys[kksa ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] jktLFkku ds dq,° ,oa ckofM+;k°] i`- 56&591 & esgj] tgwj [kk°] vkSj uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] tks/kiqj dk ,sfrgkfld nqxZ esgjkux<+] i`- jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd] lfgr okf.kT; m|ksx O;olk; vkfn dh Hkh tkudkjh izkIr 85&87 gksrh gSA e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k bl izdkj gSaμ 7- esgj] tgwj [kk° vkSj uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] tks/kiqj dk ,sfrgkfld nqxZ esgjkux<+] i`- 86 (1) rksi[kkuk dk ys[k & rksi[kkuk ijekj jktk Hkkst }kjk fufeZr laLd`r 8- uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr] i`"B 580&^^Vk°dksa okM+h jk eSyka duS jktk lwjfla?kth ikB'kkyk FkhA ftls eqfLye vkÿkUrkvksa us efLtn esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k FkkA jkBkSM+ djk;kSA xqtjkrh dkjhxj uhcS dh;kS] la- 1664 r;kj gqokSA** 'kkludky esa blds ifjlj esa rksisa j[kh tkrh FkhA bl dkj.k bldk uke rksi[kkuk 9- flag] okbZ-Mh-] jktLFkku ds dq,° ,oe~ ckofM+;k°] i`- 57 iM+kA1 foÿe laor~ & 1174 (1118 bZ-) dk ^rksi[kkuk dk ys[k*2] tks fd rksi[kkuk 10- ogh] i`- 57&58 dh mŸkjh nhokj esa yxk Fkk] egRoiw.kZ gSA vc bls tks/kiqj laxzgky; esa ykdj lqjf{kr 11- dksBkj cgh ÿekad & 202] e-ek- iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj j[kk x;k gSA ;g lQsn iRFkj ij mRdh.kZ fd;k gqvk gSA bldh yEckbZ nks QhV lk<+s 12- 1- okxk js dksBkj jh cgh] ÿekad & 168] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj 2- tj>j [kkus rkydS jh cgh] ÿekad&1145] e-ek-iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj rhu bap rFkk pkSM+kbZ ,d QhV nl bap gSA ;g ys[k 13 iafDr;ksa esa laLd`r Hkk"kk esa 13- [kklk dke rkydS jksdM+ [kjp jh cgh] xzaFkkad&2830] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj fy[kk gqvk gSaA bl f'kykys[k esa tkyksj 'kk[kk ds ijekjksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA blesa 14- deBk jh cgh] cgh ÿekad & 205] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj okDifrjkt dk Hkh mYys[k gS] tks bl 'kk[kk dk izorZd FkkA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj 15- jlhys jkt] vad&6 i`- 96&egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz dh 'kks/k ijekjksa dh mRifŸk of'k"B ds ;K ls gqbZ gSA bl f'kykys[k esa okDifrjkt ds oa'kÿe if=dk esa panu] nsojkt] vijkftr] foaty] /kkjko"kZ vkSj ohly ds uke fn, x, gSaA bl ys[k 16- ogh] i`- 110] 112 ds vuqlkj ohly dh jkuh esyjnsoh us flU/kq jkts'oj ds efUnj ds fy, lqo.kZ dy'k 17- r[kr foykl js deBk jh cgh] fo-la-] 1915] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj vfiZr fd;k FkkA 18- ogh (2) efLtn f'kykys[k3 & ;g f'kykys[k tkykSj dh efLtn ls lu~ 1211 bZ- 19- egkjktk r[krflag th jh jk.kh jk.kkor th jS deBk rkydS jh cgh] ÿekad 1207] e- esa izkIr gqvk FkkA vkÿe.kdkfj;ksa }kjk efUnjksa dh rksM+&QksM+ dh lkexzh dks efLtn ek-iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj ds fuekZ.k esa yxkrs le; bl f'kykys[k dk Hkh blh :i mi;ksx dj fy;k x;kA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 365 191 366 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bldh yEckbZ nks QhV vkB bap rFkk pkSM+kbZ lk<+s ikap bap gSA ;g ys[k 06 iafDr;ksa esa (6) Hkhueky dk f'kykys[k9& ;g ys[k foÿe laor~ 1328 (1271 bZ-) dks laLd`r x| rFkk ukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk gqvk gSA bl f'kykys[k ds }kjk gesa foÿe Hkhueky ds vkgqMs oj eafnj esa yxk gqvk FkkA orZeku esa bldh Nki ljnkj laxzgky; laor~ 1221] 1242] 1256 o 1268 esa dkapufxjh fLFkr fogkj vkSj tSu efUnj ds tks/kiqj esa miyC/k gSA ;g ys[k 08 iafDr;ksa esa laLd`r x| Hkk"kk esa fy[kk gqvk gSA fuekZ.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA tSls pkyqD; jktk dqekjiky }kjk ;gk° ,d fogkj dk blds vuqlkj egkjktdqekj pkfpxnso us vius Js; ds fy, vkgqMs oj ds Hkkx] iwtk] fuekZ.k nsokpk;Z dh v/;{krk esa 1221 esa gqvkA blds ckn 1242 esa pkgekuoa'kh; uSos| ds fy, dqN vuqnku fn;kA lejnsoflag dh vkKk ls Hk.Mkjh ;'kksohj us bldk iqufuZekZ.k djok;kA 1256 esa ;gk° (7) lkapksj dk tkeh efLtn f'kykys[k10& bl ys[k dk le; 24 ebZ 1506 /otkjksi.k] rksj.k vkfn dh izfr"Bk gqbZ vkSj 1268 esa nhiksRlo ij iw.kZnso lwjh ds bZ- gSA bldh Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA bl le; eqxy 'kkld eqgEen 'kkg izFke dk 'kklu f'k"; jkepUnzkpk;Z us Lo.kZdy'k dh izfr"Bk dhA FkkA bl ys[k esa gcyqyeqYd ds iq= cqº }kjk tkeh efLtn cukus ds vkns'k dh (3) lqU/kk ioZr dk f'kykys[k4 & ;g ys[k lqU/kk (lqxU/kkfnz) ioZr ij nks tkudkjh gSA f'kyk[k.Mksa ij mRdh.kZ gSA igyh f'kyk esa 26 o nwljh f'kyk esa 24 iafDr;k° gSaA laiw.kZ (8) eqgjZe iksy dk f'kykys[k11& bl ys[k dk le; 1608 bZ- gSA bldh ys[k 59 'yksdksa esa gSaA bl dk le; foÿe laor~ 1319 (1262 bZ-) vafdr gSaA Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj tkykSj esa eqgjZe iksy dk fuekZ.k uokc xtuoh blds iz'kfLrdkj tSu lk/kq t;eaxykpk;Z] ys[kd fot;iky dk iq= rFkk mRdh.kZd ds vkf/kiR; dky esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldk fujh{k.k lS∏;n eqgEen us fd;k FkkA lw=/kkj tslk gSaA bldh Hkk"kk laLd`r o fyfi nsoukxjh gSaA ;g f'kykys[k pkfpxnso 12 pkSgku] mlds iwoZtksa o mlds iM+kslh 'kkldksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA ;g ys[k ml le; dh (9) /keZukFk fcac dk f'kykys[k & blh izdkj lu~ 1626 bZ- ds /keZukFk dbZ jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh iznku djrk gSA ml le; ds ioZrksa rFkk fcac ys[k esa tkyksj uxj ,oa Lo.kZfxjh nqxZ (tkyksj nqxZ) dks vyx&vyx crk;k x;k gSA ftlls izrhr gksrk gS fd tkyksj uxj dh cLrh ml ;qx esa nqxZ ls vyx FkhA uxjksa dh fLFkfr le>us o muds ukeksa dh fofo/krk tkuus dk ;g ys[k ,d mi;ksxh bl ys[k esa eqg.kksr ifjokj esa nks ifRu;ksa dk mYys[k gSA lk/ku gSA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj pkfpxnso pkSgku pkeq.Mk dk mikld Fkk] fQj Hkh og vusd /keks± ds izfr Jºk vkSj HkfDr j[krk FkkA (10) tkykSj dk f'kykys[k13& ;g ys[k foÿe laor~ 1686 (1629 bZ-) dk (4) egkohj eafnj ds fofHkUu f'kykys[k & lu~ 1263 bZ- ds egkohj eafnj gSA bl ys[k esa tks/kiqj ds xtflag ds le; esa lEiw.kZ jkT; ds izeq[k U;k;k/kh'k e- ds f'kykys[k5 esa nze] nze n'kd vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] tks ml le; dh tslk lqr t;eYy esgrk }kjk pUnzizHkq ds fcEc dh izfr"Bk dk mYys[k gSaA bl ys[k izpfyr eqnzk dk |ksrd gSA bl ys[k esa xksf"Bd 'kCn Hkh vk;k gSA xksf"Bd ml le; esa tkyksj ds nhoku t;ey esgrk dk uke cM+s lEeku ls fy;k x;k gSA ^^la- 1686 dh ,d laLFkk Fkh] tks efUnj dh lHkh O;oLFkk,a ns[krh FkhA bl laLFkk esa LFkkuh; ofn 5 'kqÿs jktkf/kjkt Jh xtflag ÁnRr ldy jkT; U;k;kf/kdkjs.k& e- tSlk lqr O;fDr lnL; gksrs FksA lu~ 1266 bZ- ds egkohj eafnj ds f'kykys[k6 esa nzks.k ,oa t;eYy th ukEuk Jh pUnzizHkq fcac dkfjra izfr"BkfiraA** tgkaxhj iznRr egkrik ek.kd 'kCn rkSy ds fy, iz;qDr gq, gSaA blesa nzeksa ds C;kt ls efUnj dh ekfld iwtk fo#n /kkjd Jh 5 Jh fot;nso lwfjfHk%** bl ys[k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd bUgsa egkjktk xtflag ÁFke us lkjs ekjokM+ esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk ds vf/kdkj fn;s FksA O;oLFkk dk mYys[k gSaA lu~ 1624 bZ- ds bl egkohj th ds eafnj ys[k7 ls fot;nso lwjh dk vdcj dh mnkj uhfr ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA ftlesa 'k=qat; ls tft;k dks tgk°xhj ds }kjk fn, x, egkri ds fo#n dks /kkj.k djus okys fot;nso lwfj ds NksM+uk] vfgalk dh fLFkfr iSnk djuk rFkk ghjfot; lwjh dks txr~xq# dh mikf/k nsuk usr`Ro esa ;g dk;Z lEikfnr gqvkA vafdr gSA (11) QSnqYyk [kk° dh Nrjh dk f'kykys[k14& blh ÿe esa tkyksj esa QSnqYyk (5) bZnxkg dk f'kykys[k8& tkykSj dh bZnxkg dk f'kykys[k lu~ 1318 bZ- [kk° dh Nrjh dk ys[k (lu~ 1894&95 bZ-) f}Hkk"kh gSA blesa eqfLye xq#&f'k"; dk gSA bldh Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA ;g bZnxkg ds mRrjh esgjkc ij mRdh.kZ gSaA bl ys[k ijaijk ,oa f'k"; vkfn ds uke mi;ksxh gSA bldks cukus okyk f'kYih lykor vgen ds vuqlkj bl bZnxkg dks xqxZ ds oa'kt gks'kax us cuok;k FkkA bldks uljr ds vkSj ys[kd Qdhj eqgEen 'ke'kqÌhu FkkA fujh{k.k esa cuok;k x;k Fkk] tks #Lre dk iq= FkkA bl ys[k dk ys[kd vl&'kkelh flDds15& e/;dkyhu jktLFkku flDdksa ds fopkj ls cM+k le`º gSA izkphu FkkA dky ls ysdj orZeku ;qx ds vc rd dbZ yk[kksa dh la[;k esa lksuk] pkanh] rkacs vkSj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 367 192 368 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lhls ds flDds fey pqds gSaA tkyksj tks fd ekjokM+ dk gh ,d vax Fkk] bl {ks= esa 9- ,-fj- ljnkj E;wft;e rFkk lqesj ifCyd ykbZczsjh] tks/kiqj] 30 flrEcj 1922] i`- 5] izkphudky ls pkSdksj vkSj dqN xksykdkj flDdksa dk izpyu FkkA budks ^iap ekdZ~M* t- fcgkj fj-lks-] ftYn 39] Hkkx 4] 1954 flDds dgrs Fks] D;ksafd bu ij o`{k] i'kq] /kuq"k] lw;Z] iq#"k vkfn ds fpUg cus gksrs FksA 10- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 197 {k=iksa ds izHkko ds le; ^nzEe* flDds] xqIrksa ds le; ^xqIr flDds* vkSj gw.kksa ds 11- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 184 le; ^lslsfu;u flDds* pyrs FksA ^x/kS;k flDds* Hkh tkyksj esa izpyu esa FksA 1761 12- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 905] i`- 242 ls 1858 ds chp pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds pyrs Fks] ftu ij Qkjlh esa ,d rjQ 13- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 837] i`- 207 ^flDdg eqckjd ckn'kkg vkye* vkSj nwljh rjQ ^eSeur ekuwl tcZ vy~* vafdr 14- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 193 jgrs FksA bu ij >kM+ vkSj ryokj ds fpUg Hkh curs FksA lksus ds flDdksa dks ^eksgj* 15- osc] fn djsUlht vkWQ fn fgUnw LVsV~l vkWQ fn jktiqrkuk] i`- 37&52 rFkk rkacs ds flDdksa dks ^kus esa cM+s mi;ksxh gSA bu flDdksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ls jktkvksa dh ukekoyh] oa'k ifjp;] LFkku fo'ks"k tgka ls flDdksa dk izpyu fd;k x;k gS ;k fdlh fo'ks"k leqfpr cks/k gksrk gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa bu flDdksa dk cM+k egRo gSA buds }kjk rRdkyhu jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkfn fLFkfr dk ifjKku gksrk gSA blh izdkj rRdkyhu dyk ds v/;;u esa Hkh flDdksa dk cM+k egRo gSA16 lanHkZ 1- xqIrk] eksguyky] tkyksj dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] ekr`Nk;k izdk'ku] tkyksj] i`- 234 2- b-,-] Hkk- 42] 1933] i`- 41 3- 'kekZ] MkW- xksihukFk] jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds lzksr (iqjkrRo Hkkx&1)] NBk laLdj.k 2011] i`- 100 4- ,- ba-] ftYn 9] i`- 70&74 5- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 901] i`- 238 6- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 903] i`- 238 7- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 904] i`- 241 8- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 194 193 370 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr gksus okyh /kkfeZd izfrekvksa esa cM+h la[;k esa tSu izfrek;sa yksxksa dks izkIr gqbZ gSA dqN izeq[k izfrekvksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj gS %& xq#dqy laxzgky; >Ttj esa Ttj esa iatkc vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk }kjk 1915 bZ- esa oSfnd f'k{kk [kqyh ,oa ukd uqdhyh gS rFkk psgjk xksy gSA izfrek ds flgkalu ij ,d rjQ dks"k dks c<+kok nsus gsrq xq#dqy dh LFkkiuk gqbZA1 vkpk;Z Hkxokunso (vksekuUn ljLorh) lfgr /kuifr dqcsj [kM+xkluLFk ftu lfgr vafdr gS rFkk nwljh rjQ ekr`nsoh us ;gk° 1960 bZ- esa mŸkjh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls izkIr iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dks vfEcdk Hkh [kM+xkluLFk ftu lfgr vafdr gSA vfEcdk nsoh ds nkfgus gkFk esa ikík iznf'kZr djus ,oa mldk v/;;u djus ds fy, ,d laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk dhA o vkezxqPN rFkk cka;s gkFk ls t°?kk ij cSBs ckyd dks idM+s gq, gSA izfrek ds ifjdj izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] iqjkrRo ,oa laLd`fr esa #fp j[kus okys fo}kuksa ds fy, ;g esa nksuksa rjQ ikap&ikap in~eklu esa cSBh izfrek,° gSA 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij bl izfrek dks laxzgky; vkd"kZ.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUÊ gSA blesa iqjkrkfRod lkexzh tSls flDds] iwoZe/;dky dh ekuk tk ldrk gSA fojtkukFk nSodjk.kZ us bl izfrek ij nks iafDr;ksa flDdksa ds lkapksa] eqgjsa ,oa e`..kewfrZ;k°] /kkrq ,oa iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k°] iqjkys[k] feÍh ds ds ys[k crZu] ikaMqfyfi;k° ,oa vU; lkexzh dk vn~Hkqr laxzg gSA Lokeh vksekuUn th] 1- vksa laor~ l&n&ekiV fojtkuUn nSodjfu ,oa muds vU; lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk orZeku gfj;k.kk] iatkc] jktLFkku] 2- izfrek loZnsosu LFkkfirk [kqns gksus ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA6 mŸkj izns'k] fnYyh] fgekpy izns'k vkfn jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls ;g lkexzh 7 ,df=r dh xbZ gSA bl lkexzh esa lhdj ftys ds <+k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr fofHkUu 2- nqyfg }kjk nŸk vkfnukFk izfrek /keks± ls lacaf/kr nsoh&nsorkvksa dh izfrekvksa dk lqUnj laxzg Hkh gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa 2- Ω"kHknso izfrek & laxzgky; esa miyC/k izFke tSu rhFk±dj Ω"kHknso ;k Ttj ds Lokeh vksekuUn ljLorh ,oa laxzgyk; ds orZeku funs'kd ys[k nqyfgl ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g izfrek nqyfg uked O;fDr }kjk nh xbZ FkhA ;g fojtkuUn nSodjfu dks bl LFky ls vusd izfrek,a izkIr gqbZ gS tks orZeku esa izfrek° 10oha&11oha lnh dh gksus dk vuqeku gSA laxzgky; esa fo}kuksa ,oa 'kks/kdŸkkZvksa o lkekU;tu ds fy, miyC/k gSA bl LFkku ls 3- foey lqr t;nsosusna ys[k okyh izfrek9 & laxzgky; esa yky cyqvk ;kS/ks;ksa dh ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh nqyZHk eqÊk Hkh feyrh gSA ml ij ^;kS|s;kuka Hkwe/ iRFkj dh cuh 12.4"×10.5"×5.7" vkdkj dh /;ku eqÊk ls cSBh ,d vU; tSu kkU;ds* ys[k feyrk gS tcfd vU; LFkkuksa ls izkIr eqÊkvksa ij ^;kS|s;kuka cgq/kkU;ds* rhFk±dj dh izfrek Hkh miyC/k gS ftldk eq[k [kafMr voLFkk esa gSA izfrek ds vklu fy[kk feyrk gSA3 bl iqjkLFky ls feyus okyh e`n~Hkk.M ijaijk esa lcls fupys Lrj ds uhps vafdr nks flag ;{kksa ds vadu ls yxrk gS fd ;g izfrek Hkh Hkxoku ij x.ks oj laLd`fr ds leku yky fLyi ;qDr e`n~Hkk.M] e/;e ,oa ≈ijh Lrjksa ls vkfnukFk ;k Ω"kHknso dh gSA bl izfrek ds vklu ij Hkh vyadj.k ;qDr diM+k gSA ÿe'k% ?kwlj ,oa yky jax dh ik= ijaijk ds e`n~ik= feyrs gaSA dqN yky jax ds vklu ds uhps vafdr flag ;{kksa ds xys esa ekyk,a vFkok gkj gSA ;g izfrek Hkh e`nik= tks e/;e izdkj ds gS tks/kiqjk laLd`fr ls lkE;rk fy;s gq, feyrs gaSA4 Ttj esa miyC/k gS ds ihNs fdlh isM+ dh nks ifŸk;ksa dk vadu gSA izfrek dks ns[kus ls yxrk gS bldk v/;;u ls bl dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gSA bu izfrekvksa ij vkSj vf/kd 'kks/k dk;Z djus fuekZ.k fdlh ik"kk.k LraHk ij fd;k x;k gSA dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh ik"kk.k izfrekvksa }kjk miyC/k tkudkfj;ksa dks lkfgfR;d 5- ik'oZukFk ;qXe izfrek & <+k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr 11.2×8.5 ls-eh- dh ,oa vU; lzksrksa }kjk iqf"V djds [ksrM+h lhdj {ks= ,oa ukjukSy {ks= esa iwoZ e/;dky iRFkj dh ik'oZukFk dh izfrekvksa dk ;qXe fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA ;s nksuksa esa tSu /keZ ds O;kid izlkj ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk tk ldrk gSA ;gk° ;g Hkh izfrek,a [kM+h dk;ksRlxZ eqÊk esa gSA ftuds gkFk uhps dh rjQ yVds gS ijarq [kafMr mYys[kuh; gS fd ukjukSy ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ,oa ukjukSy ls iwoZe/;dky ,oa e/ voLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k muesa D;k /kkj.k fd;k gqvk gS ;g dguk dfBu gSA izfrekvksa ;dky dh vusd tSu izfrekvksa losZ{k.kksa }kjk 'kks/kdŸkkZvksa dks izkIr gqbZ gS ftuds ds cka;h rjQ vafdr iafDr esa vafdr rhu vU; ineklu esa cSBh izfrekvksa ftuds fo'ys"k.k ls nf{k.kh gfj;k.kk ,oa jktLFkku ds xq<+ lkaLd`frd laca/kksa ij izdk'k Mkyk ≈ij liZ ds ikap Q.kksa dk vadu gS ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd dk;ksRlxZ tk ldrk gSA yksgk: ds ikl ck<+Mk ,oa gk°lh ls izkIr gqbZ fefJr /kkrq dh vusd tSu eqÊk esa vafdr ;qXe izfrek,° Hkh Hkxoku ik'oZukFk dh gSA ;qXe izfrekvksa ij [kafMr izfrekvksa dk fo'ys"k.k Hkh bl dM+h dks tksM+us esa lgk;d flº gks ldrk gSA <+k.kk voLFkk esa laHkor% liZ ds ikap Q.kksa dk N= gSA bu nksuksa izfrekvksa ds cky Hkh (iVu'kgj) dh mtM+rh lkaLd`frd ,oa iqjkrkfRod fojklr dks cpkus ds fy, bl ?kq°?kjkys gS ,oa Nkrh esa JhoRl dk fpUg gSA ;s lkSE;] 'kkar ,oa /;kuLFk voLFkk esa gSA egRoiw.kZ iqjkLFky ds laj{k.k dh furkUr vko';drk gSA jktLFkku ljdkj ds iqjkrRo 6- dk;ksRlxZ eqÊk dh rhFk±dj izfrek & Ttj dh ekfld if=dk] ftYn 12] i`- 6 es[kyk vkfn dk vadu gSA nsoh lkM+h /kkj.k fd;s gq, gS rFkk nsoh ds ck,a gkFk esa 2- enu yky eh.kk] mŸkjh jktLFkku ds 'ks[kkokVh {ks= dk iqjkrkfRod vUos"k.k] y?kq laHkor% dey ,oa nk;k° gkFk ojn eqÊk esa gSA izfrek ds ck;ha rjQ [kafMr voLFkk esa 'kks/k ifj;kstuk] i`- 30 fdlh vU; izfrek dk vadu gSA 3- fojtkuy nSodjf.k] izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] i`- 34 7- vusd rhFk±dj ;qDr ik"kk.k LraHk & k fuf'pr djrs gq, mudk ukedj.k fd;k gS mlls Hkh Ik;kZoj.k dk cks/k gh gksrk gSA esokM+ es [ksM+k] [ksM+h] Hkkxy] xk°o vkfn 5&10 ?kjksa dh cLrh ls ysdj 300&400 Ik;kZoj.k 'kCn Ád`fr ds Áfr ekuoh; laosnuk dk |ksrd gSA fu%lansg 15oha ?kjksa dh cLrh ls ;q‰ gksrs FksA ;s xk°o iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj cls gq, FksA budh 'krkCnh ls 18oha 'krkCnh ds LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ds e/; tks Ád`fr Áse n`f"Vxr gksrk gS clkoV esa d`f"k dh tehu dh lqfo/kk] ikuh dh lqfo/kk] lw;Z dh jks'kuh vkfn dk / ogh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk ewy gSA blh ls Ákd`frd rRoksa ds Áfr fnO; Hkkouk] tho ;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA3 igkfM+;ksa ij cls o cus >ksaiss (>ksaiM+s) Ád`fr dh ÿksM+ esa Áse] lokZReokn] loZdY;k.k o loZlqf[kRo dh Hkkouk ls fuyksZe] R;kx] n;k nkukfn iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir gks jgsa FksA vf/kdka'kr% edku fcuk f[kM+dh o jks'kunku ds Hkys mnkŸk ekuoh; xq.k mRiUu gksrs gSaA i'kq&i{kh o o`{k vkfn Ák;% iw.kZ :Ik ls vius gh fufeZr gksrs Fks fdUrq dosyq ;k ?kkl&Qwl ls hy rFkk uxj ds m|ku] leksj ckx nsoksikluk esa Áeq[krk nh xbZ gSA j.kdiqj eafnj ls dqN nwjh ij fufeZr lw;Z eafnj cM+k o xqykc ckx jktHkou ds nk;sa Hkkx esa cus gq, gS ftuesa nsoÁklkn] QOokjsa (ty Áflº gSA ;g eafnj 15oha 'krkCnh esa dqEHkk }kjk fufEkZr djk;k x;k FkkA eafnj esa ;a=)] vke] tkewu] vathj] ve:n vkfn Qyksa ds o`{k rFkk fofo/k rjg ds Qwyksa ds loZ= lw;Z dks lkr ?kksM+ksa ij lokj crk;k x;k gSA blh eafnj esa ,d uoxzg dh ewfrZ ikS/ks yxs gq, FksA lkFk gh ;gk° ds dq,] ckofM+;ka] tyk'k;] rky&ryS;k] ty fudkl Hkh gSA eafnj ds ckgj lHkk eaMi vkSj xHkZ x`g ds pkjksa vkSj lw;Z ds lkr ?kksM+kas dk dk leqfpr Áca/ku ls gesa fo'kqº Ik;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gSA ;gk° ds yxHkx 60 ckj Án'kZu fd;k x;k gS tks vfr HkO; gSA xHkZx`g ds ckgj Á/kku rkdsa rks lkeUrksa ds fBdkuksa] tkxhj ds tkxhnkjksa us Hkh 'kkL=ksfpr flºkarksa dh ifjikyuk djrs ugha gS fdUrq ewfrZ;ka rks mRdh.kZ gS ftuesa prqckZgq rFkk vklu eqnzk fLFkr nsork ds ≈ij gq, vius fBdkukas o tkxhjksa rFkk xk°oksa dks fodflr fd;k] mlls Hkh Ik;kZoj.kh; ds okegLr esa f='kwy gS rFkk uhps ds okelO; gLrksa doy gS] ogk° f'ko vkSj lw;Z dk thou dh >k°dh lqLi"V gksrh gSA ,d:Ik Hkko O;‰ fd;k x;k gSA ;g ihNs dh Á/kku rkd ds LFkku ij vklu eqnzk lw=/kkj e.Mu us nqxZ&LFkkiR; ds lanHkZ esa fxjh nqxZ ds fuekZ.k dk egRo fLFkr f}ckgq lw;Z ds nks gkFkksa esa dey fo|eku gSA mŸkjorhZ Á/kku rkd ds LFkku ij crk;k gSA8 15oha 'krkCnh esa nqxks± dk vf/kd egRo gks x;k FkkA fpŸkkSM+x<+ nqxZ] f=eq[kkd`fr dk vklu eqnzk esa Án'kZu fd;k x;k gSA vklunso dh 6 Hkqtk;sa gS rFkk dqaHkyx<+ nqxZ] ek°Myx<+ nqxZ] cusM+k nqxZ ds vfrfj‰ fofHkUu LFkyksa esa fufeZr x<+ ,oa uhps rd ouekyk yVd jgh gSA e/;orhZ nksuksa gkFkksa esa dey gSA lclsa uhps ds gkFkksa xydrk gSA11 vFkok >jks[ksa vkfn fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA dhfrZ LrEHk esa "kV~ Ωrqvksa dk ewfrZdj.k gqvk tSu eafnjksa esa fofHkUu i'kq&i{kh] tho&tUrq ds Árhd lkr fpUg ds lkFk rhFk±djksa dh gS rFkk xaxk] ;equk vkSj ljLorh ufn;ksa dh ewfrZ;ka gSA blls Hkh Ik;kZoj.k Áse dks ewfrZ;ka ns[kh tk ldrh gS tSls Ω"kHknso (vkfnukFk)&o`"kHk] vftrukFk&gkFkh] nSfod :Ik esa n'kkZus dh fo|k Kkr gksrh gSA dqEHkyx<+ nqxZ chgM+rk l?kurk rFkk oU; laHko&?kksM+k] 'kkfUrukFk&fgj.k] ik'oZukFk&liZQ.k] usfeukFk&'ka[k] egkohj&flagA fofHkUu uhjork ds lkFk lkFk Ik;kZoj.k ls vksr&Áksr gS tgk° dqEHkkdkyhu ^osnh* Ik;kZoj.k dks rhFk±djksa ds fofHkUu o`{k Árhd Hkh gS12 tSls& Ω"kHkukFk&U;xzks/k vftrukFk&lIri.kZ 'kqº cukus dk lzksr ds :Ik esa tkuh tk ldrh gSA bu nqxks± ij i;kZIr o`{kkoyh ,oa 3- laHkoukFk&'kky] vfHkuUnu ukFk&fÁ;d] lqefrukFk&fÁ;axq] ik'oZukFk&/kkrdh ;k ty dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ds lkFk lkFk Hkou goknkj] ÿkWl osUVhys'ku ls ;q‰ Hkh /ko (fxzfy;k VksesVkWtk) egkohj&'kkyA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 377 197 378 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 18oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr egkjk.kk txrflagdkyhu eafnjkas esa vU; Ik'kqvksa ds Ákphu LFkkiR; esa ckx cxhpksa dk cM+k egRo FkkA esokM+ esa jk.kk eksdy ls lkFk fo'ks"kr;k gkfFk;ksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu vf/kd gqvk gSA eafnjksa dh nhokjksa vFkok egkjk.kk gehjflag f}rh; ds dky esa ckx yxok;s x;s Fks ftuesa dbZ Ádkj ds LrEHkksa ij fofo/k Ádkj dh yrkvksa] iq"iksa] ifŸk;ksa vkfn dks mdsjk x;k gSA eafnj Qy&Qwy okys ikS/ks yxk;s tkrs FksA e.Mu us x`g ds mŸkj fn'kk esa m|ku fufeZr djus f'k[kj ds rhu vksj xtFkj] v'oFkj ds lkFk gh canj] 'ksj vkfn Ik'kqvksa ds ewfrZ;kadu dks dgk gSA15 16oha 'krkCnh (1577 bZ-) esa pÿikf.k feJ ds fo'o oYyHk xzUFk ls Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eafnjksa] ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk mRdh.kZ fofHkUu nsoksa ds okgu Ik'kq] egkjk.kk Árki ds vius ifjos'k vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ls yxko vkSj mlds fodkl ds Áfr i{kh] tho&tUrq] yrk,°] o`{k] Qwy&iŸkh vkfn i;kZoj.k cks/k esa lgk;d gSA lHkk lps"V jgus dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkojx<+ fLFkr tyk'k; Lekjd] dwi&dq.Mksa eaMi] vºZlHkkeaMi dk [kqykiu ;k xok{k gok dh n`f"V ls vuqie utj vkrs gaSA vkfn ds fuekZ.k esa pÿikf.k ds funsZ'kkas dh ikyuk dh xbZ FkhA blh vk/kkj ij pko.M lkFk gh gou vkfn dk /kwavk lgtrk ls fudy tkrk gSA esokM+ esa 'khryk ekrk ds dk nqxZ cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj Árki dss egy ds nf{k.k vFkok bZ'kku dks.k esa okfVdk eafnj vFkok LFkku Hkh loZ= cuk;s tkrs FksA pS= onh lIreh dks BaMs Hkkstu dk Hkksx vo'; jgh gksxhA fo'ks"kr;k fofo/k o`{kksa] yrkvksa] iq"iksa ds ikS/kksa ds yxk, tkus] mUgsa yxk;k tkrk FkkA ;g Hkh Ik;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr gh gS fd Ωrq ifjorZu ds dkj.k vc fodflr djus] muls gksus okys fofHkUu ykHk vFkok gkfu;k°] o`{kk;qosZn dh ijaijk] rd BaMk [kk fy;k fdUrq blds i'pkr~ BaMk [kkus ls chekfj;ka QSyus dk Hk; jgrk gSA o`{kksa ds vk/kkj ij ty lzksrksa dh tkudkjh] x`gokfVdki;ksxh o`{k] o`{kjksi.kh; dky] exu us jktHkouksa esa HkO;rk dks Á/kkurk nh FkhA mlus jktkvksa ds lkFk lkFk vyx&vyx o`{kksa ds jksi.k esa varjky o flapkbZ] r: j{kkFkZ ea= Á;ksx] r: jksx y{k.k o fpfdRlk Jsf.k;ksa ds lkearkas] tkxhjnkjksa] vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa tulkekU; ds fuokl&LFky dks fHkUu ds lkFk ty lalk/kuksa ij cy nsrs gq, esokM+ eas Ik;kZoj.k ds fodkl dks fu:fir fd;k fHkUu vkdkj ds crk;s] lkFk gh njoktksa] f[kM+fd;ksa] fnokjksa dk uki rd vyx vyx gSA lkearksa ,oa tkxhnkjksa dks vius fBdkus o tkxhj esa ckM+h o cxhpk fodflr djus n'kkZ;kA jktHkou ;k jktegyksa esa cka;h vksj v'o'kkyk] xkS'kkyk cuokbZ tkosa vkSj ds funsZ'k Hkh fn;s tkrs FksA cxhpksa ds fy, mUgsa tehu nh tkrh FkhA lkeUr&ljnkj v'oksa dh iaf‰ mŸkj ;k nf{k.kfHkeq[k j[kh tkrh FkhA v'o'kkyk esa jkrHkj nhid ckM+h&cxhpkas esa fofHkUu Ádkj ds Qy&Qwynkj o`{k ,oa ikS/k jksi.k djkds mUgsa lqUnj tyk;k tkrk FkkA nhid j[kus dk vkfy;k edku ds nkbZa vksj }kj dh vxZyk ds cukrs FksA le; le; ij flapkbZ dh O;oLFkk ds fy, okfidk°, o dq.M Hkh cuk;s cjkcj dh ≈°pkbZ ij cuk;k tkosaA13 bekjrh ydM+h ipd esaa ugha dkVsa vkSj u ykoasA x;s FksA Qyr% ckx&cxhpksa esa o"kZi;Zar gfj;kyh cuh jgrh FkhA egkjk.kk laxzkeflag bu lHkh funsZ'kksa ds ihNs ;fn xgurk ls fopkj fd;k tk, rks Ik;kZoj.kh; mn~ns'; gh f}rh; us dkuksM+ ds jkor lkajxnso dks gjlniqjk xk°o esa vkB ch?kk tehu ckM+h ds fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftls /kkfeZd] 'kkL=h; vFkok okLrqdeZ dk vkoj.k nsdj bldh fy, Ánku dh FkhA16 fn- 'kqÿokj] vÁsy 24] 1778 bZ- dks fpŸkkSM+ ls jkor Hkheflag vuqikyuk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA egyksa esa fufeZr lwjt xks[kM+k lw;Z dh ÁFke us mn;iqj 'kkg ekSthjke dks fy[kk fd jkor txrflag dh cxhph esa fdlh Ádkj dk jf'e ds vkod dk LFkku gksrk Fkk tks ^Ik;kZoj.k* ifjikyuk dk lqLi"V mnkgj.k gSA gLr{ksi u djsaA17 cxhpksa dks fodflr djus ij egkjk.kk fujUrj cy ns jgk FkkA18 Ωrq ds vuqlkj cus dejs] m|ku Hkh rRdkyhu Ik;kZoj.k ds Áfr tkx:drk dk uxj vFkok xk°oksa ds cxhpksa esa Ák;% rht R;kSgkj ds volj ij tulkekU; dks Áos'k vuqie Árhd gSA ;gh fLFkfr >waBs crZu lkQ djus dh FkhA crZu lkQ djus dh dh vuqefr FkhA bl Ádkj mn;iqj rFkk fBdkuksa ds losZ ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk txg ^≈°B;kM+k* dgykrk FkkA ogk° jk[k ftls esokM+ esa ^y{eh* Hkh dgrs Fks ,d gS fd rRdkyhu LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ij mdsjh xbZ dyk fr;ksa esa Qwy] ifŸk;ksa] csysa] fMCcs vFkok gafM;k esa j[kh jgrh Fkh] ftlls crZu lw[ks lkQ fd;s tkrs FksA crZuksa dk fofHkUu Ik'kq&i{kh vkfn ds vadu ds lkFk lkFk i;kZoj.k vocks/k gksrk gSA >waBk ikuh Hkh ,d ^eVdh* esa ,d= dj eosf'k;ksa ds fiykus ds dke esa ysrs FksA lanHkZ ^jk[k* dks y{eh dgus ls ;gh rkRi;Z Fkk fd de ls de jk[k dk mi;ksx djrs gq, 1- vFkZ'kkL=] v-1] Ádj.k 19] 'yksd la- 1&4] i`- 75 vf/kd ls vf/kd crZu lkQ fd;s tkoasA 'kkld] lkearksa] tkxhnkjksa] mPp oxZ vFkok 2- jktoYyHk] i`- 31 inkZu'khu ifjokjksa ds vykok vU; edkuksa esa Luku ?kj vFkok 'kkspky; Hkh ugha gksrs 3- jktjRukdj] 55 c] 'yksd 45] jktoYyHk] i`- 44 FksA fo".kq iqjk.k ds vuqlkj vius fuokl LFkku ls nwj tkdj ey&ew= R;kx djuk 4- iq"isUnzflag o MkW- nqxkZflag] /keZxzUFkksa us dgk&Ik;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa] i`- 109 pkfg,A iSj /kks;k gqvk gks vkSj >wBk ty vius ?kj ds vk°xu esa u MkysaA ey R;kx ds 5- jktoYyHk] v- 4] 'yksd 8] 10] i`- 214&15 le; i`Foh dks frudksa ls vkSj flj dks oL= ls k tk ldrk gS tSls vkgM+] dkyhcaxk] ckxkSj] fxyq°M vkfn mYys[kuh; 1 16- Jherh ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+] ijokuk&egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dk jkor lkajxnso lH;rkvksa ds dsUnz jgs gSaA ;gk° ekuo ds fuokl ds fy, edku vkfn feys gSaA dks Hkknok cnh 5] fo- la-1788 (cq/kokj] vxLr11]1731 bZ-) jktLFkku esa LFkkiR; dh yxHkx lHkh izo`fŸk;k° efUnj fuekZ.k] uxj fuekZ.k] dq.M] 17- Okgh] ijokuk&fpŸkkSM+ ls jkor Hkhe flag dk mn;iqj 'kkg ekSthjke dks fn- oS'kk[k cnh Lrwi] LrEHk vkfn ds fuekZ.k gsrq fodflr gks x;k FkkA dky ÿe ds vuq:i LFkkiR; 12] fo- la- 1834 ('kqÿokj] vÁsy 24] 1778 bZ-) dyk izHkkfor gksrh jgh gSA u;s&u;s iz;ksx LFkkiR; dyk esa gq,A bu iz;ksxksa ls gh 18- Okgh] [kkl :Ddk&egkjk.kk Lo:iflag dk jkor vthrflag dks fn- Hkknok cnh 11] laxejej dks LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;qDr fd;k x;kA {ks=h; dykRed fodkl ds fo- la-1903 (jfookj] vxLr 16] 1846 bZ-)] dkuksM+ dh iÍk cgh ua- 29] iÍk la- 53 vUrxZr mŸkj e/;dky esa egkjk.kk dqEHkk dk mn; dyk ,oa laLd`fr ds iqu#ºkj ladyu] lao/kZu ,oa laj{k.k dk izrhd ekuk tk ldrk gS] ftldk izHkko leLr jktiwrkus ij iM+kA viuh fot; ds izrhdLo:i mUgksaus dhfrZ LrEHk cuok;kA muds }kjk fufeZr dqEHk Lokeh dk dykiw.kZ efUnj ftls vc ehjk efUnj Hkh dgrs gSa] cgqr izflº gSA bu LFkkiR; dykvksa esa Hkh laxejej dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA egkjk.kk dqEHkk us jktLFkku ds LFkkiR; dyk ds fodkl ds fy, vusd xzaFkksa dk vuqokn o izdk'ku Hkh djok;kA 16oha 'krkCnh rd vkesj jkT; Hkh jktLFkku dh dykRed i`"BHkwfe ij viuk fo'ks"k LFkku cuk pqdk FkkA ekuflag ds 'kkludky esa dPNokgk jkt esa fofo/k dykvksa dk pgq°eq[kh fodkl gqvkA viuh dykRed :fp ls vfHkizsfjr jktk ekuflag us vkesj jkT; esa dykvksa ds foLrkj ds fy, ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls f'kYi vkSj dykdkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj vkesj jkT; esa LFkkfir fd;kA ekuflag dk fof'k"V ;ksxnku e/;dkyhu LFkkiR; dyk ds foLrkj :i esa jgk gSA vkesj ds egy vkSj txr f'kjksef.k efUnj blds mŸke mnkgj.k gS ftuesa laxejej dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA jktk t;flag }kjk uofufeZr t;iqj dh LFkkiuk ds ckn dPNokgk 'kkld ,oa vkesjoklh t;iqj LFkkukUrfjr gq,A Hkkjr ds isfjl rFkk xqykch uxj ds uke ls izflº t;iqj vius cstksM+ uxj fu;kstu ds fy, fo'o fo[;kr gSA t;iqj uxj lokbZ t;flag dh izfrHkk dk ,d ije izfrf"Br rFkk izflº izrhd gSA 'kfuokj 25 uoEcj] ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 381 199 382 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 1727 bZloha dks t;iqj 'kgj dh LFkkiuk djus ds ckn jktk t;flag us t;iqj esa izk.k blls jktLFkku ds ≈".k okrkoj.k ls jkgr feyrh gSA Q'kZ fuekZ.k ds fy, laxejej izfr"Bk lhfer djus gsrq vkesj ds okfl;ksa dks t;iqj fuokl djus ds fy, vkeaf=r dh VkbZyksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks fd vU; izLrj VkbZyksssa dh vis{kk vf/kd fd;kA2 bu vkckfn;ksa dks t;iqj esa clkus ds fy, ukS pkSdfM+;k° cukbZ xbZA ;gha ls le; rd pyrk gSA5 ekSgYyk izFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA ukS pkSdfM+;ksa dh ;g la[;k /ku vkSj le`fº ds nsork rduhdh i{k dqcsj dh ukS&fuf/k;ksa ds izrhd ds :i esa j[kh xbZ FkhA vius vuwBs okLrq fu;kstu ds LFkkiR; dyk esa laxejej dk iz;ksx vR;f/kd gqvk gSA laxejej fufeZr lkFk&lkFk t;iqj fo'o fo[;kr dyk dsUnz ds :i esa Hkh fodflr gqvkA LFkkiR; Hkouksa esa blds mi;ksx ds vusd rduhd jgs Fks ftudk mYys[k vkxs fd;k tk jgk dyk] ewfrZ f'kYi ,oa fofo/k yfyr dyk,° jktdh; laj{k.k esa iYyfor gksrh jghA gSA uxj dh lqUnjre bekjrsa jktegy okys [kaMksa esa fufeZr gqbZA ;gk° iksysa] eq[; M~;ks<+h }kj] [kqys eaMi] vk°xu] nkyku] egjkcnkj cjkens] nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl laxejej VkbZfyax fof/k vkSj HkO; jktegyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA bu jktdh; bekjrksa esa laxejej dk cschyksfu;k esa nhokjksa dks ltkus ds fy, muesa chp&chp esa jaxhu feÍh dh iz;ksx izpqj ek=k esa fd;k x;k gSA izrkiflag rFkk jkeflag ds le; LFkkiR; dyk dk vk°p esa ids gq, pkSdksj VqdM+ksa dks tM+us dh izFkk FkhA ogk° ls Qkjl okyksa us bls fodkl gqvkA ijorhZ ek/kksflag f}rh; rFkk lokbZ ekuflag us Hkh dyk laj{k.k dh lh[kk vkSj vU; dykvksa esa LFkku fn;kA phu ds izHkko esa vkdj mUgksaus blesa ,d vkSj uhfr tkjh j[khA ifjorZu fd;k] og Fkk laxejej VkbZyksa ij 'kh'ks dh lh ped ykukA bl izdkj LFkkiR; fuekZ.k ltkoV esa laxejej dk mi;ksx VkbZyksa esa fVdk≈iu Hkh vk x;k vkSj lkSUn;Z HkhA Hkkjr esa jaxhu VkbZyksa dk mi;ksx t;iqj dh LFkkiR; fuekZ.k esa laxejej dk mi;ksx vR;f/kd ek=k esa fd;k 14oha 'krkCnh ds izFke pj.k esa cuh bekjrksa esa feyrk gSA 16oha 'krh ds vkjEHk esa x;k gSA laxejej dk LFkkiR; esa mi;ksx ds fofo/k dkj.k jgs gaS ftlesa igyk dkj.k] Xokfy;j esa cus ekuflag ds egy esa bu pednkj laxejej VkbZyksa dk cgqr iz;ksx t;iqj esa laxejej dh miyC/krk jgh gSA t;iqj esa 50 fefy;u Vu ls Hkh vf/kd gqvk gSA6 eqxydky esa bl dyk us cgqr fodkl fd;kA bl dky esa vf/kdrj laxejej tek gSA t;iqj ds HkSalykuk] cusBh] iapigkM+h esa dkyk /kkjhnkj laxejej VkbZyksa ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s dkVdj nwljh i`"BHkwfe esa iPphdkjh ds hadh (laxejej fofo/k Lo:Ik iRFkj dk ckjhd pw.kZ)] lqj[kh vkSj ctjh ,oa o.kks± dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA9 bl rduhd dk iz;ksx ukgjx<+ fdyk] vkesj dk fdyk vkSj flVh iSysl esa fd;k x;k MkW- iwtk fljksyk gSA10 fu"d"kZ % vr% laxejej vius fof'kf"V xq.kksa ds dkj.k t;iqj ds LFkkiR; dyk esa vR;f/kd iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA izkphudky ls ysdj vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi dks vfrizkphu dky ls gh cM+k xkSjo izkIr gSA ns'k ds laxejej dk iz;ksx LFkkiR; esa c<+k gSA LFkkiR; ds lkFk&lkFk ewfrZ dyk esa Hkh izzR;sd Hkkx esa ckgqY; ds lkFk fc[kjh fofo/k dykRed oLrq,° vuwBh vfHkO;fDr ds laxejej dk fof'kf"V LFkku jgk gSA orZeku esa laxejej dk mi;ksx nSfud miHkksx }kjk lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dh mRiszjd cuh gqbZ gS vkSj tuekul dh vfHk#fp dks iznf'kZr dh oLrqvksa ,oa ltkoVh oLrqvksa esa Hkh vR;f/kd gks jgk gSA LFkkiR; dyk ds {ks= esa djrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa ikjEifjd f'kYidkfjrk dk vFkZ dsoy /kkrq vFkok ;a=ksa ds laxejej ds iz;ksx us ek= lkSUn;Z esa gh vfHko`fº ugha dh vfirq rduhdh Lrj ij lapkyu esa dq'kyrk ikus ek=k gh ugha vfirq blls dgha vf/kd gSA blesa eu dh fodkl dks laHko fd;k gSA Hkkouk,°] efLr"d rFkk 'kjhj lHkh la;qDr :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gSa] ftlls bl izdkj dk lUnHkZ lkeatL; fufeZr gksrk gSA1 gekjs dykdkjksa us fu"Bk] rRijrk vkSj fujUrj vVwV iz;kl 1- ds-,l- xqIrk ,oa ts-ds- vks>k] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl ,d losZ{k.k] fyV~jsjh lfdZy] ds }kjk dyk ds oSHko dks v{kq..k cuk;k gSA tgk° ,d vksj vtUrk dh xqQk,° vkSj t;iqj] r`rh; laLdj.k 2016] i`- 331 rktegy tSlh d`fr;k° gekjh ewfrZdyk vkSj oLrqf'kYi dh HkO;rk dk izrhd gS] ogk° 2- c[krjke 'kkg] cqfºfoykl] jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1964 fofo/k jaxksa ls lth laojh iks'kkdsa ,oa ydM+h iRFkj] feV~Vh] /kkrq rFkk tokgjkr dh 3- izhfr 'kekZ ,oa vk'kk dqekjh flag] ^t;iqj dk laxejej ewfrZ f'kYi % mR[kuu ,oa dkjhxjh Hkkjrh; thou vkSj dyk ds lqUnj leUo; dh |ksrd gSA r{k.k*] izkslhfMaXt] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl] 24oka l=] lqtkux<+] 2008] i`- 283&295 jktLFkku dh gLrdykvksa dh viuh gh fo'ks"krk,° gSaA ;gk° ds dq'ky dykdkjksa 4- gfj'kpUnz oekZ] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] Hkkx&2 (1540&1761)] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; us viuh dyk dks #fpdj vkSj mi;ksxh cukrs gq, tu tu rd igq°pk;k gSA viuh funs'kky;] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k 1993] i`- 507 d`fr;ksa esa pedhys rFkk vYgkne; jaxksa dk lekos'k lknxh ,oa lkSUn;Z ds lkFk 5- Jh dY;k.k lgk;] ewfrZdkj] t;iqj ls okrkZ ds vk/kkj ij (fnukad 02-11-2017) fd;kA fu'py Hkko ls Je dh xfjek dks fuHkk;k rFkk lgt izo`fr ds lkFk viuh 6- j.kohj lDlSuk] vkdkj dYiuk] js[kk izdk'ku dk;kZy;] tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k mUur vkdka{kkvksa dks c<+k;kA ;fn ;g dgk tk;s fd jktLFkku gLrdykvksa dk rhFkZ 1958] i`- 119 gS rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA dykRed rFkk lqUnjre oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa 7- R. Nath, Colour Decoration in Mughal Architecture India & Pakistan, The Historical Research Documentation Programme, Jaipur, Second jktLFkku dk LFkku dkQh ≈°pk gSA gLrdykvksa dh fofo/krk vkSj dykRedrk dh Edition 1989, p.17 n`f"V ls jktLFkku dks vpjt dk izns'k dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; gLrdyk m|ksx esa 8- R. Nath, Jharokha: An Illustrated Glossary of Indo Muslim jktLFkku dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA jktLFkku dh fofHkUu gLrdykvksa tSls Cyw ikWVjh] Architecture, The Historical Research Documentation Programme, peM+k m|ksx] laxejej] oL= m|ksx] dkxt m|ksx] ihry ij uDdk'kh] yk[k dk Jaipur, First Edition 1986, p.81 dk;Z] ehukdkjh bR;kfn fof'k"Vrk fy, gq, gSA 9- jke ik.Ms;] jktLFkku ds fHkfŸk fp=] if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz] mn;iqj] izFke jktLFkku dk ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi viuh dykRedrk ,oa lkSan;Z ds fy, uk laLdj.k 2005] i`- 25 flQZ Hkkjr vfirq lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fo[;kr gSA ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi viuh xkSjoiw.kZ 10- efydk cksgjk] Mw°xjiqj jkt dh fHkfŸk fp=kadu&ijEijk lekt ,oa laLd`fr (17oha ,sfrgkfrldrk fy, gq, orZeku esa Hkh ikjEifjdrk ,oa vk/kqfudrk dk lekos'k djrs lnh ds vkjEHk ls 1940 bZ- rd)] izfrHkk izdk'ku] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k 2010 gq, fof'kf"V igpku cuk, gq, gaSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 385 201 386 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi fofo/k Lo:iksa esa vfrfjDr ;gk° ds dykdkj }kjk jtr] rkez /kkrq ij Hkh ehuk dk;Z fd;k tkrk jgk gSA13 ehukdkjh gLrdyk jktLFkku dh mu pquhank dykvksa esa ls ,d gS ftuds }kjk ehukdkjh ds dsUnzksa esa ukFk}kjk] vyoj tSls LFkkuksa ij lksus pkanh] rkacs ij ehuk dk;Z t;iqj gh ugha vfirq jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkkx xkSjokfUor gq, gSA ehukdkjksa }kjk bl fd;k tkrk FkkA dkxt tSls irys iŸkj ij Hkh ehuk djus esa chdkusj ds ehukdkj gLrdyk dks lnSo ls gh fof'k"V cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gS fQj pkgs og flºgLr gksrs gSaA14 ukFk}kjk esa piM+h dk ehuk vf/kdrj fd;k tkrk gSA ek/;e dk pquko gks] vkd`fr vadu] vyadj.k gks vFkok mldh rduhdh fof/k;k°A Lo.kZ;qDr ehukdkjh (mLrkdyk) jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh /kkrq] dkap] iRFkj ij dh tkrh gSA izLrqr i= esa ehukdjh ds mLrkdyk jktLFkku ds ,sfrgkfld uxj chdkusj esa ≈°V dh [kky ij dh tkus Lo:iksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA okyh Lo.kZ ehukdkjh vkSj eqUkOor ds dk;Z dks dgk tkrk gSA bZjku ls vk, mLrk /kkrq;h ek/;e ds Lo:Ik esa ehukdkjh ifjokj ds }kjk ≈°V dh [kky ij lksus dh ehukdkjh dh xbZA chdkusj esa fglkeqÌhu jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh dk;Z eqxy dky ls gh izpyu esa jgkA vkesj ds jktk mLrk ds }kjk bl dyk dks fodflr fd;k x;kA vius firk eqjknc{k dh ns[kjs[k esa ekuflag izFke ds 'kkludky esa Hkkjr dk bl dyk ls ifjp; gqvkA2 ehukdkjh dk fglkeqÌhu }kjk bl gLrdyk dks lh[kk x;kA15 ≈°V dh [kky ls cuh dqIih vkSj vkSj dk;Z Qkbuhf'k;k esa gqvk djrk Fkk] rnUrj pkSljksa ds dky esa ;g dyk Qkjl esa ykbZ ml ij dh xbZ Lo.kZ ;qDr nqyZHk ehukdkjh ds dykRed dk;Z us ftruh izflfº izkIr xbZA3 Qkjl ls ehukdkjh dh dyk ykgkSj igq°phA ;gha ls bl dyk dk Hkkjr rFkk dh gSA mruh vU; fdlh dykd`fr dks izkIr ugha gqbZ gSA chdkusj esa mLrkvksa dk ,d jktLFkku esa izlkj gqvkA jktLFkku esa t;iqj] chdkusj] ukFk}kjk] vyoj esa /kkrq ij eksgYyk gS tks jax vkSj fp=dkjksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA ;gha ds fglkeqÌhu mLrk dks ehukdkjh dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA4 bu lHkh dsUnz ij ehukdkjh ijEijkxr :Ik ls Lo.kZ dh ehukdkjh ds fy, 1986 esa ineJh ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k x;kA16 eq[;r% Lo.kZ] jtr] rkez /kkrqvksa ij dh tkrh jgh gSA5 dqekjLokeh us vius ys[k ‘An iRFkj rFkk laxejej ij ehukdkjh Indian Enamel’ esa ,d Hkkjrh; Lo.kZ isUMsaV dh ppkZ dh gSA ftldk vxzHkkx tfM+r ehukd`r dykd`fr ek= /kkrq ij gh ugha cfYd iRFkj ,oa phuh feV~Vh dh Fkk rFkk i`"B Hkkx ehukdkjh ls ;qDr Fkk] bls 16oha lnh dk ekuk x;k tks laHkor% VkbYl ij Hkh dh tkrh Fkh] ftlesa gjs] uhys ihys jax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA17 tks t;iqj ds ehukdkjksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;kA6 phu esa iz;qDr gksus okyh VkbYl ls feyrh tqyrh gSA bu ehukd`r VkbYl dk iz;ksx /kkrq;h ehukd`fr esa ehuk Hkjus dh Hkh rhu fof/k;k° eq[; jgh gS&izFke fof/k esa xksydq.Mk] chtkiqj ds jktegyksa esa feyrk gSA18 izeq[kr% bu VkbYl dk mi;ksx ehuk ds jax dks d`fr ij ,sls yxk;k tkrk gS tSls dSuokl ij jax djrs gSaA f}rh; fof/ vkesj ,oa t;iqj ds egyksa esa utj vkrk gSA19 ehuk ls ;qDr VkbYl dk iz;ksx vkesj ds k esa d`fr ij cus vyadj.k ij ehuk Mkydj mls gFkkSM+s ls Bksaddj ;k fpidkdj tek egy esa LrEHk] Q'kZ vkfn esa fd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa fo'ks"k:Ik ls laxjejej ij fn;k tkrk gSA r`rh; fof/k esa ehukd`fr ij [kqnkbZ dj mlesa lykbZ;ksa ls jax Hkjk tkrk ehukdkjh dh tkus yxh gSA orZeku esa laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dk;Z fofHkUu jaxksa 7 gS] bls pEiysoh dgrs gSaA ;wjksi esa Hkh /kkrq;h lrg ij xM~Ms djds jax Hkjus esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ?kjsyw mi;ksx rFkk ltkoV dh oLrqvksa esa ehukd`r laxejej 8 dh rduhd dks pEiysoh dgk tkrk gSA oSf'od Lrj Hkh ehukdkjh dh ;g lHkh dykd`fr fo'ks"k :Ik ls ilan dh tk jgh gSA t;iqj dh ehukd`fr laxejej fof/k;k° ns[kus dks feyrh gSA tSls&fyekstl&;wjksi esa fyekstl ehukdkjh esa fp=dkjh dykd`fr ns'k rFkk fons'k esa viuh txg cukus esa lQy gks jgh gSA20 dh Hkkafr jax fd;k tkrk FkkA9 pEiysoh fof/k izpfyr Fkh rFkk dksyksftu tks /kkrq dh iryh ifŸk;ksa dks eksM+dj vyadj.k dh ckgjh js[kk cukbZ tkrh Fkh ftls /kkrq dh lrg dk°p ij ehukdkjh ij tksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA eksM+us ds i'pkr~ tks LFkku curk Fkk mlesa ehuk (jax) Hkjk dkap ij ehukdkjh dk dk;Z mn;iqj esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr dkap tkrk FkkA10 bu lHkh fof/k;ksa esa pEiysoh lokZf/kd le; yxkdj ,oa lw>&cw> ls dh ij Fksok dyk izrkix<+ esa dh tkrh gSA21 jktLFkku dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa Fksok dk vFkZ tkrh gSA lek;kstu gksrk gSA Fksok dh mRd`"V d`fr dh jpuk ds fy, dkjhxj 23 dSjsV dk t;iqj esa eq[; :Ik ls pEiysoh iºfr dh rduhd ls /kkrq ij ehukdkjh dk iryk Lo.kZ Qyd rS;kj djrsa gSa ftls Fksok dh iV~Vh dgk tkrk gSA Fksok dyk dh dk;Z fd;k tkrk jgk gSA11 t;iqj ds ehukdkj Lo.kZ /kkrq ij ehudkjh esa fo'ks"kK ekus fof'k"V ≈°pkbZ;ksa rd igq°pkus esa izrkix<+ ds jktlksuh ifjokj dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku tkrs gSaA yky jax dh ehukdkjh esa t;iqj ds ehukdkj ikjaxr FksA12 Lo.kZ /kkrq ds jgk gSA jktlksuh ifjokj Fksok dyk ds izorZd jgs gSa] igys ;g dyk ehukdkjh ds ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 387 202 388 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lkFk dh tkrh FkhA22 1707 bZ- esa ukFkw th Lo.kZdkj }kjk bl dyk dk izkjaHk fd;k x;k lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] [k.M 2] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj (2004)] tks ehukdkjh ds leku utj vkrh gSA23 orZeku esa Hkh jktlksuh ifjokj Fksok dyk dh 114 dykd`fr;ksa dks mRikfnr djus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl ifjokj ds }kjk xksiuh;rk ds 14- t;flag uhjt o Hkxorh yky 'kekZ] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh lkFk Fksok dyk dks Lo;a rd gh lhfer j[kk x;k gS blh dkj.k ;g dyk izrkix<+ xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] laLdj.k 38 (2016)] 216 rd gh lhfer gSA24 15- jktLFkku dh gLrdyk,°] The Rajasthan Small Industries Cor., Limited dk izdk'ku mi;qZDr fooj.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktLFkku esa ehukdkj gLrf'kYi fofo/k 16- ogh Lo:iksa esa ,sfrgkfld :Ik ls fo|eku gSA ehukd`r dykd`fr;k° /kkrq] iRFkj] phuh 17- Alexender Hunter ‘Enameling on Precious metals in India’, The Art feV~Vh] dkap] ≈°V dh [kky ij dh tkrh jgh gSA ehukdkjh gLrdyk dks fodflr Journal (1875-1887), Vol. 2 (1876), 75 djus esa tgk° ,d vksj jktLFkku ds 'kkldksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA ogha dykdkjksa 18- Ibid us viuh dk;Z dq'kyrk o ;ksX;rk ls bls u, vk;ke iznku fd,A ehuk dks fofHkUu 19- Ibid 20- t;iqj dk e'kgwj ekcZy ehukdkjh vkVZ] iatkc dsljh] 25 fnlEcj 2016 :iksa esa fof'k"Vrk iznku djus esa ehudkjh ds dykdkjksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk jghA jkT; 21- The Journal of Indian Art No. 2, April (1884), 5 ljdkjksa ds lja{k.k] izksRlkgu ds }kjk dykdkjksa us ehukdkjh dks fof'k"V rFkk i`Fkd 22- Rita Devi Sharma & M. Varadarajan, Handicraftecl Indian Enamel igpku nh gSA Jewellery, Roli books, New Delhi, (2008), 97 23- Ibid lanHkZ 24- Ibid 1- deyknsoh pV~VksI/kk;] jktLFkku gLrf'kYi ijEijkA 2- Arts and crafts, Chapter XVIII in Jaipur album of all about Jaipur, 1935 (Jaipur: Rajasthan Directories Publishing House) 3- R.J. Verney, ‘Enamelling in Rajasthan,’ Roopa Lekha, Vol.XXIX, No. 1 & 2, 1958, 31 4- M.K. Pal, Craft and craftman in Tradition India, (1978), 101 5- Jamila Brij Bhushan, ‘Enmels and Jewellery’ in marg Homage to Jaipur Vol XXX, No. 4 (Bomboy. 1977), 101 6- Ananda K. coomaraswany, ‘An Indian Enamel,’ Bulletin of the museum of fine Arts, Vo1.38, (1940). 24-28 7- Howard C. Hollis. ‘An Indian Enamel Pendent,’ The Bulletin of the Cleveland museum of Art, Vol.35, (1948), 18 8- Henery Harcling Caniyanghame, The Journal of the society of Arts, Vol.48 (1899), 46 9- Stephen Pudney, The Journal of the Decorative Arts Society 1850, vol.2, (1999), 72 10- Marian Campbell, medieval Enamels, London: His majesty & Stationary office, (1983), 5 11- bUnj flag (ehukdkjh ds ofj"B dykdkj) ls 6@09@2016 dks KkRkO; rF; ds vk/kkj ijA 12- ogh 13- clUr tks'kh] mUuhloha lnh dk jktLFkku (O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd losZ{k.k)] t;iqj ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj] (1988)] 57 rFkk eksguyky xqIrk] jktLFkku ftysokj 203 390 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 }kj ls izos'kdj ,d yEch vFkok NksVh iksy ij djuh iM+rh FkhA ;g iksy izk;% iq:"k oxZ ds fy, cSBd dk dke djrh FkhA iksy ds ckn cM+k vFkok NksVk gosyh ds ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj mn;iqj dh Lo:i ds vuq:i pkSd vkrk FkkA pkSd ds vxy&cxy esa dejs lkeus pkSckjk vkSj pkSckjs ds vxy&cxy vkSj i`"B eas dejs gksrs FksA Nr ds pkjksa vksj dh nhokjsa daxqjsnkj izeq[k gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u vFkok lh/kh cM+h gksrh FkhA gosyh ds uhps ds dejksa dks izk;% ^vksojk* dgk tkrk MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor FkkA ≈ij ds dejs dks ^esM+h* dgrs Fks] blesa izk;% dherh lkeku vkfn j[ks tkrs FksA dejksa ds dksus esa nhid j[kus dh txg bl Hkkafr Nsn cuk gksrk Fkk fd ,d dejs esa esokM+ esa egkjk.kk ds njckjh lkeUr ljnkjksa] lsB&lkgwdkjksa ,oa fof'k"V tuksa j[ks ^nhi* ls dbZ dejksa rd ,d nwljs ls tqM+s ml Nsn ds ek/;e ls jks'kuh gks tkrh ds futh vkokl gosyh dgykrh FkhA flgosyhfi dk vFkZ vLFkk;h Hkh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ FkhA fnu ds le; ckyduh o NksVh f[kM+fd;ksa ls i;kZIr jks'kuh gks tkrh FkhA gosyh eq[; vkokl ls vU;= vLFkk;h fuokl gsrq cuh txg flgosyhfi dgykrh Fkh tSls ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa jlksbZ gksrh FkhA dksus esa Lukukxkj cus gksrs FksA lkear~&ljnkjksa vFkok fBdkusnkjksa ds vius&vius fBdkuksa esa cus fo'kky Hkou dks gosfy;ksa esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ,oa lEeku iznku djus ds fy, egkjk.kk le;≤ jkoyk ;k egy dgk tkrk FkkA ml fBdkus fo'ks"k ds tkxhjnkj] dkenkj] vf/kdkjh ij dkap dh vksojh vFkok dk°p dk dejk] QOokjs ,d&nks vFkok rhu xqEcn cukus] iqjksfgr] uxj lsB vkfn ds Hkou dks ^gosyh* dgrs FksA1 ijUrq bUgha fBdkusnkj lkear fHkfŸk fp= ,d] nks vFkok vf/kd dejksa] cjkenksa ij cuokus] ckM+h ;k cxhph yxkus ljnkjksa ds Hkou esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh mn;iqj esa cus gksrs Fks mUgsa ^gosyh* gh dgk dh vuqefr iznku djrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa fL=;ksa dks jgus ds fy, vyx ls dejs cus tkrk Fkk] tgk° lEcaf/kr lkear ljnkj mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk dh pkdjh vFkok gktjh nsus gq, Fks] ftUgsa tukuk d{k dgk tkrk FkkA5 le; mn;iqj vkdj jgrs FksA2 gosyh fp=dyk & fo'ks"k lEeku ls ;q‰ gosfy;ksa ds fHkfŸk fp= rRdkyhu gosyh ls rkRi;Z iDdk cM+k edku vFkok Hkou ftlesa lqfo/kk;q‰ dbZ dejs lkaLœfrd thou dh vuqie /kjksgjs gSaaA fp=dyk ds fofo/k n`';] gkfFk;ksa ds ;qº muls tqM+s cjkenk] njh[kkuk] cSBd] xok{k vkfn ,d vFkok vf/kd eaftyksa ls ;q‰ f'kdkj n`';] jkx&jkfxfu;ksa dk fp=.k] x.kxkSj dh lokjh] ySyk eatuw o vU; dbZ 3 bekjr ls gSA lkear ljnkjksa dh viuh gosfy;k° Fkh tSls lywEcj dh gosyh] cnuksj fp= mYys[kuh; gSA fHkfŸk fp=ksa dh n`f"V ls ckxkSj dh gosyh] nsyokM+k dh gosyh] dh gosyh] cusM+k dh gosyh] 'kkgiqjk dh gosyh] ckxkSj dh gosyh] dkuksM+ dh lsBth dh gosyh] ukFkwjke th tfM+;k dh gosyh] nsox<+ dh gosyh egŸpiw.kZ gSaA gosyh] nsyokM+k dh gosyh] ljnkjx<+ dh gosyh] nsox<+ dh gosyh] luokM+ dh ftl ij vyx ls foLrkjiwoZd vkys[k fy[kk tk ldrk gSA esjs }kjk Hkh fy[kk x;k gosyh] vklhUn dh gosyh] dkadjok dh gosyh vkfnA blh izdkj ls iqjksfgr th dh gS o izdkf'kr gks pqdk gSA mn;iqj esa dbZ egŸoiw.kZ gosfy;k° gSa ftUgsa egkjk.kkvksa ds gosyh] esgrk th dh gosyh] dksBkjh th gosyh uxj lsB dh gosyh] ukFkwjke tfM+;k }kjk c['kh'k ds rkSj ij fn;k x;k FkkA dqN Lo;a ds }kjk fufeZr FkhA dh gosyh] vkfn fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA fetkZ vCnqy jghe csx dks esokM+ dk l=goka mejko dk in fn;k x;k FkkA gosyh LFkkiR; ejkBksa ds vkrad dky esa flU/k ls eqlyekuksa dks cqykdj mudh Qksth VqdM+h cuk;h fofHkÈk gosfy;ksa ds izeq[k }kjksa dh fHkÈk&fHkÈk yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ ,oa ≈°pkbZ x;h FkhA 1770 esa ek/ko jko flaf/k;k vkSj egkjk.kk vfjflag ds chp yM+s x;s ;qº esa ns[krs gq, Li"V dgk tk ldrk gS fd lacaf/kr ^gosyh* dk Lokeh viuh LosPNk ls bl VqdM+h us fcuk osru fy;s ohjrkiwoZd ;qº fd;k vkSj esokM+ ds i{k esa viuk mldk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrk Fkk oju~ egkjk.kk }kjk (njckj ls) Lohœr uki&pkSi ds cfynku fn;kA egkjk.kk vfjflag us egqokM+k dh tkxhj] mn;iqj esa gosyh6 lknM+h ds vuq:i gh mls viuh gosyh ds dkeBk.ks dks iw.kZ djuk gksrk FkkA4 eq[; }kj ftls cjkcj cSBd ,oa teknkj ds lacks/ku ls l=gosa mejko dk ntkZ iznku fd;kA bls gosyh dk njoktk dgrs Fks ≈°pkbZ vkSj fo'kkyrk fy;s gksrk Fkk] fdUrq ;g izeq[k }kjk uDdkjk fljksiko] psoj] Nr vej csy.kk ?kksM+k iznku fd;kA x.kxkSj ds volj ij egkjk.kk ds egyksa ds izeq[k }kj ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa ≈°pk vFkok cjkcj dk ugha lokjh dh ukoksa esa ftlesa ,d esa egkjk.kk ,oa nwljh ukao esa l=goka mejko cSBrk FkkA gksrk FkkA cM+h gosyh nks vFkok rhu vFkok dbZ eafty gks ldrh FkhA blesa fgUnw eqfLye ,drk dh esokM+ dh egrh ijEijk ds n'kZu gksrs gSA bldh gosyh lkekU; rFkk eq[; }kj ds vktw&cktw dykœfr;ksa ls ;q‰ xok{k gksrs Fks] eq[; flU/kh ljdkj dh gosyh ds uke ls izflº gSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 391 204 392 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkpk;Z lnkf'ko egkjk.kk Hkhe flag ds ledkyhu Fks] bUgksaus egkjk.kk ds fiz; rFkk NM+h ds lEeku ds lkFk oa'k ijEijk ds fy;s cnukSj ijxus dk ikjlksyh xkao vkSj gkFkh dh fpfdRlk dh vkSj mls LoLFk dj fn;kA bl ij egkjk.kk us txnh'k pkSd esa lsB dh mikf/k nhA lsB tksjkojey ckiuk us dfBu voljksa ij egkjk.kk dks Ω.k nsdj ,d 'kkunkj gosyh laor~ 1856 esa cuokdj bl ifjokj dks cd'khl esa nhA bl rFkk vU; izdkj ls esokM+ dh vPNh lsok dh FkhA egkjk.kk Lo:i flag ds le; jkT; gosyh ij vkpk;ks± dh iksy ds lkFk cM+h iksy Hkh fy[kk gqvk gSA bl ifjokj ds ij 20 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd dtZ Fkk] ftlesa vf/kdka'k mlh dk FkkA dtZ dk QSlyk vuqlkj cM+h iksy (egy) ds ckn vkpk;ks± dks gh cM+h iksy dgykus dk vf/kdkj dj nsus dh egkjk.kk Qrgflag dh bPNk tkudj] mlus viuh gosyh ij egkjk.kk dh Fkk] blesa jlk;u 'kkykk] enkZuk ,oa tukuk fpfdRlk dsUÊ FksA jkt ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esgeku uokthdh] vkSj egkjk.kk dh bPNkuqlkj Ω.k dk fuiVkjk dj fn;kA lsB dks viuk bykt djokus ;gka vkuk iM+rk FkkA7 M~;ks<+h okys esgrk eksthjke th ds nks tksjkoj ey ds bl cM+s R;kx ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk Qrgflag us mls dqaMky xkao iq=ksa x.kjkt th vkSj tosjpUn th ds oa'k esa rhu&rhu gosfy;k° Fkh vkSj M~;ksM+;k fn;k vkSj mlds iq=ksa rFkk ikS=ksa dh izfr"Bk c<+kbZA15 Bkdqj dh tkxhj ekrkth dk [ksM+k Fkh] ftldh gosyh HkfV;kuh pkSgÍk esa fLFkr FkhA8 tc egkjktk lokbZ t;flag vius nwljs daoj ek/kksflag dks egkjk.kk ls jkeiqj dfo nqjlk vk<+k ds oa'kt fdluk vk<+k dks egkjk.kk toku flag us ckx HksaV dk ijxuk izkIr djus dh bPNk ls mn;iqj x;k rFkk /kk;HkkbZ uxjkt ds ekjQr fd;k tks lhlksnk dh ckM+h dgyk;hA budh gosyh jkoth dk gk°Vk esa ikloku th egkjk.kk laxzke flag dks fuosnu djk;k] rc iz/kku fcgkjhnkl us bldk fojks/k fd;k] eafnj ds ikl gSaA9 dfo c[rkoj dh dfork ,oa okdpkrq;Z ls izHkkfor gksdj ftl ij egkjktk us mldh gosyh ij tkdj mldks le>k;k fd gekjs ?kj dk c[ksM+k] egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us bUgsa viuk njckjh cuk;k] rFkk vusd lEeku cSBd ikR;k] vkids gkFk esa gSA blfy;s bl dke esa esjh lgk;rk djsA fcgkjhnkl dh lykg ls gh gkFkh] fljksiko] iSj esa lksuk] iku chM+k ,oa gosyh iznku dhA blds vykok dfojkt og ijxuk egkjk.kk us vius Hkkuts ek/kks flag dks fn;kA16 dks fegkjh ,oa Mkaxjh xkao c['kh'k fn;sA mijks‰ lEeku muds ifjokj dks Hkh izkIr egkjk.kk vfjflag us ejkBk vkÿe.k dh fodV fLFkfr esa Lo;a vejpUn jgs gSaA10 dfojke izrki flag dh iq'rSuh gosyh /kksyh ckoM+h ds ikl gSA cMok dh ckxksjh gosyh tkdj iqu% iz/kku ds in dks xzg.k djus ds fy, mlls vkxzg 17 egkjk.kk toku flag dh /kk; lq[kh ckbZ vkSj /kuk lsokth xqtZj FksA budh ,d fd;k FkkA fBdkusnkj dks o"kZ esa rhu ekg viuh teh;r ds lkFk jkt/kkuh esa jguk gosyh ckfj;ksa dh ?kkVh ij vkSj nwljh gosyh dkath dk gkVk esa fLFkr gSA egkjk.kk 'kaHkq vfuok;Z FkkA izR;sd fBdkus dh viuh gosfy;k° FkhA iwoZ esa bldh lSfud ,oa flag tc ckxksj ls xksn vk;s rks buds /kk; ifjokj Hkh mn;iqj vk x;kA /kkckbZ lqj{kkRed egŸkk FkhA fczfV'k dEiuh ljdkj ds lkFk laf/k gks tkus ij tkxhjnkjksa dh vejflag dh dkap dh xks[kM+s dh gosyh x.ks'k ?kkVh ekxZ ij izflº gSA11 QkSt dk egŸo de gks x;kA tkxhj ls nwj jgus ds dkj.k tkxhj esa vO;oLFkk gksus yxh ejkBksa ds izHkkodky esa laca/kksa esa f'kfFkyrk vk x;h bl dkj.k pkdjh dh iz/kku dsljh flag dksBkjh dh gosyh jsokl dh gosyh HkfÍ;kuh pkSgÍk esa gS] vof/k 15 fnu vkSj teh;r ds ctk; fuf'pr jde ck°/k nh xbZA18 bl ij dherh dke djk;k x;k FkkA bl gosyh dks ejkBksa us vkÿe.k ds nkSjku ywVk esokM+ esa n'kgjs dk R;kSgkj lcls vf/kd egŸoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk FkkA esokM+ ds FkkA12 dksBkjh dsljh flag ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us usrkoyk xkao tkxhj lkeUrksa dks n'kgjs ds nl fnu iwoZ mn;iqj igq°puk iM+rk Fkk rFkk n'kgjs ds chl fnu esa fn;k vkSj mldh gosyh ij esgeku gksdj mldk eku c<+k;k vkSj mlh o"kZ mls ckn rd ogh jguk iM+rk FkkA bl volj ij lkeUr viuh teh;r ds lkFk mn;iqj iz/kku cuk;k vkSj ckSjkao xkao rFkk iSjksa esa iguus ds lksus ds rksM+s iznku fd;sA13 igq°prs FksA teh;r dh la[;k mudh tkxhj ds iÍs esa ntZ js[k dh jde ij vk/kkfjr 6 ekpZ] 1844 bZ- dks egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us esgrk jke flag dh gosyh ij gksrh FkhA tc lkeUr mn;iqj igq°p tkrs Fks] rc Lo;a egkjk.kk lywEcj ds lkFk&lkFk esgeku gksdj mldh ekuo`fº dh vkSj mls rkthe rFkk dkdkth dh mikf/k nsdj dksBkjh;k] lknM+h o csnyk ds lkeUrksa ls feyus mudh gosfy;ksa ij tkrk FkkA19 lEekfur fd;kA 1833 esa jke flag ds ikS= v{k; flag ds T;s"B iq= thou flag ds n'kgjs ds i'pkr~ tc lkeUr viuh tkxhj esa tkuk pkgrs rks mlds fy, fookg ds voj ij egkjk.kk us mldh gosyh ij esgeku gksdj mldh izfr"Bk c<+kbZA14 egkjk.kk ls vkKk ysuh iM+rh FkhA egkjk.kk bu lkeUrksa dks vkKk nsrs gq, lh[k dk duZj VkWM dh lykg ls egkjk.kk Hkhe flag us bUnkSj ls lsB tksjkojey dks chM+k iznku djrk FkkA lywEcj jkor dks n'kgjs dk ljksiko o rht dk ljksiko izkIr mn;iqj cqyk;kA mldh lsokvksa ds miy{k esa 20 ekpZ] 1827 dks egkjk.kk us ikydh djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA20 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 393 205 394 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 n'kgjk nhikoyh dh chM+h & bu eq[; R;kSgkjksa ij iku chM+h egkjk.kk dh vksj esa rdyhQ gksus ds dkj.k egkjk.kk us cSBd esa (≈ij) ugha i/kkjsA vr% vki uhps gh ls fBdkusnkjksa dh gosfy;ksa ij Hksth tkrh FkhA bls ys tkus dk dk;Z egkjk.kk ds eq[; }kj ds nkfgus vksj cus frckjs ij dqN nsj fcjktsA 'kksd larki ds ckn egkjk.kk utnhdh ikloku vkfn djrs FksA fBdkusnkj ds lEeku ds vuqlkj gh ys tkus okyk fcnk gq,A esokM+ ljdkj dh vksj ls uhyk ?kksM+k HksaV fd;k x;k ftl ij cSBdj Bkdqj t:jh FkkA bl chM+h esa 5 yksax vkSj vUnj lw[ks esos feJh j[krs FksA fBdkusnkj lkgc njckj ds vkxs&vkxs pysA dqEgkjksa ds efUnj ds ikl nLrqj ds eqrkfcd fcnk oL=kHkw"k.k ls lfTtr gksdj bls Lohdkj djrk FkkA izR;sd fBdkus dk usx ca/kk gqvk dj iku fn;k x;kA la/;k le; yxHkx 7 cts lknh iks'kkd es Bkdqj lkgc f'ko Fkk] tks ys tkus okys dks fn;k tkrk FkkA 2 :i;s ls 50 :- rd ds usx ds izek.k fuokl i/kkjsA njh[kkus esa chM+k vk;k vkSj njckj esa i/kkjus ds ckn utj U;kSNkoj dh feyrs gSaA ;g egkjk.kk ds utnhdh yksxksa dks rsokjh iqjLdkj fnykuk FkkA21 xbZ ftlesa 1 eqgj rFkk 5 :i;s l:i'kkgh HksaV fd, x;sA pk°nksM+h 50 :i;k iqjksfgrksa egkjk.kk fdlh fof'k"V vfrfFk dk Lokxr djrs Fks vFkok dksbZ fof'k"V ds usx dk iqjksfgr 'kaHkwukFk th dh gosyh Hkstk x;kA28 O;f‰ egkjk.kk dh viuh gosyh esa i/kjko.kh djrk Fkk ml le; lksus ds odZ ls esokM+ esa lkeUrksa dh gosfy;k° vijkf/k;ksa ds fy, 'kj.k LFky le>h tkrh Fkh] lq'kksfHkr lw[ks esos ls iw.kZ chM+s utj fd;s tkrs FksA22 ;fn egkjk.kk fdlh jkLrs ls vFkkZr~ lkeUrksa dks viuh gosyh esa vFkok x<+ esa 'kj.k nsus dk vf/kdkj FkkA ;g vf/ xqtjrs le; fdlh mejko dh gosyh ds ikl ls fudys vkSj mejko gosyh esa gks rks kdkj lywEcj o dksBkfj;s fBdkus dks izkIr FkkA29 egkjk.kk Lo:i flag ds le; esgrk egkjk.kk viuk pkscnkj Hkstdj ml mejko dks fltwgkjfi dgykrk FkkA rc og mejko 'ksjflag ls tks rhu yk[k :i;s n.M ds fy;s x;s FksA os jhtsUlh dkSafly ds le; Hkh viuk vkneh Hkstdj egkjk.kk dks tqgkj dgykrk FkkA23 mldh bPNk ds fo:º mlds iq= lokbZ flag us jkT; ds [ktkus ls ihNs ys fy,A egkjk.kk }kjk vius HkkbZ&csVksa ;Fkk djtkyh ckxksj] f'kojrh] /kusfj;k vkfn blds dqN gh o"kZ ckn esgrk 'ksjflag ds ftEes fpŸkkSM+ ftys ds ljdkjh jde ckdh gosfy;ksa ij vius [kklk jlksM+s ls [kYys Hkstus dh ijEijk FkhA dqN fBdkuksa ds mejko gksus dh f'kdk;r gqbZA og ljdkjh jde tek ugha djk ldrk vkSj tc T;knk rdktk tc rd mn;iqj esa jgrs Fks] mUgsa egkjk.kk ds [kkls jlksM+s ls the.k pkanh dh Fkkyh esa gqvk rc og lywEcj jkor dh gosyh esa tk cSBk] tgk° mldh e`R;q gqbZA ckdh jde 30 gosyh Hkstk tkrk FkkA bl lEcU/k esa lywEcj] csnyk] 'kkgiqjk ds uke feyrs gSaA24 dh olwyh ds fy, mldh tkxhj jkT; ds mŸkjkf/kdkj esa ys yh xbZA egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us ylk.kh ds ljnkj tldj.k pq.Mkor ds NksVs iq= leFkZflag ij ljnkjksa tc rd mejko jkt/kkuh esa jgrs Fks mudh gosfy;ksa ij fu;fer uxkj[kkuk dk cgdkus dk nks"k yxkdj mls utj dSn dj fy;kA ;g ns[kdj mn;ij esa tks gksrk FkkA cusM+k ,oa 'kkgiqjk dh gosfy;ksa esa vFkok Msjksa ij ?kfM+;ky ctrk FkkA ljnkj ml le; mifLFkr Fks os lHkh fcxM+ mBs vkSj leFkZflag dks NqM+kdj Hkh.Mj dh 25 egkjk.kk vius HkkbZ csVksa dh gosfy;ksa ij nhokyh ds fnu ghM+ flapokus tkrs FksA gosyh esa igq°pk fn;kA31 vk[kkrht ij lokfj;ksa esa lfEefyr gksus okys fBdkusnkjksa dh vaxjf[k;k 'kqº egkjk.kk Lo:i flag dh miiRuh (ikloku) ,stkackbZ egkjk.kk ds lkFk lrh dslj esa jaxdj dslfj;k cukdj iguh tkrh FkhA ckn esa dslj ds NhVksa dk pyu 'kq: gks xbZ] ftlls iksfyfVdy ,tsUV esokM+ us xksikynkl dks ;|fi ml dke esa mldk gqvkA lokjh ls igys pk°nh ds dVksjs es ?kqVh gqbZ dslj gosfy;ksa ij Hkstuk pkyw jgkA26 dksbZ gkFk ugha Fkk] rks Hkh mlds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k] ftlls mlus Hkkxdj dksBkfj;k dh fBdkus ds mejko ljnkj ds nsoyksd gks tkus ij egkjk.kk 'kksd fuokj.k dh jLe djrs gosyh esa 'kj.k yhA32 1854 ds dksyukes ds vuqlkj mn;iqj uxj esa ljnkjksa dh tks Fks] bls ekreiqjlh dgk tkrk FkkA dqN fBdkuksa esa egkjk.kk dks Lo;a tkus dh ijEijk gosfy;k° gSa os tc rd vkckn o vPNh n'kk esa jgsxh rc rd iksfyfVdy ,tsUV dh FkhA bls ysdj dqN fookn Hkh iSnk gq,A lkekU;r;k egkjk.kk lacaf/kr gosyh tkdj vuqefr ds fcuk u rks tCr dh tk,xh vkSj u nwljksa dh nh tk,xhA iksfyfVdy ;g jLeiqjh djrs FksA egkjk.kk mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks ,d eksjof.k;k ?kksM+k iznku dj ml ij ,tsUV dh vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh gkyd esa ,slk u fd;k tk;sxkA muds ckxksa dh 27 lokj djkrs ,oa flj ij vks<+k gqvk 'osr oL= gVkdj 'kksd eq‰ dj nsrs FksA flapkbZ fiNksyk rkykc ls fcuk eglwy gksxhA33 fu%lUnsg mn;iqj dh gosfy;k° fBdkuk cnuksj ds Bkdqj xkso/kZu flag dh ekreiqlhZ dh jLe vnk djus ds LFkkiR; o fp=dyk dh vuqie /kjksgj gSA ;s gosfy;k° bfrgkl ds dbZ ?kVukvksa dh fy;s 1 flrEcj 1922 dks egkjk.kk Qrsgflag th mn;iqj fLFkr cnuksj dh gosyh ij lk{kh jgh gSA blesa dbZ ijEijkvksa dk fuoZgu gqvk gsA orZeku esa gosyh dk ewy i/kkjs FksA egkjk.kk lknh iks'kkd esa FksA lkns k xks gh mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] i`- 823 2- ';keynkl ohj fouksn jkt ;a=ky; mn;iqj izFke laLdj.k 1886] i`- 1536 30- mijks‰ i`- 635 3- gosyh jks deBk.kk [kkrk jks pksikU;ks] dkuksM+ laxzg cLrk ua- 1 pksikU;k ua- 5 31- mijks‰ i`- 844 4- ogh] pksikU;k ua- 6 32- czqd] fgLV™h vkWQ esokM+ lh-ch- yqbZl csifVLV fe'ku izsl dydŸkk 1859] i`- 68 5- mn;iqj dh gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u gsrq fujh{k.k 33- mijks‰ i`- 70 6- 'kekZ /keZiky & esokM+ laLœfr ,oa ijEijk 1999] i`- 117 7- Jh txnh'k pUÊ vkpk;Z & vkpk;ks± dh iksy lk{kkRdkj 8- lk{kkRdkj esgrk ifjokj o jk.kh eaxk iksFkh ij vk/kkfjr 9- 'kekZ /keZiky & esokM+ laLœfr ,oa ijEijk 1999] i`- 144 10- ogh i`- 146 11 ogh i1- 147 11- xks-gh- vks>k mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] jktLFkku xzaFkkxkj tks/kiqj 2015] i`- 839 12- dksBkjh rstflag & dksBkjh cyoUr flag dk thou pfjr izFke laLdj.k 1939 jkt ;a=ky; mn;iqj i`- 528 13- xks-gh- vks>k & mn;iqj jkt; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] i`- 830&831 14- ogh] i`- 829 15- ogh] i`- 814 16- ogh] i`- 817 17- mn;iqj] ljnkj jk dCtk ijokuks jks udyk gky gdhdr jks pksifu;ks] cgh la[;k 80] i`- 82 18- ckadhnkl jh [;kr] xUFkkd 21] ckr 1118 la- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh 19- mn;iqj ljnkj jk dCtk ijokuk jh udyka dk gky gdhdr jks pksifu;ks ogh la- 80] i`- 83 20- ,tsUlh fjdkMZ Qkby ua- 8 (1858) i`- 81 21- Qrgflag gdhdr cghM+k Hkkx 1 i`- 30 22- ogh i`- 31 23- mijks‰ cgh la- 86 24- ukFkwyky O;kl laxzg lkfgR; laLFkku jftLVj la[;k 3 i`- 25 25- esgrk laxzke flag dysD'ku gokyk ua- 706 207 398 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ljlrh le:a lnk] iz.kkeqa x.kifr ik;A dgqa xty ukaxk.k dh] Hky dfo;.keu Hkk;AA tSu xt+y lkfgR; esa /kkfeZd thou blh izdkj caxky ns'k dh x+t+y esa Hkh ;fr Jh fugky us ljLorh ,oa xojh fueZyk nS∏;k iq= x.ks'k dh oanuk dj x+t+y fy[kuk izkjEHk fd;k7μ Jh lrxq# lkjn iz.kkfe] xojh iq= euk;A xty caxkyk ns'k dh dgqa ljl cuk;AA Hkkjrh; oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd thou esa /keZ dh loZnk lokZf/kd egŸkk jgh gSA tSu /keZ ds mRd"kZ dk Js; mu tSu lk/kqvksa dh ijEijk dks gS] ftlus tSu /keZ ,oa mn;iqj dh x+t+y esa dfo [ksry us bdfyax th] nsoh nqxkZ] vEck ekrk] f'ko] guqeku] x.kifr] gjflºh nsoh ,oa ljLorh dk mYys[k fd;k gSA8 blh x+t+y esa lekt esa lq/kkj ds fy, fof/k&pSR; vkUnksyu dk lapkyu fd;kA ftldk 'kqHkkjEHk d`".k dk Hkh mYys[k gSA9 fxjukj dh x+t+y esa vEck ekrk] dkydk ekrk dk mYys[k tSu vkpk;Z gfjHknzlwfj us fd;k vkSj m|ksrulwfj rFkk flºf"kZlwfj tSls vkpk;ks± us ftls gSA10 blh ds lkFk y{e.k ,oa guqeku dk Hkh mYys[k bl x+t+y esa gSA11 fpŸkkSM+ dh O;kid vk/kkj iznku fd;kA gfjHknzlwfj us viuh jpukvksa ,oa mins'kksa }kjk leLr tSu x+t+y esa dfo [ksry us prqHkZqt /kkjh vFkkZr~ fo".kq dk mYys[k fd;k gS] ;Fkk12μ fparu dks izHkkfor fd;kA mudh jpukvksa esa ^vusdkUrt;* rFkk ^/keZfcUnq* fo'ks"k pj.k prqHkZqt /kkfj fpr Bhd djh fpr BkSM+A mYys[kuh; gSA vfHkys[kksa }kjk /keZ rFkk /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dk vuqeku blh x+t+y esa guqeku ,oa Jhjke dk Hkh mYys[k gSA13 pkeq.Mk ekrk ,oa yxk;k tk ldrk gSA1 uhyd.B vFkkZr~ f'ko dk Hkh mYys[k gSA14 blh x+t+y esa cz„k ,oa fo".kq dk Hkh e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa vusd tSu xPNksa ,oa vkpk;ks± dk mn; gqvk gSA mYys[k gS] ;Fkk15& vkpk;ks± us jktLFkku esa tSu /keks± dks yksdfiz; cukus esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA mUgksaus jgrs #nz bX;kjsd] tksxh iaFk ftgka ckjkdA fujUrj in;k=k dj vius mins'kksa }kjk tulk/kkj.k esa tSu /keZ ds izfr ubZ psruk tkx`r fpr bd flº pkSjklhd] cz„k fo".kq eBoklhdAA dhA txg&txg ozr] miokl rFkk mRloksa dks vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA tSu lk/kqvksa chdkusj dh x+t+y y{e.k] lhrk] jke] yEch iwaN okys guqeku] egknso] mek dh jktLFkku dks ,d egRoiw.kZ nsu muds }kjk jpk x;k fo'kky lkfgR; gSA bu fo}ku (ikoZrh)] prqHkqZt] cz„k] fo".kq] x.kifr vkfn ds fp=ksa dk mYys[k gSA16 blls tSu eqfu;ksa us Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa ij lglzksa xzUFk fy[ks Fks vkSj mudk vius /keZ rRdkyhu le; ds nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ekjksB dh LFkkuksa esa laj{k.k fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl n'kZu ,oa lkfgR; gekjh vewY; fuf/k x+t+y esa d`".k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA17 bl izdkj x+t+y lkfgR; ls ikSjkf.kd gSA2 blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ tSu eqfu;ksa }kjk jfpr x+t+y lkfgR; vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gSA bu tSu x+t+yksa ls /kkfeZd thou ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA tSu x+t+yksa esa ikSjkf.kd tSu nsoky; nsoh&nsorkvksa] tSu rhFk±djksa] yksd nsorkvksa ,oa eqfLye lEiznk; ds ihjksa dk Hkh x+t+y lkfgR; esa tSu nsoky;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA chdkusj dh x+t+y fo-la- mYys[k feyrk gS rFkk lkFk gh mudh iwtk] vpZuk ,oa izeq[k /kkfeZd LFkyksa dh 1765 esa ;fr mn;pan us fy[khA bl x+t+y esa vkB tSu izklknksa dk o.kZu gS tks ,sls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA yxrs gSa ekuks xxu ls ckrsa dj jgs gksaA18 HkkaMs'kkg dk nsoky; ;gka fLFkr gS ftlds izeq[k ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsork ≈ij lqUnj dy'k ,oa /otn.M gS tks fd cz„k.M ds leku gSA19 ;gka y{ehukFk ,oa x+t+y lkfgR; esa ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsorkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA x+t+y usehukFk ds cM+s nsoy gSA20 ekjksB dh x+t+y esa Hkh ikjlukFk ,oa usehukFk ds eafnj dk fy[kus ls iwoZ ys[kd igys ljLorh nsoh dk oanu djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ fxjukj dh o.kZu gSA21 nksuksa txg lPps tSu lk/kq mikld jgrs gSa ns[kus ls yxrk gS ekuks d`".k gh x+t+y esa dfo dY;k.k us x+t+y 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ljLorh dh oanuk bl izdkj dh }kfjdk gksA bl x+t+y esa nknkth dk nsojk dk Hkh mYys[k gSA gSμ^ojns ekrk okxs'ojh] xty dgqa xq.k [kka.kA*3 blh izdkj chdkusj dh x+t+y]4 ukxkSj dh x+t+y dfo eu:i us fy[khA bl x+t+y esa tSuksa ds lqUnj Hkouksa dk ekjksB dh x+t+y5 esa Hkh ljLorh dk mYys[k gSA ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa dfo us ljLorh mYys[k fd;kA uxj esa vkfnukFk (Ω"kHknso) dk nsoky; cuk gqvk gS22 tks fd cgqr ,oa x.ks'k dh oanuk ls x+t+y dh 'kq:vkr dh gS6μ ≈apk gS] ,slk yxrk gS ekuks vkdk'k ls ckrsa djrk gS] blds ikl ijdksVk cuk gqvk gS] ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 399 208 400 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ekuks cM+k x<+ gksA blds njokts cgqr lqUnj gS] blds izR;sd njokts ds fuekZ.k dh ekrk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA40 dher lkB #i;s gSaA23 ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa ,d nsoky; dk mYys[k gS ftldh iwtk tks/kiqj dh x+t+y esa pkeq.Mk ekrk ds eafnj]41 Tokykeq[kh nsoh dk eafnj lŸkj izdkj ls gksrh gSA24 nsojk fLFkr ewfrZ dks dslj] panu] cktqca/k] dqaMy] gkj vkfn (ftldh tksr izfrfnu tyrh jgrh gS)]42 egkeafnj] eaMksj43 vkfn dk o.kZu gSA ls ‹k`axkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA HkDrtu /kwi] nhi] vkjrh ,oa /;ku }kjk /keZ ykHk ysrs gSa] x+t+y esa ?ku';ke (xax';ke) dk eafnj ,oa dqatfcgkjh eafnj dk Hkh mYys[k gSA44 xq.khtu xkus ds lkFk&lkFk ukprs gSa yksx n'kZu ds fy, Hktu&laxhr ds lkFk izHkq dh x+t+y lkfgR; esa ikSjkf.kd] tSu ,oa yksd nsorkvksa ds vfrfjDr ihjksa dh 25 vpZuk djrs gSaA blds vykok ;gka ,d 'kkafrukFk dk nwljk nsoky; Hkh fLFkr gSA efLtnksa ,oa vU; /kkfeZd LFkyksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls xksjeukFk dh ;gka yksx gkFk tksM+dj vpZuk djrs gSaA ;gka ,d ghjkokM+h Hkou Hkh gS blesa izfrfnu x+t+y bldk loZJs"B mnkgj.k gS] ;g x+t+y xksjeukFk ds rhFkZ LFky ij gh fy[kh xbZ 26 iwtk esa ukfj;y p<+rs gSaA ;gka usfeukFk dk nsoy Hkh gS] bl nsoy esa Hkh yksx vkdj gSA xksjeth dh x+t+y dfo isey us laor~ vBkjg esa T;s"B ekl dh lqnh pkSFk dks oanuk djrs gSaA ;g rikxPN /keZ dh 'kk[kk dk cM+k /kke gSA27 ;gka mikljk (tSu fy[khA45 x+t+y 'kq: djus ls igys dfo us xksjeukFk dh oanuk dh gSA mUgksaus bl ;fr;ksa dk fuokl LFkku) cM+k ≈apk cuk gqvk gS ftldh rqyuk dfo us dSyk'k ioZr x+t+y esa ioZr dk mYys[k fd;k gSA46 bl ioZr dh iz'kalk dfo us dh gSA flºksa] lk/ ds NksVs cPps ls dh gSA28 ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks foeku gksA ;gka vkdj kqvksa dk ;g LFkku gS] bl ioZr ij tksxh /;ku yxkrs gSaA47 ;gka vEck] beyh] lhle] ekuo eks{k ikrs gSa] ;gka ekf.kd ohj ful fnu /kwi] nhi djrs gSaA mn;iqj dh x+t+y esa lkyj vkfn ds cgqr ls isM+ gSaA48 ftudh Nk;k cgqr vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k eu dks Ω"kHknso ds nsoy dk mYys[k gSA bl x+t+y esa 'khryukFk ,oa fnxEcj lEiznk; ds izlUurk feyrh gSA ;gka daVhys ikS/kksa ds lewg feyrs gSaA canj Mky&jks[ks cgqr lqUnj gSa ,oa ,d pkSd gS esa tks esyk Hkjrk gS52 mlesa lHkh lewgksa] tkfr;ksa ds yksx bdÎs gksrs gSaA bl esys esa ftlesa lk/kq&lar cSBrs gSaA ckjg ekl Jkod ri ,oa mikluk djrs gSa ,oa 'kkL=ksa dk yk[kksa yksx vkrs gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd nsoh nsork Hkh bl esys esa vkrs gSaA 64 ;ksfxfu;ka v/;;u djrs gSaA gSa muds cky vkSj 52 ohj fodjky (Hk;adj) gSa tks fd ;gka fnu&jkr [ksyrs gSaA53 tks yksd nsork xksjeukFk dks I;kjs yxrs gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd iwjh nqfu;k budks iwtrh gS ,oa fL=;ak x+t+y lkfgR; esa yksd nsorkvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA chdkusj dh x+t+y esa xhr xkrh gSa] mudks ueu djrh gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd lHkh yksx ckck xksjeukFk dh yksd nsork xksxkth ds pcwrjs dk mYys[k gS bl ij HkDr rsy ,oa flanwj p<+krs gSaA37 lsok vpZuk djrs gSaA tksxh yksx Hkkax ?kksVrs gSa] riLoh yksx /;ku eXu jgrs gSaA ekjksB dh x+t+y esa lkr yksd ekrkvksa ds Fkku] [ksry ({ks=iky)] xksxkihj yksd xksjeukFk dk esyk cgqr gh mYykliwoZd Hkjrk gS blesa rwjh;k] >haxj] pax vkfn ok| nsork ds Fkku dk mYys[k gSA38 fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y eas dfo [ksry us jxfr;k HkS: dk ;a= ctrs gSa vkSj ckyd [ksyrs gSaA vkneh flj ij iapjaxh ixM+h igurs gSa ,oa fL=;ka Fkku] egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk cuok;s x;s dqEHk';ke eafnj ,oa ehjk ckbZ egy vkfn dk Hkh cgqr eksgd yxrh gSaA nksuksa (L=h ,oa iq#"k) [;ky xkrs gSaA vkxs ,d cktkj Hkh mYys[k gSA egkHkkjr dkyhu ikaMoksa us ;gka pkSlB ;ksfxfu;kas ds nsoy (Fkku) dh gS tgka yksx O;kikj djrs gSaA54 dksus&dksus ls yksx O;kikj djus ds fy, ;gka vkrs gSaA LFkkiuk dhA39 tl/kke uked nsoky; dk Hkh mYys[k dfo us viuh x+t+y esa fd;k pwafd ;g esyk QkYxqu ekl esa Hkjrk gS vr% bl esys esa yksx dbZ izdkj ls gksyh gSA bl /kke ij 18 o.kks± ds yksx vkrs gSa ,oa HkfDrHkko ds lkFk iwtk djrs gSaA ;gka [ksyrs gSaA yksx 32 jkxksa esa ?kwe&?kwe dj Qkx ds xhr xkrs gSaA dfo dgrs gsa fd jkor ukScr ctrh gS ftldh vkokt pkjksa rjQ lqukbZ nsrh gSA mn;iqj dh x+t+y esa 'khryk tkfr ds yksx Hkh xksjeukFk ds n'kZu djus vkrs gSaA55 ,oa vey (vQhe) ds I;kys ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 401 209 402 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ihdj xhr xkrs gSaA56 jk.kk Hkh ;gka n'kZu dks vkrs gSaA var esa dfo us xksjeukFk dh lUnHkZ oanuk ds lkFk x+t+y dh bfrJh dh gSA ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa dfo eu:i us ,d 1- b-vkbZ-] Hkkx 14] i`- 295 jkeukeh lk/kqvksa ds Bgjus ds LFkku vFkkZr~ jke}kjk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA57 blh x+t+y 2- vkbZ-,-] Hkkx 14] i`- 8 esa rkmlj uked ckM+h cgqr cM+k /kke gSA58 ;gka yksx cSBdj jkeuke jVrs gSa vFkkZr~ 3- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr dY;k.k] laiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 27 Hkxoku jke dk Lej.k djrs gSaA 4- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pqn] ogh] i`- 57 fxjukj dh x+t+y esa dfo dY;k.k us [kqrdk ?kkV dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks fd 5- ekjksB dh x+t+y] ;fr nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 69 cgqr izflº ?kkV gSA lk/kq ;gka eqfDr ds fy, lk/kuk djrs gSaA ;gka oanuk djus ls 6- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] dfo eu:i] ogh] i`- 42 7- caxky ns'k dk x+t+y] ;fr fugky] ogh] i`- 51 'kkjhfjd nq[kksa dk Hkh fouk'k gksrk gSA59 blh x+t+y esa HkosljukFk dk mYys[k gSA 8- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] ;fr [ksry] ogh] i`- 22 fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y esa lglzfyax] jxfr;k HkS:] pkSlB ;ksfxfu;ksa dk mYys[k gSA60 9- ogh] i`- 25 x+t+y esa vkcw nsojk dk mYys[k gS ftldh rqyuk dfo us rkjkx.k ls dh gSA61 10- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh dY;k.k]] ogh] i`- 28 x+t+y lkfgR; esa fgUnw ,oa tSu /keZ ds vfrfjDr eqfLye lEiznk; dk Hkh 11- ogh] i`- 28 mYys[k fd;k gSA vkxjk dh x+t+y esa Hkh ,d efLtn dk mYys[k gSA62 12- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh [ksry] ogh] i`- 36 fdYyk ekafg gS egthr] tqEek uke dh 'kqHkjhrA 13- ogh] i`- 36 blh x+t+y esa ,d vU; csxe dh efLtn dk Hkh mYys[k gSA63 14- ogh] i`- 37 rk fop [kk[k gS egthn] csxe jkfu dh lqHkjhrA 15- ogh] i`- 38 16- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pan] ogh] i`- 58&59 fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y esa Hkh ihjksa ds Fkku dk mYys[k gSA64 ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa ,d 17- ekjksB dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 70 efLtn dk mYys[k gS ftldk uke rkjdhu gSA65 18- vkBksa tSu ds izklkn] djrs xxu lsrh oknA eksVh ihj dh EgSthr] Hkkjh dke vn~HkqrA ogh] i`- 59 rkdk uke gS rkjdku] ns[kr njl uj gq;s yhuA 19- HkkaMs'kkg dk nsgjkd] nso foeku tslk [kMkdA caxky ns'k dh x+t+y eas gtjr dqrc ds eDdku dk mYys[k gS] ;g Fkku ≈apk ns[krk vleku] fgefxjh fda/kq es# lekuA [kijsyksa ls Nk;k gqvk ?kj (iM+ok) gSA66 chdkusj dh x+t+y esa dfo mn;pan us cgqr lqUnj dyl v# /ktn.M] ≈apk tka.k dS cz„n.MA ogh] i`- 60 lh ihj dh njxkgksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS67& 20- nsoy gse fxjan] ufe;S usfeukFk ft.kanA ogh cgq gS ihj dh njxkg] ekaus yksd eu/kj pkgA 21- vn~Hkqr nso ikjlukFk] lks rks lcu dk gS ukFkA blesa /koyka ihj ds Fkku dk Hkh mYys[k gSA68 nwtk usfedk izlkn] iwT;ka Vyr gS fo"koknA ogh] i`- 70 ekjksB dh x+t+y esa ;fr nqxkZnkl us ,d efLtn dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS& 22- vkfnukFk dk nsgjkd] ekauwa lSgj dk lsgjkdA ogh] i`- 44 23- dgks;k dksj.kh dikV] bd bd ykx #ih;k lkBA ogh eksVh ,d gS egthr] ykxS eqlyekauw phrA69 24- iwtk gksr lrj izdkj] cktwca/k dqaMy gkjA ogh] i`- 45 tSu x+t+y lkfgR; esa tks /kkfeZd thou dk ifjp; feyrk gS mlls ys[kd ;k 25- lgh b nsgjk lkafrukFk] fgrdj txr tksM+r gkFkA ogh dfo ds /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds n`f"Vdks.k dk irk pyrk gSA x+t+y lkfgR; esa lHkh / 26- ghjkokM+h Hkqou T;qa gsj] fuR; fuR; iwt pM ukˇsjA ogh keks± ,oa oxks± ds yksxksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh feyrh gSA tSu ;fr;ksa dh bu 27- rixPN rstoar fgrkae] /kze dj rkfg dks ckM/kkaeA ogh jpukvksa esa tSu /keZ ds vfrfjDr lukru /keZ ,oa eqlyekuksa dh njxkgksa] efLtnksa ,oa 28- mikljh o.;k gS mapkd] dgqa dsykl dk cP;kdA ogh muds ihjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk muds /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds xq.k dks n'kkZrk gS tks 29- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] ;fr [ksry] laiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 25 fd Hkkjr dh izkphu dky ls gh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA 30- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh dY;k.k] ogh] i`- 29 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 403 210 404 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 31- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] ;fr eu:i] ogh] i`- 44 55- jkor FkkV ehy.k vk;sd] njl.k uFk js ik;sdA ogh 32- ogh] i`- 45 56- ?k.k FkV lkFk lgq yh/kkd] I;kyk vey en ih/kkdA ogh 33- caxky ns'k dh x+t+y] ;fr fugky] ogh] i`- 53 57- }kjk jkeukeh ns[k] lk/kqHkko HkfDr fo'ks"kA 34- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pan] ogh] i`- 62 ukxkSj dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 48 35- ykgkSj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh tVey ukgj] ogh] i`- 77 58- okMh rkmlj oM /kkae] ≈apk gh csbZ jVh;S jkaeA 36- lkeks nsgjks NkuSd] frueS vkfn ftu NkatSdA ogh] i`- 50 esM+rk dh x+t+y] vuqla/kku 64] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad] [k.M&4] vgenkckn] 2014] 59- fxjukj dh x+t+y] dfo dY;k.k] lEiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 27 i`- 143 60- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] i`- 41 37- Fkkaukd cgqr xksxk ihj] efgek [kwc [ksry ohjA 61- ogh] i`- 40 opjps rsyus lhanwj] ckaVs lh[;ka HkjiwjA 62- vkxjk dh x+t+y] ;fr y{ehpan] ogh] i`- 13 chdkusj dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 60 63- ogh] i`- 14 38- fFkj gS ekoM;ka dk Fkkau] [ksry ohj xksxk ekauA 64- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 37 ekjksB dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 72 65- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] dfo eu:i] ogh] i`- 49 39- pkslB tksx.kh paMhd] ikaMo Fkkiuk eaMhdA 66- caxky ns'k dh x+t+y] dfo fugky] ogh] i`- 51 fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 41 67- chdkusj dh x+t+y] dfo mn;pan] ogh] i`- 60 40- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 22 68- ogh] i`- 67 41- pkeqaMk oMh gS egdk;] nsoh cspjk gS lk;A 69- ekjksB dh x+t+y] dfo ;fr nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 70 tks/kiqj dh x+t+y] vuqla/kku 64] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad [k.M&4] lwjr] 2014] i`- 223 42- Tokykeq[kh nsoh tksr] vgksful jgr gs m|ksrA ogh] i`- 225 43- fot;'khypUnz lwfj] vuqla/kku 65] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad] [k.M&4] lwjr] 2014] i`- 226 44- ogh] i`- 224 45- xksjeth dh x+t+y] ys[kd dfo isey] ijEijk] i`- 35 laor~ 18 th.kq d] uhlk;r o[kk.k dA eghuk tsB lqn pksFkhd] xty dgfg ijhdAA 46- okrk djr gqa lkjhd] ijcr ikj gS HkkjhdA ogh] i`- 32 47- lh/kka lk/kka dk txk] tksxh /;korS uxkA ogh] i`- 32 48- vkack vkacyh vusd] lhle lkyjk ns[kA ogh 49- vk rks ukFk dh [ksˇhd] lhg cdjh HksˇhdA ogh 50- ogh] i`- 32 51- ponl pkan.kh dh jkr] xksjeukFk dh gS tkrA ogh] i`- 32 52- Qkxq.k ekl dk esykd] Hky ;g gksr gS HksykdA ogh] i`- 33 53- pkslB tksx.kh gS ckˇ] ckou ohj gS ohdjkˇA ogh 54- vkxq ns[kh;ks cktkj] oM lk djr gS O;kikjA ogh] i`- 34 211 406 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 }kfjdk pys x;sA }kfjdk/kke eas dkQh yEcs le; rd HkfDr lk/kuk esa yhu gksdj] lk/kq larkas dh laxfr esa jgdj bUgksaus vk/;kfRed iw.kZrk izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA7 jktLFkku dh lar ijEijk eas ihik HkDreky esa ihik ds lEcU/k esa vusd peRdkjiw.kZ fdLlksa dk fooj.k fn;k vkSj mudh izklafxdrk x;k gS vkSj fiz;nkl us mldk lVhd o.kZu fd;k gS tSls& xwtjh dks /ku fn;kS] fi;kS ngh larfu uS MkW- (Jherh) lTtu iksloky czk„.k dks HkDr fd;kS] nsoh nh fudkfjdSA rsfy dks ftok;kS] HkSfl pksjfu Qsfj yk;kSA vk/;kfRed dg tkus okus okys gekjs ns'k esa lUrksa dh cM+h efgek vkSj vknj xkM+h Hkfj vk;kS ru ik°p BkSj tkfjdSAA jgk gSA bu larkas us vius ljy ,oa lkfRod thou esa vfgalk vkSj vifjxzg dks cjkcj flag tSls i'kq dks izHkkfor djuk] xwtjh dk ngh lUrksa dks fiykdj Lo.kZ egRo fn;kA1 ysfdu e/;dkyhu mŸkj Hkkjr ds HkfDr vkUnksyu esa jkekuUn dk egRo eqnzk;sa nsuk] nsoh HkDr czk„.k f'k"; cukuk] rsyh dks ekj dj thfor djuk] d`".k ds bl cgqizpfyr mfDr ls Li"V gS&^HkfDr nzfoM+ ≈ith] yk;s jkekuUnA* jkekuUn ds n'kZu ds fy, leqnz esa dwnus ds ukS fnu ckn fudyuk vkfnA bu dFkkudksa esa fdruk ckjg izeq[k f'k"; FksA ukHkknkl us vius izflº xzUFk HkDreky esa bu f'k";ksa dh lR;rk dk va'k gS] ;g dguk rks dfBu gS ij buds v/;;u ls ge bl urhts ij ifjx.kuk bl izdkj dh gS& igq°prs gS fd ;s ,d mPp dksfV ds lar FksA8 ihik ds lEcU/k esa izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] vuUrkuUn] dchj] lq[kk] lqjlqjk] in~ekofr] ujgfjA tks/kiqj] Hkkjrh; fo|kefUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj ,oa ujk;.kk ds gLrfyf[kr ihik] HkkokuUn] jSnkl] /kUuk] lsu] lqjlqj dh ?kjgfjAA2 laxzgky; tSlS xzUFk Hk.Mkjksa esa foiqy lkfgR; miyC/k gS] ftuesa ihik dh dFkk ihik bl izdkj lar lsu ukbZ] dchj] jSnkl rFkk /kUuk vkfn ds lkFk ihik dh x.kuk ijph] ihik dh ok.kh] lkf[k;k° in vkfn izeq[k gSA 17oha 'krkCnh eas fyf[kr ,d xzUFk jkekuUn ds izeq[k f'k";ksa esa dh tkrh gSA ;s jktiwrkuk ds xkxjksu x<+ (orZeku esa ihik }kjk jfpr psrkouh uked xzUFk Hkh izkIr gqvk gSA9 bl izdkf'kr ,oa vizdkf'kr >kykokM+ ftys esa fLFkr) ds 'kkld [khph jktiwr FksA ysfdu buds tUe ,oa 'kklu lkfgR; ls ihik dh fopkj/kkjk dks le>k tk ldrk gS tks HkfDrdkyhu lar lkfgR; dky ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA fczfV'k iz'kkld ,oa flD[k /keZ vaxhdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA njvly] jkekuUn ds f'k";kas esa dchj] lsu ukbZ] jSnkl] /kUuk djus okys esdkfyQ us vius foLr`r v/;;u esa3 ihik dk tUe 1425 bZ- esa ekuk gS ds lkFk ihik dk uke Hkh izeq[krk ls 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA buesa ls fdlh ij Hkh ftls QdqZgj4 us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS ysfdu jkekuUnh ijEijk ij fopkj djrs le; lkEiznkf;drk dh Nki yxh gqbZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh vkSj uk gh mnkjrk dh deh fn[kkbZ ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ caxky ds lnL; HkksykukFk panj us dfua?ke dh x.kuk ds nsrh gSA bu lcdh fopkj/kkjk yxHkx ,d leku izokfgr gqbZ FkhA lHkh izk;% ,d jax vk/kkj ij ihik dk 'kkludky 1360 bZ- ls 1385 bZ- ds e/; ekuk gSA5 bl izdkj esa jaxs] mUeqDr rFkk LoPNUn vk/;kfRed O;fDr tku iM+rs gSaA10 budh miyC/k ihik ds tUe ,oa thoudky dh fuf'pr frfFk ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa ,der u gksus ij jpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij buds thou vkSj fpUru ds mu i{kksa ij fopkj djuk vko ;d Hkh gesa muds thou o`ŸkkUr ,oa thou n'kZu dh tkudkjh feyrh gS ftldk vk/kkj gS tks vkt Hkh mrus gh izklafxd gS ftrus fd lfn;ksa igys FksA ukHkkd`r HkDreky ,oa miyC/k ijpbZ lkfgR; gSA dchj dh Hkk°fr ihik us Hkh vkMEcj vkSj fn[kkos ij ckj ckj izgkj fd;kA dfri; oS".ko HkDr vfrfFk;ksa dh izsj.kk ls gh ihik jkekuUn ds f'k"; cuus oLrqr% ukxfjd lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dFkuh vkSj djuh esa ,d:irk ,d ds y, cukjl x;s tgk° jkekuUn us bUgsa ek;k dk R;kx djus dks dgk vkSj ijh{kk vifjgk;Z rRo gSA HkfDr larksa dk O;fDrRo bl ,d:irk ls yojst FkkA os lkekU; ysdj bUgsa viuk f'k"; cuk fy;kA6 izflº gS fd xkxjksu ykSV vkus ds ckn ihik us x`gLFk O;fDr ls Hkh blh izdkj ds ljy vkSj ,d:i thou dh vis{kk djrs FksA vkt viuk lkjk BkVckV cny Mkyk vkSj lk/kq lsok ,oa HkfDr esa yhu jgus yxsA ihik ds ds HkkSfrdoknh vkSj ckgjh ped ned ds ;qx esa vkMEcj ij izgkj djus okyk ihik fuosnu djus ij ,d o"kZ ckn jkekuUn] dchj] jSnkl vkfn vusd larksa ds lkFk dk mins'k lokZf/kd izklafxd yxrk gS& xkxjksu vk;s FksA ;gk° ls jkekuUn tc }kfjdk ds fy, jokuk gq, vkSj blh le; ihik ihik ftuds eu diV] ru ij mtjkS HkSlA Hkh jkT; dk ifjR;kx dj viuh 12 jkfu;ksa eas ls lcls NksVh jkuh lhrk dks ysdj fru dks eq[k dkjkS djks] lar tuka dk ys[kAA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 407 212 408 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mB HkkX;ks okjk.klh] Ugk;ks xax gtkjA lkalkfjd ,oa ekuoh; nqcZyrkvksa vkSj voxq.kksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, lkFk ihik os tu mrek] ftu jke dg~;ks bd ckjAA gh lar us bl ij cy fn;k fd lr~lax ls gh O;fDr buls futkr ik ldrk gS& HkO; flagkluksa ij cSB dj /keZ dk mins'k nsus ds O;olk; esa Mwcs vk/kqfud ihik ikjl ij lrk°] yksgk dapu gksbZA /keZ xq#vksa dks ;g nksgk mfpr vLohdkj djrk gS& fl/k ds dkaBs cSalrk°] lkf/kd Hkh fl/k gksbZAA ix /kks≈° m.k nso dk tks /kkys xq:/kkjA bl izdkj lPph [kkst ds fy, O;fDr dk xq.kK ;k izdkaM if.Mr gksuk rks ihik frudq° uk fx.kq°] ftuds eB vkSj BkBAA t:jh ugha ysfdu vuqHkoh] ln~xq# ,oa iFkizn'kZd dk gksuk vko';d crk;k tks Hksl /kj~;ksa lks gfj feyS rks /kj ys lc dks;A O;fDr dks lgh ekxZn'kZu ns ldsA HkDr larksa us thou ds vafre ,oa xgu lR; dh ihik ijpk uk feys] tks eu lk°p u gks;A [kkst ds fy, ftl ln~xq# dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;k Fkk] vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx vkt ckgj dh ftl pdkpkSa/k ls O;fDr ds vUnj tks [kkyhiu vkSj [kks[kysiu esa nSuafnu thou dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj vke thou dh leL;kvksa ds rqjUr lek/kku ds dk va/kdkj QSy jgk gS mlls ckgj vkus ds fy, ckgj ds fn[kkos ds ctk; mls vius fy, yksx xq#vkas dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lkekU; lh i`"BHkwfe ls vUnj ns[kus dh t:jr gS& vkdj izopd xq# cuus okyk O;fDr 'kh?kz gh HkO; vkJe] Hkkjh vuq;k;h vkSj /kuoku mu mft;kjks nhi dks lc tx QSyh tksrA gksdj11 lUr ijEijk ds foijhr] lokZf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh] ,s'o;Z ,oa lŸkk Hkksxh /keZ ihik vUrj uSu lks eu mft;kjks gksrAA O;olk;h gksdj mHkjk gS vr% lUr ijEijk ds xq# dh [kkst vkt dh lcls cM+h b.k ?kV vUnj ckx cxhpk] buesa fljtu gkjk jsA t:jr vkSj pqukSrh gSA b.k ?kV vUnj lkr leUnj] b.k esa uoy[k rkjk jsAA HkDr larksa esa ihik dk LFkku bl i{k dks ysdj vuks[kk gS fd muds lUr thou b.k ?kj vUnj v.kgn xw°ts nw.k esa lc lalkjk jsA esa iRuh lhrk ges'kk lkFk jgh ftls ^lhrk lgpjh* dgk x;kA12 vkerkSj ij HkfDrdkyhu ihik ds rks ?k.kks Hkjkslks b.k et lk°bZ Egkjk jsAA lUrksa us L=h dks eqfDr ds ekxZ eas ck/kd ekuk] ysfdu ihik us laU;klh thou iRuh ds ihik dk ekuuk Fkk fd ekuo thou dh lkFkZdrk ds fy, vUnj ns[kuk rks lkFk ;kiu fd;k vkSj ukjh ugha] vfirq ijukjh dks loZuk'k dk gsrq crk;k& vko';d gS ysfdu ;g bruk vklku Hkh ugha gS] D;ksafd blds fy, vgadkj dks ( ) ihik ijukjh ijrf[k Nqjh] fcjyk c°ps dksbZA R;kxuk vko';d gS ftl jktlh ifjos'k ls os vk;s Fks mlesa ,slk djuk vkSj Hkh dfBu i uk° isfV lapkfj,] lks lsuk dh gksbZAA Fkk& ( ) ijukjh ijr[k Nqjh] ih;ks yhtS u vkafxA ( ) ihik nkl dgkcks dfBu gS] eu ugha NkaMs+ ekfuA ii i jko.k lfj[kk ckfg x;k] ijukjh ds lafxA lrxq: lksa ijpks ugha] dfy;qx ykxkS dkfuAA bl izdkj vk/;kRe ,oa eqfDr] larksa dk ije y{; Fkk ysfdu blds lkFk gh ( ) Lokeh gksuks lgt gS] nqyZHk gks.kks nklA ii mUgksaus yksd thou dk ekxZn'kZu dj Hkze vkSj vKku dks nwj djus dh lkFkZd igy ihik gfj ds uke fcu] dVS u te dh ik°lAA dh] ftlesa jkekuUnh ijEijk ,oa jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa ihik dk vxz.kh LFkku gSA ( ) tkdS ckbZ vkfu rst iou pyrs ny HkkjhA iii nknw] tlukFk] tkEHkksth] /kUuk vkfn lUrkas ds leku gh lar ihik us izpfyr O;SfDrd yadkifr gkfj x;ks] jko.k lks vgadkjhAA voxq.kksa ,oa lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ds izfr laosnu'khy n`f"Vdks.k viuk;kA mUgkasus vkReksºkj ysfdu mUgksaus jktlh oSHko dh fujFkZdrk dks HkfyHkk°fr le> fy;k Fkk] rHkh ds lkFk&lkFk vius thou vkSj d`frRo ds }kjk /keZfu"Bk] {kek] 'khy] n;k vkSj rks xkSre cqº dh rjg mUgksaus mls Bqdjk fn;k vkSj mldh u ojrk dks js[kkafdr djrs lfg".kqrk dk lans'k fn;k tks vkt Hkh mruk gh izklafxd gSA gq, dgk& ;gk° ihik ds thou ls tqM+s izeq[k LFkkuksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsuk izklafxd ( ) jktikV vcyk cgqrsjh] gksr ?kksM+k gkFkhA i gksxk& ije gal tc fd;k i;kuk] fcjfp jgs lc lkFkhAA 1- loZizFke xkxjksu dk fdyk tgk° mudk tUe gqvk vkSj tgk° ds os 'kkld gq,A (ii) y[kk [kksgf.k [khftx,] dSjksa ikaMkS yM+rsA clq/kk dhfu u thrh ihik] nksM xjc djrsAA 2- xkxjksu x<+ ds lkeus] vkgw vkSj dkyhfla/k unh ds laxe ij fLFkr ihik/kke ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 409 213 410 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tgk° mudh lk/kuk xqQk ,oa lekf/kLFky gSA ;gh jkekuUn pj.kiknqdk LFky uk dqN vkbcks u dqNq tkbcks jke dh nqgkbZA gSA tks cz„kaMs lksbZ fiaM] tks 'kksts lks ikoSA 3- okjk.klh esa fLFkr ihikdwi ftlesa vius xq# jkekuUn ds dgus ij dwnus ds ihik iz.kos ijerrq gS] lrxq: gksbZ y'kkosAA2AA19 fy, ihik nkSM+ iM+s FksA bl izdkj lUr ihik ds laxfBr iz;kl jktLFkku vkSj if'peh {ks= dks Hkkjr 4- Vksad ftys esa fLFkr VksMkjk;flag tgk° mudh llqjky Fkh vkSj tgk° ds jktk us ds HkfDr ekufp= ij yk;s vkSj ,d ,sls /keZ dk vkOgku fd;k tks vkjEHk ls ysdj mudk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;k FkkA ;gk° mudh iRuh lhrk lgpjh dh Nrjh Hkh xk°/kh] fouksck rd ekuoh; izse dh iSjoh djrk gS vkSj blhfy, mldh izklafxdrk fLFkr gSA loZdkfyd ,oa loZns'kh; gSA 5- Jh d`".k ds n'kZu ds fy, }kfjdk esa leqnz esa dwnus ds ckn okilh esa jkt lUnHkZ nEifŸk ds 'kjhj ij izkek.kkFkZ yxkbZ xbZ Nki dh ijEijk esa] }kjdkiqjh esa fLFkr 1- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] mŸkjh Hkkjr dh lar&ijEijk] Hkkjrh Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn] ihikeB eas vkt Hkh mudh Le`fr esa ;kf=;ksa ij Nki yxkbZ tkrh gSA lEor~ 2021 (1974)] i`- 8&9 6- dksVk ftys esa jkexate.Mh ds ikl fLFkr ihik[ksM+h xk°o rFkk tks/kiqj ftys esa 2- ukHkknkl] Jh HkDreky] Jh fiz;nkl iz.khr] rst dqekj cqd fMiks] y[ku≈] 2005 fLFkr ihikM+ dLck lar ihik ds izHkko ds ifjpk;d gSaA uok° laLdj.k] i`- 282 3- ,e-,- esdkfyQ n flD[k fjfytu] [k.M 6] vkWDlQksMZ] 1909] i`- 111 mYys[kuh; gS fd vU; larks dh rjg ihik us Hkh viuk dksbZ iaFk ugha pyk;kA 4- ts-,u- QdqZgj] ,u vkmV ykbu vkWQ n jhfyft;l fyVjspj vkWQ bafM;k] vkWDlQksMZ muds thou dky esa muds vuq;k;h rks cgqr gq, ysfdu ihikiaFk ckn esa vfLrRo esa 1920] i`- 323 vk;kA ihik }kjk Je dh izfr"Bk esa lqbZ&/kkxs (flykbZ) dk Lo;a iz;ksx djus ds 5- HkksykukFk pUnj] V™soYl vkWQ v fgUnw] [k.M 1] ,u- V™ouj ,aM dEiuh] yUnu] dkj.k muds vuq;k;h ^ihikoa'kh jktiwr nthZ* dgyk;s tks vkt Hkh ekjokM+ {ks= esa 1869] i`- 57 cM+h la[;k esa gS] gkykafd HkDreky esa bldk dgha mYys[k ugha gSA ysfdu {kf=; 6- ihik dh ijph] (g-xz-) ÿekad 37025] 1826 bZ- izk-fo- iz- tks/kiqj nftZ;ksa dh iaMk cfg;ksa ,oa tks/kiqj 'kkld lwjflag }kjk /kjenkl lksyadh nthZ dks 7- ukHkkd`r HkDreky] iwoksZDr] i`- 495&499 lEor~ 1616 (lu~ 1604) esa fn;s x;s rkezi=14 ds vk/kkj ij ihik ds izHkko ds 8- izks- isekjke] jktLFkku esa HkfDr vkUnksyu] fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2014] i`- vkdyu ds lkFk&lkFk muds dky fu/kkZj.k esa enn fey ldrh gSA 90 lar lekt esa ihik ds LFkku dk vuqeku bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd 9- mi;qZDr] i`- 90&91 mŸkj Hkkjr esa HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lcls egRoiw.kZ lar jkekuUn ds izeq[k f'k";ksa esa mUgsa 10- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] iwoksZDr] i`- 218 fxuk tkrk gSA QdqZgj us Hkh /kUUkk vkSj ihik dh inksa dks bl ijEijk esa mYys[kuh; 11- jktsUnznkl egk;ksxh oS".ko lar Jh ihik th] Jh /kke eFkqjk] lu~ 2000] i`- 156&180 crk;k gSA15 ihik us jktLFkku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds vykok cukjl ls ysdj }kfjdk rd 12- ukHkkd`r HkDreky] i`- 497 Hkze.k fd;k FkkA HkDr ujflag esgrk dks ihik dk vorkj ekuk x;kA16 blls xqtjkr 13- ,-,p- futkeh] vkj-,l- [khaph] losZ vkWQ [khph pkSgku fgLV™h [khaph pkSgku 'kks/k ds oS".ko vkUnksyu ij ihik ds izHkko dks vk°dk tk ldrk gSA fl[k /keZ ij ihik dk laLFkku] baMksdk (tks/kiqj)] 1990] i`- 107 izHkko mYys[kuh; gSA flD[kksa ds igys xq# ukud us tc izeq[k /keZLFkkuksa dk Hkze.k 14- mi;qZDr] 108 fd;kA (1459&1539) rks os lar gfj ds lkFk xkxjksu x<+ esa ihik dh xqQk ij x;s 15- ts-,u- QdqZgj] iwoksZDr] 328 16- ,-,p- futkeh] vkj-,l- [khph] iwoksZDr] 101 FksA17 fl[k xq# vtqZunso ds xq#xzUFk lkfgc esa ladfyr ihik ds in (/kulkjh)18 17- fodkl ukSfV;ky] ihik th ,aM flD[k fjfytu] v fgLVksfjdy ilZisfDVo] jktLFkku mudh fopkj/kkjk dh loZxzg;rk ,oa loZdkyhurk dks izfrikfnr djrs gSa& fgLV™h dkaxzsl izkslhfMax] [k.M 24] fnlEcj 2008] i`- 22 dk;M nsok dkbvm nsoy] dknwvmtaxe tkfrA 18- ,e-,- esdkfyQ] iwoksZDr] 119 dkbv≈ /kwi nhi ubnso dkbvm iwtm ikrhAA1AA 19- ij'kqjke prqosZnh] lar dkO;] fdrkc egy] bykgkckn] 2008] i`- 111 dkbvk cgq'kaM 'kkstrs uo fuf/k ikbZA 214 412 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 i= ij ewfrZ [kqnokdj ftls Qwy dgrs gSa] Jºkyq xys esa igurs gSaA2 MkW- lksukjke fc'uksbZ fy[krs gSa fd ckck jkensoth lPps lekt lq/kkjd FksA mUgksaus HksnHkkoksa ls ≈ij ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa dk mikJ;h fpUru mBdj ekuoek= dk dY;k.k fd;k vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgsa gj tkfr ds yksx 3 MkW- lanhi iztkir JºkiwoZd iwtrs gSaA vNwr dU;k MkyhckbZ vkSj ckck jkensoth dh lekf/k dk lkFk&lkFk gksuk bl ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa us mikJ; fpUru dks pfjrkFkZ fd;kA ftldk rF; dh iqf"V djrk gS fd os fuEu tkfr;ksa dk lEeku djrs FksA MkyhckbZ mudh rkRi;Z gS&^^vf/kdkj foghu oxZ ls tqM+ko ;k yxko j[kukA** ckck jkensoth igys f'k";k vkSj cgu leku Fkh rFkk os muds lkFk lRlax fd;k djrs FksA ckck jkensoth us fiNM+s oxZ] vukFkkssas vkSj xjhcksa dks lgkjk fn;k os jkf= tkxj.kksa (tqEek) esa O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus vNwrksa dk mºkj vkSj dY;k.k fd;kA blh rjg ikcwth Hkh vNwrksºkjd es?kokyksa] gfjtuksa o dkefM;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj gfj&dhrZu fd;k djrs FksA /kkfeZd cus Fks ftUgksaus Fkksfj;k° tkfr ds lkr Hkkb;ksa dks vkJ; fn;kA xksxkth] gjHkwth vkSj LFkyksa ij muds }kjk iwtk&vpZuk djus dks iw.kZ leFkZu nsrs FksA MkW- fc'uksbZ us bls esgkth us Hkh fuEu tkfr;ksa dh v/;kfRed mUufr ij /;ku fn;k vFkkZr~ ekjokM+ ds Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^^ckck jkensoth us MkyhckbZ uked vNwr vukFk dU;k iap ihjksa us tu ;ksºk ds :i esa LFkkuh; turk vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ds lkFk dk ikyu&iks"k.k fd;kA HkDr f'kjksef.k MkyhCkkbZ us ckck jkensoth dks viuk xq# gh lekt esa muds Lrj dks ≈°pk mBk;kA oSls rks lHkh us blesa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k ekuk vkSj mudh lekf/k ls ,d fnu iwoZ fo-la- 1442 dh Hkknzin 'kqDyk n'keh dks ijUrq ckck jkensoth blesa lcls O;kid vkSj vxz.kh jgsA ;gk° ,d jkspd rF; gekjs thfor lekf/k yhA mlds nwljs gh fnu ,dkn'kh dks mlds fudV gh ckck jkensoth lkeus ;g vkrk gS fd jkensoth vkSj ikcwth dh iwtk&vpZuk budh viuh tkfr ds us Hkh lekf/k yhA MkyhckbZ ds vfrfjDr Hkh nfyr oxZ ds vusd ,sls yksx gS tks ckck vuq;kf;;ksa dh vis{kk bu rFkkdfFkr fiNMh tkfr;ksa }kjk vf/kd Jºk ,oa mRlkg ls jkensoth ds Jºkyq HkDr gq, ftuesa ekuksth es?koky vkSj /kk:th es?koky Hkh gSA dh tkrh jgh gSA vkt Hkh esgok uked xkao vkSj tSu rhFkZ ukdksM+k ds chp ^/kk: es?k ds >ksaiM+s* ds jkensoth & e/;dkyhu lekt esa NqvkNwr vkSj ≈°p&uhp dh Hkkouk vius uke ls LFkku yksd&vkLFkk dk vk/kkj gSA ckck jkensoth us vke tu fo'ks"kr% nfyr pje ij igq°p pqdh FkhA nqO;Zogkj] vR;kpkj vkSj cfg"dkj tSlh ?kVuk,a Hkh gksrh vkSj vNwr oxZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk cSBdj ^rkey rkj rUnwjk* ctk;k ,oa viuh ckaf.k;ka jgrh FkhA blh le; ckck jkensoth dk vorj.k gqvk] ftUgksaus Lo;a dks mnkgj.k ds xkbZ] Kku dh xaxk cgkbZ vkSj vkReksºkj dk mins'k fn;kA rUnwjk lar&ok.kh ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gq, ,d uohu lekt dks ifjHkk"kk iznku dhA jkensoth ds viuh izpkj&izlkj dk yksdfiz; lk/ku cukA ckck jkensoth dk okgu v'o (yhyks ?kksM+ks) iRuh vkSj Lotuksa ds fojks/k djus ij Hkh os bl dk;Z esa vVy vkSj vfMx jgsA gS vkSj mudh os'kHkw"kk jktdqekj dh gS] os iksdj.k ds 'kkld Hkh jgs fdUrq jktk ugha jkensoth us vNwr oxZ ds mRFkku gsrq viuk ipkZ fn[kk;k tc ckck jkensoth ds fookg vfirq tulsod cu dj jgsA xjhcksa] nfyrksa] dq"Bkfn] vlk/; jksxxzLr jksfx;ksa] va/kksa] ds 'kqHk volj ij mudh cgu lqx.kk ckbZ ds llqjky i{k us lans'k okgd jruk jkbZdk cgjksa rFkk ywys&yaxMksa (vikfgtksa) dh lsok gh mudk ije y{; Fkk vkSj ;gh muds dks dSn dj fy;k vkSj lqx.kk ckbZ dks fookg esa Hkstus ls blfy, badkj dj fn;k drZO; dk izeq[k igyw gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd rRdkyhu lkeUrh oxZ ckck jkensoth ds D;ksafd lqx.kk ckbZ ds llqjky okys jkensoth dk vNwr oxZ ds lkeus CkSBuk vkSj izfr mnklhu jgk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;kfJr ys[kdksa }kjk fy[ks x, lelkef;d lRlax djuk mUgsa ialn ugha FkkA MkW- isekjke ds vuqlkj ^^ckck jkensoth us dHkh bfrgkl&xzUFkksa esa mUgsa ;Fkksfpr LFkku ugha fn;k x;k] bu bfrgkl xzUFkksa esa ckck tkfr&O;oLFkk dks dHkh Lohdkj ugha fd;kA os o.kZ O;oLFkk dks vLohdkj djrs gq, jkensoth ds fo"k; esa rF;kRed tkudkjh dk furkUr vHkko fn[krk gSA ckck dgrs gSa fd bl lalkj esa ≈°p&uhp tSlh dksbZ pht ;k oLrq ugha gS rFkk gj izk.kh esa jkensoth dk thouo`r rRdkyhu bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa esa ugha vfirq Jºkyq HkDrtuksa ,d gh bZ'oj dk okl gSA bUgksaus gfjtuksa dks xys ds gkj ds ghjs] eksrh vkSj eawxs dk daBgkj ,oa yksd ‚n; dk lezkV cu dj tuok.kh esa v{kq..k vkSj lqjf{kr jgkA**4 cryk;k gSA**1 MkW- dqeqn 'kekZ us fy[kk gS fd ckck jkensoth us vNwrksºkj ds fy, mins'k jktLFkku esa vf/kdka'k ?kjksa esa jkensoth dh iwtk gksrh gS ftlesa [ksrhgj vkSj fn;s rFkk bls O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkh nwj djus ds fy, Lo;a dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vius ?kjksa esa ,d [kqyh rkd esa laxejej ;k tSlyesj ds ihys izLrqr fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k ls mUgsa viuh tkfr okyksa dk fojks/k o vieku Hkh lgu iRFkj ds cus jkensoth ds pj.k (ixfy;s) LFkkfir djrs gSaA budh pkanh o lksus ds djuk iM+kA5 bldks foLrkj ls le>krs gq, MkW- 'kekZ vkxs fy[krh gS fd ckck ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 413 215 414 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 jkensoth us vius laiw.kZ thou esa vLi`';rk dks [kRe djus dk iz;kl fd;kA 'kwnzksa esa vFkok buds HkDrksa us ,d LFkku laxfBr gksdj ,slh dksbZ vkpkj&lafgrk ugha cukbZ tks dqN tkfr;k° vR;ar fuEu Fkh] budh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dk fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd;kA lq/kkj :f<+okfnrk vkSj cU/ku;qDr deZdk.Mksa dh iwtk iºfr gksA**8 uhfr;k°] dk;Zÿeksa vkSj lsokvksa rFkk eu] deZ vkSj opu ls bu tkfr;ksa dk mºkj ckck jkensoth us vNwrkas dks ≈ij mBkus rFkk HksnHkko feVkus ds iz;kl djus ds fd;kA vNwr dU;k MkyhckbZ jkensoth ds ?kj esa ,d ifjokj ds lnL; dh rjg jgrh dkj.k gh jkensoth vkt Hkh fuEu tkfr ds ifjokj esa lfEefyr gksrs gSa] blfy, ;g FkhA e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa vNwrksa ds fy, eafnj dk izos'k] ifo= unh dk mi;ksx] dgkor gS fd ^^jkensoth uS feY;k ftdk Ms<+ gh Ms<+**A buesa lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk] /keZxzUFkksa dk v/;;u vkfn vusd dk;Z muds fy, oftZr FksA ;g gS fd loZizFke ckck jkensoth us gh ekjokM+ dh lEiw.kZ Hkaxh tkfr dks csyoku] mUgsa mRloksa] lekjksg] iapk;r] fookg] esys] pksiky] Ldwy vkfn esa tkus ij izfrca/k jkBkSM+] gkM+k] pkSgku vkSj fllksfn;k ik°p Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds {kk= oxZ esa FkkA mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr bruh detksj vkSj fodV Fkh fd mUgsa lQkbZ djus dk lfEefyr fd;k FkkA9 dk;Z djuk iM+rk FkkA bUgsa xkao vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr dk;ks± esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk fons'kh fo}kuksa us Hkh ckck jkensoth ds mikJ;h fparu ij fopkj O;Dr fd;s gLr{ksi dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA ,sls dfBu le; esa ckck jkensoth us budk dY;k.k gSaA jlSy us fy[kk gS fd dkeM+ tks jktLFkku ds xk;d gSA os ekjokM+ ds yksd nsork djus dk chM+k mBk;kA ckck jkensoth us lekt esa O;kIr NqvkNwr dks vkt ls N% ckck jkensoth ds in fpUgksa dh iwtk djrs gSaA10 bUFkzksosu us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V dh 'krkCnh iwoZ feVkus dk vuwBk iz;Ru fd;k Fkk vkSj fQj ogh iz;kl lfÿ; :i ls tc gS fd ekjokM+h ,oa xqtjkrh es?koky izkjEHk ls gh jkelkihj ds eq[; vuq;k;h FksA11 Hkkjr LOkra= gqvk rks ;g izkjaHk gqvk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dh dkjLVs;lZ ds 1950 ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj Hkh jkensoth ;k jkelkihj ,d eq[; lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd fLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ mUufr gqbZ gSA6 iwtuh; {ks=h; yksd nsork Fks tks dchj vkfn dh rjg fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds eq[; os fy[krh gS fd ^^,d /kkfeZd lewg ds usr`Ro esa fodflr gqvk ftldk lw=/kkj FksA12 ehjk fcuQksMZ us vius v/;;u esa ;g crk;k gS fd cEcbZ (eqEcbZ) esa eq[; mÌs'; ekuo /keZ FkkA bl lewg ;k lEiznk; us tkafr&ikafr] ≈ap&uhp] NqvkNwr ckck jkensoth dh Hktu la/;k] tkxj.k vkfn fu;fer gksrs jgrs gSaA ;gk° lcls deZdk.Mksa vkSj /kkfeZd vkMEcjksa ds fo#º vfHk;ku izkjaHk fd;kA ckck jkensoth ds egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd bu Hktuksa dks xkus vkSj lquus okys lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx gksrs thou dky esa bl izdkj ds lekt&lq/kkj vkanksyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh ,d lEiznk; gSaA13 dk mn; gqvk vkSj og vkt jkenso lEiznk; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl lEiznk; ;k iaFk ds uke] mÌs';ksa vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa dk o.kZu ,sfrgkfld vFkkZr~ fyf[kr u gksus ls ckck jkensoth tkfr izFkk dqy ij dyad yxkus ds fojks/kh vkSj r°oj ckck dsoy ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckck jkensoth us ,d ijEijk dks fodflr fd;k jkensoth dh cgu lqxuk ckbZ dk ifr jkensoth ls }s"k j[krk vkSj muds fookg ij Fkk vkSj le; ds vuqlkj ;g :i cnyrk x;k vkSj vkt og jkenso yksd /kkfeZd vkus okys jruk jbZdk dks ;g dgrk gS& ijEijk ds :i esa vius mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq lekt esa lfn;ksa ls thoUr gSA orZeku esa cksy mBs ifM+;kj tc] djds us= fo'kkyA ;g ijEijk Jºkyqvksa }kjk izlkfjr gks jgh gS bldk izek.k jkenso&esys ds nkSjku Li"V m.k eksMk jks C;ko gS] tks vtey th jks ykyAA fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA**7 dfo;ksa us fy[kk gS& s tkus okys yksxksa ds ?kj Hktu&Hkko fd;k djrs FksA bl rF; dk ladsr muds dˇl esa dGk uSts esa uwj flaojS T;kjS ckcks gkFk jkS gtwjAA22 ,d in dh bu iafDr;ksa ls feyrk gS& MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k ds vuqlkj ^tkb;s tcwnhi tjxg* uked ikB ds NUn Qˇ ustk uwj cjrs] es?kka ?kj egek caVSA la[;k 2 ds vkBosa vkSj uoesa i|ksa esa ;g Lor% gh Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ckck jkensoth Hkkfj;ks dkad.k Qsjs Hkjlh] Hks"k esa bejr caVSAA15 NqvkNwr ds f[kykQ Fks ftldk i| fuEufyf[kr gS& ckck jkensoth us eqfDr izek.k esa NqvkNwr dk iw.kZ :i ls cfg"dkj fd;kA tjxg tatk tqxka tqfx tkxS] yksd nquh lgq ik, ykxSA mUgksaus Li"V mYys[k fd;k gS fd ftl HkfDr ekxZ esa yksx NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk j[krs gaS] vHkk jgS tksfM dj vkxS] HksaVrk nq[k nkfˇn HkkxSAA8AA 'kwnz vkfn ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa] og dksbZ HkfDr ugha vfirq vuknj vFkok frjLdkj dk Hkko esnikV flojfr dk esˇk] Hkkstu djs cSfl lgq HksˇkA ek= gS& [ksys fpjr fujr dk [ksyk] fonqj pj.k oans fr.k osˇkAA9AA23 feys I;kys HkkUr jk[kS] lksbZ Hkxfr vuknj fopkj gSA bu i|ksa esa tjxk24 ij gksus okys jkensoth ds tEek tkxj.k vkSj f'kojkf= ds lsal /kkjk bUnz cjlS] v[k.M bejr /kkj gSAA16 volj ij Hkjus okys esys dk o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA bl esys esa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx ckck jkensoth us NqvkNwr vkSj Hksn dk fojks/k djrs gq, bl izdkj dgk gS& fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko vkSj NqvkNwr dk /;ku j[ks fcuk eaMyh esa ,d= gksrs gSa vkSj esVks Hksn vHksn dj ys.kk] nqjer nwj feVk;kA cykb;ksa ds }kjk fn;s tkus okys izlkn dks xzg.k djrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vusd jhfr vkSj dj ns[kks] gS lc f=.kq.k ek;kAA17 e/;dky esa bl volj ij lHkh o.kks± dh L=h&iq#"kksa ds lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djus dh leLr izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa dks feVkdj izk.kh ek= esa ,d gh bZ'oj ds n'kZu dk izFkk jgh gksxhA esokM+ ds nfyrksºkjd ukFk lEiznk; ds vuq;kf;;ksa] ckck ckyhukFkth mins'k nsrs gq, jkensoth us dgk& vkSj muds ;ksx f'k"; ckck jkensoth ds gh izpkj dk ;g izHkko ekywe gksrk gSA tjxk lc esa va'k bZ'oj dj ns[kks] pyh 'kfDr dh /kkjkA ds izns'k esa ,slh ekU;rk izpfyr gS fd jkensoth Lo;a ;gka vk;s Fks os tjxk uke ds igyh iaFk pyk;ks f'ko 'kfDr] egk /keZ foLrkjAA18 ,d cˇkbZ (fgUnw tqykgk) dks viuk ?kksM+k Fkek dgh pys x;sA 12 o"kksZa i'pkr~ os ckck jkensoth us leLr izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa ls ≈ij mBus dk lans'k fn;k vkSj ykSV dj vk;s rc rd izrh{kkjr cˇkbZ ?kksM+s lfgr lw[k dj dadky ek= jg x;kA ekuo dks vkil esa HkkbZpkjk ds lkFk jgus dk mins'k fn;k gS& jkensoth us mUgsa iqu% thfor fd;k vkSj rHkh ls tjxk cˇkbZ ds uke ls gh bl ioZr fjˇfeˇ jsokS gsr lwa gkykS] dfBu iaFk gS [kkaMS jh /kkjA19 dh izflf) gks xbZ vkSj mlds uke ls ;g /kke pyrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ≈°ap&uhp vkSj Nwr&vNwr dh HkzkfUr feVk dk ikjLifjd Lusg o lerk ds jkensoth dk izHkko ekjokM+ esa gh ugha vfirq esokM+ esa Hkh FkkA Hkko ls ,d lkFk cSBdj Hkxon~&Hktu dk dY;k.kdkjh lans'k jkensoth dh ck.kh esa bl izdkj egku~ vNwrksºkjd ckck jkensoth ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; esa vNwrksºkj bl izdkj feyrk gS& dh dY;k.kdkjh Hkko /kkjk lnSo izokfgr jgh gSA Hkkaxks HkkUr Hkko uS ikˇS] Hktu fcuk fnu vgˇk tk;A20 vr% jkensoth us bfrgkl esa ,d uohu v/;k; vkSj vk;ke LFkkfir fd;k tks blh dkj.k jktiwr lekt esa jkensoth ds izfr tks vkÿks'k Hkjh /kkj.kk Fkh og Hkfo"; esa vkus okyksa ds fy, ,d izsj.kklzksr mnkgj.k lkfcr gksxkA gjth HkkVh ds 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj O;Dr gqbZ gS& ikcwth & ikcwth us Hkh NqvkNwr dks vLohdkj fd;k vkSj ≈°p&uhp esa mudk EgS iqxfˇ;k oS dkaefM+;k] ckjS EgkjS dnjh lxkbZA dksbZ fo'okl ugha FkkA bldh iqf"V bl izdkj ls gksrh gS fd ^^ikcwth us EysPN le>h nhBka jkens uS uh vksˇ[kka] dkefM;k dnS jk fcgkbZAA tkus okyh Fkksjh tkfr ds lkr Hkkb;ksa dks u dsoy vkJ; fn;k cfYd vius iz/kku nlwa bX;kjl jk os tEek txkoS] ?kj&?kj dkh tkus okyh Fkksjh tkfr dks ≈ij mBkus ,oa lekt esa lEeku djrs vkSj muds ;gk° ges'kk lnk&ozr caVrh Fkh ftlls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkw[kk mfpr LFkku fnykus dk iz;Ru fd;k rFkk bu Fkksfj;ksa us Hkh ejrs ne rd ikcwth dk ugha ykSVrk FkkA lkFk nsdj vius drZO; dk ikyu fd;kA vr% ikcwth us EysPN le>h tkus okyh esgkth & xksxkth vkSj gjHkwth dh Hkkafr esgkth us Hkh detksj oxZ ds izfr Fkksjh tkfr dks vkJ; nsdj lekt lq/kkjd dk dk;Z fd;kA dY;k.k dk dk;Z fd;kA ;s 'kdqu&'kkL= ds vPNs Kkrk gksus ds dkj.k lcdh ,d ikcwth dk xk;ksa ds izfr tcjnLr leiZ.k Fkk D;ksafd xk;ksa dh j{kk djrs gq, leku lgk;rk djrs FksA bl rF; dh iqf"V bl ckr ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd bUgksaus os ?kk;y gks x, vkSj muds 'kjhj ls [kwu dh /kkjk,a fudy dj Hkhy lSfudksa ds [kwu rkykc [kqnok, tks fdlkuksa ;k [ksrhgj oxZ ds fy, thou;kiu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr esa tkdj dj feyus yxh& Fkk os nwljksa ds thou ewY;ksa ds j{kd FksA bl izdkj ge ;g ns[krs gaS fd ekjokM+ ds ogS :/kj vax lkaoGkaA /kM+ lwa NwVh /kkjAA yksd nsorkvksa us NqvkNwr] ≈°p&uhp vkSj tkfr izFkk dk fojks/k fd;kA [ksrhgj vkSj jˇds ikcw jkS :gjA fefˇ;kS ftd.k e>kjAA25 fuEu tkfr;ksa esa HkfDr dk lapkj fd;k vkSj HksnHkko dh Hkkouk dks feVk;kA detksj blh chp nsoy nkSM+dj vk;h vkSj j.kHkwfe esa jsr dh NksVh iky cukus yxh oxZ ds izfr vkJ; vkSj n;k dk Hkko n'kkZ;kA vk/;kfRed mUufr ds lkFk mikJ;h ftlls ;g [kwu vkil esa u fey tk;s& fparu dks cy iznku fd;kA nsoy nsoh nksM+usA fiM+esa dh/kh ikˇAA :/kj jgS ug jkSfM+;kSA [kˇd oyksoG [kkˇAA26 lanHkZ ikcwth dgrs gSa fd nsoy 'kfDr rqe bldks er jksdks! bls Hkhyksa ds lkFk 1- MkW- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] i`- 55] 2009] tks/kiqj feyus nks& 2- ogh] i`- 57 Hkkykˇks Hkk[ksgA lkaHkˇ nsoy ns lxrAA 3- MkW- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] i`- 39] r`rh; la'kksf/kr :/kj erh jk[ksgA feˇok nS Hkhyksa eghAA27 laLdj.k] 2016] tks/kiqj vkxs ikcwth fQj dgrs gS fd Hkhyksa us eq>s viuk jktk ekuk gS blfy, 4- MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork esa izks- (MkW-) lksukjke fc'uksbZ dk ys[k j.kHkwfe esa cgrk gqvk gekjk [kwu ,d gksrk gS] rks gksus nks& ^yksd nsork ckck jkensoth*] i`- 68] 2017] tks/kiqj lj ij xf.k;kS lkaoˇkaA vMx euS u`i ,dAA 5- MkW- dqeqn 'kekZ] yksduk;d ckck jkenso yksd/keZ ,oa yksd ijEijk] i`- 41] 2007] tq/k esa oS yksgh ftdksA feˇok nS ,desdAA28 t;iqj bl izdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd ikcwth us vkf[kjh {k.k rd opu ikyurk dk 6- ogh] i`- 70&71 fuokZg vkSj HksnHkko dh Hkkouk dks njfdukj dj ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k is'k fd;kA ejrs 7- ogh] i`- 116&117 ne rd vius opu ij vfMx jgs vkSj vkus okys le; ds fy, vfoLej.kh; mnkgj.k 8- ogh] i`- 126&127 izLrqr fd;kA 9- jes'k pUnz xq.kkFkhZ] jktLFkku dh tkfr;k°] ië- 287 xksxkth & jkensoth vkSj ikcwth dh Hkkafr xksxkth us [ksrhgj vkSj fuEu 10- vkj-oh- jlSy ,.M vkj- ch- ghjkyky] n VkbZCl ,.M dkLV vkWQ n lS.V™y izksfoflt tkfr;ksa esa uohu HkfDr Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;kA xksxkth dk Fkku [kstM+h ;k uhe o`{k vkWQ bf.M;k] dksLVj gk≈V] 1969] uhnjyS.M ds uhps fLFkr gksrk gS ftlls LFkkuh; iwtk dk fodkl vkjaHk gqvkA budh vk/;kfRed 11- vk-b- bUFkzksosu] VkbZCl ,.M dkLVt vkWQ cksEcs xouesaV] i`- 50] 1922 mUufr ds lkFk mikJ;h fparu dks Hkh lacy feykA [ksrhgj vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa ds 12- th-,e- dkjLVs;lZ] iSV™u vkWQ fjfyft;l vksCloslsZt bu Fkzh foyst vkWQ jktLFkku] yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl dk lapkj gqvkA i`- 69 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 419 218 13- ehjk fcuQksMZ] fefDlax bu n dyj vkWQ jke vkWQ jk.kqtk] bu fganwTe % U;w ,slsZt bu fgLV™h vkWQ fjfytUl] ,fMfVM chy ,y- fLeFk ysnsu] 1976] bZ-th- fczy 14- lksth izek.k] cka.kh la- 3 iqf"VekxhZ;&oYyHk lEiznk; ,oa v"VNki % 15- ogh 16- eqfDr izek.k] cka.kh la- 7 ,d ,sfrgkfld foospu 17- Kku izek.k] cka.kh la- 15 MkW- fnus'k jkBh 18- ewykjaHk izek.k] cka.kh la- 17 19- yN izek.k] cka.kh la- 21 'kkL= ,d xhrk gh gS] ftldks fd nsodhuUnu Jh d`".k us xk;kA nso Hkh 20- vUu izek.k] cka.kh la- 22 ,d nsodhlqr d`".k gSA ea= Hkh cl muds uke gh gS vkSj deZ Hkh dsoy mldh lsok 21- gjth HkkVh d`r jkensoth jkS c/kkokS 22- MkW- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 193&194 gh gSA &egkizHkq Jhen~oYyHkkpk;Z th 23- e#&Hkkjrh] o"kZ&3] vad&3] vDVwcj 1955 esa MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k dk ys[k egkizHkq Jhen~oYyHkkpk;Z us okRlY;jl ls vksrizksr (izsey{k.kk) HkfDr ^jktLFkku ds yksd&nsork if'pek/kh'k jkensoth*] i`- 20 iºfr dh lh[k nh] ftls oYyHk lEiznk; ;k iqf'VekxZ dgk tkrk gSA HkDr dks 24- mn;iqj ls dqaHkyx<+ ds ekxZ esa ephan ds ikl ,d igkM+ dk uke gSA izsejl esa Mqckdj] vgark&eerk dks Hkqykdj] nhurkiwoZd izHkq dh lsok djkus okyh 25 eksMth vkf'k;k d`r ikcw izdkl] i`- 443] 2009] tks/kiqj HkfDr iqf"V&HkfDr dgykrh gSA iqf"V vFkkZr iks"k.k dk vFkZ gS Hkxoku Jhd`".k dk 26- ogh vuqxzg ;k d`ikA iqf"VekxZ esa iwtk dk vFkZ Bkdqjth dh lsok tcfd vU; HkfDr ekxks± 27- ogh] i`- 444 esa Hkxoku dh vpZuk dks iwtk dgk tkrk gSA iqf"VekxZ esa izHkq dh vpZuk dks lsok dgk 28- ogh tkrk gSA fpŸk dks Hkxoku ls tksM+ nsuk gh lsok gSA iqf"VekxZ esa Hkxoku dh lsok iw.kZ leiZ.k ds lkFk uanuUnu dks izlUu djus vkSj lq[k nsus ds fy, dh tkrh gSA iqf"VekxZ esa Hkko gh lk/ku gS vkSj Hkko gh Qy gSA iqf"VHkDr ds ‚n; esa HkkokRed Hkxoku fojktrs gSa vkSj bl Hkko dh flfº ds fy, og izHkq ds vusd euksjFk djrk gSA izHkq dks vkjrh] Luku] Hkksx] oL=kyadkj iq'iekyk] dhrZu vkSj fofHkUu mRlo vkfn ls fj>k;k tkrk gSA iqf"V&HkfDr dh flfº izHkq ds pj.k esa loZLo ru&/ku dk leiZ.k djus ls gksrh gSA1 oYyHkkpk;Z th dk dFku gS fd lnk loZ= ifr] iq=] /ku] x`g lc dqN Jh d`".k gh gS bl Hkko ls Jhd`".k dh lsok djuh pkfg, HkDrksa dk ;gh /keZ gSA iqf"VekxZ esa v'Vk;ke lsok dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA ;g lsok vkB izgjksa (;keksa) esa dh tkrh gSA izkr%dky ls "k;u rd blds eaxyk] J`axkj] Xoky] jktHkksx] mRFkkiu] Hkksx] la/;k vkjrh vkSj "k;u ;s vkB :Ik gSA v"Vk;ke lsok dk mn~ns'; Hkxoku dh yhykvksa esa eu dks yxk;s j[kuk gSA iqf"V lEiznk; esa ckyHkko ,oa xksihHkko ls izHkq dh lsok gksrh gSA lsok ds vax gS&Hkksx] jkx rFkk J`axkjA Hkksx esa fofo/k O;atuksa dk Hkksx izHkq dks yxrk gSA jkx esa oYyHkh; (v"VNki) HkDr dfo;ksa ds inksa dk dhrZu gksrk gS rFkk J`axkj esa Ωrqvksa ds vuqlkj Hkxoku ds foxzg dk J`axkj gksrk gSA2 Jhd`".k dks gh viuk ,dek= vuU; vkJ; ekuuk iqf"VekxhZ; thou ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 421 219 422 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 iz.kkyh dh vko';d 'krZ gSA ^Jhd`".k 'kj.ke ee~* bl ea= dh nh{kk ls HkDr vius HkDr&dfo xksLokeh foV~ByukFk ds lkfu/; esa (yxHkx lEor~ 1606 fo-ls lEor~ dks Hkxoku esa vfiZr dj nsrk gSA bl izdkj HkxoRLo:Ik dh izkfIr dk vkuUn gh 1635 fo- rd) ,d nwljs ds ledkyhu Fks vkSj czt esa xksoºZu ioZr ij fLFkr iqf"VHkfDr dk ,dek= Qy gSA3 rkfRRod n`f"V ls bl lEiznk; dks 'kqºk}Sr flºkaroknh] JhukFkth ds eafnj esa dhrZu dh lsok vkSj ogh jgdj Hkxon~HkfDr ds :Ik esa cz„oknh rFkk vf/kd`r ifj.kkeoknh dgrs gSa vkSj lk/ku dh n`f"V ls ;g ekxZ iqf"VekxZ in&jpuk djrs FksA ml le; ds oYyHklEiznk;h vusd dfo;ksa dk mYys[k mDr dgykrk gSA lEiznk; dh okrkZvksa esa vkrk gSA ijUrq xksLokeh foV~ByukFkth us vius lEiznk; ds fo".kqLokeh lEiznk; dh mfPNUu xn~nh ij JhoYyHkkpk;Z th cSBs vkSj mUgksaus vuq;k;h HkDr dfo;ksa esa ls loZJs"B HkDr] dkO;dkj rFkk laxhrK] bUgha vkB lTtuksa Jh fo".kqLokeh ds flºkarksa ls izsj.kk ysdj 'kqºk}Sr flºkUr rFkk Hkxon~ vuqxzg vFkok dks NkaVk vkSj bu ij viuh iz'kalk vkSj vk'khokZn dh Nki yxkbZA xksLokeh foV~ByukFk iqf"V }kjk izkIr izse HkfDr ds ekxZ dh LFkkiuk dhA v"VNki HkDr blh lEiznk; ls gSA dh bl ekSf[kd rFkk iz'kalkRed Nki ds ckn gh ;s fo}ku&HkDr ^v"VNki* dgykus JhoYyHkkpk;Z ds firk dk uke y{e.k HkV~V FkkA os ,d nf{k.kh rSyax czk„.k Fks vkSj yxs FksA8 ;s vkBksa HkDr dfo oYyHklEiznk; esa d`".k ds v"Vl[kk Hkh dgykrs gSaA d`".k ds ije HkDr FksA4 budh ekrk dk uke bYyekxk: FkkA budk tUe fo-l- dgha&dgha uUnnkl ds uke ds LFkku ij fo".kqnkl dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA 1535 eas pEikj.; uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA Jh oYyHkkpk;Z ds le; fnYyh esa v"VNki ds lHkh mPpdksfV ds HkDr] dfo rFkk laxhrdkj FksA viuh jpukvksa 'kkld fldanj yksnh o fot;uxj esa 'kkld d`".knsojk; FksA JhoYyHkkpk;Z us esa izse dh cgq:fi.kh voLFkkvksa ds tks fp= bu dfo&HkDrksa us mifLFkr fd;s gS] ;s dk'kh esa fo|k/;;u fd;k rRi'pkr ekrk ls vkKk ysdj ns'k dh ;k=k vkjEHk dhA dkO; dh n`f"V ls mRd`"V uewus gSaA okRlY;] l[;] ek/kq;Z vkSj nkL; Hkkoksa dh HkfDr mUgksaus lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ ds rhFkZ rFkk eq[;&eq[; LFkkuksa dh dbZ ckj ;k=k,a dh FkhA ;s dk tks L=ksar vius dkO; esa bu HkDrksa us izokfgr fd;k gS og vR;Ur gh lq[kdkjh gSA ;k=k,a oYyHk lEiznk; esa vkpk;Z th dh ^i`Foh iznf{k.kk* dgykrh gSA lEor~ 1549 ykSfdd rFkk vk/;kfRed nksuksa vuqHkwfr;ksa dh n`f"V ls budk dkO; egku~ gSA esa vkpk;Zth czt esa vk;s vkSj mUgksaus xksoºZu ls JhukFkth ds Lo:Ik dks fudkydj ogh mUgsa ,d NksVs eafnj esa LFkkfir fd;kA5 mlh le; mUgksaus v"VNki ds HkDr v"VNki&HkDrksa dh thofu;kssa vkSj jpukvksa dks ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd muesa dfo dqEHkunkl th dks 'kj.k esa fy;kA dkykarj esa lEor~ 1556 esa iw.kZey ds ls dqN us rks oSjkX; vkSj laU;kl&ekxZ xzg.k fd;k Fkk] ijUrq lkFk esa os fcuk os'k cnys lg;ksx ls xkso/kZu ij JhukFkth dk ,d HkO; eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA gh ?kj&ckj NksM+dj] lk/kq&laxfr vkSj JhukFkth ds efUnj esa jgdj budh lsok djrs rRi'pkr ÿe'k% lwjnkl] d`".knkl vkSj ijekuUnkl dks viuk f'k"; cuk;kA lEor~ Fks vkSj dqN x`gLFk esa gh jgdj HkfDr dh lk/kuk djrs FksA lwjnkl R;kxh ds vkjfEHkd 1587 fo- esa JhoYyHkkpk;Z dk dk'kh esa xaxk izokg voLFkk esa xksyksd okl gqvkA thou ls Kkr gksrk gS fd os ckY;dky ls gh oSjkxh gks x;s FksA mUgksaus viuh jpuk esa bl le; vkpk;Z th dh vk;q 52 o"kZ dh FkhA6 ykSfdd lq[k dh vfuR;rk rFkk oSjkX; /kkj.k djus dk Hkko vusd inksa esa izdV fd;k JhoYyHkkpk;Z ds nks iq= Fks&JhxksihukFk vkSj xksLokeh foV~ByukFkA oYyHkkpk;Z gSA x`gLFkh ds tatky esa jgdj LFkk;h vkuUn izkfIr ds lk/ku dks os Hkze vkSj nqfo/kk ds ckn xksihukFk vkpk;Z gq,A mUgksaus oS".ko /keZ dk izpkj fd;kA lEor~ 1595 fo- esa dgrs gSA yxHkx 28 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksihukFk dk fu/ku gks x;kA blds ckn JhoYYkHkkpk;Z nkS esa ,dkS rks u HkbZ] th ds f}rh; iq= Jh foV~ByukFk vkpk;Z in ij vklhu gq, mUgksaus bl lEiznk; dk uk gfj HktS u x`g lq[k ikoS c`Fkk fogkbZ xbZA 9 oSHko cgqr ck rFkk mldk lek/kku iwjk djrs FksA opu dks iwjk djus ds fy, vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkus ls ugha fd;kA vkojk ekrk dh 'kj.k es tks Hkh vax jksxh ftls ydok gks] va/kk ;k xwaxk vkfn fgpfdpkrs FksA dksbZ Hkh vkrk gS rks ekrk mlds jksxks dks nwj dj mls uothou iznku djrh gSA vkbZ 2- xkSj{kk & xk;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, Hkh jktLFkku ds bu ihjksa us vius izk.k ekrk us lhjoh ds tudY;k.k dk dk;Z fd;k mUgksaus dbZ vfHkekfu;ksa ds vfHkeku dk xok,a vkSj nsorkvksa ds :Ik esa [;kfr izkIr dhA19 vUr fd;k] mUgksus yksxksa dks lkalkfjd deZ djrs&djrs izHkq Lej.k rFkk leiZ.k dk lans'k fn;kA 3- L=h j{kk & L=h j{kk dks viuk /keZ ekurs gq, ;gka ds ohjksa us vius izk.kksa dh vkgwfr nh vkSj vejRo xzg.k dj nsorqY; iqtuh; gks x,A yksd nsoh nsorkvksa dh ekU;rk 4- nku'khyrk & nku'khy izo`fr mudh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,° jgh gSaA ;kpdksa vkSj <+k.kh&<+k.kh vkSj xkao&xkao esa yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds buds ^/kkrq* ^nsojs* fu/kZuksa ds fy, ;g lnSo rS;kj jgrs gaS vkSj mudh lsok fd;k djrs gSaA nsoky;] eaMi LFkkfir gSA pcwrjksa] Nrfj;ksa] eafnjksa] lekf/k;ksa esa bu yksd nsorkvksa dk 5- ;qº esa vijkUeq[krk & bu egkiq#"kksa us dHkh Hkh ;qº esa ihB ugh fn[kkbZ izfr o"kZ vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSA buds iwtk LFkyksa ij laxejej ij mRdh.kZ izfrek;as cfYd viuh ohjrk] R;kx] cfynku ds dkj.k nso rqY; cu x,A tc rd buds 'kjhj 7 8 ;k ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir jgrh gSaA Hkkokos'k esa buds ^?kksMys* ?kwers gSa] izrhd fpUgksa] /otk esas lkal jgh Fkh] rc rd vius 'k=q dk lkeuk djrs FksA ;qº ls foeq[k gksus ds ctk; 9 ds lkFk tqyql fudyrk gSA tke.ks] tkr ^tMwys* buds ^Fkkuksa* nsojksa ij gksrs jgrs gSA e`R;q dk vkfyaxu djuk vf/kd Js;Ldj le>rs FksA 10 nsoh&nsork iqtkfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls Jºkyqvksa dks ^ipsZ* nsrs gSa] muds eUur 6- 'kj.kkFkhZ ,oa fu'kL= 'k=qvksa ij okj ugha djrs FksA bu egkiq#"kkas] ohjksa us (ekaxs x;s dk;Z) lQy gksrs gSaA Ik'kq/ku dh chekfj;ksa dks Bhd djrs gSaA tPpk&cPpk dHkh cy Ny ls fot; dh dkeuk ugha dh ,oa 'kj.k es vk, gq, 'kj.kkFkhZ dh j{kk 11 dks lqjf{kr j[krs gaS vkSj liZna'k ds fo"k dks lks[k dj LoLFk dj nsrs gaSA budk djuk viuk /keZ le>kA20 12 ikoM+s ] xhr vkSj QM+ksa ds ek/;e ls ;'kLoh thou dk xq.kxku fd;k tkrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa }kjk tkrh; dV~VjiUFk dks nwj djus esa gesa ekuoh; Hkkouk vkSj 13 tksfx;ksa] Hkksiks ] iqtkfj;ksa dks nsorkvksa ds fo'ks"k fiz; tkudj mudk vk'khokZn fy;k lekftd lejrk dh vo/kkj.kk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA iakp ihjksa dh ppkZ nardFkk esa 14 tkrk gSaA ^jkenso th* dks ^ihjksa dk ihj* dgk gS vkSj eqlyekuksa us mUgsa ^jke 'kkg ihj* dg dj ^j[ktxs* fd;s tkrs gaS vkSj ^lokef.k;k° dh tkrh gS rFkk [khj] ekyiwos] iqdkjk gSA bl izdkj fgUnw eqfLye nksuksa tkfr;ka jkenso esa leku Jºk j[krh gSA21 pwjek] nky ckVh dk Hkksx fo'ks"k frfFk;ksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA pUnu] xqyky] flanwj] jerk jkens :f.kpk vk;kA ?k`r ds lkFk ^Fkksrs* p<+k;s tkrs gSaA dbZ txg ij 'kjkc dh cksry /kkj ds :Ik es p<+kbZ ijpk fn;k tn ihj dgyk;kAA tkrh gSA muds Fkkuksa ij /otk&irkdk;sa p<+kbZ tkrh gSaA15 nsojs ds lehi ds o`{kksa ij jkensoth NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk ls nwj fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa ds ?kj tkdj rEcwjs euksfr;k° ds /kkxs] ukfj;y cka/k viuh vk'kkvksa vkadk'kkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq euksfr;k° dh laxr esa Hktu djrs FksA mudh Hktu e.Myh esa es?koky dU;k ^Mkyh ckbZ* FkhA22 ekaxh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k voljksa ij ?k`r ds nhid tykdj ^eksj pqXxk* Mkyk tkrk gSA jkenso us vius cguksbZ fotuflag dks lkekftd ljyrk ds egRo dks le>k;k23 lkFk lqxaf/kr b=&Qqysy vkSj jax fcjaxh ekyk,° p<+k;h tkrh gSaA gh ckck jkenso us xkao&xkao esa ?kwedj yksxksa dks le>k;k fd tc bZ'oj us lHkh ^Fkkuksa* ,oa ^nsojks* dh ifjÿek ^dud n.Mor~* dh tkrh gSa] Nrfj;k° euq";ksa dks ,d tSlk cuk;k gS rks vkil es HksnHkko dk O;ogkj Bhd ugha gSaA cukdj laxejej ij mRdh.kZ ^ixY;k*16 LFkkfir dj mudh le;≤ ij vkjk/kuk gfjtu Egkjs gkjs fg;sjkA dh tkrh gSA dbZ nsojksa ij vkt Hkh ^ikrh*17 ekaxh tkrh gSaA ikrh ds :Ik es Qwy iŸkh eksj;ks iq=ksa dgkos Egkjk ykykAA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 429 223 430 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ckck jkenso vkSj ikcwth jkBkSM+ us bLykehdj.k dh izfÿ;k dks jksd dj pyrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa lEcU/kh jfpr ;g yksd lkfgR; ;gk° dh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa if'pe Hkkjr esa tu tkx`fr ykus dk dke fd;kA24 jkenso dh lekf/k LFky :f.kpk o vU; lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk fnXn'kZu djkrk gSaA bl izdkj ;g lkfgR; ekSf[kd o ij HkO; esyk Hkknzizn 'kqDyk f}rh;k ,dkn'kh rd Hkjrk gSA bless xqtjkr] iatkc] fyf[kr nksuksa :iksa es feyrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa lEcU/kh xhr] Hktu] iokM+s (dfork)] fla/k vkfn nwj&nwj ds LFkkuksa ls fgUnw] eqlyeku] lHkh oxksZa ds yksx n'kZukFkZ vkrs gSaA ckr] [;kr bR;kfn vkt Hkh cMs Hkko ls xk;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ;gka dk lkfgR; ,oa jktLFkku es dkeM+] es?koky] catkjk] jsckjh vkfn tkfr;ka izeq[k :Ik ls viuk nsork LkaLd`fr Hkh yksd nsorkvksa dh gh nssu gSaA27 dgk tk ldrk gS fd lekkftd lejlrk ekurh gSaA rstkth dk jktLFkku ds vtesj ftys ds gj xkao esa pcwrjk gSA ijorlj vkSj /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds fopkjksa ls vksr&izksr jktLFkku fofHkUu /keks± dh laxe LFkyh (ukxkSj) es Hkknok dh X;kjl ls pkSnl rd Ik'kq esyk Hkjrk gSA ftlesa nwj&nwj ls ds :Ik es vuqie jgrs gq, lnSo lfg".kqrkoknh uhfr dk izsjd jgk gSaA gtkjksa yksx ,d= gksrs gSaA rstkth dks tkV vkSj xqtZj tkfr vf/kd ekurh gSA fdlku yksd nsorkvksa dk egRo vkt Hkh yksxks ds nSfud thou esa gS] vkt Hkh yksxks [ksrh ds fy, gy tksrus ls igys rstkth ds uke dh ^tscM+h* gykas o cSyksa ij cka/krs dh ekU;rk ,oa Jºk iwjh rjg ls gSA thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks izHkkfor djus gSaaA okys yksd nsorkvksa dh lkaLd`frd nsu us lekt esa lekftd lejlrk ,oa ekuoh; rstkth dh xkFkk ls jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk fodkl gqvk gS25& Hkkoukvksa ds fodkl dh vk/kkjf'kyk dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSaA thou esa lgtrk] ljyrk 1- gk pkj rks [kweyk dh cksyh cuk[k ,oa f'k"Vrk dks egRo nsus okys mnkUr thou ewY;ksa ds dkj.k ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dks pkj rks [kweyk rstkth ;k rks lEcy feykA izR;sd tkfr o oxZ ds yksxks esa Lusg j[kuk o lkeqnkf;d mRFkku gsrq ekuk edj ykbZ ;s gS ed ykbZ rRij jgus dh lq[k&nq%[k esa ,d nwljs dk lg;ksx djus dh] izse rFkk HkkbZpkjs dh ekuka rks dhts ;wtjh gka ------Hkkouk ls ^oklqnso&dqVqEcde* dh Hkkouk lkdkj gksrh gSA 2- , thtkth Egkjk ikbZNk rks ckbZ cM+ lanHkZ , thykth Egkjk vkt dk eqtekuh 1- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] t;iqj] 1971] i`- 6 , eqtekuh gks xwtj dh dekbZ ys gkjs 2- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 11 dYykth jkBkSM+ dY;k.k] lsgj] de/kt] ;ksxh] de/k.k vkfn ukeksa ls iwftr 3- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksdnsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] mn;iqj] 1991] i`- 15 gS vkSj ekjokM+] esokM+]ckalokM+k] Mwaxjiqj] xqtjkr ,oa e/;izns'k es yxHkx 500 eafnj 4- lkxjey 'kekZ] rstkth] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 10 gSA fpŸkkSM+x<+ ds fdys es ftl LFkku ij (HkSjks iksy) mudk cfynku gqvk Fkk] ogk° 5- fnus'k panz 'kqDyk] jktLFkku ds izeq[k lar ,oa yksd nsork] tks/kiqj] 1992] i`- 2 izfro"kZ vf'ou 'kqDyk uoha dks fo'kky esyk vkt Hkh yxrk gSA 6- lqjs'k lkyoh] jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr ,oa yksd nsoh nsork] mn;iqj] 2009 i`- 139&140 dYyk dhjr jkojh&gsyks dksl gtkjA 7- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] tks/kiqj] 1998] i`- 22 ckag idM+ cks<+k djks gS gVofM;ksa vk/kkjAA 8- ^?kksMys* ls rkRi;Z bldh lokfj;ksa ls gS] tSls jke jsokM+h vkfn 9- ^tMwys* ls rkRi;Z uotkr f'k'kq ds ckyksa dh cksyek mrkjuk bl izdkj tu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku yksd nsoh nsorkvks }kjk fd;k tkrk gS 10- ^ipsZ* ls rkRi;Z viuh 'kfDr ,oa lk/kuk dk ifjp; nsus ls gSaA tSls Ik'kq chekjh] euq";ksa dh chekjh] Hkwr&izsr] Dys'k tSlh leL;kvksa ls ;s NqVdkjk 11- lksukjke fo'ukbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydrk] 1989] i`- 13 fnykrs gS] ,slh izpfyr ekU;rk gSA bu izdkj yksd nsoh&nsorkvkssa dk egRo tuekul 12- ^ikoMs* ls rkRi;Z dfork dh rjg budh xkFkkvksa dk laxzg 26 ds chp muds dk;ksZa ds dkj.k vius vki izekf.kr gks tkrk gSaA bu nsorkvksa dh 13- ^Hkksis* tks nsork dh iwtk djrs gS ,oa muds 'kjhj esa nsork i/kkjrs gSa izflfº] lqpfj= ,oa vkn'kksZa dks i<+dj ,oa lqudj yksxksa ds fopkjksa esa ifjorZu gq, gSA 14- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] t;iqj] 1971] i`- 13 blds vykok yksd nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr esa xk;s tkus okys inksa] Hktuksa] xhrksa] iokM+ksa 15- fnus'k panz 'kqDy] jktLFkku ds izeq[k lar ,oa yksd nsork] tks/kiqj] 1992] i`- 12 vkfn ds ek/;e ls fo'kky lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gqvkA blls ,d vkSj tgka gesa yksd 16- ^ixY;k* iSjksa ds fu'kkuksa dks i=ksa Ikj vafdr djus ls gSa nsorkvksa lEcU/kh ckrs Kkr gksrh gS ogh rRdkyhu ;qx dh ,sfrgkfld izo`fr;ksa dk irk 17- ^ikrh* ls vFkZ iŸkh ,oa Qwy fxjus ls gSa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 431 224 18- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksdnsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 17 19- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] mn;iqj] 1991] i`- 20 20- egsUnz th Hkk.kkor] ikcwth] Hkksiky] 2000] i`- 20 iwoZorhZ mŸkj if'peh jktLFkku esa 21- lksukjke fo'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 35 tkV tehankjh dk Lo:i 22- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 60 23- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 78 MkW- dfudk Hkuksr 24- lksukjke fo'ukbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 72 25- egsUnz Hkk.kkor] yksdnsork rstkth] mn;iqj] 1970] i`- 39&40 ,d tkfr] lkekftd leqnk; vkSj [ksrhgj lekt ds :i esa tkVksa ls lacaf/kr v/;;u dk u dsoy xzkE; {ks= esa oju~ 'kgjh {ks= esa Hkh fof'k"V egŸo jgk gSA 26- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyu] tks/kiqj] 1998] i`- 29 rn~fo"k;d v/;;u u dsoy bfrgkldkjksa oju~ lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds v/;;u dk 27- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1991] i`- 26 vkd"kZ.k dsUnz Hkh jgk gSA1 fu%lansg tkVksa dk vkckfnd {ks= mŸkjh Hkkjr esa dkQh QSyk gqvk jgk gSA foLr`r {ks= esa bl tkfr us viuk vfLrRo vkSj izHkko {ks= LFkkfir fd;k2] ;g ,d fufoZokn lR; gSA dfri; v/;;uksa esa 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj 'kks/k v/;s;rkvksa us lelkef;d lzksr lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ;g izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd e/;;qxhu Hkkjr esa bl tkfr us d`f"k ds {ks= esa vf}rh; ;ksxnku dj vius vki dks ,d l'kDr [ksrhgj lekt izekf.kr dj fn[kk;k gSA3 tgk° rd jktLFkku dk iz'u gS ;g ckr fufoZokn :i ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd ;g leqnk; mŸkj&if'peh jktLFkku ds iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; ds cgqr cM+s {ks= esa vius vki dks vkckn dj ikus esa lQy jgk gS rFkk vius&vius {ks= ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd ifjn`'; dks izHkkfor djus esa budh vge~ Hkwfedk jgh gSA vius opZLo {ks=ksa eas tkV tkfr ds yksxksa esa u dsoy xzkE; oju~ 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa Hkh ogk° ds lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd {ks= esa tks ;ksxnku fn;k mlds egŸo ij vHkh rd 'kks/k v/;s;rkvksa us viuh i;kZIr n`f"V ugha Mkyh gSA4 bl lanHkZ esa ;fn ;g dgk tk, rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd bl {ks= ij dk;Z djus okys 'kks/k v/ ;s;rkvksa us viuk /;ku vHkh bl fo"k; ij dsfUnzr gh ugha fd;k gS tcfd bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k lkexzh vkSj izkFkfed lzksr lkexzh dh leqiyC/krk dh dksbZ deh ugha gSA5 e/;dky ds izkjfEHkd nkSj esa Fkkj e#LFkyh; if'peh jktLFkku esa tkV&tkfr ds dqN lewgksa vFkok leqnk;ksa ds }kjk 'kkld lewgksa ds :i esa mRd"kZ fd, tkus ds mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa6] ijUrq ;g Hkh lgh gS fd vkus okys fotsrkvksa us mUgas vius iz;klksa ls 'kkld ls 'kkflr oxZ esa rCnhy dj fn;k vkSj mUgsa jktuhfrd opZLo dh fLFkfr esa cnyko vkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ fn;kA7 bl nkSj esa vkSj blds ckn tkVksa dh fLFkfr esa cgqvk;keh ifjorZu vk,8 ijUrq ;g ifjorZu dSls Fks rFkk lekt dks ,dkaxh vkSj lexz :i ls bu ifjorZuksa us fdl izdkj ls izHkkfor fd;k bl ij Hkh okafNr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 433 225 434 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kks/k dh lEHkkouk,a cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj ;gk° rRlEcU/kh 'kks/kijd ewY;kadu djus dk jkBkSM+ksa ds }kjk tkaxyw ij fot; izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ tc jkBkSM+ksa us ;gk° vius iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA lelkef;d fjdkWMZ vkSj vfHkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh dks vk/kkj jktRo dks laLFkkfir fd;k ml le; ;gk° dfri; tkV tehankj vfLrRo eas Fks vkSj cuk dj ;gk° ge bl ckr dk iz;kl djsaxs fd rRdkyhu lkekftd Lrjhdj.k esa tkVksa dkQh izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr esa FksA20 bu tehankjksa21 dks Hkwfepkjk22 rFkk pkS/kjh23 dgk dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\ rn~fo"k;d v/;;u ds fy, tc ge viuh n`f"V mŸkj if'peh tkrk FkkA n;kynkl us viuh [;kr esa bu dqy eqf[k;kvksa vkSj Hkw&Lokfe;ksa dks of.kZr jktLFkku fLFkfr iwoZorhZ chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; ij dsfUnzr djrs gSa rks dfri; djrs gq, buds vf/kdkj {ks= ds xk°o rFkk foLrkj ds lEcU/k esa rF;kRed tkudkjh vk'p;Ztud tkudkfj;ka eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA chdkusj ds iznku dh gSA24 iwoZorhZ jkBkSM+ jkT;9 esa jgh tkVksa dh fLFkfr ij viuk v/;;u dsfUnzr djus ds fy, n;kynkl us vius bl o`rkUr esa tkV dqy eqf[k;kvksa] muds jkt/kkuh xk°o dqN vge~ dkj.k gSaA bl n`f"V ls igyk dkj.k bl lEHkkx esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh rFkk muds v/khu jgs xk°oksa dh la[;k ds ckjs esa tks tkudkjh iznku dh gS og bl izdkj laLFkkiuk ls iwoZ gh tkVksa dk opZLo esa gksuk jgk gSA10 jko chdk11 ds bl lEHkkx esa gS & n;kynkl ds vuqlkj xksnkjk tkfr ds tkVksa dk dqy eqf[k;k ik.Mw xksnkjk FkkA vkus vkSj ;gk° jkBkSM+ jkT; dks laLFkkfir djus dh fodkl ;k=k ds nkSjku ;gk° fo|eku 'ks[klj vkSj yk/kfM+;k ik.Mw xksnkjk dh jkt/kkuh Fkh vkSj buds v/khu 360 xk°o FksA jgh tkV [kkaiksa12 dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ks"k egŸoiw.kZ jguk Hkh rRlEcU/kh v/;;u ds fl;kx tkfr ds tkVksa dk dqy eqf[k;k pkS[kk tkV Fkk rFkk bldh jkt/kkuh lqbZa Fkh vkSj egŸo dks c<+k nsrk gSA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa miyC/k fofo/k blds v/khu 140 xk°o FksA lgqvk tkVksa dk eqf[k;k vejk tkV Fkk vkSj bldh jkt/kkuh cfg;ka vkSj muds nLrkost bl lEcU/k esa fofo/k izdkj dh le`º tkudkfj;ka vkSj /kkufl;k Fkh rFkk blds v/khu dqy 84 xk°o FksA lkj.k tkVksa dk eqf[k;k iwyk Fkk vkSj lwpuk,a iznku djrs gSa13] ftuls Hkh bl v/;;u dk egŸo dbZ xq.kk c<+ tkrk gSA bldh jkt/kkuh HkkMax Fkh] blds v/khu dqy 360 xk°o FksA csuhoky tkVksa dk eqf[k;k jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa miyC/k izkFkfed lzksr&lkexzh ls jk;ly Fkk vkSj jk;lykuk bldh jkt/kkuh FkhA blds v/khu Hkh 360 xk°o FksA dLoka gesa bl lEHkkx ds xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks= esa tkVksa dh fLFkfr] muds egŸo rFkk muds tkVksa dk eqf[k;k daojiky Fkk rFkk lh/keq[k budh jkt/kkuh FkhA blds v/khu Hkh ;ksxnku dh i;kZIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA gkfly cfg;ka14] ijxuk cfg;ka15 rFkk dqy 360 xk°o FksA iwfu;k tkVksa dk eqf[k;k dkUgk iwfu;k Fkk vkSj bldh jkt/kkuh {ks= jkeiqfj;ka fjdkWM~lZ dh dkxnksa dh cfg;ka16 tkVksa ij cgqvk;keh rFkk fofo/k izdkj dh dk uke cM+h yw.Mh Fkk] blds v/khuLFk xk°oksa dh la[;k Hkh 360 gksuk mfYyf[kr tkudkfj;ka iznku djrh gSaA bu lzksrksa esa feyus okyh lwpuk,a tkV dkLrdkjksa ds fut feyrk gSA25 Hkw&LokfeRo] mudh ekyxqtkjh ;k yxku nsunkjh rFkk muds dj ns;rk cks> ij tkV dqy eqf[k;k ds vf/kdkj {ks= ds xk°oksa dh la[;k dks ysdj er&erkarj rF;kRed tkudkfj;ksa ls ;qDr izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA bl lEHkkx ds ledkyhu jktLo ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA26 ijUrq ;g ,d fufoZokn lR; gS fd chdkusj ds iwoZorhZ jkBkSM+ deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ys[kk fjdkWM~lZ vkSj vkadM+ksa ds C;kSjs ls Hkh gesa jkT; ds bl {ks= esa ml le; fo|eku fofo/k tkrh; tkV dqy eqf[k;k dkQh buds lEcU/k esa vusd izdkj dh lwpuk,a izkIr gksrh gSa ftuds fo'ys"k.k ls dbZ izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr esa FksA mUgksaus jkt/kkuh ds :i esa vius 'kfDr dsUnz Hkh LFkkfir dj egŸoiw.kZ rF; mn~?kkfVr gksrs gSaA vfHkys[kkxkj esa izkIr gksus okyh bl izdkj dh j[ks FksA27 buds v/khu Lotkrh; tkVksa dh vPNh la[;k okys xk°o Hkh FksA xksfoUn vfHkys[kh; lkexzh ftls ge vkWfQfl;y fjdkWMZ dg ldrs gSa] ftruk egŸoiw.kZ gS vxzoky d`r ^pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl*28 uked xzaFk esa Hkh ml le; bl mruk gh egŸoiw.kZ og fjdkWMZ gS tks oa'kkuqxr cgh&HkkVksa }kjk ;k iqjksfgrksa }kjk viuh {ks= esa fo|eku jgs tkV dqy eqf[k;kvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh iznku dh xbZ gSA mUgksaus fut&cfg;ksa ds }kjk la/kkfjr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA17 blh izdkj jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa jfpr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd bu {ks=ksa esa tkV tkfr ds yksx yxHkx 4000 oxZ ehy lar lkfgR; esa Hkh dqN ,slk lkfgR; gS ftldk l`tu tkV larksa ds }kjk fd;k x;kA18 {ks= esa foLrh.kZ FksA vU; 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd xksfoUn vxzoky ds vuqlkj bUgsa Hkh egŸoiw.kZ lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu lHkh lzksrksa dk v/;;u bl lEHkkx esa yxHkx 4000 oxZ ehy {ks=Qy esa tkV tkfr ds yksx cls gq, Fks ijUrq djus ls bl lEHkkx esa vfLrRoeku jgs tkV tehankj ifjokjksa dh fLFkfr dk vkadyu bruk egŸoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ izfrikfnr djrs le; os bl ckr ij viuk lansg O;Dr djrs rks gksrk gh gS] bl {ks= esa tkV tehankjh {ks=ksa ds lEHkkfor losZ{k.kksa ls Hkh dbZ gSa fd ;g dguk lafnX/k gS fd buds xk°oksa dh la[;k fdruh FkhA29 15oha 'krkCnh ds ewY;oku tkudkfj;ka izkIr gksrh gSaA19 bu lHkh lzksrksa dk v/;;u djus ls iwoZorhZ vafre iwokZºZ esa bu tkV vf/kd`r {ks=ksa dks tks/kiqj ds jkBkSM+ oa'kh; jko chdk us vius chdkusj lEHkkx esa jgs tkV tkrh; tehankjh oxZ dh fLFkfr vkSj muls tqM+s fofo/k vf/kdkj esa dj fy;k FkkA30 bl vk'k; ds mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd xksnkjk tkVksa vk;keksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ds izeq[k ik.Mq xksnkjk us jkBkSM+ksa dk vkf/kiR; Lohdkj djrs le; ;g fo'ks"k lqfo/kk ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 435 226 436 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izkIr dh Fkh fd chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; dh jktxÌh ij xÌh u'khu gksus okys gj u, izkIr gksrh FkhaA 'ks[klj uked xk°o esa xksnkjk rFkk ?kM+lh lkj.k uked tkV leqnk; dks jkBkSM+ jktk ds jktflagklukjksg.k ds le; ij ml u, jktk dks jktfryd djus dk ilk;rh dk'rdkj gksus dk ntkZ izkIr gksus ds mYys[k feyrs gSaA36 mUgsa ;s fo'ks"k ntkZ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj xksnkjk tkV izeq[k dks gksxkA xksnkjk tkVksa dks ;g fo'ks"kkf/kdkj chdkusj djksa dh olwyh dk dk;Z lEikfnr djus dh lsokvksa ds izfrQy esa iznku fd;k x;k jkT; ds laLFkkid ujs'k jko chdk ds }kjk iznku fd;k x;k FkkA31 bl izdkj xksnkjk FkkA tkVksa ds ikl cM+h la[;k esa xk°oksa dk gksuk Hkh mYysf[kr feyrk gSA pkS/kjh Hkjr tkVksa dh fLFkfr bl {ks= esa fo|eku jgs vU; tkV tehankjksa dh rqyuk esa opZLo rFkk lkj.k uked pw: ds ,d tkV dqy eqf[k;k ds vf/kdkj esa 140 xk°oksa dk gksuk iz/kkurk izkIr gks x;hA bl ckr dh iqf"V chBw lwtk us vius NUn jko tSrlh jks32 uked mYysf[kr feyrk gSA mlds vf/kdkj ds {ks= dks ^tkVk;r*37 uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA d`fr esa rFkk bfrgkldkj eqg.kksr uS.klh us vius xzaFkksa esa dh gSA33 bl uke ls Li"V :i ls /ofur gksrk gS fd bl bykds esa tkV tkfr ds yksx jgk djrs ;gk° ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd uo laLFkkfir chdkusj jkT; esa tkVksa dh fLFkfr D;k FksA jgh\ D;k mudh fLFkfr dks iwoZ dh vis{kk v/kksewY;kafdr dj mUgsa ,d lk/kkj.k mi;qZDr fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g ckr cM+h n`<+rk ls dg ldrs gSa fd d`"kd dk ntkZ iznku dj fn;k x;k vFkok mUgsa viuh tehankjh vFkok Hkwfepkjs esa chdkusj lEHkkx esa tkVksa ds ikl tehankjh vf/kdkj FksA ;gh ugha mUgsa xzkeh.k {ks= esa dqN opZLo ;qDr fLFkfr iznku dh x;hA bl lEcU/k esa oLrqfLFkfr dks le>us esa gesa dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Hkh gkfly FksA ;g fo'ks"kkf/kdkj fuf'pr :i ls mUgas bl i`"BHkwfe jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa lajf{kr jktLo lEcU/kh vfHkys[k lkexzh ls esa iznku fd, x, Fks fd ;s yksx bl {ks= esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh laLFkkiuk ls iwoZ dkQh lgk;rk feyrh gSA bl lEcU/k esa foÿe laor~ 1657 dh ,d iV~Vk cgh dks opZLo;qDr fLFkfr esa FksA bl v/;;u ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd bl {ks= esa dqN tkV fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa fd, x, banzktksa ls xk°oksa esa tkVksa ds tehankjh izHkko {ks= fo|eku FksA ;gk° ;g ckr Hkh de egŸoiw.kZ ugha gS fd bl fcUnq vf/kdkjksa dk irk pyrk gSA bl cgh esa vk, mYys[k ls gesa ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd xk°o ij Hkh viuh n`f"V dks dsfUnzr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkBkSM+ 'kkldksa ds v/khu vU; esa xk°o dh gkfly ij ^rqM+h* uked izkfIr ij tkVksa dk vf/kdkj gksrk FkkA34 blls ;g tkV tehankjh {ks= jgs vFkok ugha] vkSj jgs rks oks dkSu ls {ks= FksA tgk° rd chdkusj /ofur gksrk gS fd xk°oksa esa tkV dk'rdkjksa dh fLFkfr xk°o ds vU; dk'rdkjksa dh jkT; dk iz'u gS] ;gk° fo|eku tkxhjksa ij viuh n`f"V dsfUnzr djus ls gesa irk pyrk rqyuk esa mŸke ntsZ dh FkhA tgk° rd chdkusj jkT; dk iz'u gS gesa bl ckr ds i;kZIr gS fd ledkyhu chdkusj jkT; esa rhu izdkj dh tkxhjsa gqvk djrh FkhaA izFke izdkj izek.k feyrs gSa fd ;gk° fo|eku tkV dk'rdkj dfri; Hkw&{ks=ksa ij viuk oa'kkuqxr dh tkxhj oru tkxhj Fkh] nwljh izdkj dh tkxhj dks ge vºZoru tkxhj ds :i esa vkSj iSr`d vf/kdkj j[kk djrs FksA foÿe laor~ 1822 dh ,d cgh ds nLrkostksa ls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa vkSj rhljs izdkj dh tkxhj lkekU; tkxhj gqvk djrh FkhA38 bl ckr dh iqf"V Hkh gksrh gSA rn~uqlkj] iwfu;k uked ijxus ds nl xk°oksa dk oru tkxhj vkB ijxuksa dh Fkh ftuesa ls N% lwck vtesj ds Fks ftuesa chdkusj] vf/kdkj pkS/kfj;ksa ds ikl gksuk izekf.kr gksrk gSA bl Hkw&{ks= ls izkIr jktLo esa bu chdeiqj] iwxy] cjlyiqj vkSj nsnjsok rFkk nks fnYyh lwcs ds Fks ftuesa lhºeq[k vkSj pkS/kfj;ksa dks fgLlsnkjh feyuk Hkh izekf.kr gksrk gSA pkS/kfj;ksa ;k tehankjksa ds }kjk HkkMax dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA39 chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ 'kkldksa ds ikl ;g oru jktLo dh olwyh lEcU/kh dk;Z dks lEikfnr djus ds izfrQy ds :i esa Hkh tkxhj lu~ 1570 bZ- ls ysdj 1728 bZ- rd cuh jghA chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dks vius pkS/kfj;ksa dks dqN Hkqxrku izkIr gksrk FkkA bl oru tkxhj ij iSr`d rFkk oa'kkuqxr vf/kdkj izkIr Fks vkSj os vius {ks= esa js.klj] lksuikylj] lwgh] jkf.k;ksa] dkyklj bR;kfn xk°oksa ij fl;kx tkfr ds Lok;Ÿk'kklh FksA tkV pkS/kfj;ksa dk vf/kdkj gksuk mYysf[kr feyrk gSA35 bl izdkj ds mYys[kksa ls tkVksa nwljs izdkj dh tkxhj dks ge oru tkxhj rks ugha dg ldrs gSa ijUrq og ds tehankjh vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa dqN vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA izkIr nLrkostksa ds blls dqN feyrh tqyrh vo'; FkhaA blesa eqxy 'kkldksa us chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dks fo'ys"k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ rks fudkyk gh tk ldrk gS fd tkV tkfr ds tehankjksa dks muds oru dh ,ot esa muds iSr`d {ks=kf/kdkj ds ijxuksa dks tkxhj ds :i esa iznku dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr Fks vkSj mudh fLFkfr bl lEHkkx esa vU; dk'rdkjksa dh dj j[kk FkkA chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds lkFk ;g {ks= ,sfrgkfld :i ls tqM+s gq, Fks rqyuk esa dgha vPNh FkhA gesa bl vk'k; ds mYys[k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd jkT; D;ksafd bUgsa chdkusj ds laLFkkid ujs'k jko chdk vkSj muds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk ds }kjk dfri; tkV eqf[k;kvksa dks ilkbrh dk'rdkj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ Hkh iznku fd;k thr dj vius {ks= esa feyk;k x;k Fkk vkSj dkykarj esa ;s fnYyh lwcs dh ljdkj x;k FkkA bl ntsZ ds dk'rdkj xzkeh.k {ks= eas dfri; fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,a o vf/kdkj fljlk ds fgLls FksA40 ;s {ks= chdkusj jkT; ds mŸkj rFkk mŸkj&iwohZ {ks= esa fLFkr FksA izkIr djus okys dk'rdkj gqvk djrs FksA bUgsa yxku ;k ekyxqtkjh esa Hkh dqN fj;klrsa buesa HkVusj] iwfu;k] csuhoky] flojku] rkslk.k] fglkj vkfn vkrs FksA ;g lHkh {ks= ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 437 227 438 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tkV tkfr ds opZLo okys {ks= FksA ;g {ks= chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds v/khu lu~ 1574 4- ogh bZ- ls ysdj 1698 bZ- rd cus jgsA bl izdkj ;s bykds yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh ls Hkh 5- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj_ jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh] tks/kiqj_ vf/kd o"kks± rd chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds v/khu jgs vkSj rnuUrj budks oru dh Js.kh us'kuy vkdkbZOt] ubZ fnYyh rFkk uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke≈ (e-iz-) esa ,slh ds varxZr ugha ekuk x;kA foiqy ewy lzksr lkexzh laxzghr gSA rhljh Js.kh esa os bykds vkrs Fks ftUgsa vLFkk;h rkSj ij iznku fd;k x;k 6- buesa xksnkjk] flgkx] lksgqok] lkju] csuhoky] dLoka rFkk iwfu;k tkV lewgksa ds uke vFkok ftUgsa rsth ls LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA QykSnh (vtesj)] ekjksB] fnikyiqj fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd, tk ldrs gSaA y[kh (ykgkSj)] cgykSy] nMhokyk] cSjok] vxzok] vrkx<+ (fnYyh) vkSj dlwj 7- tks/kiqj ls vk, jko tks/kk ds iq= chdk ds }kjk bUgsa v/khuLFk cuk dj bl lEHkkx esa (FkV~Vk) vkfn ,sls gh ijxus FksA mYys[kuh; gS fd buesa ls QykSnh rFkk vxzok jkBkSM+ chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; dh laLFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr] 'kkldksa ds vf/kdkj esa yEcs le; ls cus jgs FksA41 bu rhuksa gh izdkj dh tkxhjksa esa ftYn&1] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] ykyx<+] chdkusj tkV tehankj dkQh vPNh la[;k esa FksA [kklrkSj ij chdkusj jkT; ds bu tkxhjh {ks=ksa 8- izks- dfydk jatu dkuwuxks ,oa ohjflag] tkVksa dk bfrgkl] fnYyh] 2005 esa tkV tehankjksa dk vPNk izHkko FkkA vcqy&Qty }kjk vkbZus&vdcjh esa jkBkSM+ 9- jko chdk }kjk oS'kk[k lqfn cht] foÿe laor~ 1545 dks tkaxy ns'k esa laLFkkfir 'kkldksa dks vdcj ds }kjk ÁnŸk ijxuksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ,oa oru ijxuksa esa chdkusj dk jkBkSM+ jkT; lhºeq[k rFkk HkkMax dks tkVksa ds ijxuksa ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA ;s nksuksa gh 10- yk/kfM+;ka] 'ks[klj] lwbZa] /kkukfl;k] HkkMax] jk;lykuk] lh/keq[k] cM+h yw.Mh vkfn LFky tkVksa ds egŸoiw.kZ 'kfDr dsUnz FksA fnYyh lwcs ds ljdkj fglkj ds fgLls FksA chdeiqj] iwxy] cjlyiqj] nSnjsokyk 11- tks/kiqj ujs'k jko tks/kk dk iq= ftlus chdkusj jkT; dh laLFkkiuk dh FkhA (nsnjsok) ds ckjs esa gesa dksbZ fo'ks"k rF;kRed tkudkjh ugha feyrh gSA ;g losZ{k.k 12- ;gk° fo|eku tkV [kkaiksa esa eq[; Fkh & xksnkjk] flgkx] lkju] csuhoky] dLoka] lhaoj ;|fi tkV tehankjh ds ckjs eas dksbZ cgqr Li"V rLohj izLrqr ugha djrk gS rFkkfi rFkk iwfu;kaA nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr (vizdkf'kr)] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] blls ;g rks /ofur gksrk gh gS fd mŸkj&if'peh jktLFkku fLFkr HkwriwoZ chdkusj jkT; chdkusj ds cM+s {ks= esa tkV tehankj opZLo iw.kZ fLFkfr esa FksA lelkef;d nLrkostksa esa budh 13- jkeiqfj;k fjdkWM~lZ dh dkxnksa dh cfg;ka rn~fo"k;d rF;ksa vkSj tkudkfj;ksa ls Hkjh fLFkfr] fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds ckjs eas vusdkusd mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tks bl /kkj.kk iM+h gSaA nz"VO; & chdkusj cfg;kr] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj dh iqf"V djrs gSa vkSj ;gk° ds tehankjksa esa tkVksa dks ,d egŸoiw.kZ LFkku iznku djrs 14- gkfly cfg;ka] chdkusj cfg;kr] jk-jk-v-chdkusj gSaA 15- ijxuk cfg;ka] jk-jk-v-ch- lanHkZ 16- ;gk° cfg;ka la[;k esa 51 gSaA nz"VO; & jkeiqfj;k fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch- 1- ekgs'ojh izlkn] tkV~l bu ,fUl,UV bf.M;k_ foey pUnz 'kqDy] tkV vkSj gw.k vkÿe.k_ 17- xksfoUn vxzoky ,oa lqcks/k vxzoky ds }kjk HkkVksa vkSj iqjksfgrksa dh dfri; cfg;ksa dk fnyckx flag] vkLiSDV~l vkWQ tkV vijkbftax_ ,l-ih- xqIrk_ ,xzsfj;u d.Mh'kUl losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj mUgsa ^pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl* esa mº`r fd;k x;k bu n VSjhVjht vkWQ tkV~l_ ch-,y- Hkknk.kh] n jksy vkWQ n tkV~l dYpjy izksQkbZy gS tks /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA nz"VO; & xksfoUnz vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] vkWQ tkV~l bu uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k_ nh tkV~l] ns;j jksy ,.M dUV™hC;w'ku Vw n vtesj] 1974] i`- 115&119 lks'kks&bdksuksfed ykbZQ ,.M iksfyVh vkWQ uksFkZ ,.M uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k] laik- & ohj 18- fofo/k tkV larksa ds }kjk jfpr i|kRed jpuk,° vke turk esa cM+h yksdfiz; gqbZ gSaA flag] fnYyh] 2004_ xksfoUn vxzoky_ pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] vtesj] bl n`f"V ls /kUuk Hkxr vkSj dekZckbZ tkV.kh dks fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk 1974] i`- 100&124_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk gSA (1574&1818)] chdkusj] i`- 3&4 19- lqcks/k vxzoky] uxjJh] pw: ds }kjk tkV tehankjh ds dfri; egRoiw.kZ bykdksa dk 2- nz"VO; & ohjflag] n tkV~l] ns;j jksy ,.M dUV™hC;w'ku Vw n lks'kks&bdksuksfed ykbZQ losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS ,.M iksfyVh vkWQ uksFkZ ,.M uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k] fnYyh] 2004 20- n;kynkl jh [;kr] la- n'kjFk 'kekZ] nhukukFk [k=h ,oa tloar flag] chdkusj] 1948] 3- nz"VO; & MkW tk- nyks'k ,oa MkW- ohj flag] fgUnqLrku esa tkV lŸkk] vkfoHkkZo] fodkl i`- 7_ dSIVu ih-MCY;w- ikmysV] xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV] chdkusj] jhfizaV rFkk 1768 dh fLFkfr] ubZ fnYyh] 2001 1932] i`- 4 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 439 228 21- eqg.kksr uS.klh jh [;kr] la- cnzhizlkn lkdfj;k] r`rh;] tks/kiqj] 1964] i`- 14_ n;kynkl (chdkusj) us viuh [;kr esa bUgsa ^ekfyd* dk lEcks/ku fn;k gSA nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr] la- 'kekZ] [k=h] tloarflag] iwoZ-] i`- 7 chdkusj ds fBdkusnkj (lkear) ,oa muds fdys & 22- ogh 23- n;kynkl jh [;kr] iwoZ] i`- 7 egktu] chnklj (fBdkus ds fdys 24- ogh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) 25- nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr] vizdkf'kr] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] chdkusj 26- tsEl VkWM }kjk xk°oksa dh la[;k 2200 crkbZ xbZ gSA nz"VO; & tsEl VkWM] ,uYl ,.M MkW- xksiky œ".k O;kl ,UVhfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku] i`- 139 27- 'ks[klj] lwbZa] /kkufl;k] HkkMax] jk;lyk.kk] lh/keq[k] cM+h yw.Mh vkfnA 1488 bZ- esa jko chdk }kjk jksfir ,d NksVk lk cht vc ,d ?kuk Qynkj 28- xksfoUn vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 115&19 o`{k dk :i ys pqdk FkkA chdkusj jktLFkku dh izeq[k fj;klrksa esa fxuk tkus yxk FkkA 29- ogh] i`- 108&109 egkjktk xaxkflag ds le; chdkusj jkT; dk uke u dsoy ns'k vfirq fons'k esa Hkh 30- n;kynkl jh [;kr] vizdkf'kr] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] chdkusj dkQh izpfyr jgkA ;gk° ds 'kkldksa dk dsUÊh; lŸkk ls ges'kk ls fe=rkiwoZd 31- ikmysV] xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV] iwoZ-] i`- 4 lEca/k jgk] pkgs os fQj eqxy 'kkld gks ;k fczfV'k gqdwerA blh dkj.k chdkusj 32- chBw lwtk jfpr NUn jk≈ tSrlh jks] la- ewypan izk.ks'k] chdkusj] 1991] i`- 42 33- uS.klh] iwoZ-] r`rh;] i`- 13&15 jkT; dk dksbZ Hk;adj vkÿe.k ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSA ;g lc ogk° ds 'kkldksa dh 34- chdkusj js iV~Vk js xkaok jh foxr] fo-la- 1657] la- ch-,y- Hkknk.kh (,MfefuLV™s'ku cqfºerk foosd'khyrk ds dkj.k gh lEHko gks ldrk FkkA vkWQ chdkusj LVsV)] chdkusj] 1979] i`- 27 chdkusj jkT; esa lkeUrksa dh fLFkfr 35- cgh gkly js phjk jh QqVdj xkaoka jh] chdkusj cfg;kr] fo-la- 1761] cgh ua- 17] jko chdk }kjk LFkkfir chdkusj esa jko chdk ds lkFk muds pkpk ,oa vusd jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj HkkbZ;ksa dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk FkkA bl ckr dks jko chdk Hkyh&Hkk°fr le>rs FksA 36- xk°o 'ks[klj js phjk js gkly jh cgh] fo-la- 1770] chdkusj cfg;kr] cgh ua- 22] jk- lkFk gh os vius ifjokjtu dks Hkh dkQh egŸo nsrs FksA blh lanHkZ esa mUgksaus vius jk-v-ch- 37- xksfoUn vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 183] ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 6 uohu jkT; dh iz'kklu O;oLFkk lqlaxfBr ,oa lqjf{kr cuk;s j[kus gsrq vius ifjokjtu 38- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] chdkusj jkT; dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] iwoZ-] i`- 36 dks tkxhjsa vkfn iznku dj ,d egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA 1572 bZ- esa eqxyksa ds lkFk 39- n;kynkl jh [;kr] i`- 112&13_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoZ-] i`- 36&37 lEca/k ls igys chdkusj ds 'kkldkssa o lkeUrksa ds lEca/k lekurk ij vk/kkfjr FksA 40- n;kynkl jh [;kr] i`- 112&13_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoZ-] i`- 36&37 chdkusj esa lkeUrksa dks rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esa foHk‰ fd;k x;kA buesa izFke jko chdk ds 41- vcqy Qty] vkbZus vdcjh] vuq- tSjsV] oksY;we f}rh;] i`- 298&300 oa'kt] nwljk & jko chdk ds HkkbZ ,oa pkpk ds o'kat ,oa rhljk & ijns'kh v/khuLFkA izFke Js.kh esa chdk chnkor ,oa dkU/kyksr vkrs Fks] bUgsa vklkehnkj] pkdj] iV~Vk;r dgrs FksA budh tkxhjssa oa'kkuqxr gksrh FkhA nwljh Js.kh esa 'kkldksa ds NksVs HkkbZ vkSj fudV lEca/kh ftUgsa thou fuokZg ds fy;s tkxhj nh tkrh FkhA r`rh; Js.kh esa os lkeUr Fks tks chdkusj jkT; esa jkBkSM+ksa dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ bl {ks= esa fo|eku FksA buesa fllksfn;k] dPNkok] pkSgku] HkkVh] raoj] ijekj ,oa ifjgkj vkfn izeq[k gSaA buesa HkkfV;ksa ds ikl vf/kdre fBdkus FksA jkBkSM+ksa us bUgsa muds {ks= esa vf/kdkjksa ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr nh FkhA izFke nks Js.kh ds lkeUrksa dks 'kkldksa ls iV~Vk izkIr djuk vko';d FkkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 441 229 442 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ftlesa muds }kjk jkT; dks nh tkus okyh lSfud vkSj vlSfud lsok,° mYysf[kr gksrh bu pkj ds vykok ftu lkeUrksa dks nksyjh rkthe (dqcZgkFk) izkIr Fkh oks bl FkhA u;s iV~Vsnkjksa dks iV~Vk izkIr djus ds fy, 'kkld dks is'kd'kh dh jkf'k nsuh izdkj ls gS& iM+rh FkhA ftldh nj fofHkÈk le;ksa ij vyx&vyx gksrh FkhA budh tkxhj ÿe la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk oa'kkuqxr u gksdj LokehHkf‰ vkSj 'kkld dh œik ij fuHkZj djrh FkhA vklkehnkj 1- lka[kw Bkdqj fd'kuflagxksr@chdk iV~Vk;r Hkh tCrh dk;Zokgh ls eqDr ugha FksA fdUrq jktk lkekU;r% muds vf/kdkjksa dk lEeku djrs FksA vklkehnkjksa dks viuh tkxhj {ks= dh Hkwfe vius NksVs HkkbZ;kssa dks 2- dqpksj (pq:okyk) Bkdqj dka/ky@cuhjksr nsus dk vf/kdkj FkkA 3- ek.kdjklj (Hkknjkokyk) Bkdqj dka/ky@lsunklksr chdkusj jkT; esa lkeUrksa dk eq[; :i ls rhu Lrj Fks tks fuEufyf[kr gSa & 4- fl/keq[k Bkdqj Jhxskr@chdk 5- iwxy jko HkkVh@iwxfy;k 1- jktoh ljnkj & ;s egkjktk ds fudVre lEca/kh gksrs Fks vkSj budk vksgnk HkkbZ ds leku FkkA egkjkt xtflag ds oa'kt bl Js.kh esa vkrs FksA ftUgs xtflagxksr 6- lkaMok Bkdqj chnkor jktoh dgdj iqdkjk tkrk Fkk] tks ckn esa nks 'kk[kkvksa esa foHk‰ gks x;sA 7- xksikyiqjk Bkdqj chnkor 1- M~;ks<~h okys jktoh & egkjkt prjflag] egkjktk Mwaxjflag ,oa egkjkt 8- ok; Bkdqj chnkor xaxkflag vkfn ds oa'kt vkSj vuwix<+] [kkjnk ,oa fjM+h fBdkuk vkfn blesa 'kkfey 9- tlk.kk Bkdqj chnkor FksA 10- tSriqj Bkdqj chnkor 2- gosyh okys jktoh & egkjktdqekj lqYrku flag] eqde flag vkSj nsoh 11- jktiqjk Bkdqj chnkor flag ds o'kat vkfn buds fBdkus & csuhlj] ukHkklj] vkylj] lkbZulj] lywafM;k] 12- dqeka.kk Bkdqj chdk@jruflagxksr dqjtkM+h] fcyfu;kalj vkSj /kjuksd vkfn FksA 13- tSrlj Bkdqj chdk@jruflagxksr buds vykok dqN vkSj jktoh Fks tks vej flag] rkjkflag ,oa xqnj flag 14- pkaMokl Bkdqj chnkor (vkuUnflagxksr) ds oa'kt Fks ysfdu buesa ls dqN rktheh ljnkj rk dqN xSj rktheh 15- eylhlj Bkdqj chnkor ljnkj FksA bu jktoh ljnkjksa dks lsok ,oa dj ls NwV izkIr FkhA chdkusj jkT; esa buds vykok rktho (lEeku) dh n`f"V ls lkeUrksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck°Vk x;k gS] tks djhc 16- gjklj Bkdqj chnk@i`Fohjktksr 130 rkthe ljnkj Fks] tks fuEu izdkj ls gSa & 17- yksgk Bkdqj chnkor (1) nksyjh rkthe&dqcZ gkFk (2) bdyksjh rkthe&ck°g ilko (3) vU; 18- [kqMh Bkdqj chnk@[kaxkjksr rkthe 19- duokjh Bkdqj chnkor 1- nksyjh rkthe & ;s izFke Js.kh lkeUr Fks budh la[;k 33 FkhA bu 20- lk:.Mk Bkdqj chnkor lkeUrksa ds njckj esa vkxeu ,oa fuxeu ds le; egkjktk dqlhZ ls mBdj viuk gkFk 21- jkuklj Bkdqj chnkor feykdj Lokxr djrs FksA bl izdkj ds lkeUrksa esa pkj izeq[k fBdkuk egktu] 22- uhek Bkdqj chnkor chnklj] jkorlj ,oa Hkwdjdk FksA bUgsa flfljk;rfi dgk tkrk FkkA egktu dk jktk jkT; dk izeq[k lkeUr FkkA chnklj dk Bkdqj] Hkwdjdk dk jko ,oa jkorlj ds jko 23- uks[kk Bkdqj dk njckj esa leku egŸo Fkk ,oa njckj esa budks mfpr lEekfur LFkku ij cSBk;k 24- tkfj;k Bkdqj tkrk FkkA 25- nnjsok Bkdqj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 443 230 444 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 26- lkHklj (lksHkkxnslj) Bkdqj chnkor 16- lŸkklj Bkdqj chnk@i`Fohjktksr 27- xfM+;kyk Bkdqj chnkor 17- t;eylj Bkdqj chnkor 28- gjnslj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr 18- lqbZu Bkdqj chnk@[kaxkjksr 29- exjklj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr 19- es?kkuk Bkdqj chnkor mi;qZ‰ nksyjh rktheh ljnkjksa us uhek ds Bkdqj] uks[kk] >kfj;k] nnjsok] 20- fFkjkuk Bkdqj chnkor lksHkklj] xfM;kyk] gjnslj ,oa exjklj dks 1929 esa ljdkjh vkns'k }kjk inksUur 21- yksluk Bkdqj chnkor dj nksyjh rktheh esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 22- yk[klj Bkdqj chnkor 2- bdyksjh rktheh & ck°g ilko & ;s f}rh; Js.kh ds lkear Fks ftudh 23- ?kM+lhlj Bkdqj la[;k 28 FkhA egkjkt njckj esa buds dsoy vkxeu ij gh viuh xÌh ls mBkdj 24- tks/kklj Bkdqj vfHkuUnu djrk Fkk] tkus ds le; ughaA ,d rjg ls vkaf'kd Lohdkjksf‰ }kjk budk vfHkuUnu fd;k tkrk FkkA ck°g ilko ds rkthe ds vUrxZr ftudks lEeku feyrk 25- jlykuk Bkdqj Fkk mu lkeUrksa dk njckj esa mifLFkr gksus ij viuh ryokj jktk ds pj.kksa esa j[kdj 26- ?kafV;ky (cM+h) Bkdqj chnkor mldk ?kqVuk ;k vpdu dk iYyk Nwuk iM+rk FkkA ,slk djus ij jktk mlds da/ks ij 27- cslq Bkdqj chnkor gkFk j[k nsrk FkkA bl izdkj ds lkeUr fuEufyf[kr Fks % & 28- jktklj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr ÿe la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk 3- lkekU; rktheh ljnkj & ;s r`rh; Js.kh ds lkeUr FksA budh la[;k 69 1- ifM+gkj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor FkhA buds njckj esa vkxeu ij egkjktk xn~nh ls mBdj vfHkuUnu djrk FkkA ijUrq 2- lkarq Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor dksbZ vfrfj‰ Lokxr vkfn dk izko/kku ugha FkkA buesa tks fBdkus vkrs Fks os 3- nsikylj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor fuEufyf[kr gSa % & 4- lkaorlj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor ÿ-la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk 5- xkjcnslj jko jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 1- i`Fohlj (fijFkhlj) Bkdqj 2- okMkokj Bkdqj 6- dqnlw Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 3- dkulj Bkdqj 7- chjdkyh Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 4- ekgsyk Bkdqj 8- f'keyk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 5- vklikylj 9- vthriqjk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 6- esulj Bkdqj 10- dukSrk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 7- Hkknyk Bkdqj 11- fcljklj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 8- dDdw Bkdqj 12- pkjyk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 9- iryhlj Bkdqj 13- Qksxk (Qksxu) Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 10- frgunslj Bkdqj 14- esgjh Bkdqj chnkor 11- julhlj Bkdqj 15- NkuxksbZ Bkdqj chnkor 12- dkrj (cM+h) Bkdqj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 445 231 446 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 13- eSuklj Bkdqj 45- tkaxyq 14- xkSjhlj Bkdqj 46- Vksdyk 15- ukSlkfj;k (ukslfj;k) Bkdqj 47- gkMyka (cM+h) 16- nw/kok ehBk Bkdqj 48- gkMyka (NksVh) 49- pkusjh 17- fltaxq: Bkdqj 50- >>w 18- [kkjh Bkdqj 51- yw.kklj 19- ijsokM+k Bkdqj 52- /khjklj 20- dYyklj Bkdqj 53- nwyjklj 21- ikjok Bkdqj 54- bUÊiqjk 22- flanw Bkdqj 55- ekyklj 23- ukbZ;klj Bkdqj 56- laenlj 24- tksxfy;k Bkdqj 57- gewlj 25- tcjklj Bkdqj 58- nk≈lj 26- jk;lj Bkdqj 59- ukanjk 27- jktklj Bkdqj 60- f[k;sju 28- lksuikylj Bkdqj 61- fiFkjklj 29- ekgjlkjk 62- [khuklj 30- ckysjh 63- lqjuk.kk 31- [kkjckjk 64- jkeiqjk 32- xr:inslj 65- nslylj 33- ikaMwlj 66- ljksfB;k 34- xtlq[knslj 67- jkorlj dqtyk 35- chuk nslj bl izdkj chdkusj jkT; esa lEeku dh n`f"V ls lkearksa dk foHkktu dj j[kk 36- /kka/kwlj FkkA lkeUrksa dks QkStnkjh ,oa jktLo eqdnesa lquus dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FkkA ;s 37- jkstM+h lkear izkjEHk esa iSny lSfud] ?kqM+lokj] ≈°V lokj vkSj viuh lsuk ls viuh gSfl;r }kjk jktk dh lsok djrs FksA ysfdu egkjktk lwjrflag ds le; esa udn vnk;xh Hkh 38- chBuksd vkjEHkj dj nh x;hA dqN lkeUrksa dks njckj esa mifLFkr ls NwV ns j[kh FkhA 39- Hkheykfj;k 40- vklylj 1818 dh laf/k ds i'pkr~ chdkusj jkT; esa lkearksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu 41- iqukylj vaxzstksa ls lgk;d laf/k ds i'pkr~ lkearksa dh fLFkfr xkS.k ,oa nqcZy gks xbZA 42- jkusj budk egŸo loksZifj lŸkk ij fuHkZj jg x;kA jkT; esa 'kf‰'kkyh lkearksa ij fu;a=.k 43- ≈°pk,M+k j[kus ds fy;s fj;klr us vaxzsth laj{k.k dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA vaxzstksa us foÊksgh 44- dsyk lkeUrksa dks nckus esa chdkusj egkjktk dh lgk;rk dhA bl lgk;rk ds cnys eas ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 447 232 448 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vaxzstksa us fj;klr ij viuk vf/kdkj tekuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 1868 bZ- esa jkT; esa fdys dk VwVk&QwVk LFkku tgk° ij igys dHkh fBdkusnkj vkfn cSBdsa djrs FksA iksfyfVdy ,tsUV dh fu;qf‰ blh dk ,d mnkgj.k FkkA bl O;oLFkk ls ;gk° dh chnklj dk fBdkuk lkeUr O;oLFkk esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;kA chdkusj esa eksgrk ,oa vksloky tkfr ds yksxksa jko tks/kk ds iq= jko chnk (jko chdk HkkbZ) Nkij&Êks.kiqj dk Lokeh FkkA ;g dh iz'kklu esa eq[; Hkwfedk jgus yxh vkSj bl izdkj O;ogkfjd lŸkk xSj jktiwr bykdk chnk us eksfgyks (pkSgkuksa dh ,d 'kk[kk) ls fy;k Fkk] fdUrq eksfgy cjly us yksxksa ds gkFk esa vk xbZA lkear ns[kus esa rks izHkko'kkyh Fks ijUrq okLrfodrk dqN fnYYh ds lqYrku dh lgk;rk ls ;g bykdk iqu% vius vf/kdkj esa ys fy;kA rc jko vyx gh FkhA chdk us jko chnk dh lgk;rk dj iqu% mls okil ;g bykdk fnyok;kA bl lgk;rk egkjktk dk fBdkuk dh ,ot esa chnk us chdk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yhA Qyr% mlds oa'kt egktu chdkusj jkT; ds pkj cM+s fBdkuksa esa lcls cM+k fBdkuk FkkA igys chdkusj jkT; ds lkear vkSj muds oa'kt chnkor dgyk;saA budh mikf/k flBkdqjfi Fkh bldk uke 'kkgksj FkkA jko yw.kd.kZ ds dq°oj jRuflag dks fo-la- 1562 (1505 bZ-) chnkorksa ds fBdkuksa esa chnklj dk fBdkuk eq[; gSA esa ;g fBdkuk feykA rc ls bldk uke egktu gqvkA ;gk° ds ljnkj jRuflagksr chdk chdkusj jkT; ds fj;klrksa esa egktu ds ckn chnklj ,oa jkorlj ds ljnkjksa dgykrs gSaA eqa'kh nsohizlkn us fy[kk gS fd jko chdk [kaMsys ds Lokeh fjM+ey dks dk LFkku FkkA ijkftr dj mldh fo/kok cgu izk.k dqaojh dks chdkusj ds egy esa ys vk;kA mlls vejk vkSj chlk uke ds nks iq= gq,] ftuesa ls vejk ds oa'kt egktu ds Bkdqj gSa] tks chnklj fBdkusnkjksa dk oa'kÿe vejkor chdk dgykrs gSaA 1- chnk 10- ds'kjhflag ysfdu [;krksa vkfn ds v/;;u }kjk mDr dFku vlR; izekf.kr gksrk gSA 2- lalkjpaÊ 11- tkfyeflag vejk ds oa'kt dks egktu fBdkus ds eq[; dk;ZdŸkkZ (iz/kku) jgs gSaA 3- lkaxk 12- mEesnflag egktu fBdkusnkjksa dk oa'kÿe 4- xksikynkl 13- jkeflag 1- jRuflag 9- f'konku flag 5- ds'konkl 14- f'koukFkflag (f'konku flag) 2- vtqZu flag 10- 'ksjflag 6- xksfoannkl 15- cgknqj flag 3- tloUr flag 11- oSfj'kky 7- ekuflag 16- gqDeflag 4- nsohnkl 12- vejflag 8- /kujktflag 17- ghjkflag 5- mn;Hkk.k (mn; flag) 13- jkeflag 9- dq'kyflag 18- izrkiflag 6- izrki flag 14- gfjflag eq[; nhoku [kkuk (dksVZ) tgk° fBdkusnkj cSBdsa djrs FksA orZeku esa bl 7- vHk; flag (vHk;jke ;k vtcflag)15- Hkwikyflag nhoku[kkus dks Ldwy d{k esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA vUnj nhokj ij CySdcksMZ cus 8- Hkheflag fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA ck;ka Hkkx dk nkyku tgk° ij ik°p&N% dejs cus gq, gSaA ck;sa Hkkx ds egktu fdys dk eq[; }kjk flJh xaxkizksyfi orZeku esa ;g fdyk eq[; cktkj ≈ijh fgLls ds dejs esa ch-,l-,u-,l- foHkkx }kjk viuh cSVfj;k° j[k nh gSA ds utnhd gh fLFkr gSA blds nk;sa ,oa ck;sa nksuksa vkSj nks etcqr cqtZ cus gq, gSaA cSVjh d{k ds lkeus dh rjQ iRFkj dh tkyh ls Hkhrjh Hkkx dk n`'; fy;k eq[;}kj dks ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g fdyk vkt Hkh dkQh lqn`<+ gS ijUrq x;kA fQygky ;g Hkkx can dj j[kk gSA fdys dk nk;sa Hkkx dh vksj can iksy] can vUnj dh vksj ds gkykr dkQh vyx gSA vkSj ikl esa nsork dk Bk.k (LFkku) gSA fdys ds Hkhrj nk;sa rjQ vLrcy dk fgLlk egktu fdys ds eq[; }kj dk Hkhrjh izksy tks dkQh {kr&fo{kr gks pqdh gSA tks vc iw.kZ :i ls [k.Mgj gks pqdk gSA [k.Mgj dk n`'; tgk° dHkh ?kksM+s] ≈°V vkfn fdys ds Hkhrj dk n`'; tgk° ij nsoh dk Bk.k (LFkku) Hkh cuk gqvk gSA Hkhrj esa ck°/ks tkrs FksA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 449 233 lanHkZ 1- phQ ,.M ukscsYl QkbZYl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj 2- cgh iÍk jh] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esokM+ esa f'kdkj ijEijk ,d fo'ys"k.k 3- n;ky nkl jh [;kr MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k 4- rokfj[k jktJh eqa'kh lksguykyu 5- rktheh jktoht [koklokYl BkdqlZ vkWQ chdkusj & Jhjke ehj eqa'kh 6- xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV&ikmysV f'kdkj dk uhfr ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA ,slh voLFkk esa ;fn vk[ksV dks 7- xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV&vlZfdu uhfr'kkL= dk ewy dgk tk;s rks dksbZ vuqfpr ugha gksxkA ca/ku esa jgus okys ckt tSls 8- ns'k niZ.k tho Hksn uhfr ls euq"; ds fy, f'kdkj vkfn esa mi;ksxh cuk;s x;s FksA1 jktLFkku ds 9- chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2 & xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k nf{k.kh Hkkx esa fLFkr esokM+ jkT; dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx igkM+h gksus dh otg ls ;gka 10- e/;dkyhu jktiqrkuk dk bfrgkl&jktoh vej flag taxy fo'ks"k gS] ftuesa vke] beyh] egqvk] lkxoku] Qkylk] Vhc: cM+] ihiy] 11- ,ukYl ,.M ,.VhDohVht vkWQ jktLFkku&duZy tsEl VkWM panu] uhe] lhle] [kSj] xqyj] tkequ] [ktwj] [kstM+k] ccwy] :tM+k] vkaoyk] cgsM+k] 12- chnkor jkBkSM+ksa dk bfrgkl&Jo.k flag gynw] fgaxksVk] dpukj] f'kjh"k] lkyj] eks[kk] lsey] xwxy] dM+k;k isM+ cgqrk;rrk ls ik;s tkrs gSaA2 fj;klr ds cgqr ls fgLlksa esa >kM+ vkSj NksVs&NksVs o`{kksa ls (uhy xk;)] phry] fgj.k] taxyh dqŸks (d:)] oufcyko] ykseM+h] xhnM+ (fl;kj) tj[k (ydM+cX?kk)] [kjxks'k vkfn gSaA4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa f'kdkj 'kkldksa ,oa lkearksa dk fiz; euksjatu FkkA5 jkT; ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks ckY;koLFkk ls gh ?kqM+ lokjh ryokjckth] canwdckth ,oa vL= 'kL= lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk ^f'kdkj* djus dh fo|k Hkh fl[kk;h tkrh FkhA6 LoHkkor% esokM+ jkt&ifjokj esa Hkh f'kdkj [ksyus dh ijEijk jgh FkhA egkjk.kk jktflag izFke dh vk[ksV fiz;rk dk vuqeku ^larq ds exjs* esa fLFkr nsoyh dh ,d iz'kfLr ls gksrk gS ftlesa egkjk.kk }kjk lkaHkj dk f'kdkj djus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA7 vk[ksV dks ^vgsM+k* dgk tkrk FkkA8 izfro"kZ f'kdkj [ksyus dk dk;Zÿe ekg exlj esa ,d jktdh; mRlo ds lkFk izkjEHk gksrk FkkA ftls ^eqgwrZ dk f'kdkj* dgk tkrk FkkA9 bl 'kqHk volj ij jkT; ds izeq[k ljnkjksa ,oa iklokuksa dks jktegy esa nkor ij vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA ckM+h egy uked LFkku ij egkjk.kk vius ljnkjksa rFkk iklokuksa ds lkFk esa Hkkstu djus ds ckn vkeaf=r O;fDr;ksa dks egkjk.kk dh vksj ls pkSljs ,oa gjs jax (veok) ds :eky forfjr fd;s tkrs FksA10 :eky dh fdLe O;fDr ds ntsZ ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr FkhA ek= f'kdkj ds njksxk dks mDr volj ij egkjk.kk }kjk iguh gqbZ iks'kkd izkIr gksrh FkhA jkT; ds if.Mr T;ksfr"kh egkjk.kk dks ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 451 234 452 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 f'kdkj dk eqgwrZ crykrs Fks11 ;fn eqgwrZ esa dbZ fnu ckdh gksrs rks egyksa esa gh nkor esa t;lean] ukgj exjk] fpŸkkSM+] eka.Myx<+] dqvk[ksM+k FksA fpRrkSM+ dqEHkyx<+] dk vk;kstu gksrk jgrk Fkk vkSj ;fn eqgwrZ 'kh?kzrk dk gksrk Fkk rks nkor dk bartke dqvk[ksM+k vkSj dqEHkyx<+ esa 'ksj cgqrk;r ls feyrs FksA22 egkjk.kk Qrgflag ,oa fdlh jef.kd LFkku ij gksrk FkkA12 egkjk.kk ,oa vU; lkear ljnkj f'kdkjh iks'kkd esa Hkksikyflag ds jkT;dky esa esokM+ ds izeq[k f'kdkjh jkeukFkflag rFkk rqylhukFkflag uDdkjs dh lokjh ds lkFk ftl fn'kk dk eqgwrZ gksrk Fkk mlh fn'kk esa lwvj vkfn dk raoj izflº Fks tks le;≤ ij egkjk.kk ds vkns'kkuqlkj O;f‰xr vuqHkoksa ds f'kdkj djrs FksA13 lwvj izk;% 'kkdkgkjh gksrs FksA ;s izk;% ?kkl vkSj danQwy gh [kk;k vk/kkj ij LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkj vfHk;ku ,oa izca/k fd;k djrs FksA23 tc f'kdkjh djrs Fks fdarq Hkw[ks gksus ij izkIr gksus okys ekal dks Hkh [kk tkrs FksA ÿksf/kr gksus ij ;s epku ewy ;k ekaMs vkfn ij Bhd izdkj ls O;ofLFkr cSB tkrk rks ml igkM+ ds ftl lwvj 'ksj ds leku eqdkcyk djrs FksA tkuojksa esa lwvj cgknqjh esa lcls c<+dj FksA ;s rjQ f'kdkj gks m/kj vknfe;ksa }kjk ?ksjk Mkydj gkadj vFkkZr~ vkokt djrs gq, f'kdkj jkT; ds vk[ksV jf{kr taxyksa rFkk ljnkjksa ds bykdksa esa vf/kd la[;k esa ik;s tkrs FksA dks epku ds ikl ys tkrs Fks blds fy, f'kdkj ij iVk[ks] iRFkj QSad dj] 'kksjxqy jktiwr yksx bldk f'kdkj cM+s gh mRlkg ds lkFk cUnwd vFkok ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdj djrs gq, f'kdkj dks egkjk.kk ds epku ds le{k rd igqapk;k tkrk FkkA ftl ij cNsZ ls djrs FksA14 lwvjksa dks jkT; laj{k.k izkIr FkkA15 jkT; ds taxy ,oa mlds egkjk.kk xksyh pykdj f'kdkj djrs FksA24 gkdk f'kdkj ds fy, izkphu dkyhu vkl&ikl ds bykds taxyh lwvjksa ds vkrad ls =Lr FksA Qyr% 20oha 'krkCnh ds rduhdh gSA25 f'kdkj gsrq dqN izf'kf{kr ikyrq i'kq ,oa i{kh Hkh lkFk ys tk;k djrs izkjfEHkd dky esa buds laj{k.k ds fo#º tu vkanksyu fd;k x;kA esokM+ ljdkj us FksA gkFkh] 'ksj dk f'kdkj djus ds oDr etcwr vkSj fnysj gksrs gSaA26 f'kdkj gsrq fo'ks"k d`"kdksa dks jkgr igqapkus ds mÌs'; ls lwvj laj{k.k dks dqN {ks= fo'ks"k rd gh lhfer izdkj ds dqŸkksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk Fkk tks 'ksj] phrk] Hkkyw vkfn taxyh tkuojksa ds dj fn;kA16 f'kdkj [ksyus ds eSnku dks ^je.kk* dgk tkrk FkkA17 lQyrkiwoZd f'kdkj esa cM+h lgk;rk igqapkrs FksA27 esokM+ ds 'kkld fofHkUu LFkyksa tSls t;lean] f'kdkj gksus ij f'kdkj&LFky ij njckj yxrk Fkk ftlesa lHkh mifLFkr ljnkj ukgj exjk] fpRrkSM+] dqEHkyx<+] ekaMyx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa esa vius f'kfoj yxkrs Fks ikloku vkfn egkjk.kk dks utjkus is'k djrs FksA blh ekSds ij ckn esa pkj.k dfo&dfork ftlds ihNs iz;kstu ek= f'kdkj gh ugha gksrk Fkk vfirq jkT; {ks= dk izR;{k fujh{k.k lqukrs FksA fQj lk;adky esa egkjk.kk iqu% jktegyksa esa tkrs FksA18 bl fnu ds i'pkr~ djuk] iztk ds nq[k lq[k dks tkuuk] izd`fr dks utnhdh ls tkuuk ,oa tuleL;kvksa egkjk.kk ds f'kdkj vfHk;ku dh 'kq:vkr gks tkrh FkhA f'kdkj ij tkus ls iwoZ ds fgrkFkZ Hkh gksrk FkkA28 tSls mn;iqj ds fj"kHknso dks jkLrs okys xkao ds lehi v/ egkjk.kk dks LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkjh tkuoj dh ekStwnxh dh [kcj dj nh tkrh FkhA kosljksa (c?ksjk) }kjk vkrad QSykus ij ogka ds fuokfl;ska }kjk egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag dks blds ckn egkjk.kk ds vkns'k ij jkT; dk f'kdkj [kkuk ml LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkj f'kdk;r djus ij egkjk.kk us f'kdkfj;ksa dks ogka f'kdkj gsrq tkus ds fy, vkns'k gsrq izca/k djrk FkkA jkT; dk eq[; f'kdkjh mDr LFkku ij igqapdj taxy dk fujh{k.k fn;kA29 blh rjg 31-1-1847 dks xkao k] ts-ds-] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`- 298] ,l-pkan] 1980 ubZ fnYyh 28- 'kekZ] /keZiky] esokM+ dh laLd`fr ijEijk] i`- 106] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj lanHkZ 29- r°oj] rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`- 232 1- r°oj rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`-1 t;iqj 30- ogh] i`- 228 2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 1] i`-10] oSfnd ;a=ky;] 31- ogh] i`- 230 vtesj 32- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj] i`- 146] jktLFkkuh 3- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn Hkk- izFke] i`- 112 xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2005 4- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 1] i`-10 33- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lks'ky ykbZQ bu feMkboy jktLFkku] i`- 137 5- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lksf'k;y ykbZQ bu feMkboy jktLFkku] i`- 137] 1968 bZ- vkxjk 34- la- tkofy;k] ch-,e-] nhiax dqy izdk'k la- i`- 20] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku 1995 bZ-] 6- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 2] i`-858 mn;iqj 7- O;kl] vkj-ih-] egkjk.kk jktflag] i`- 163] 1974 bZ- t;iqj 35- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj] i`- 146] jktLFkkuh 8- 'kDrkor] lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`- 140] 2011 mn;iqj xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 2005 9- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj i`- 145] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 2005 10- ogh 11- ogh 12- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn Hkk- izFke] i`- 133 13- ogh 14- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkk- izFke] i`- 115 15- ;sVs] xtsfV;j vkWQ esokM+] i`- 18 16- O;kl] xksiky oYyHk] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 15] 1989] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 17- 'kDrkor] lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`- 141 18- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkk- izFke] i`- 133 19- r°oj] rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`-159 20- ogh] i`- 92 21- vks>k] ts-ds-] esokM+ ds iqjkrkfRod Lekjdksa dk ,sfrgkfld lzksrksa ds :i esa v/;;u 15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh i`- 85] vizdkf'kr izkstsDV fjiksVZ 22- fjiksVZ ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ esokM+ LVsV Qksj b;j 1940] 1941 vkSj 1942 i`- 99] 1944] enzkl 236 456 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dk fookg viuh iq=h ds lkFk dj fn;kA dbZ o"kks± ckn tc jRuflag fpŸkkSM+ vk;k rks mldh lsuk esa jk?kopsru uked czk„.k tks tknw&Vksus eas flº Fkk vk jgk FkkA jRuflag in~feuh & bfrgkl ;k feFkd dks tc jk?kopsru ds ckjs esa Kkr gqvk rks mlus mls fpŸkkSM+ ls fudyus dh vkKk nhA izksQslj ehuk xkSM+ fpŸkkSM+ ls tkus ls iwoZ jk?kopsru us in~euh dks ns[kk vkSj mlus fnYyh igqWap dj lqYrku vykmn~nhu f[kyth dks in~euh dh lqanjrk dk o.kZu fd;k ftls lqudj lqYrku us in~euh dks izkIr djus ds fy;s fpŸkkSM+ vkdze.k dh BkuhA lqYrku vkB in~feuh bfrgkl gS ;k feFkd\ izkjEHk ls gh ;g iz'u fookn dk fo"k; jgk lky ds ?ksjs ds ckn Hkh fpŸkkSM+ ds fdys dks ugha thr ldk rks mluss Ny dh ;qfDr gSA fdUrq gky esa rFkkdfFkr fQYe fuekZ.k ds nkSjku dqN yksxksa ds fojks/k izn'kZu ds fudkyhA jk.kk ls esy dj mlus fnYyh tkus ds iwoZ in~euh dks ns[kus dh bPNk izdV dkj.k ;g eqÌk iqu% ppkZ Eksa gS rFkk lHkh ds fy, ftKklk o mRlqdrk dk dkj.k gSA dhA jk.kk us mldh bPNk dks ns[krs gq, nqxZ esa mldk vkfrF; fd;k vkSj in~euh dk dqN bfrgkldkj in~feuh dks ,sfrgkfld ik= ekurs gS rks dqN mls tk;lh }kj jfpr izfrfcEc niZ.k Eksa lqYrku dks fn[kk;k x;kA lqYrku us in~euh dh lqanjrk ij eqX/k ^inekor^ dk dkYifud ik=A ';keynkl] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUnz vks>k] MkW- n'kjFk gksdj mls gfFk;kus dh BkuhA mlus fonkbZ nsus ds fy;s egkjk.kk dks vius [ksesa esa jksd 'kekZ] MkaW vk'khokZnh yky JhokLro izks- ,e- gchc rFkk izks- th-,u- 'kekZ ,sfrgkfld fy;kA tc jktiwrksa us mls ykSVk nsus dks dgk rks mlus cnys esa in~euh dh ekax dhA ik= ekurs gSaA tcfd dqN bfrgkldkj in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk dks vLohdkj djrs tc bl ?kVuk dk irk in~euh dks pyk rks mlus lkearksa ls ea=.kk dhA mUgksaus Ny ls gaSA bu bfrgkldkjksa esa MkW- ds-vkj- dkuwuxks rFkk cukjlh izlkn izeq[k gSA budk jk.kk dks NqM+kus dh BkuhA 1600 Mksfy;ksa es in~euh dh lgsfy;ksa ds Hks"k esa jktiwr ekuuk gS fd in~feuh e/;;qxhu esokM+ bfrgkl dh dksbZ ,sfrgkfld ik= ugha Fkh lSfud fcBk;s x;s vkSj mls lqYrku ds [kses rd igqaWpk;k x;kA muds igqWapus ij cfYd efyd eqgEen tk;lh jfpr ^inekor* dh dYifud ik= Fkh ftls inekor vykmn~nhu ds ikl ;g lwpuk Hksth fd in~euh mlds [ksesa esa vk x;h gSA og FkksM+s dh jpuk ds ckn fpŸkkSM+ dh jkuh in~feuh ds :Ik esa izfr:fir dj fn;k x;kA le; vius ifr ls feydj lqYrku dh lsok esa mifLFkr gks tk;sxhA lqYrku us mldh in~ekor dFkkud dk vk/kkj gS & jrulsu fpŸkkSM+x< dk jktk in~feuh ;k Lohd`fr ns nhA rqjar jktiwr lSfudksa us jRuflag dks lqYrku ds paxqy ls NqM+k dj in~ekorh mldh jkuh vkSj vykmn~nhu fnYYkh dk lqYrku Fkk ftlus jRulsu ls fpŸkkSM+ dh vksj Hkst fn;kA tc lqYrku dks laiw.kZ Ny dk irk pyk rks og llSU; yM+dj fpŸkkSM+ dk fdyk Nhuk FkkA vykmn~nhu ds fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds jktuhfrd] jktiwrksa ds lkFk yM+k ftlesa jRuflag ekjk x;k vkSj in~euh us tkSgj dj vkRekslxZ vkfFkZd vkSj lSfud dkj.k ds lkFk in~euh dks izkIr djus dh ykylk Hkh ,d dkj.k fd;kA bl laiw.kZ dk;Z esa xksjk ckny dk 'kkS;Z cgqr iz'kaluh; jgkA bl izdkj fpŸkkSM+ crk;k tkrk gSA bldh okLrfodrk dks tkuus ds fy;s vko';d gS fd ge in~euh ckn'kkg ds gkFk vk;k ij og in~euh dks izkIr ugha dj ldkA1 dh dFkk rFkk mlls lacaf/kr O;fDr jRuflag] jk?kopsru] xksjk] ckny vkfn O;fDr;ksa in~feuh ds lEca/k esa ekU;rkvksa ds ihNs bfrgkldkjksa ds viuss&vius rdZ gSaA dh ,sfrgkfldrk dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k dj yas vkSj ns[ksa fd bu O;fDr;ksa vkSj ik=ksa ds in~feuh dks dkYifud pfj= ekuus okys bfrgkldkjksa ds rdZ dk loZizeq[k vk/kkj vfLrRo esa dksbZ ljyrk gS ;k ughaA bl dFkk dk izkjaHk eq[; :Ik ls efyd eqgEen ,sfrgkfld ekinaMksa ij [kjs mrjus okys lelkef;d fyf[kr ekSfyd lzksrksa dk vHkko tk;lh ds in~ekor uked fganh dkO; xzaFk Lks vkjaHk gksuk ekuk x;k gSA bl xzaFk dh gSA ledkyhu Qkjlh bfrgkldkj vehj [kqljks (1253&1325) tks Lo;a vykmÌhu jpuk 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds le; 1540 esa dh x;h FkhA in~feuh dh dFkk dk iwjk o.kZu f[kyth ds fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds le; mlds lkFk Fkk] in~feuh ds lEca/k esa fdlh tk;lh ds in~ekor esa bl izdkj gS& izdkj dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA bl dkj.k in~feuh dks dkYifud ik= ekuus okyksa in~feuh flagy}hi ds xU/koZlsu dh iq=h FkhA mlds ikl ghjkeu uked ,d dks dkQh cy feyk gSA fdUrq in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk dk nkok djus okys lqf'kf{kr rksrk FkkA ,d fnu og rksrk fiatM+s ls mM+ x;k vkSj ,d O;k/k ds gkFk iM+kA bfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd [kqljks r ^rkjh[k&,&vykbZ*] rFkk ^[ktkbu& vy&Qqrqg* O;k/k us mls czk„.k dks vkSj czk„.k us mls jRuflag ds gkFk cspkA rksrs }kjk in~euh dh ([ktkbZuqy Qqrwg) esa vykmÌhu }kjk fprkSM+ vkÿe.k] jktLFkku dk o.kZu] jktiwrksa lqanjrk dk o.kZu lquus ij jRuflag in~euh ls fookg djus dks O;xz gks mBkA og ;ksxh dh ;qº dyk] RkFkk fpŸkkSM+ dh ijkt; dk o.kZu gSA fdUrq viuh nksuksa IkqLrdksa esa cu dj in~feuh dh [kkst djrk gqvk flagy igqWapk vkSj in~euh dks ns[kdj eqX/k gks vehj [kqljks us in~feuh dk mYYks[k ugha fd;k gSA [kqljkss ds ckn bl ?kVuk ds lcls x;kA flagy ds jktk dks tc ;ksxh dh vlfy;r dk irk pyk rks mlus viuh iq=h utnhdh bfrgkldkj ft;kmÌhu cjuh (1285&1357) us viuh iqLrd ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 457 237 458 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ^rkjh[k&,&fQjkst'kkgh* rFkk blkeh us ^Qrwgq&ml&lykrhu* (900 bZ- ls 1350 bZ- dqN vokZphu oa'kkofy;ksa esa in~feuh dk fuokl ^ley}hi ikVu* fy[kk rd dk fooj.k) ftlesa lqYrku egEkwn xtuh ls ysdj eksgEen fcu rqxyd rd dk gqvk izkIr gksrk gS rFkk bu dFkkvksa esa mls pkSgku oa'k dh dU;k ekuk x;k gS tks ekyok bfrgkl gSA bu xazFkksa esa Hkh in~feuh ds laca/k esa fdlh izdkj dk mYys[k ugha feyrk ;k if'peh jkTkLFkku ds fdlh Hkw&Hkkx flaxksyh xzke dh jgh gksxhA4 jktk jruflag ds gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bu Qkjlh bfrgkldkjksa us fpŸkkSM+ fot; ds ckn tkSgj dh flagy}hi (flyksu) tkus vkSj ogk° ls in~feuh dks fookg dj ykus dh dFkk iw.kZ :Ik ?kVuk dks lqYrku ds vieku ds :i esa fy;k gksA tkSgj dh izFkk fuf'pr :Ik ls vius ls dYiuk gS D;ksafd jruflag dk 'kkludky cgqr vYidkyhu Fkk (1302&1303) xkSjo o vkReLokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, mBk;k tkus okyk lkgfld dne Fkk] lkFk yXkHkx ,d o"kZ] vr% ;g o.kZu loZFkk vuqi;qDr o vO;ogkfjd izrhr gksrk gSA oSls gh ;g 'k=q ds izfrdkj vkSj vLohdk;Z dk :Ik FkkA bl dkj.k laHkor% rRdkyhu in~feuh ds fuokl lEcU/kh fookn dks ;fn lEiw.kZ dFkkud ls fudky Hkh fn;k tk, eqfLye bfrgkldkjksa us bldh ppkZ ugha dh gksA in~ekor ds yxHkx 70 o"kZ ds ckn rks Hkh in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrk gSA eqgEEkn dkfle Qfj'rk us viuh iqLrd ^rkjh[ks Qfj'rk* fy[khA in~ekorh dh Li"V gS fd 'krkfCn;ksa dh bl ,sfrgkfld ;k=k esa in~feuh ds ewy pfj= esa dFkk tks vke tuthou esa izpfyr Fkh mlesa dqN gsj&Qsj ds lkFk vykmÌhu ds fofHkUUk dFkk] fdonafr;ks] dYiukvksa us viuk vkdkj xzg.k dj fy;k tks LoHkkfod fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds izlax dks tksM+ fn;kA2 gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd tk;lh us in~feuh ds pfj= o ftl in~feuh ds lEcU/k esa fdlh izdkj dk mYys[k [kqljks] cjuh vkSj blkeh lekt esa O;kIr mldh yksdfiz;rk ls izHkkfor gksdj gh ^in~ekor* dh jpuk dh gksA us ugha fd;k rFkk Qfj'rk us Hkh vLIk"V mYys[k fd;k] in~feuh ds tkSgj dh ?kVuk ml le; rd HkkVksa] pkj.kksa ds xk;u o yksdxhrksa }kjk ;g ?kVuk lekt esa dkQh ds yxHkx <+kbZ lkS o"kks± ds ckn vcqy Qty us viuh iqLrd ^vdcjukek* yksdfiz; vkSj pfpZr gks pqdh FkhA ,d ys[kd ;k lkfgR;dkj viuh jpuk ds fy, (1589&1601) esa bldk mYYks[k fd;k gSA3 vcqy Qty ds ys[ku ds iwoZ 'ksj'kkg vius vkl&ikl ds pfj= ls izHkkfor gksdj gh dFkkud dk p;u djrk gS rFkk mls ds dky esa efyd eqgEen tk;lh }kjk ^in~ekor* dh jpuk 1540 bZ- esa dh tk pqdh izHkkoh cukus ds fy, ewy dFkkud ds lkFk fofHkUUk dkYifud fp=ksa dks Hkh tksM+rk gSA fdlh Hkh okLrfod ?kVuk dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr esa l`tu dh viuh oS;fDrd FkhA ;s nksuksa xzUFk vykmÌhu f[kyth ds fpŸkkSM+ fot; ds yxHkx 240 ls 300 o"kZ lksp] laLdkj] fopkj/kkjk] n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ifjos'k dk 'kkfey gks tkuk LoHkkfod gSaA5 ds mijkUr fy[ks x;s FksA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vcqy Qty us ^vdcjukek* fy[krs le; jktiwr ljnkjksa] cM+ok] HkkVksa vkfn ls in~feuh ds laca/k esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk;lh us vius dkO; dks ljl o jkspd cukus ds fy, rRdkyhu dkO; vkSj vkSj vius xzUFk esa bldk mYys[k fd;k FkkA lkfgR; ds fu/kkZfjr ekinaMksa dks viuk;kA tSls ml le; ds dFkk ,oa dkO;kas esa leqnz ikj ds ns'kksa esa tkuk vkSj jktdqekfj;ksa ls fookg dk cgqr o.kZu izkIRk gksrk gSA bl lelkef;d fyf[kr bfrgkl ds vHkko ds vfrfj‰ ckn ds lkfgR; esa dkj.k tk;lh us Hkh in~feuh dks flagy}hi dh jktdqekjh crk;kA rRdkyhu dkO; in~feuh ds fooj.k vkSj o.kZu ds lEca/k eas Hkh ,d:irk dk vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA xzaFkksa esa flagy}hi (flyksu) esa fookg djuk izfr"Bk dk izrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA Qfj'rk us in~feuh dk mYys[k fpŸkkSM+ ds jktk jruflag dh iq=h ds :i esa fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, viHkza'k ds ^djd.Mqpfj≈* esa uk;d ds flyksu tkdj fookg vcqy Qty vkSj Qfj'rk ds dFkkud dk vk/kkj Hkh fHkUUk gSA blh izdkj vkSjaxtsc djus] ykSVrs le; leqnz esa rwQku vkus dk o.kZu gSA6 ^ft.knrpfjr* ^Hkfol;r ds ledkyhu bfrgkldkj euwph us viuh iqLrd ^fgLVksfj;k&Mk;ksxksj* esa in~feuh dgk* vkfn esa Hkh blh izdkj ds izlax gSA ^Jhikypfjr* esa leqnz ikj ds ns'kksa ls dbZ dh dFkk dks vdcj ds lkFk tksM+k gSA jktdqekfj;ksa dks fookfgr djds ykus dk mYys[k gSA7 ^j;u lsgjh dgk* esa Hkh dbZ in~feuh ds fuokl ds lEca/k esa Hkh bfrgkldkjksa ds e/; fookn gSA dqN dkYifud izlax gSa tks tk;lh ds iwoZ dh d`fr gSA8 bldh ukf;dk Hkh flagy }hi bfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd in~ekor esa of.kZr in~feuh dk flagy}hi dk fuoklh dh jktdqekjh gSA bldk dFkkud Hkh in~ekor ls feyrk tqyrk gSA Li"V gS fd gksuk iw.kZ:i ls dkYifud vkSj vO;ogkfjd gSA jktk jruflag ftldk 'kklu ,d dkYifud dFkk,a Hkkjrh; dFkk lkfgR; esa gh ugha cfYd rRdkyhu Qkjlh lkfgR; esa o"kZ ls Hkh de Fkk ,sls esa mldk ;ksxh cudj flagy}hi tkuk mlds le; esa Hkh izpfyr Fkh vkSj fdlh Hkh dFkk dsss ;s vko';d vax gksrs FksA tk;lh us Hkh vius flagy}hi dk jktk xa/koZlsu ugha lEHkor% jktk dhfrZfu 'kadnso ijkÿeckgq (prqFkZ) xzaFk in~ekor esa in~feuh dks ewy dFkkud esa j[krs gq, vusd dkYifud ckrksa dks ;k Hkqousu ckgq (r`rh;) FkkA flagy}hu esa xa/koZlsu uke dk jktk gh ugha gqvkA ogk° tksM+k ftldk okLRkfodrk ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha FkkA viuh iqLrd ds vUr esa og ls in~feuh dks fookg dj fpŸkkSM+ ykus dh dFkk iw.kZ:Ik ls dkYifud gSA dgrk gS bl dFku esa fpŸkkSM+ ns'k dk jktk jRuflag efLr"d dk] flagy}hi mn; dk] ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 459 238 460 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 in~feuh pkrq;Z dk vkSj lqYrku vykmÌhu dk izfr:Ik gSA tk;lh dh bl Vhdk ls feykA blesa VkWM us in~ekor ds vk/kkj ij gh vykmÌhu }kjk in~feuh ds lkSUn;Z dh Li"V gS fd og ,d n`"VkUr dFkk fy[k jgk Fkk dksbZ ljy ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ughaA ppkZ lqudj mldks izkIr djus ds fy, fpŸkkSM+ ij vkÿe.k djus dh ckr dgh gSA dqN yksxksa dh ekU;rk gS fd fpŸkkSM+ esa fLFkr egy ftls in~feuh dk egy tsEl VkWM us jruflag dk uke Hkheflag fn;k gSA12 mlus HkkVksa dh iqLrdksa esa lejflag Hkh mldk ugha gS cfYd bldk fuekZ.k cgqr ckn esa lTTkuflag ds dky esa fd;k x;k ds ihNs jruflag dk uke u gksus ls in~feuh dk lEca/k Hkheflag ds lkFk tksM+k gS vkSj Fkk] tc xoZuj tujy ykWMZ fjiu uoEcj 1881 bZ- dks fpŸkkSM+ dh ;k=k ij vkus okys mls y{e.kflag ds le; dh ?kVuk ekuk gS fdUrq ;g o.kZu xyr gSA VkWM us viuh FksA fdUrq ;g rdZ fcYkdqy xyr gS D;ksafd in~feuh ds egy dk o.kZu ^vej dkO;* iqLrd esa in~ekor dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ukVdh; ?kVukÿe dk mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj ,oa vusd izkphu xhrksa esa Hkh izkIRk gksrk gSA ^vej dkO; oa'kkoyh* esa lkaxk ds izlax vafre yM+kbZ esa jktiwrksa dh gkj vkSj in~feuh }kjk tkSgj dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA esa of.kZr gS fd in~feuh ds egyksa esa dqN le; ds fy;s ekyok ds lqYrku dks canh laHkor% duZy VkWM us in~feuh dh dFkk esokM+ ds cM+ok HkkVksa ls yh gks vkSj HkkVksa us j[kk x;k FkkA dqN izkphu yksdxhrksa esa chdkusj ds ujs'k jkeflag dk fookg tc ;g dFkk in~ekor lsA fpŸkkSM+ esa egkjk.kk mn;flag dh iq=h ls gqvk rc in~feuh ds egyksa esa tkus vkSj ohj fouksn (1874&1887) esa ';keynkl us egkjk.kkvksa dh oa'kkofy;ksa ds izR;sd lh<+h ij tkrs gq, nku nsus dk o.kZu feyrk gSA laca/k esa fofHkUUk izek.k izLrqr fd;s gSaA mUgksaus rokjh[kksa ds vk/kkj ij vykmÌhu ds MkW- th-,u- 'kekZ dk er gS fd in~feuh dh dFkk ijEijk tk;lh ds ^in~ekor* lkFk jruflag dh yM+kbZ vkSj ijkt; ds ckn xksjk&ckny vkSj gtkjksa fL=;ksa ds lkFk ls vkjEHk gksrh gS ;g loZFkk Hkze gSA in~ekor dh jpuk ds iwoZ gh ^fNrkbZ pfjr* in~feuh dk vkx esa tydj tkSgj fd;s tkus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA13 uked xzUFk fy[kk tk pqdk FkkA ;g xzUFk fo-l- 1583 raoj 'kkld lygnh ds 'kklu vykmÌhu vius le; dk ,d lkezkT;oknh 'kkld vkSj ohj lsukuk;d FkkA dky esa iwjk gqvk FkkA bl xzUFk esa vykmÌhu }kjk fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k dk o.kZu vkSj dwVuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd izHkqRo gkfly djuk mldk izeq[k mn~ns'; FkkA mlus vius in~feuh ds tkSgj dk mYys[k gSA9 LIk"V gS fd tk;lh ds iwoZ gh in~feuh dh ?kVuk lekt rFkk yksd thou esa ohj xkFkk ds :i esa izflº o yksdfiz; gks pqdh FkhA gseUr lkezkT; dk foLRkkj nwj&nwj rd fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k mls ^fldUnj&,&lkuh* ;k ds xksjk ckny pkSikbZ esa rFkk yC/kksn; ds in~feuh pfj= esa bl dFkk dks Lora= :i ls ^fldUnj f}rh;* dh laKk nh xbZ FkhA lkezkT; izlkj dh bl dM+h esa jktLFkku fy[kk x;k gSA (jktiwrkuk) lcls egRoiw.kZ {ks= FkkA mŸkj Hkkjr ds vusd 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk ;g dsUnz LFky FkkA fot; ds mÌs'; ls mlus igys tSlyesj ij vf/kdkj fd;k rFkk mlds in~feuh dh lR;rk ij lansg djus okys bfrgkldkjksa dh ekU;rk gS fd in~feuh ds lEca/k esa dksbZ Hkh lelkef;d f'kykys[k ;k ekSfyd lzksrkas dk vHkko gS ckn j.kFkEHkkSj ds nqxZ dk ?ksjk Mkyk vkSj j.kFkEHkkSj dh fot; ls mRlkfgr gksdj mlus bUgha fopkjksa dks ekU;rk nsrs gq, MkW- cukjlh nkl fy[krs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh bfrgkldkj fpŸkkSM+ fot; dh ;kstuk cukbZA nf{k.k Hkkjr dh fot; rFkk mŸkjh Hkkjr ij mlds tks ewy xzUFkksa dks i<+rk gS og buds 1303 bZ- esa in~feuh ds dFkkud dks izkIr djus izHkko dk LFkkfiRo rHkh lEHko Fkk tc og fpŸkkSM+ tSls vHks| nqxZ dks vius vf/kdkj esa vle;rk dk vuqHko djrk gSA10 vr% in~feuh dh dFkkud dh izkekf.kdrk Li"V esa djsA ;gk° ls gksdj xqtjkr] ekyok] e/; izns'k] la;qDr izkUr flU/k vkfn Hkkxksa esa ugha gksrhA fdUrq tSlk fd iwoZ esa Hkh mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd jru flag dk O;kikfjd ekxZ tkrs FksA O;kikfjd mi;ksfxrk ds fy,A vr% in~feuh dks izkIr djus dky cgqr ,d o"kZ ls Hkh de FkkA jruflag vius firk lejflag dh e`R;q ds Ik'pkr~ ds mn~nsí; ls fpŸkkSM+ ij vykmÌhu }kjk vkÿe.k dh ckr csrqdh] csekuh vkSj diksy 1302 bZ- esa esokM+ dh xÌh ij cSBk Fkk vkSj 1303 bZ- esa vykmÌhu ds fo#º ;qº dfYir gSA djrk gqvk ekjk x;kA bl laca/k esa ;g /;ku j[kuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksxk fd f'kykys[kksa mijksDr er erkUrjksa ds e/; esa fu"d"kZ ds :Ik esa izflº bfrgkldkj xkSjh esa jkf.k;ksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k izk;% cgqr de gqvk gSA fdlh Hkh f'kykys[k esa ehjk] 'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k ds fopkj cgqr egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrs gaS&^in~ekor*] gkMh jkuh] djesrh (d.kkZorh) ;k vU; ds ukeksa dk mYys[k Hkh ugha feyrk gSA rkjh[k&,&Qfj'rk] rFkk VkWM ds jktLFkku ds ys[kksa dh ;fn dksbZ tM+ gS rks dsoy fdUrq bl vk/kkj ij bu lHkh dh ,sfrgkfldrk badkj djuk xyr gksxk] mlh vk/kkj ;gh gS dh vykmÌhu us fprkSM+ ij p<+kbZ dj 6 ekl ds ?ksjs ds ckn mls 1303 bZ- esa Ikj in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij lansg djuk vuqfpr gksxkA11 fot; fd;kA ogk° dk jktk jruflag bl ;qº esa vusd lkearksa lfgr ekjk x;kA jkuh in~feuh ds dFkkud dks vk/kqfud dky esa lokZf/kd egRo vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj in~feuh us dbZ fL=;ksa lfgr tkSgj dh vfXu esa izk.kkgqrh nhA fprkSM+ ij FkksMs+ le; ds tsEl VkWM dh iqLrd ^,ukYl ,.M ,UVhDohfVt vkWQ jkTkLFkku* 1829 ds }kjk fy, eqlyekuksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA ckdh ckrs dYiuk ls [kM+h dh xbZ gSA14 MkW- ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 461 239 462 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vks>k us bl lEca/k esa fy[kk gSS fd ^^bfrgkl ds vHkko esa yksxksa us in~ekor dks 3- vdcjukek Hkkx &2] i`- 274 ,sfrgkfld iqLrd eku fy;k] ijUrq okLro esa og vktdy ds ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa 4- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; o"kZ 2] vad 2 esa izdkf'kr Jh jrupUnz vxzoky dk ys[k dh rjg dforkcº dFkk gSA dgkuh ds ijEijkxr o.kZu dks rkd ij j[kus ds Ik'pkr~ 5- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 170 lR; ;g gS fd lqYrku vykmÌhu us 1303 bZ- esa fpŸkkSM+ ij vkÿe.k fd;k vkSj vkB 6- e:ok.kh ekpZ 1967] esa izdkf'kr jktoYYkHk lksekuh dk ys[k i`- 21&24 ekg ds fodV la?k"kZ ds Ik'pkr~ mls vf/kd`r dj fy;kA ohj jktiwr ;ksºk vkÿkUrkvksa 7- mijksDr ls ;qº djrs gq, Losr jgs vkSj ohj jktiwr fL=;k° tkSgj dj Tokyk esa lEkkf/kLFk gks 8- mijksDr x;hA tks fL=;k° lekf/kLFk gqbZ muesa jRuflag dh jkuh Hkh Fkh ftldk uke in~feuh 9- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 172 FkkA bu rF;ksa ds vfrfjDr vkSj lc dqN ,d lkfgfR;d la ;uk gS vkSj mlds fy, 10- , dkWEizhgsalu fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k Hkkx 5] i`- 370 11- 'kks/k if=dk] o"kZ 19] vad 3] i`- 72&73 esa izdkf'kr jke oYYkHk lksekuh dk ys[k ,sfrgkfld leFkZu ugha gSA15 12- ,ukYl ,.M ,UVhDohfVt vkWQ jkTkLFkku] tsEl VkWM Hkkx&1] i`- 307&11 ^in~feuh* dh ,sfrgkfldrk ,oa dYiuk ds fookn ls ijs Hkh ,d vyx i{k 13- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&1] i`- 237 gSaA og ;g fd in~feuh dk pfj= lEiw.kZ Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds tuekul esa foy{k.k 14- (i) mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] xkSjh 'kadj ghjkPkUnz vks>k] Hkkx& 1] i`- 189 vkn'kZ vkSj xkSjo'kkyh ukjh ds :i esa izfrLFkkfir gks pqdk gSA vius vkRe lEeku dh (ii) MkW- yky] f[kyth oa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 102&107 j{kk ds fy, 'k=q ds gkFkksa esa tkus ds ctk; in~feuh }kjk fd;k x;k tkSgj Hkkjrh; 15- MkW- yky] f[kyth oa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 102&107 lekt dks ges'kk&ges'kk vuqizkf.kr djrk jgsxkA ;g dFkk ,d jktiwr iz.kkyh ds 16- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 172 vuq:Ik fo'kqº rFkk LOkLFk ijEijk ds :Ik esa pyh vkbZ gS mls lgt esa vLohdkj djuk Bhd ughaA ;|fi le; ds lkFk mlds okLrfod bfrgkl esa vusd izdkj dh dkYifudrk dk lekos'k gks x;k gS dbZ ckrsa ikB Hksn ls rFkk o.kZu 'kSyh ls fofHkUu :Ik esa izpfyr jgh gks fdUrq mudk vk/kkj lR; ls gVdj ugha jks[kksa dh mRd`"V dkjhxjh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA laxejej ds rksj.k }kj ij x:M+ ewfrZ;ka Hkheflag ekjokM+ dk 'kkld cukA 'kkld cuus ds mijkUr Hkheflag us vius jktuhfrd eafnj esa izos'k djus okyksa dks lh/ks nsoyksd ys tkus dh izrhd ekuh x;h gSA eafnj izfr}af};ksa vFkkZr~ vius HkkbZ&Hkrhtksa dks ejokuk 'kq: fd;kA Hkheflag ds ppsjs HkkbZ ,d fo'kky pcwrjs ij cuk gSA blds xHkZx`g ds pkjksa vksj 100 dykRed LrEHk ;qDr ekuflag (tks fot;flag ds iq= xqekuflag dk iq= Fkk) us tkyksj nqxZ esa 'kj.k ysdj cjkenk cuk gqvk gSA eq[; efUnj dk dk"B}kj Hkh dykRed [kqnkbZ djds cuk;k x;k Lo;a dks ekjokM+ dk 'kkld ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA mlh chp Hkheflag dh lsuk us gSA eq[; eafnj ds }kj ds ikl nk;ha rjQ laxejej dk f'kykys[k yxk gSA bl ekuflag dks tkyksj ds fdys esa ?ksj fy;k ;g ?ksjk 10 o"kks± rd pyrk jgkA vUrr% vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj egkjktk ekuflag rFkk jktdqekj Nrjflag ds opuksa ls fo-la- ekuflag dks tks/kiqj dh lsuk ls cpus dks dksbZ jkLrk ugha fn[kkbZ fn;k rks mUgksaus tkyksj 1866 fexlj lqnh 5 ls egkeafnj (ukFkiqj) ds 'kj.k esa vk, gq, O;fDr dh j{kk dh nqxZ NksM+us dk fu'p; fd;kA tc ;g lekpkj tkyksj nqxZ esa fLFkr tyU/kjukFk ihB e;kZnk cka/kh x;h gSA7 eafnj esa tya/kjukFk ds pj.k fpg~u ij panu dh ydM+h dk ds ;ksxh vk;l nsoukFk us lquk rks mUgksaus ekuflag ls 4&5 fnu (21 vDVwcj 1803 bZ- xqEct cuk gqvk gS rFkk tya/kjukFk dh laxejej dh ewfrZ flagklu ij LFkkfir gSA rd) fdyk ugha NksM+us dk vkxzg fd;k rFkk dgk fd ^^;fn dkfrZd lqfn 6 rd ydM+h ds bl xqEct ij ckjhd uDdk'kh rFkk lksus dh iksfy'k dj j[kh gSA eafnj ds tkyksj fdys esa gh jgs rks ekjokM+ dk jkt rqEgsa gh feysxkA** bl chp 19 vDVwcj Hkhrjh Hkkx esa 84 ;ksxkluksas rFkk izflº ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds fHkfŸkfp= cus gq, gSA 1 1803 bZ- (dkfrZd lqnh 4) dks ekjokM+ egkjktk Hkheflag dk LoxZokl gks x;kA NksVs&NksVs f'k[kjksa ds chp cuk eq[; f'k[kj vR;Ur HkO; izrhr gksrk gSA8 egkjktk vc ekjokM+ ds lsukifr bUÊjkt fla?koh us ekuflag dks ekjokM+ dk 'kkld ?kksf"kr dj ekuflag us eafnj ifjlj esa vius xq# vk;l nsoukFk rFkk tya/kjukFk ds fy, Hkou mUgsa vknj lfgr tks/kiqj ys vk;kA 17 tuojh 1804 bZ- dks ekuflag ekjokM+ dh xÌh cuok;sA tya/kjukFk ds fuokl ds ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd blesa ;ksfx;ksa dh vkRek ij cSBsA2 egkjktk ekuflag 'kkld gh ugha cfYd dyk ,oa lkfgR; ds izseh Hkh FksA fuokl djrh gSA9 eafnj dh lqj{kk ds fy, pkjksa vksj fo'kky izkphj cuok;h x;h gSA mUgksaus HkfDr] dkO; vkSj dyk dh f=os.kh gh izokfgr dj nh FkhA mlds ckjs esa dgk eafnj [kpZ ds fy, ekuflag us vk;kr] fu;kZr] foÿ; vkfn midj dh vk; esa ls ,d x;k gS fd& Hkkx nsus dk fu'p; fd;k FkkA10 egkeafnj dks tks/kiqj lhek 'kqYd dh vk; ls tks/k clkbZ tks/kiqj] czt dhuh fctikyA izfrekg 375 #i;s vuqnku izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA11 y[ku≈] dk'kh] fnYyh] eku djh] usikyAA egkjktk ekuflag dk fp=dyk esa fo'ks"k #fp FkhA mudk le; ekjokM+ vFkkZr jko tks/kk us tks/kiqj clk;k] fot;flag us bls (i'kq&fgalk can djds fp=dyk dk pjeksRd"kZ dky ekuk tkrk gSA bl le; ds izeq[k fp=ksa esa ckjgeklk] rFkk oS".ko /keZ dk izpkj&izlkj djds) czt cuk;k vkSj egkjktk ekuflag us tks/kiqj tqywl ,oa f'kdkj n`';ksa] uk;d&ukf;dkvksa ds fp=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk gesa ukFk HkfDr dks (jfldrk esa) y[ku≈] (fo}rk esa) dk'kh] jktuhfr esa (fnYyh) rFkk ukFk xzaFkksa tSls ^ukFk pfjr*] ^flº&flºkar iºfr*] ^f'ko jgL;* dk fp=.k ,oa ukFk lEiznk; ds :i esa usiky cuk fn;kA3 egkjktk ekuflag }kjk ukFk lEiznk; ds ;ksfx;ksa eafnjksa ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa dk fp=kadu O;kid Lrj ij ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ukFk lEiznk; ds fy, cuok;s x;s izeq[k eafnjksa esa egkeafnj ,oa mn;eafnj dk uke vkrk gSA ;g ls lacaf/kr cus fp=ksa ls gesa egkjktk ekuflag dh ukFk lEiznk; ds izfr vVwV vkLFkk eafnj LFkkiR; ,oa fHkfŸk fp=dyk ds vf}rh; dykd`fr gSA ukFk lk/kq vk;l nsoukFk ,oa fp=dyk esa mudh :fp n`f"Vikr gksrh gSA12 egkjktk ekuflag }kjk fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk dh Hkfo";ok.kh ds lgh lkfcr gksus ls izlUu gks] egkjktk ekuflag us mUgsa tks/kiqj fuekZ.k muds le; dh izeq[k miyfC/k gSA muds }kjk cuok;s x;s egkeafnj ds fHkfŸk cqyk dj viuk xq# cuk;kA4 egkjktk ekuflag us tks/kiqj 'kgj esa tya/kjukFk dk ,d fp= vius vki esa vf}rh; gSA egkjktk ekuflag vius vki dks ukFk ;ksfx;ksa Jh tya/ HkO; eafnj cuk;k ftls egkefUnj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl eafnj dh izfr"Bk fo- kjukFk] Jh nsoukFk] ykMwukFk ds lkFk fpf=r djokus esa fo'ks"k #fp ysrs FksA13 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 465 241 466 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 egkeafnj ds eq[; xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds ckgjh rjQ ukFk&;ksfx;ksa] yksd nsorkvksa rFkk fp= gS ftlds gkFk esa pkoj xzg.k fd;k gqvk gSA19 ukFk ;ksfx;ksa us /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij ukFk&HkDrksa ds eq[;r% Nfo fp= ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;g fp= gesa xq#&f'k"; ijEijk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k bldh tkudkjh gesa mu fHkfŸk fp=ksa ls feyrh gS ftuesa esa cus gSaA ;gk° xq# ds :i esa xksj[kukFk] tya/kjukFk] nsoukFk vkfn ds fp= feyrs gSa xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds vUrxZr ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds lEeq[k ukFk HkDr ds :i esa eksgEen rFkk ukFk HkDrksa ds :i esa xksihpUn] xksxk pkSgku] tsilk jkBkSM+] fpfM+;kukFk] jru eqLrQk rFkk lkg l/khj dk fp=.k feyrk gSaA ukFk flºksa dks ihj ds uke ls iqdkjk jkBkSM+] xksxkns jkBkSM+] eYyhukFk] xkSM+jkeflag] nyk pkj.k] dkuk pkj.k] Hkhek pkj.k] tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ukFk ;ksfx;ksa us fgUnw&eqfLye leUo; LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z Hkh lcyk ykyl] /kjelh lksuh] rksyh dfB;ka.kh] lkgl/khj] nks Mkgyh;k jktiqr] fd;kA gesa xksj[kukFk ds in ls Hkh fgUnw&eqfLye leUo; dk Kku gksrk gS ftlesa t;hey lk] eksgEen eqLrQk vkfn ds fp= feyrs gSA14 eafnj xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds dgk x;k gS fd& ckgjh rjQ cus xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds fp=ksa esa dqN fp= egkjktk ekuflag ds ukFk fgUnw /;koS nsgqjk] eqlyeku elhrA ;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;s x;s gaSA bl fp=ksa esa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds izfr mudh tksxh /;koS ijein] tgka nsgqjk u elhrAA 20 Jºk n`f"Vikr gksrh gSA gjs&Hkjs izkd`frd okrkoj.k ds chp cus iDds cjkenksa esa Jh eafnj ds vkrafjd Hkkx esa chpksa&chp cuk gqvk panu dh ydM+h dk uDdk'khnkj tya/kjukFk] vk;l nsoukFk rFkk ykMwukFk ds fp= vyx&vyx fp=ksa esa vklu ij cSBs xqEct ftl ij lksus dh ikSfy'k dh gqbZ gS dk"B dyk dk vf}rh; uewuk gSA bl gq, fpf=r fd;s x;s gaSA bu ;ksfx;ksa ds lkeus HkDr (f'k";) ds :i esa egkjktk xqEct ds uhps flagklu ij ;ksxh tya/kjukFk dh laxejej dh ewfrZ j[kh gSA xHkZx`g ekuflag dks gkFk tksM+s gq, [kM+s fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks lk/kq os'k esa ds Hkhrj dh nhokj o Nr ij fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS buesa Jh tya/kjukFk] gkFk rFkk xys esa #Êk{k ekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq,] flj ij Vksih rFkk flj ds ihNs vk;l nsoukFk vkfn ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds fp= nhokj ds ≈ijh Hkkx esa fpf=r feyrs gSa vkHkke.My dk fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA15 egkjktk ekuflag dks ?ksjnkj yEck vkarfjd Hkkxksa ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gesa lqugjs] gjs] lQsn ,o xgjs uhys jax dh iz/kkurk tkek igus fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g tkek bl le; dh fp=dyk ij eqxy izHkko dk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA lksus dh iksfy'k bu fp=ksa esa cgqrk;r esa feyrh gSA buesa lwpd gSA xqEct ds uhps ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks Hkxok os'k xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds ckg~; rjQ cus fHkfŸkfp=ksa esa gesa xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds esa] /;ku dh eqÊk esa] ekyk tirs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA xqEct o mlds LrEHkksa dks ,d vU; fp= esa ukFk ;ksxh dks oV o`{k ds uhps rsanw, dh [kky ij cSBs fn[kk;k x;k LoxZ jax ls iksfy'k fd;k x;k gSA ukFk ;ksxh dk fp=.k xgjs uhys jaax dh i`"BHkwfe ij gS ftlds lkeus xksxk pkSgku uked ukFk HkDr gkFk tksM+s [kM+k gSA jktLFkku ds iap fd;k x;k gSA21 ihjksa (ikcwth] gjHkwth] jkensoth] esgkth vkSj xksxkth) dk ukFk lEiznk; ds lkFk egkeafnj ds vkarfjd fHkfŸk fp=ksa ds uhps ds Hkkxksa esa 84 ;ksxkluksa dk fp=.k xgjk laca/k FkkA tgk° ,d rjQ bu iap ihjksa dh okf.k;ksa esa ukFkksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS fd;k x;k gSA ;g fp= gesa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dk ;ksx lk/kuk ds izfr #fp ,oa vklfDr dks rks ogh nwljh rjQ egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa esa ukFk ;ksxh xksj[kukFk ds lEeq[k n'kkZrs gSaA ;ksxkluksa ds izfr mudk izse bl mfDr ls pfjrkFkZ gksrk gS ftlesa dgk x;k xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds vUrxZr xksxkth pkSgku dk fp= feyrk gSA yksd nsork xksxkth gS fd] ^vklu NwVs ugha] ca/kk VqVs ughaA* ukFk ;ksxh viuh 'kkjhfjd fod`fr;ksa dks nwj pkSgku ij ukFk ;ksxh xksj[kukFk dk izHkko FkkA16 ;g fp= gesa ;ksfx;ksa ds izfr iap ihjksa djds LoLFk thou fcrkus ds fy, vklu djrsA gB;ksx ds xzaFkksa esa 84000 vkluksa dh Jºk dk fp=.k djrk gSA bl fp= ds ≈ijh Hkkx esa ,d eafnj fpf=r gS ftl ij dks o.kZu gS ftuesa ls 84 fo'ks"k mi;ksxh gS rFkk buesa Hkh flºklu] in~eklu] flagklu dslfj;k jax dh /otk yxh gSA bl fp= esa gesa unh] rkykc ,oa eksjksa ds fp= Hkh vkSj HkÊklu dks ;ksxlk/kuk ds loksZŸke vklu ekurs gS tks 72 gtkj ukfM+;ksa dks 'kqº feyrs gSaA blh ds ikl ?kus gjs&Hkjs ouksa] iM+ksa ij u`R; djrs eksjksa ds ikl fpf=r ukFk dj eqfDr dk ekxZ [kksyrs gaSA vklu dk vFkZ fLFkj rFkk lq[kiwoZd cSBuk crk;k x;k ;ksxh ,oa ukFk HkDr fpfM+;kukFk dk fp=.k vR;f/kd eueksgu yxrk gSA Nr dks Hkh gS ^fLFkj lq[ke~ vklue~*A ukFk ;ksxh izk.kk;ke esa Hkh fuiq.k FksA izk.k;ke ds ek/;e ls vUrj dh rjQ ls Qwy&ifŸk;ksa] csy&cwVksa ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA17 ,d vU; fp= izk.kok;q dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA22 ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks vklu ,oa izk.kk;ke #fp dk esa gjs&Hkjs isM+&ikS/kksa ds chp uDdk'khnkj iRFkj dh jSfyax ds chp cus tydq.M rFkk izeq[k mÌs'; ijekRek esa /;ku yxkuk rFkk lekf/k dh fLFkfr dks izkIr djuk bldh mlesa yxs QqOokjsa rFkk ty esa rSjrh cr[kksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA blesa ukFk ;ksxh tkudkjh gesa ukFk lkfgR; ls Hkh gksrh gS ftlesa dgk ik;k gS fd & ds lkeus nks jktiwr ukFk HkDrksa dks cSBs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gS ftuds gkFk esa #Êk{k tksxh tk js tk] vius izhre lks usg yxkA ekyk,a /kkj.k dj j[kh gSA 18 vU; fp= esa gesa ou ds izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp ukFk vkSju dks ukgh dks cfr;k] viuh iSat c<+kAA (jkx fryax) ;ksxh dks fopj.k djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS ftuds ihNs ,d L=h rksrh dBh;ka.kh dk Lkks tksxh tkds eu esa eqÊk] jkr fnol u djbZ fuÊkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 467 242 468 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 eu ;s vkl.k eu esa jg.kk] eu dk ti] ri] eu lwa dg.kkaAA 23 i=ksa dks fpidk;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu tgk° de LFkku ,oa ckjhd vyadj.k dh vko';drk bu xhrksa esa ijekRek ds izfr ;ksxh dh fu"Bk dsfUÊr gksus dh ckr dgh x;h gksrh] ogk° Lo.kZ pw.kZ esa xkasn vkfn feykdj rwfydk ls lqugjk jax Hkjk tkrk FkkA gSA blh dkj.k egkeafnj dks Hkh eqfDr dk LFkku ekuk x;k gSA egkeafnj ds fHkfr fp=ksa rqfydk eq[;r% fxygjh dh iawN ds ckyksa ls cuh gksrh FkhA fp=kadu ls iwoZ fp=dkj esa cus 84 ;ksxkluksa dk fp=.k izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp fd;k x;k gSA ;gk° pÿkdkj loZizFke vius fopkjksa dks lkdkj :i nsus ds fy, ,d eksVk&eksVk [kkdk rS;kj djrs cknyksa] ?kus ouksa] unh&ukyksa rFkk rkykcksa ds chp ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dh ?kkl&Qwl dh cuh Fks ftls fVikbZ js[kkadu dgk tkrk FkkA25 egkjktk ekuflag ds le; ds izeq[k fp=dkjksa dqfV;kvksa dk fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gS tks oV] ihiy] vke] [ktwj tSls isM+ksa rFkk esa gesa vejnkl HkkVh] nkuk HkkVh] 'kadjnkl HkkVh] jkeflag HkkVh] mnSjke] eksrhjke] fofHkUu ikS/kksa dh Qwy&ifŸk;ksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gSA bu isM+ksa ij eksjksa dk fp=.k lokZf/kd ek/kksnkl] lfrnkl vkfn ds uke feyrs gSa ftUgksaus ekjokM+ fp=dyk 'kSyh dks ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blesa gesa ,d ;ksxh ds ikl nks lkjl rFkk ,d vU; ;ksxh ds peksZRd"kZ rd igq°pk;kA26 ikl ,d dks;y dk fp=.k feyrk gSA bu 84 fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa 84 ukFk;ksfx;ksa }kjk bl izdkj egkeafnj ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gesa egkjktk ekuflag rFkk vU; ukFk viuh dqfV;ksa ds lEeq[k] [kqys izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa ;ksx djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k HkDrksa dk ukFk ;ksfx;kas ds izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp xq#&f'k"; ijEijk esa cus fp= gesa x;k gSA bu ;ksxkluksa esa eq[;r% flºklu] lq[kklu] e;wjkeu] f'k'kkZlu] lw;Z HkÊklu] egkjkt ekuflag] xksxkth pkSgku] eksgEen eqLrQk vkfn dk ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks izfr in~eklu] if'peksŸkkuklu] ckyklu ds lkFk&lkFk vuqykse&foyksx tSls izk.kk;keksa Jºk dks n'kkZrk gSA izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds :i esa isM+&ikS/kksa] Qwy&ifŸk;ksa rFkk csy&cqVksa dks djrs gq, ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu ukFk&;ksfx;ksa }kjk vius ds fp=.k ds lkFk&lkFk pÿkdkj cknyksa] if{k;ksa] ty lzksrksa] QOokjksa dk fp=.k fcNkSus ds :i esa rsanw,a dh [kky] oL= ds :i esa yaxksVh dk iz;ksx] dkuksa esa dqaMy] feyrk gSA eafnj ds vkarfjd Hkkx esaa izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ,oa ouksa ds chp 84 ukFk xysa esa :Êk{k ekyk rFkk tus≈ /kkj.k fd;s gq, fpf=.k fd;k x;k gSA bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa ;ksfx;ksa dks fofHkUu vkluksa esa mudh dqfV;k ds le{k uhys jax dh i`"BHkwfe esa esa dqN ;ksfx;ksa ds yEcs cky tks ihNs dh rjQ eqM+s gq, rFkk nk<+h&ewaN ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;ksfx;ksa dks /;ku eqÊk esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA27 bu fHkfŸkfp=ksa fn[kk;k x;k gS rks dqN ukFk&;ksfx;ksa ds ?k°q?kjkys ckyksa dk fp=.k feyrk ysfdu muds ij gesa eqxy fp=dyk dk izHkko Li"V :i ls ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tSls egkjktk nk<+h&ewaN dk fp=.k ugha fd;k x;k gSA bu fp=ksa esa lqugjs o lQsn jaxksa dh iksfy'k] ekuflag dk yEck ?ksjnkj tkek] lQsn o lqugjs jaxksa dh iz/kkurk] csy&cqVksa] xqEctksa] gjs rFkk uhys jaxksa dh iz/kku ns[kus dks feyrh gSA24 QOokjksa vkfn dk fp=.kA28 bl izdkj egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp= gesa ekjokM+ ds 'kkld egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dh jax ;kstuk cM+h vkd"kZd gSA ;gk° eafnj ds egkjktk ekuflag dh fp=dyk esa :fp rFkk ukFk lEiznk; ds izfr vVwV vkLFkk n'kkZrs xHkZx`g dh nhokjksa ij igys vkykxhyk (›sLdks&ckuks) iºfr ds rgr~ xhys iyLrj gSaA izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa cus 84 ;ksxklu gesa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dh ;ksx ,oa izk.kk;ke esa ij lQsn jax dk ysi fd;k x;k gS ftlls nhokj pednkj cu x;h rFkk lQsn jax us #fp o fuiw.krk n'kkZus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g fHkfŸkfp= ;ksx] izk.kk;ke rFkk izd`fr ds LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj fy;kA rRi'pkr~ VsEijk iºfr (›sLdks&lsdks) }kjk bl nhokj ds egŸo dks tu lkekU; esa lapkfjr djrs gSA HkkSfrdokn ds ;qx esa tgk° vkt ekuo eu lw[kus ds i'pkr ;g fHkfŸk fp= cuk;s x;sA bldh tkudkjh gesa orZeku esa dkydyfor dh v'kkafr o ruko tSlh chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls esa ;ksx o izk.kk;ke gks jgs bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa ds uhps fudyus okyh fpdus lQsn LFkk;h iyLrj ls Kkr ls eu dh 'kkafr ,oa LoLFk 'kjhj ds fy, bu ;ksxkluksa dh mi;ksfxrk vkSj vf/kd c<+ gksrh gSA nhokjksa ij lhi o 'ka[k ds pw.kZ ds lQsn jaxksa dk iz;ksx eqxyksa us bZjkfu;ksa ls tkrh gSA vkt vko';drk dyk ds bl vf}rh; lkaLd`frd fuf/kdks"k dks lajf{kr rFkk jktiqrksa us eqxyks ls lh[kk FkkA 'ka[k o lhi ds lkFk&lkFk ekjokM+ esa lQsn jax djus dh gSA D;ksafd i;kZIr ns[kjs[k o lqj{kk ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;g euksje ,oa Kkuo/ [kfM+;k iRFkj] tLrk rFkk lhls dh [kkd feykdj cuk;k tkrk bl jklk;fud jax dk kZd fHkfŸkfp= dkydyfor gksrs tk jgs gSaA uke ftad vkWDlkbM FkkA bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gjk] uhyk] dkyk rFkk lqugjh jax dk iz;ksx vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gjk jax nkuk Qkjax (iUubZ gjk jax) rFkk gjk HkkVk lanHkZ ls rFkk uhy jax yktonZ uked iRFkjksa ls curk tcfd dkyk jax dkty esa frYyh dk 1- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 1&5_ ohjfouksn Hkkx&2] i`- 860 rsy feykdj ,oa lqugjk jax Lo.kZ ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA Lo.kZ dk vkd"kZ.k ,oa 2- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 6 mldh ped ds vk/kkj ij egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA Lo.kZ 3- nk/khp] MkW- jkeizlkn] egkjktk ekuflag (tks/kiqj) %O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] jktLFkkuh pw.kZ dks fgykdkjh uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fp= esa cM+s LFkku ij Lo.kZ yxkus gsrq Lo.kZ 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj 1972] i`- 94 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 469 243 4- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 15_ ohjfouksn] Hkkx&2] i`- 861 5- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 25 6- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] Hkkx&2] jktLFkkuh xazFkkxkj]tks/kiqj ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa iapk;r O;oLFkk 2000] i`- 512_ egkeafnj f'kykys[k ds ewyikB lsA 7- ogh fo"k;d lanHkZ (1700&1800 ,-Mh-) & 8- 'kekZ] in~etk % tks/kiqj ds egkjktk ekuflag ,oa mudk dky] jktLFkku fgUnh xazFk ,d v/;;u vdkneh] t;iqj] 1974] i`- 242_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA 9- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] jktLFkku ds ukFk lEiznk; dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] egkjktk izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUÊ] tks/kiqj] 2011] i`- 155&156 10- {khj lkxj] Mh-ch- ,oa uoyd`".k (lEiknd)] jktLFkku ds ukFk lEiznk; vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu ekjokM+ jkT; esa iapk;r&O;oLFkk fo"k;d v/;;u lkfgR;] [k.M& prqFkZ] jktLFkku izkP;fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1997] i`- 147 ds fy;s ftu ewy iqjkys[kh; lzksrksa1 dk mi;ksx cgqr gh egŸoiw.kZ flº gks ldrk gS] 11- 'kekZ] in~etk] mijksDr] i`- 147&48 muesa ls dfri; vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ iqjkys[kh; lzksr ‹k`a[kyk,a chdkusj fLFkr jktLFkku 12- jkBkSM+] MkW- xksfoUnflag] ekjokM+ dh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj] lq/ku izdk'ku] tks/kiqj 1990] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esa lqjf{kr ,oa lax`ghr gSa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds mi;ksxkFkZ leqiyC/k i`- 199_ HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] Hkkjr esa ukFkka jk vkl.k] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] gSaA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj ds tks/kiqj [k.M esa izkI; cfg;ksa2 esa ekjokM+ lun ijokuk pkSikluh] tks/kiqj 2003 i`- 88 cfg;ka] ekjokM+ jkT; esa iapk;r O;oLFkk fo"k;d fofo/k vk;keksa ds lkaxksikax 13- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] mijksDr] i`- 89_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA foospu ds fy;s vfr le`º lwpukvksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa ls vVh iM+h gSaA jkT; 14- ogh vfHkys[kkxkj esa ekjokM+h Hkk"kk rFkk eqfM+;k (dkenkjh) fyfi esa fy[kh xbZ bl 15- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA J`a[kyk dh dqy 157 cfg;ka leqiyC/k gSaA buesa ls 18oha 'krkCnh dkyhu cfg;ksa dh 16- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 170 17- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA dqy la[;k 54 gS tks fo-la- 1821 ls izkjEHk gksdj fo-la- 1857 rd ds dkykuqÿe 3 18- ogh ls lEcfU/kr gSaA 19- ogh ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;kr Ja`[kyk dh bu cfg;ksa esa ijokuksa rFkk njckjh 20- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 170 i=ksa vkfn dh udysa gSaA bu cfg;ksa esa lekfgr cgqvk;keh lwpukvksa ls gesa vBkjgoha 21- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt ekjokM+ esa fo|eku jgh iapk;rksa ds Lo:i] izdkj] xBu] iapksa 22- cuthZ] v{k; dqekj] ukFk ;ksx] i`- 33&34_ ukFkk jk vkl.k] [k.M&2] izkP; fo|k dh fu;qfDr] iapk;rksa dh cSBd cqyk;s tkus dh fLFkfr;ksa] iapk;rksa ds dk;Z{ks= ,oa izfr"Bku] i`- 39 fo"k;] dk;Z iºfr] fofo/k izdkj ds fooknksa] tkfr4] xkao5 ,oa O;kolkf;d iapk;rksa6 23- ukFkk jk vkl.k] [k.M&3] izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] i`- 32&33 ds fÿ;kdykiksa] muds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa iapk;r&jkT; lEcU/kksa ij foiqy ,oa rF;kRed 24- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA xzkE; tuthou esa mRiUu gksus okys fofo/k izdkj ds ikjLifjd 25- of'k"B] MkW- /keZohj] ekjokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk ,oa fp=dkj] jktLFkku fgUnh xazFk fooknksa ds Lo:i rFkk mUgsa fucVkus esa jgh lEcfU/kr iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk] U;kf;d vdkneh t;iqj] 2011] i`- 126_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA izfÿ;k vkfn dks le>us vkSj foosfpr&fo'ysf"kr djus dh n`f"V ls Hkh bu cfg;ksa esa 26- xgyksr] lq[kohj flag] tks/kiqj dk lkaLd`frd oSHko] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] lkstrh xsV] lekfgr tkudkfj;ka viuk fof'k"V ,oa vlekukUrj egŸo j[krh gSa vkSj 'kks/k ds tks/kiqj 1996] i`- 113 vusd uohu vk;ke iz'kLr djrh gSaA 27- lka[kyk] deyfd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 41&42_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA 28- of'k"B] MkW- /keZohj] mijksDr] i`- 92_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA bu cfg;kr esa lekfgr cgqvk;keh lwpukvksa dk foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ;g ladsr djrk gS fd bl dkykof/k ds nkSjku ekjokM+ jkT; esa iz'kklu esa dsUnzhdj.k dh izo`fŸk dh fo|ekurk ds ckotwn iz'kklu ds fodsUnzhdj.k dh egŸkk dh LohdkjksfDr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 471 244 472 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 iapk;r laLFkk dks jkT; }kjk iznŸk Lok;Ÿkrk ,oa laj{k.k ds :i esa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA ,rnFkZ tkfr iapksa dks fu;qfDr fd;k tkrk Fkk\12 D;k jkT; dks Hkh tkfr iapksa dh tgk° ,d vksj bl dkykof/k esa jkt ekjokM+ ds jkBkSM+ ujs'kksa7 }kjk bl 'krkCnh esa lŸkk fu;qfDr dk vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij D;k jkT; ,slk djrk Fkk\13 D;k nks vkSj iz'kklu ds dsUnzh;dj.k ,oa lqn`<+hdj.k ds iz;klksa ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij dqyh; fHkUu xkaoksa ds leku tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa ds ikjLifjd lkekftd fooknksa dk fuiVkjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh Lora=rk ,oa Lok;Ÿkrk dks vadqf'kr ,oa fu;af=r dj mu ij djus gsrq rhljs xkao ds leku tkfr ds iap Hkh fu;qDr fd;s tk ldrs Fks\14 D;k ,d l'kDr u`ira= dh idM+ dks lqn`<+ cuk;k x;k ogha LFkkuh; Lrj ds lkekftd& xkao esa ,d tkfr ds FkksM+s ls ifjokj gksus dh fLFkfr esa os vius lkekftd fooknksa ds lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd tuthou dks izpfyr ijEijkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ds ifjos'k esa fuLrkj.k ds fy;s fudVLFk xkao dh leku tkfr&iapk;r ls tqM+ ldrs Fks\15 tkfr thfor j[krs gq, iapk;r tSlh Lok;Ÿk'kklh laLFkk dks leqfpr Lok;Ÿkrk ,oa izksRlkgu iapk;rksa dh cSBdsa izk;% fdu LFkkuksa ij vk;ksftr gksrh Fkha\16 mudh dk;Z iºfr vkSj iznku fd;k x;kA blls bl dkykof/k esa bl laHkkx esa ^iapk;r* laLFkk dk egŸo rFkk izfÿ;k D;k jgk djrh Fkh17] bR;kfn iz'uksa ds mŸkj k;s tkrs Fks os eq[; :i ls HkwLoRo vf/kdkj lEcU/kh d`f"k fookn tSls vkckn Fks vr,o mu xkaoksa esa ogk° dh tkfr iapk;r gh xkao&iapk;r dk dk;Z Hkh [ksr] ?kj] tehu] dq,a ds LokfeRo lEcU/kh >xM+ksa31_ buds caVokjs vFkkZr~ fgLlk&ikarh djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA10 tkfr iap dkSu gksrs Fks rFkk muds p;u ;k fu;qfDr dk lEcU/kh ekeyksa32_ [skrksa dh lhao vFkkZr~ gn ;k lhek lEcU/kh fooknksa33_ iSr`d vk/kkj D;k Fkk\11 budh cSBd fdu&fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cqykbZ tk ldrh Fkh ;k Hkwfe&?kj] lEifŸk ds caVokjs lEcU/kh ekeyksa34_ lk>s dh tehu ds caVokjs35_ [ksr&tehu ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 473 245 474 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ij vuf/kd`r dCts36_ d`f"k mit ,oa vfrfjDr mit ds caVokjs ls lEcfU/kr fooknksa37] fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] 1977_ f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] jktLFkku esa iapk;r O;oLFkk] v/ nku&vuqnku dh Hkwfe ds LokfeRo ls lEcfU/kr >xM+ksa38_ Hkw&Lokeh dks viuh Hkwfe ;k;&1] t;iqj] 2000 dk'r ugha djus nsus lEcU/kh fooknksa39_ eyck40 ,oa eqdkrk41 O;oLFkk ls tqM+s fooknksa 2- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] if'peh jktLFkku esa iapk;r iz.kkyh ds iqjkys[kh; lzksr] vkfn ls lEcfU/kr FksA42 blh ds lkFk gh lkFk xzkeh.k Lrj ds vkijkf/kd ekeyksa43] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] le vkLiSDV~l vkWQ lks'kks&bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku ukxfjd izd`fr ds fooknksa44_ nks xkaoksa dh lhek dks ysdj gq, >xM+ksa45_ fofo/k izdkj ,.M ekyok (la- MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh)] i`- 155&165] tks/kiqj] 1989 ds dj&vockc dks ysdj mRiUu fooknksa46_ djksa ds fu/kkZj.k] ysg.kk&dtZ dks ysdj 3- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] ua- 1] fo-la- 1821_ ogh] ua- 2] fo-la- 1822_ ogh] ua- gq, fooknksa47_ Hkwfe ;k oLrq jsgu j[kus ls lEcfU/kr fooknksa48_ larkughu O;fDr dh 3] fo-la- 1822_ ogh] ua- 4] fo-la- 1823_ ogh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823_ ogh] ua- 6] fo-la- lEifŸk ds caVokjs49] ÿ;&foÿ; ls tqM+s fofo/k izdkj ds fooknksa vkfn dks Hkh bUgha 1824_ ogh] ua- 7] fo-la- 1824_ ogh] ua- 8] fo-la- 1825_ ogh] ua- 9] fo-la- 1826_ xkao&iapk;rksa ds }kjk gh lqy>k;k tkrk FkkA bu xkao iapk;rksa }kjk fooknksa dks fdl ogh] ua- 10] fo-la- 1827_ ogh] ua- 11] fo-la- 1828_ ogh] ua- 12] fo-la- 1829_ ogh] izdkj fuLrkfjr fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj buds }kjk fn;s x;s n.Mksa dk Lo:i D;k Fkk\50 ua- 13] fo-la- 1830_ ogh] ua- 14] fo-la- 1831_ ogh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832_ ogh] ua- vkfn fo"k;ksa dks le>us dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;s cfg;ka csgn mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrh gSaA 16] fo-la- 1833_ ogh] ua- 17] fo-la- 1833_ ogh] ua- 18] fo-la- 1834_ ogh] ua- 19] fo-la- 1834_ ogh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835_ ogh] ua- 21] fo-la- 1835_ ogh] ua- 22] fo- bu cfg;ksa esa leqiyC/k tkudkfj;ksa ls gesa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt la- 1836_ ogh] ua- 23] fo-la- 1836_ ogh] ua- 24] fo-la- 1837_ ogh] ua- 25] fo-la- ekjokM+ esa ,d rhljs izdkj dh iapk;rksa ds vfLrRoeku gksus ds izek.k Hkh feyrs gSa 1838_ ogh] ua- 26] fo-la- 1838_ ogh] ua- 27] fo-la- 1839_ ogh] ua- 28] fo-la- tks fdlh fof'k"V O;olk; ls tqM+s yksxksa }kjk vius O;kolkf;d fgrksa ds lEoºZu ,oa 1839_ ogh] ua- 29] fo-la- 1840_ ogh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1841_ ogh] ua- 31] fo-la- fooknksa ds fuLrkj.k gsrq xfBr gksrh Fkha vkSj ftUgsa ge O;kolkf;d iapk;rksa dk uke ns 1841_ ogh] ua- 32] fo-la- 1842_ ogh] ua- 33] fo-la- 1842_ ogh] ua- 34] fo-la- ldrs gSaA bu iapk;rksa ds Lo:i] xBu] dk;Z {ks=] dk;Z iºfr ,oa fu.kZ; fu iknu dks 1843_ ogh] ua- 35] fo-la- 1843_ ogh] ua- 36] fo-la- 1844_ ogh] ua- 37] fo-la- ysdj fofo/k izdkj dh lwpuk,a bu cfg;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA buds le{k 1844_ ogh] ua- 38] fo-la- 1845_ ogh] ua- 39] fo-la- 1845_ ogh] ua- 40] fo-la- fuLrkj.k ds fy;s izLrqr gksus okys fo"k; eq[;r% fuEukafdr izdkj ds Fks & nks 1846_ ogh] ua- 41] fo-la- 1846_ ogh] ua- 42] fo-la- 1847_ ogh] ua- 43] fo-la- O;kolkf;;ksa ds e/; gksus okyk fglkc dk >xM+k vFkkZr~ ^ys[ks&pks[ks dk vljpk*51_ 1848_ ogh] ua- 44] fo-la- 1849_ ogh] ua- 45] fo-la- 1850_ ogh] ua- 46] fo-la- lk>s ds >xM+s52_ eky ds >xM+s53_ ysu&nsu ds >xM+s54_ Ω.k rFkk C;kt vnk;xh ls 1851_ ogh] ua- 47] fo-la- 1852_ ogh] ua- 48] fo-la- 1853_ ogh] ua- 49] fo-la- tqM+s >xM+s55 rFkk gq.Mh Hkqxrku lEcU/kh >xM+s56 vkfnA buds }kjk fn;s tkus okys n.M 1854_ ogh] ua- 50] fo-la- 1854_ ogh] ua- 51] fo-la- 1854_ ogh] ua- 52] fo-la- eq[;r% vkfFkZd gh gksrs FksA ;s iapk;rsa vius lnL;ksa ds lkewfgd O;kolkf;d fgrksa 1855_ ogh] ua- 53] fo-la- 1856_ ogh] ua- 54 fo-la- 1857 ds lEoºZu ,oa j{k.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrh FkhaA 4- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] vkWxsZukbZts'ku ,.M jksy vkWQ dkLV iapk;Rl bu oSLVuZ fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt ekjokM+ jktiwrkuk (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] le vkLiSDV~l vkWQ ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd tuthou ds ,d vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ vk;ke lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku (la- th-,y-,y- nsoM+k)] i`- 226&39] ^iapk;r&O;oLFkk* lEcU/kh fofo/k i{kksa dks le>us ,oa rf}"k;d Vhdk&fVIi.kh ,oa chdkusj] 1980 'kks/kijd ehekalk djus ds fy;s jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa lax`ghr 5- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] foyst iapk;Rl ,.M #jy fMLI;wV~l bu oSLVuZ jktiwrkuk ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ka vkSj muesa lekfgr cgqvk;keh tkudkfj;ka viuk ,d (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] bf.M;u fgLV™h dkaxzsl (59oka ifV;kyk fof'k"V egŸo j[krh gSa vkSj 'kks/k ds uohu vk;ke izLrqr djrh gSaA ls'ku)] izkslhfMaXl] 1999 6- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] if'peh jktLFkku esa O;kolkf;d iapk;rsa (1750&1818 lanHkZ bZ-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl izkslhfMaXl vkWQ fljksgh ls'ku] i`- 1- nz"VO; & th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] fjdkWM~lZ vkWu nh iapk;r flLVe bu nh jktLFkku 97&102] tks/kiqj] 1984 vkjdkbZOt (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] fn lkslsZt vkWQ lks'ky 7- egkjktk Hkheflag th (1793&1803 bZ-)] bdrhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk ekuflag th ,.M bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku] lsUVj QkWj jktLFkku LVMht] jktLFkku (1803&1843 bZ-)] cŸkhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk r[krflag th (1843&73 bZ-)] rsrhlosa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 475 246 476 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ujs'k_ egkjktk tloar flag th (f}rh;) (1873&95 bZ-)] pkSrhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk 29- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39] 56] 65] 71] 73] 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- ljnkjflag th (1895&1911 bZ-)] iSarhlosa ujs'kA nz"VO; & ia- fo'os'ojukFk jsm] 32] 51] 119] 142] 243] 301 ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1 ,oa 2] i`- 396&517] tks/kiqj] 1938 ,oa 1940 30- ogh] fo-la- 1835] ua- 20] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 6 8- ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 3 dh fofo/k ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ka] tks/kiqj cfg;kr [k.M] 31- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 40_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] vklk<+ lqn 3] 89] 90 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 32- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39 9- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 20] 90] 99_ ogh] ua- 5] fo-la- 33- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] vklk<+ lqn 3 1828] i`- 236] 257] jk-jk-v-ch- 34- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 89] 90 10- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 54_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 7] jk-jk-v-ch- 35- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 56 11- ogh] fo-la- 1821] ua- 1] i`- 22] jk-jk-v-ch- 36- ogh 12- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 30] 90] 94_ ogh] fo-la- 1828] ua- 10] i`- 261_ ogh] fo- 37- ogh] i`- 57 la- 1830] ua- 3] i`- 40_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 6 38- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 32] 51] 119] 142] 143 13- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 93&94 39- ogh] i`- 119] 142] 143 14- ogh] i`- 24 40- dksbZ Hkh ^pkS/kjh* ;k ^vklkeh* viuh vfrfjDr Hkwfe] fdlh vU; dks tksr ij nsus ij 15- ogh] i`- 56 mlls ^eyck* uked dj olwyk djrk FkkA 16- ogh] fo-la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 74 41- tc dksbZ dk'rdkj viuh Hkwfe dks tksrus ds fy;s mls fdlh vU; dks Bsds ij nsrk Fkk 17- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 22_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 5] 30_ ogh] fo-la- rks mls ^eqdkrk* dgk tkrk FkkA 1830] ua- 13] i`- 74 42- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 191 18- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 90_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 28( ogh] fo-la- 1824] 43- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 73 ua- 6] i`- 3_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 149 44- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 190 19- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 28_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 105] 257_ ogh] fo-la- 45- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 65 1824] ua- 6] i`- 152_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 149 46- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 113] 127 20- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 106_ ogh] fo-la- 1828] ua- 11] i`- 10 47- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 71_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 130] 131 21- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 56_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 37 48- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 74 22- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 20_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 52] 176] 236_ ogh] fo- 49- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 71] 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 140] 144] 243] la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 40] 136_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 7 301 23- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 61_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 167 50- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 119 24- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 130_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 54] 67] 114_ ogh] fo- 51- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 79] 273 la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 27_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 252 52- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 73 25- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 2] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 83] 87] 119] 132] 53- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 2] i`- 156_ ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 28 133] 135 54- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 59_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 84 26- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 31&32_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 260_ ogh] fo-la- 55- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 127] 128 1824] ua- 6] i`- 152_ ogh] fo-la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 136 56- ogh] fo-la- 1855] ua- 52] i`- 10] 18 27- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] lko.k cn 3_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 37_ ogh] fo-la- 1845] ua- 38] i`- 7] 13_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 2 28- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39_ ogh] fo-la- 1835] ua- 20] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1840] ua- 29] i`- 2] 7_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 6 247 478 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 4- t;iqj6 diM+k] xksVk fdukjh] /kku] dkxt] uhy] ghjs] eksrh vkfnA 18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ ds O;kikfjd dLcksa dk 5- dksVk7 xsgw°] puk] vQhe vkfnA 6- esokM+8 xqM+A fodkl ,d iqjkys[kh; v/;;u 7- QykSnh9 uedA MkW- rkjkpUn cSjok 8- flU/k10 ≈°V] ?kksM+s] lw[ks Qy vkfnA 9- tSlyesj11 lkth[kkjA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku ekjokM+ esa vusd O;kikfjd dsUÊksa dk fodkl 10- eqYrku12 ?kksM+sA gqvk ftuesa tks/kiqj] ukxkSj] ikyh] tkykSj] esM+rk] ijcrlj] lkaHkj] ew.Mok] ipinjk 11- xqtjkr13 diwj] eksrh] gkFkh nk°r] elkys] [ktwj lksgkxk] vkfn izeq[k FksA bu dLcksa dk O;kikfjd dsUÊksa ds :i esa ÿe'k% fdl izdkj fodkl ukfj;y] dRFkk ,oa rEckdwA gqvk rFkk mudk O;kikj esa D;k egŸo Fkk\ bldk o.kZu ge fuEu izdkj djsaxs & tks/kiqj ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° tks/kiqj ekjokM+ jkT; dk lcls cM+k dLck FkkA O;kikfjd n`f"V ls bldk ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke LFkku cM+k egŸoiw.kZ FkkA tks/kiqj esa dkikl dh lcls cM+h e.Mh Fkh] tgk° jkT; ds oLrq,° fu;kZr dh tkrh Fkha leLr ijxuk ls dikl fcÿh ds fy, vkrh Fkh vkSj ;gk° ls vU; LFkkuksa ij O;kikfj;ksa 1- t;iqj16 lkQs] xqyqcUn vkSj cSyA 1 }kjk ys tk;h tkrh FkhA tks/kiqj diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ&NikbZ] cU/kst] pk°nh ds Nkis ds 2- chdkujs17 lkQs] cSy] fephZ] ydM+h dk lkeku vkfnA 2 vks<+us] ydM+h vkSj dk°p ds fgUMksysa vkfn m|ksxksa ds fy, izflº FkkA ;s oLrq,° ;gk° 3- vtesj18 ?kksM+s vkSj ≈°VA ls jktLFkku ds fofHkÈk izns'kksa ds vykok ns'k ds vU; izkUrksa dks Hkh fu;kZr dh tkrh 4- dksVk19 cSyksa dh tksM+hA FkhA tks/kiqj dk O;kikfjd lEcU/k jktLFkku ds gh ugha ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls Hkh Fkk] 5- lkstr20 dikl vkS rkacs ds crZu ftuesa tSlyesj] mn;iqj] dksVk] chdkusj] flU/k] eqYrku] xqtjkr] fnYyh] cqjgkuiqj 21 vkfn izeq[k FksA bu izns'kksa ds O;kikjh vius lkFk ogk° dh fufeZr oLrq,° fcÿh ds fy, 6- jryke (ekyok) ?kksM+sA ;gk° ykrs Fks vkSj ;gk° dh fufeZr oLrq,° ys tkrs FksA tks/kiqj dh vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dh 7- nD[k.k (gSnjkckn)22 ≈°V ,oa ?kksM+sA oLrq,° fuEu izdkj Fkh & 8- flU/k23 ≈°VA 9- QkftYdk24 ≈uA tks/kiqj esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrfroLrqvksa ds uke ikyh tgka ls oLraq,° ikyh ekjokM+ dk tks/kiqj ds ckn lcls cM+k vkSj egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dLck vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha FkkA 18oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ Hkh ikyh ekjokM+ dk ,d le`º O;kikfjd dLck ekuk tkrk 1- ukxkSj3 ≈uh dEcy] cSyksa dh tksM+h] yksgs dh ?kjsyw FkkA th-,p- vks>k ,oa duZy VkWM us vBkgjoha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku ikyh dks ekjokM+ dk oLrq,°] ≈°V] rkack ,oa dkalk ds crZu] /kku] gkFkh ,d cM+k egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dsUÊ cryk;k gSA25 ledkyhu Úksrksa ls gesa bl nkSjku nk°r dh oLrq,°A ikyh esa vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds uke feyrs gSa ftuesa eq[; eSllZ v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn] 2- lkstr4 ?kksM+s dh dkfB;k°] cUnwdsa] ryokjsa] ydM+h ds 'kkg ukuwjke] jkexksiky eksgunkl [k=h] rstHkku eqYrkuh] lsB dq'kkypUn vkfn FksA26 f[kykSusA ledkyhu Úksrksa ls gesa mu O;kikfj;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gS ftudh ikyh 3- ikyh5 rkacs ds crZu] vQhe] pUnu dk rsy] pkoy] esa Hkh viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° Fkh & muesa t;iqj ds ukuwjke] xksikynkl] chdkusj ds gkFkh nk°r dh pwfM+;k°] flUnwj] ukfj;y] diM+kA v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn vkfn izeq[k FksA27 ikyh esa lwrh oL=ksa] cUnwdksa] ryokjksa] yksgs ,oa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 479 248 480 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 pÌj ds cDlksa rFkk yksgs ,oa rkacs ds crZuksa dk fuekZ.k cM+s iSekus ij gksrk FkkA28 6- tSlyesj43 mŸke fdLe dh lwrh diM+k] eksVk diM+k (fjtk) ,oa duZy VkWM us ikyh dk O;kikfjd egŸkk dk mYys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gS & vQheA ^ikyh iwoZ ,oa if'peh izns'kksa ds fy, O;kikj fofue; dk dsUÊ Fkk] tgk° ij dk'ehj] 7- mejdksV44 vQhe] xqM+] rEckdw] rsy ,oa dkyh fepZA ekyok vkSj phu ds mRiknksa dks ;wjksi] v›hdk] Qkjl vkSj vjc ds mRiknksa ds lkFk 8- flU/k45 diM+k] lwr] ghax] fdjkuk] dkyh&fepZ] gYnh] dRFkk] fofue; fd;k tkrk FkkA O;kikfj;ksa ds dkjok° dPN vkSj xqtjkr ds cUnxkgksa ls ;gk° vQhe] ghaxyw] xqM+ ,oa ≈°VA gkFkh&nk°r] rkack] [ktwj] lqgkxk] ukfj;y] diM+s] dkWQh] pUnu dh ydM+h vkSj ukxkSj elkys ykrs Fks cnys esa ;gk° eqYrkuh ghax] NhaV] lw[ks esos] oL=] thajk dksVk vkSj ukxkSj Hkh ekjokM+ dk ,d izflº O;kikfjd dLck FkkA ^rokjh[k rgQrqydke* ekyok dh 'kDdj vkSj vQhe vkSj ekjokM+ esa fufeZr js'ke] mŸke&eghu diM+s] uked œfr esa mYys[k gS fd ukxkSj ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dLck Fkk] tgk° ldjyrk iksVk'k] 'kkWy] jaxs gq, dEcy] gfFk;kj vkSj ude vious lkFk ys tkrs FksA29 ikyh ds (cukr) fgUnqLrku ds nwljs 'kgjksa ls vPNs curs FksA egkjktk c[rflag us O;f‰xr vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr fuEu izdkj Fks & :fp fn[kkdj nwj&nwj ds izkUrksa ls izR;sd dyk&dkS'ky ds n{k dkjhxjksa dks ukxkSj esa ikyh esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° clus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA ^≈u* ds mRiknu esa ukxkSj dk lcls izeq[k LFkku FkkA46 ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° ls vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke dyk&dkS'ky esa gkFkh&nk°r ds f[kykSus] ihry ds crZu] ≈uh] dEcy] yksgs] ds dM+ko] rkys] gfFk;kj vkfn oLrq,° mPp dkjhxjh ds lkFk fufeZr dh tkrh FkhA47 oLrq,° vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha ukxkSj ds cSy viuh mPp uLy ds fy, lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa izflº FksA flU/k] eqYrku 1- chdkusj30 /kku vkSj jktLFkku ds fofHkÈk jkT;ksa dks ukxkSj ls cSy fu;kZr fd, tkrs FksA48 [kfut inkFkks± 2- ipinjk31 ued dh n`f"V ls Hkh ukxkSj dkQh le`º FkkA [kfut inkFkks± esa ;gk° yky iRFkj] vHkzd vkSj 3- tkykSj32 'kksjk ftIle dh [kkusa Fkh] lkFk gh ukxkSj ds fofHkÈk xkaoksa esa tsls pwVhljk] Hknkuk] ekaxyksn 49 4- fd'kux<+33 vQhe ,oa [ksjkV esa [kM~Mh dh [kkusa fLFkr FkhA 5- cjsyh] dkuiqj vkSj eqtQjuxj35 'kDdj ,oa pkoy ledkyu Úksrksa esa gesa mu vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds uke feyrs gS tks ;gk° fofHkÈk O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfÿ; FksA eywdpUn xk°/kh] tho.knkl] Hkkjey] t;dj.k 6- dksVk] esokM+36 vQhe tks'kh] Bkdqjnkl [k=h] cqykdhnkl vkfn ukxkSj ds izflº O;kikjh FksA50 buds vykok 36 7- flU/k pkoy ,oa lw[ks esos ;gk° vusd ,sls ckgjh O;kikjh Hkh Fks ftudh ;gk° O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° Fkh] buesa jk/ 8- ekyok37 rEckdw kkfd'ku] ';kepUÊ] o/kZeku] tSr:i] v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn vkfn izeq[k FksA51 lun ikyh ls fu;kZr dh tkus oLrq,° ijokuk cgh ua- 21 esa mYys[k gS fd vusd eqYrkuh O;kikjh ukxkSj esa LFkk;h :i ls 52 ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke cl x, Fks ftuesa eSllZ uouhr jk;] Bkdqj Hkokuhnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA ls oLrq,° fu;kZr ukxkSj esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° dh tkrh Fkha ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke 1- tks/kiqj38 fde[kkc ds diM+s] tk;Qy] MksMk] pUnu] dslj] tgk° ls oLrq,° diwj ,oa rkackA vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha 2- ipinjk39 xU/kd] yksgk] lwryh] ued ,oa pkoyA 1- tks/kiqj53 diM+kA 3- ukxkSj40 yksgkA 2- chdkusj54 /kku] fdjkuk] js'ke] lw[ks esos] lsa/kk ued] ghax] 4- lkstr41 yksgkA vnjd ,oa tk;QyA 5- tkykSj42 xa/kdA 3- ikyh55 yksgk ,oa tLrkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 481 249 482 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 4- d/kkj56 ?kksM+sA ued dh [kkusa dkijM+k] dkadk.kh] fcykM+k] nlksj] HkkaHkh] [kkjyk vkfn xkaoksa esa FkhA69 57 5- dk'ehj i'ehukA ipinjk ukxkSj ls fu;kZr dh tkus oLrq,° ;g dLck tks/kiqj ds if'pe esa fLFkr gSA ipinjk dk egŸo Hkh ^ued* ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke m|ksx ds dkj.k jgk gSA ;gk° ued dh >hy gS ftlesa cM+s iSekus ij ued rS;kj fd;k ls oLrq,° fu;kZr dh tkrk FkkA ;gk° ls ued jktLFkku ds leLr Hkkxksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA lun tkrh Fkha ijokuk cgh ua- 9 esa mYys[k gS fd ikyh ds O;kikjh cSyxkfM+;ksa ds }kjk ipinjk 1- tks/kiqj58 /kku] eyey] ≈uh dEcy] yksgs dh ?kjsyw oLrq,°A ued ysus vkrs FksA70 ;gk° ls ftu uxjksa dks ued dk cM+s iSekus ij fu;kZr fd;k tkrk 2- t;iqj59 cSyA Fkk muesa ikyh] tks/kiqj] chdkusj] t;iqj] cwanh] dksVk] esokM+ vkSj vkxjk eq[; FksA71 3- mn;iqj60 cSyA ipinjk esa ckgj ls tks oLrq,° vk;kr dh tkrh Fkh os bl izdkj Fkha & 4- mejdksV61 diM+k] dkals ,oa ihry ds crZu] /kku] ≈uh dEcy vkfnA ipinjk esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° 5- nD[k.k (gSnjkckn)62 ?kksM+sA ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke 6- eqYrku63 ≈°VA tgk° ls oLrq,° 7- flU/k64 diM+k] lwr] :bZ] feJh] fdjkuk] yksgs dh ?kjsyw vk;kr dh tkrh Fkh oLrq,°] vHkzd] ≈uh dEcyA 1- tks/kiqj72 rkacs ds crZu ,oa diM+sA 2- ikyh73 xa/kd] yksgk] rkack ,oa yksgs dh ?kjsyw oLrq,°A lkaHkj 3- t;iqj74 pkoyA lkaHkj dk O;kikfjd egŸo ued m|ksx ds dkj.k FkkA lkaHkj esa ^ued dh 4- ijcrlj75 cSy ,oa ≈°VA >hy* fLFkr gksus ls ;g dLck ekjokM+ dk ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUÊ cu x;k FkkA65 5- ukxkSj76 cSy] ≈°V ,oa peM+s dh oLrq,°A lkaHkj esa ued ds f[kykSus vkSj dkals ds crZu vPNs curs FksA ;gk° jktLFkku dh ued dh lcls cM+h e.Mh FkhA ;gk° ls ued fuEu LFkkuksa dks cM+s iSekus ij fu;kZr fd;k ijcrlj tkrk FkkA66 ijcrlj Hkh ekjokM+ ,d egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dLck FkkA ;gk° cgqr cM+k i'kq 1- tks/kiqj 6- t;iqj esyk yxrk Fkk ftlesa cSyksa dk cM+h la[;k esa ÿ;&foÿ; gksrk FkkA ;gk° jktLFkku ds 2- 'ks[kkokVh 7- Xokfy;j leLr Hkkxksa ls i'kq ,oa vU; O;kikfjd oLrq,° ÿ;&foÿ; ds fy, vkrh FkhA77 3- chdkusj 8- >kalh lekdyhu lkfgfR;d ,oa vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa gesa ,sls vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds fooj.k 4- cwUnh 9- xqtjkr feyrs gSa ftudh 'kk[kk,° ijcrlj esa fo|eku FkhA chdkusj ds dksBkjh KkupUn vkSj 5- dksVk xqykcpUn ;gk° ds lcls cM+s O;kikjh FksA78 [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- 1 esa mYys[k gS fd chdkusj ds O;kikjh gfjukjk;.k ds csVs&iksrs ijcrlj esa O;kikj djrs FksA79 bUgha QykSnh lk[;ksa esa ijrclj ds vusd LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ds uke Hkh feyrs gSa ftuesa izeq[k QykSnh Hkh 18oha lnh ds nkSjku ekjokM+ dk ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUÊ FkkA lksHkkxpUn] gjfd'kksj vkSj thojke FksA80 lun ijokuk cgh ua- 24 esa mYys[k feyrk ;gk° ds O;kikjh vR;Ur dq'ky Fks vkSj Hkkjr o"kZ ds cM+s&cM+s uxjksa esa O;kikfjd gS fd dsljhyky czk„.k Hkh ijcrlj dk ,d izflº O;kikjh Fkk] tks ijcrlj vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfÿ; FksA gdhdr cgh ua- 3 esa mYys[k gS fd lwjrjke QykSnh ds ukxkSj ds chp esa O;kikj djrk FkkA81 lcls cM+s O;kikjh Fks ftudh mejdksV tks/kiqj ikyh vkfn esa Hkh 'kk[kk,° FkhA67 lun ijokuk cgh ua- 14 esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd QykSnh esa ued dh vusd [kkusa Fkha tgk° ew.Mok ls bldks tks/kiqj Hkstk tkrk FkkA68 ekjokM+ jh ijxuk jh foxr ds vuqlkj QykSnh eas ew.Mok dLck ftyk ukxkSj esa fLFkr gSA O;kikfjd n`f"V ls ew.Mok Hkh ,d ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 483 250 484 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lEiUUk dLck FkkA ;gk° gj o"kZ pS= eghus esa cgqr cM+k i'kq esyk yxrk FkkA ftlesa vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA i'kqvksa ds ÿ;&foÿ; ds vykok vU; oLrqvksa dk Hkh O;kikj gksrk FkkA82 lun 13- lun ijokuk cgh ua-2 fo-la- (1765 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] fo-la- 1830 ijokuk cgh ua- 19 esa mYys[k gS fd 'kkg gjfd'ku 9 ≈°V eky ls Hkjs gq, mejdksVls (1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] is-ua- 17] fo-la- 1834 (1777 bZ-) ewaMok yk;kA83 lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23 eas mYys[k feyrk gS fd tks/kiqj ds lwjrjke 14- gdhdr cgh ua- 4 i`- 110] 1841 (1784 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 8] i`- 445] fo-la- O;kl esa ,d eu vukjnkuk ewaMok ls [kjhndj tks/kiqj ys x;kA84 lun ijokuk cgh 1860 (1803 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ua- 23 esa mYys[k gS fd tks/kiqj dk ewypUn dlsjk nks eu rkack [kjhndj ys x;kA85 15- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 257] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] gdhdr cgh ua- 1 esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd nkSyriqj ds euksgjnkl] eksgdenkl jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ewaMok esys ls 500 ≈°V [kjhndj ys x;sA86 16- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx i`- 119A 17- lkok e.Mh cghua- 4] fo-la- 1807&10 (1950&53 bZ-)] [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- lanHkZ 1] fo-la- 1821&88 (1764&1831 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 1- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9 fo-la- 1826 (1769) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; chdkusjA vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusjA 18- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 139] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 2- txnh'k flag xgyksr] ekjokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl i`- 220A jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 3- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 275 fo-la- 1835 19- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 470] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] (1778 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 27] i`- 10 fo-la- 1838 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA (1781 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- 8 fo-la- 1830 20- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 20] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; (1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 10] i`- 56 fo-la- 1827 vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA (1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 21- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- 13] fo-la- 1830 (1773 bZ-)_ 4- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 259 tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l fo-la- 1838(1781 bZ-)] jktLFkku tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 22- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 17] i`- 299] fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-)_ 5- lun ijokuk cghua- 13] i`- 366] fo-la- 1830 (1775 bZ-)]cgh ijxuk jh dpsM+h jh tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA tek[kpZ jh eklokj] ua- 26 (n∂rjh gtqjh) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 23- fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vkWQ tks/kiqj i`- 220&223 chdkusjA tks/kiqj dksrokyh pkSarjk tekcUnh cgh ua- fo-la- 1825 (1768 bZ-) tks/ 24- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx f}rh; i`- 119&120 kiqj fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 25- th-,p- vks>kk] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 56 ,oa 57 6- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`-292] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 7 i`- fo- 26- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- 1] 1825 (1768 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; la- 1857 (1800 bZ.) cgh [kklS [ktkus jh cgh tek[kpZ (n∂Rkjh gtwjh) i`- 4] fo- vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA la- 1810 (1735 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 27- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] 1847 (1790 bZ-)+ i`- 84 fo-la- 1848 (1791 bZ-)] 7- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 119 tks/kiqj fjdkM~Z] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 8- ogh 28- VkWM Hkkx f}rh; i`- 27 9- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 11] i`- 44] fo-la- 1829 (1772 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 29- ogh jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 30- gdhdr cgh ua- 4] i`- 109] fo-la- 1841 (1784 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 10- tks/kiqj dksrokyh pkSarjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 884] fo-la- 1824 (1764 bZ-)] tks/kiqj jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 31- gdhdr cgh ua- 4] i`- 105] fo-la- 1841 (1784 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku 11- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 5] i`- 312 fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j & Hkkx f}rh; i`- 119 32- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; 12- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 28] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 485 251 486 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 33- gkFk cghua- 4] fo-la- 1885 (828 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 52- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 279] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] chdkusjA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 34- fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vkWQ ikyh i`- 170 ,oa 178 53- ukxkSj gqdqer tekcUnh cgh ua- 1295] fo-la- 1834] (1777 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 35- ogh tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 36- ogh 54- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9] fo-la- 1825 (1768 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 285] 37- ogh fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-) 38- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 205] fo-la- 1839 (1781 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] 55- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 285] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 39- ijxuk ikyh tek[kpZ jh gkde jh nQrj jh cgh ua- 1529 fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] 56- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 283] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] cgh ijxuk iapinjk js dpsM+h js dpsM+h jh tek [kpZ jh cgh ua- 26] fo-la- 1833 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA (1776 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 57- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 77] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku 40- ukxkSj gqdqer tekcUnh cgh ua- 1295] fo-la- 1834] (1777 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kxkj] tks/kiqjA 58- tdrk cgh ua- 81] fo-la- 1807 (1750 bZ-)_ chdkusj fjdkMZ] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 41- lkstr dksrokyh pkSrjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 1830] fo-la- 1840] (1738 bZ-)] tks/kiqj 21] i`- 285] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] fjdkM~Zl] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA chdkusjA 42- tkykSj dkSrokyh pkSrjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 759] fo-la- 1878 (1827 bZ-) tks/kiqj 59- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 6] i`- 31] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 43- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 235] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 60- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 5] i`- 313] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 44- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 203] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 61- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 28] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 29] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA i`- 39] fo-la- 1840 (1783 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 45- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSM+h jh tekcUnh cgh ua- 1500] fo-la- 1852 (1795 bZ-)] chdkusjA chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 62- lun ijokuk gh ua- 26] i`- 25] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 46- lkok e.Mh lknj cgh ua- 4] fo-la- 1807&10 (750&1753 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 63- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 39] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 47- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- fo-la- 1830 (1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 20] i`- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 17] fo-la- 1838 (1778 bZ-) lun ijokuk cgh ua- 30 i`- 371] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 64- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSM+h jh tekcUnh cgh ua- 1490] fo-la- 818 (1761 bZ-)] tks/kiqj jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 48- lkok e.Mh lknj cgh ua- 4] fo-la- 18078&10 (1750&1753 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] 65- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSM+h jh tekcUnh cghua- 1490] fo-la- 1818 (1761 bZ-)] tks/kij jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 49- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr] Hkkx f}rh; i`- 423&24 A 66- gkFk cgh ua- 2] i`- 71 fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj cfg;kr~] cgh [ksek js 50- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 14] i`- 44] fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-) lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] dkj[kkus jh] ua- 9] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; i`- 43] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 22 i`- 138] fo-la- 1836 vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA (1779 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 67- gdhdr cghua- 3] i`- 454] fo-la- 1840 (1783 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku 51- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 34] fo-la- 1827 (1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 68- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 14] i`- 212] fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 487 252 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 69- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr Hkkx f}rh; i`- 34] 35 A 70- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9] i`- 152] fo-la- 1826 (1769 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku lkgwdkjh O;olk; % fj;klrksa ,oa fBdkusnkjksa ds jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 71- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] fo-la- (1781 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 240] fo- ,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa dk egŸo la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 15 i`- 4] fo-la- 1832 (1775 bZ-)_ gkFk MkW- dqyOkUr flag 'ks[kkor cgh ua- 4] i`- 407] fo-la- 1906 (1849 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 4 i`- 109] fo-la- 1841 (1784 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ijxuk ikyh tek[kpZ jh cgh ua- 1529 fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] tks/kiqj ftyk ns'kh; foŸkh; O;oLFkk esa lkgwdkjksa dh cksgjxr cfg;k° lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA laca/k esa fofHkUu rF;kRed lwpuk,° vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA esM+rh dh 72- cgh ijxus iapinjk js dpsM+h jh eklokj ua- 26] fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-) tks/kiqj yksde.kh laxzg cfg;k° ,oa uxj&Jh pw: esa miyC/k iksÌkj lsBksa dh cfg;ksa ds fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA nLrkostksa ls Ω.kh Ω.knkrk dh lwpuk C;kt njksa Ω.k olwyh ds rjhdksa ,oa tekurh 73- ogh O;oLFkk dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj esa 74- ogh miyC/k fofHkÈk fj;klrksa % chdkusj tks/kiqj jkT; dh ÿe'k% dkxnksa&jh&cfg;ksa 75- ogh vkSjlun ijokuk cfg;ksa ds nLrkostksa rFkk jktLFkku v/;;u dsUÊ] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; 76- ogh t;iqj esa miyC/k esokM+ ds csnyk isijl ,oa :ikgsyh isijl uke ds uked laxzg 77- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j] Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 258 A fBdkuksa ds nLrkostksa ls lkgwdkjh O;olk; ds laca/k esa jkspd ,oa egŸoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k° 78- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] 103] fo-la- 1850 (1793 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] feyrh gS ftlesa Ω.knkrk ds vkilh fookn jkT; ds }kjk fd;s x;s fu.kZ;] Ωf.k;ksa jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fd;s x;s mik; ,oa Ω.k olwyh ds rjhds izeq[k gSA 79- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 225] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA chdkusj jkT; ds nLrkost & chdkusj jkT; dh dkxnksa&jh&cfg;k° 'kkldh; 80- oghA vkns'kksa dk ,d vPNk laxzg gS ftlesa 'kklu ds vkns'kksa esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd 81- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 24] i`- 237 fo-la- 1827 (1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku bfrgkl dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 esa jkT; ds }kjk Hkknjk] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA N=x<+] uksgj ,oa jkorlj ds goynkjksa dks 'kkldh; i= Hksts x;sA mlesa mu jktLo 82- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 25&29] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkknok cnh f}rh;k foÿe lEor~ 1884 (1827 bZ-) esa vkns'k fn;k jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA x;k fd os Ω.k olwyh dh izfÿ;k esa lsB ds equhe xqek'rksa dh lgk;rk djsaxs bu 83- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] i`- 43] fo-la- 1835 (1788 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku i=ksa ls vMk.k j[ks x;s jktLo Úksrksa dh izfÿ;k dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fpV~Bk [kkrk jh cgh ua- 1 ,oa dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 eas chdkusj jkT; esa NksVs 84- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23] i`- 20] fo-la- 1837 (1780 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku lkgwdkjksa }kjk Ω.k nsus dh izo`fr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks 24 ,oa 36 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA nj ij jkT; dks Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua-10 ds i= ds vuqlkj 85- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23] i`- 22] fo-la- 1837 (1780 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA vtdqeks.kh jh cgw ds iwoZtksa dk [ksr vMk.ks j[kk gqvk Fkk tcfd mldh n;uh; ,oa 86- gdhdr cgh ua- A] i`- 640] fo-la- 1828 (1771 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku detksj fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, njckj us lkgwdkj ls fj;klr cjrus dh fgnk;r nhA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA tks/kiqj jkT; ds nLrkost & tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 ,oa 116 ds fofHkÈk nLrkostksa ls dbZ Ω.k fooknkssa dk mYys[k feyrk gSaA tks lkgwdkjh O;olk; esa izpfyr fu;eksa izko/kkuksa dks js[kkafdr djrk gSaA jkT; ds U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 489 253 izpfyr izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj fu.kZ; fn;s FksA lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd tks/kiqj jkT; ds lkgwdkj cS.kh jke ds ikl laor~ 1865 (1808 bZ-) esa rsyh eqlrk vy nknjh us ,d /kku dk dksBk (vukt dks"Bkxkj) vMk.ks j[kk Fkk ftls ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k ,oa 1812 bZ- esa mldh iq=h v.kns us vU; lkgwdkj ds ikl fxjoh j[k fn;k FkkA bl ij tks/kiqj jkT; lkgwdkj cS.kh jke ds i{k esa fu.kZ; fn;kA lun ijokuk cgh ua- 116 esa Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk % Lku~ 1707 ls1818 rd izkIr nLrkost ds vuqlkj jkT; dh ijcrlj dpsM+h esa ,d fookn vk;k ftlds 'kadjflag iksVfy;k vuqlkj cxlhjkr ds ikl fgUnwey dh nqdku fxjoh FkhA Ω.k jkf'k pqdkus ij Hkh nwdku nsus ls cxlhjke bUdkj dj jgk FkkA jkT; dh dpsM+h us cxlhjke dks Ω.k ekyk.kh ijxuk ekjokM+ fj;klr dk if'peh lhekUr ijxuk FkkA tks viuh jkf'k ysdj fgUnwey dks nwdku lkSaius dk vkns'k fn;kA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ^jkBkSM+ jktoa'k dk ikyuk* dgykrk fBdkusnkjksa ds nLrkost &fBdkusnkj vius fBdkus {ks= esa dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj FkkA1 ekyk.kh ijxus dk ukedj.k 14oha 'krkCnh ds ,d jkBkSM+ ljnkj ,oa lUr Jh j[krs FksA og U;kf;d 'kf‰;k° Hkh j[krs Fks ftlls vius {ks= dh O;oLFkk cuk;s j[k efYyukFk ds uke ij fd;k x;k FkkA os jkoy dh mikf/k /kkj.k djus okys bl {ks= ds ldsA blh ifjis{; esa fBdkus dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k° lqpk: :i ls lapkfyr jgs] igys 'kkld FksA efYyukFk th ds i'pkr~ ;g ijxuk lEiw.kZ e/;dky esa v/kZ Lora= bl gsrq fBdkusnkjksa us lkgwdkjksa dks bl izdkj ds funsZ'k fn;s tks lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds fLFkfr esa LFkkuh; fBdkusnkjksa ds v/khu gh jgkA2 lu~ 1818 bZ- esa tks/kiqj jkT; rFkk izko/kkuksa ds brj vkns'k Fks fQj Hkh fBdkusnkj }kjk ekuoh; vk/kkj ij ,slh O;oLFkk Fkh bZLV bf.M;k ds e/; gqbZ lgk;d lfU/k ds le; ekyk.kh ijxus dks Hkh tks/kiqj jkT; ftlls Ω.kh ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds lkFk lkgwdkjh O;Oklk; Hkh pyrk jgsA csnuk dk gh Hkkx eku fy;k x;kA lu~ 1892 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds egkjktk tloUrflag f}rh; fBdkusnkj ds foÿe lEor~ 1827 ,oa 1908 ds ijokuksa esa ÿe'k % lkgwdkj xqeku ds vkns'k ij ekyk.kh ijxus ds rRdkyhu lqifjUVsUMsUV eaq'kh gjn;kyflag }kjk cksgjk dks tq.knk xk°o ds prqHkqZt pekj dks mldk [ksr lkSaius dk vkns'k fn;k ,oa fyf[kr ^fCkzQ vdkm.V vkWQ ekyk.kh* ds vuqlkj ekyk.kh ijxus dk dqy {ks=Qy jkex<+ 'kkg /kUuk lqjk.kk ds ikl dkyw tS flag dh nwdku fxjoh Fkh og xk°o NksM+ dj 6]488 oxZ fdyksehVj ,oa lu~ 1891 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj tula[;k 2]31]184 pyk x;k rc fBdkusnkj us mls iqu% cqyk;k vkSj lkgwdkj /kUuk lqjk.kk dks mlls lok FkhA lEiw.kZ ekyk.kh ijxuk 9 fBdkuksa esa foHkkftr Fkk] tks bl izdkj Fks&tlksy] fl.k/ #i;k izfrekg dh fd'r esa olwyus ds funsZ'k fn;s blls Li"V gS fd fBdkusnkj vius kjh] ckM+esj] fclkyk] fl;kuh] lsrjk≈] pkSgVu] xqM+k ,oa uxjA {ks= ds œ"kd ,oa NksVs O;kikfj;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls bl le;kof/k esa ekyk.kh ijxus dh vkcknh eq[;r% xzkeh.k Fkh rFkk ;g funsZ'k nsrs FksA bl rjg ijEijkxr lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds lacaf/kr bu nLrkostksa ls Ω.k fojy :i ls vf/kokflr Fkh vFkkZr~ ?kjksa ds e/; i;kZIr nwjh gksrh FkhA orZeku esa Hkh olwyh dh izfÿ;k U;kf;d fooknksa jkT; dh Hkwfedk vkSj Ω.k iz.kkyh dh lkekftd bl {ks= esa vf/kdka'k fojy vf/kokl gh feyrk gSA ,d xkao esa dbZ tkfr;ksa ds yksx i`"BHkwfe dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA ,d lkFk jgrs FksA ftl tkfr ds yksx vf/kd gksrs Fks] ml tkfr dk dksbZ ,d O;f‰ lUnHkZ xkao dk eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA xkao esa fdl tkfr ds yksx cLkrs Fks\ bldh tkudkjh 3 1- dkxnks&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 fo-la- 1884 (1827 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; fBdkuksa dh cfg;ksa esa feyrh gSA tkV] iVsy] dych] jsckjh vkfn tkfr;ka [ksrhckM+h vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj ,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrh FkhA xkao nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa ds fy, vkRefuHkZj 2- fpV~Bk [kkrk jh cgh ua-1 fo-la- chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch- gqvk djrs FksA vr% yxHkx ÁR;sd xkao esa feÍh ds crZu cukus ds fy, dqEgkj] gy] 3- dkxnks&jh&ch ua- 10 fo-la- 1854 (1797 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch- pkjikbZ o ydM+h dh vU; oLrq,a cukus ds fy, lqFkkj] yksgs dh oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k 4- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 fo-la- 1899 (1824 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch- djus fy, yksgkj] ?kkuh ls rsy fudyus ds fy, rsyh] diMs jaxus ds fy, Nhik tSlh 5- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 116 fo-l- 1906 (1849 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch- tkfr;k° fuokl djrh FkhA dqN xkaoksa esa dalkjk] njth] dyky] gyky[kksj] ukbZ vkfn 6- fBdkuk csnyk ds ijokus] jktLFkku v/;;u dsUÊ] jk-fo-fo- t;iqj tkfr;k° Hkh fuokl djrh FkhA ;s tkfr;k° Lo;a ÁR;{k :i ls œf"k ls tqM+h gqbZ ugha Fkh vfirq vius }kjk miyC/k lsokvksa ds cnys ykVk ykVrs le; vFkok gksyh] nhikoyh ij œ"kdksa rFkk fBdkusnkjksa ls vukt (eq[;r% cktjk) ÁkIr djrh FkhA4 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 491 254 492 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 œf"kxr ifjfLFkfr;k° ,oa izeq[k œf"k mRikn fd;s tkrs FksA tSls&lsjh.kks] /kqekyks] iku pjkbZ] ?kklekjh] fy[kok.kh] rqykoV] ckM+ ekyk.kh ijxus dh tyok;q 'kq"d o m".k Ádkj dh FkhA ;gk° flapkbZ ds lk/ vkfnA8 kuksa dk furkar vHkko FkkA vr% œf"k eq[;r% o"kkZ ds lk/kuksa ij gh fuHkZj FkhA o"kkZ ds œ"kd oxZ dk tehankjksa ds lkFk lEcU/k ty dk lap; Vkadksa rFkk ckofM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk FkkA dqN xkaoksa esa dq,° Hkh gksrs FksA bl le;kof/k esa ekyk.kh ijxus dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^csjk* ;k ^rˇk* dk dgk tkrk FkkA dqvksa ls ikuh cSyksa ;k ≈aVksa vU; ijxuksa ls fHkUu FkhA vU; ijxuksa esa tgk° ekjokM+ ds egkjktk }kjk Hkw&jktLo dh lgk;rk ls fudkyk tkrk FkkA orZeku esa bl {ks= esa [kjhQ dh Qlyksa ds :i esa olwy djus rFkk lqj{kk lEcU/kh dk;ks± ds fy, gkfde dh fu;qf‰ dh tkrh FkhA ogha cktjk] ewax] eksB] Xokj] fry vkfn dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA vkyksP; vof/k esa Hkh bUgha ekyk.kh ijxus esa blds varxZr vkus okys fBdkusnkjksa dks gh ;s dk;Z djus gksrs FksA Qlyksa dh [ksrh dh tkrh Fkh] fTkUgsa ^lko.kw* vFkok ^cjlkyh* Qlysa dgk tkrk FkkA tkxhjnkj vius Lrj ij gh Hkw&jktLo dh olwyh vius deZpkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk ls Qly dh fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ ls ysdj Hkwlh ls /kku vyx djus rd ds dk;Z ?kj&ifjokj djrk FkkA gkly rFkk vU; djksa dk vuqeku yxkdj mudks olwy djus okyksa dks ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk feydj laiUu fd;s tkrs FksA gkly rFkk vU; djksa dh vnk;xh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^d.kokfj;ka* cksyk tkrk FkkA9 xk°o dk eqf[k;k pkS/kjh gksrk Fkk tks ds ckn bruk vukt cp tkrk Fkk fd vxys o"kZ dh Qly idus rd i;kZIr gksA d.kokfj;ksa dh enn djrk FkkA tehu dh fdLe] iSekb'k] yxku] vk; vkfn dk Qlyksa dh Hkwlh dks i'kqvksa ds pkjs ds :i esa Á;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vPNh o"kkZ gksus fglkc&fdrkc d.kokfj;ksa dks gh j[kuk gksrk FkkA fdlkuksa }kjk mUkdh vPNh f[kner ij dqN vfrfj‰ vukt cp tkrk Fkk] ftls cspdj fdlku vU; vko';d oLrq,a dh tkrh Fkh] rkfd os mit dks fjdkWMZ esa de gh vafdr djs ftlls fd mUgsa de [kjhn ldrk FkkA gkly vnk djuk iM+sA Hkw&jktLo fu/kkZj.k dh i}fr ,oa œf"k dj tkxhjnkjksa rFkk fdlkuksa ds e/; lEcU/k lkeUrh O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr FksA ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa dh vis{kk ekyk.kh ijxus ds cgqr de Hkkx iw.kZ :i mUgsa fBdkusnkjksa dks xÌh&u'khuh] fookg ,oa fo'ks"k lekjksgksa rFkk R;ksgkjksa ij utjkuk ls vkckn FksA Hkwfe dh ≈oZjk 'kf‰ rFkk tula[;k cgqr de FkhA vr% ;gk° dk'rdkjksa HksaV djuk iM+rk FkkA fBdkusnkj] xk°o ds yksxksa ls ykx&ckx olwy djrs rFkk csxkj esa ij Hkw&jktLo dh nj Hkh de gh fu/kkZfjr FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl ijxus ds dk;Z djokrs FksA dqN fBdkusnkj dke ds cnys etnwjh Hkh fn;k djrs FksA ijxus esa fBdkusnkjksa dh vkenuh ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa ds fBdkusnkjksa dh rqyuk esa de FkhA Hkwfe&fo"k;d vf/kdkj cgqr Li"V ugha FksA rkRdkfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bldh tkxhjnkjksa dh vk; dk eq[; lzksr Hkw&jktLo gh Fkk] ftls ^gkly* dgk tkrk FkkA vkoík;drk Hkh ugha FkhA œ"kd fBdkus dh tehu ij [ksrh ds cnys fu;fer gkly ;g dqy Qly dh mit ij olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA Qly dh mit dk fgLlk Hkwfe dh vnk;xh djrk FkkA fBdkus dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh gksus ij fBdkusnkj xkao ds dh ≈oZjk 'kf‰ ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA ekyk.kh ijxus dh Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kf‰ cgqr yksxksa dks vko';drkuqlkj #i;s m/kkj nsrs FksA fookg] e`R;q&Hkkst] rFkk xk;] cSy de FkhA vr% gkly dh nj Hkh de gh FkhA lu~ 1843&44 bZ- esa tc vaxzstksa us vkfn i'kqvksa dks [kjhnus ds fy, fBdkus ls jkf'k miyC/k djokbZ tkrh Fkh] ftldk ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa ls dqN œ"kdksa dks ekyk.kh ijxus esa clkuk ÁkjEHk fd;k] rc C;kt ,d ls nks #i;s rd fy;k tkrk FkkA10 fBdkusnkjksa us dsoy cktjs dk pkSgnok° fgLlk gkly ds :i esa ysuk r; fd;k FkkA5 bl rF; ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd blls igys Hkh gkly dh nj bruh lu~ 1707 ls 1818 bZ- Rkd ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k Hkw&jkTkLo O;oLFkk gh jgh gksxhA gkly ds fu/kkZj.k dh dbZ Á.kkfy;k° Ápfyr FkhA ^dwark Á.kkyh* viuh HkkSxksfyd ,oa LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ekjokM+ fj;klr ds vU; ijxuksa Áeq[k :i ls Ápfyr Fkh] ftlesa [kfygku esa Hkwls ls vukt dks vyx djus ds ckn dh Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk ls fof'k"V FkhA bldh fof'k"Vrk ds izeq[k dkj.k&vuqitk≈ cuk;s x, vukt ds kM+&?kkl dVdj tehu esa nc tkrs vkSj muls cksbZ tkus okyh Qly ds fy, [kkn blh rjg jkT; dk pq: {ks= Hkh cgqr mitk≈ {ks= Fkk tgk° o"kkZ ty ds rS;kj gks tkrh FkhA lkFk gh ikM+ ls tks [kwM (gyjs[kk) curh Fkh mleas vka/kh ls vfrfj‰ dqvksa o rkykcksa ls Hkh œf"k dh tkrh FkhA ;gk° ds /khjlkxj] jkelkxj] mM+dj mitk≈ feÍh Hkh Bgj tkrh FkhA17 ftlls Hkwfe dh moZjrk c<+ tkrh FkhA ck?kyksa dk dqvk°] ikoVk dqvk°] u[krjk; dh dqbZ] pksykok dqvk°] vkfn eq[; cM+s blds ckn o"kkZ ds vkus ls vuqekfur nl&iUÊg fnu igys lwM+ dkVh tkrh FkhA lwM+ rkykc o dq,° Fks] buds vfrfj‰ cfu;ksa] [kkfr;ksa] lqukjksa] ukbZ;ksa] fllxhj] ef.kgkjh] esa ogk° ij [kM+s Qksx] [khEi] >kM+h] cqbZ] ?kkl] ljd.kk dks dkVdj bdÎk djds dqEgkj] jsxj] eksph rFkk [kVhd vkfn vusd tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds ikl dq,° Fks] ftuls vˇlksVh 18 dh tkrh FkhA rRi'pkr ≈°V ;k cSy ij yxs gq, gy ls [ksr dh tqrkbZ dh jkT; ch?ksM+h dj olwy djrk FkkA12 blls Li"V gS fd jkT; dks œf"k mRiknu ds c<+us tkrh Fkh]19 rkfd Hkwfe ls ty lks[kus dh {kerk vf/kdkf/kd cuh jgs vkSj ml ls vPNh vk; izkIr gksrh FkhA13 Hkwfe&lrg ij fxjus okyk o"kkZ dk lkjk ty mlh LFkku ij lks[k fy;k tk, vkSj ogk° v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj chdkusj ds œf"k {ks= dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs ls de ls de ty cg ik,A blh ds lkFk tSls gh cjlkr gksuh 'kq: gksrh Fkh] fdlku gSa ftles ÁFke iw.kZ :i ls o"kkZ ij fuHkZj œf"k ,oa f}rh; og œf"k tks o"kkZ ds dLlh20 ysdj [ksr esa esM+ ca/kkbZ 'kq: dj nsrs FksA ,d [ksr ds ikuh dks nwljs [ksr esa lkFk&lkFk laxzfgr o"kkZ ty ,oa Hkw&ty ls Hkh flafpr gksrh FkhA ÁFke œf"k {ks= esa tkus ls jksdk tkrk Fkk] ftlls fd [ksrksa esa ikuh dh lkE;rk vkSj mitk≈iurk cuh Qly ml {ks= dh o"kkZ ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh Fkh] tcfd o"kkZ dh deh ,oa jgsA21 o"kkZ ds gksus ds mijkUr Qly gsrq fctkbZ dh tkrh ftleas eq[; Qly cktjk] vfu;ferrk ds dkj.k nwljs lw[kk {ks= esa ty dks /kjkry ij ;k ikrky (Hkw&ty) esa eksB] Xokj ,oa ewax Fkh] bls rsM+k22 dk vukt dgk tkrkA blh ds lkFk bl vksj fo'ks"k T;knk ls T;knk ek=k esa laxzghr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl e#LFkyh; {ks= esa cgqr gh de /;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk fd Hkwfe }kjk lks[kk ;k xzg.k fd;k gqvk lkjk ty ogk° ij mxh gqbZ ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 497 257 498 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vFkok mxk;h tkus okyh Qly ds fy, gh miyC/k jgs vkSj mldh tM+kas dh igq°p ls feyrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ uxj&Jh] pw: ds laxzgky; ls ÁkIr rkez i= dh Áfrfyfi ls ckgj u pyk tk,A23 blh flºkar dks viukrs gq, Qly ds mxus vkSj mlds vkB&nl Kkr gksrk gS fd 1812 bZ- esa egkjktk lwjr flag (1787&1828 bZ-) us jrux<+ esa ,d lseh- c<+us ds ckn] Qly ds lkFk iSnk gksus okyh ?kkl dks dkVk ;k [kksnk tkrk Fkk] efUnj vkSj dqvk° cuok;k Fkk] lkFk gh dq,a ds uhps ckM+h dh ikap ch?kk tehu Hkh nh ftls ;gk° fuuk.k24 ;k ^[kqnkbZ* dgrs FksA bu lHkh dk;ks± ls de o"kkZ ty esa Hkh ;gk° FkhA30 blh rjg ls jktx<+ dLcs esa fo-la- 1974@1917 bZ- dks f'koÁrki jkeukjk;.k dh Qly ygygkrh FkhA mi;qZ‰ lHkh dk;Z [kjhQ dh Qly ds fy, fd, tkrs Fks fVdek.kh dks fVdek.kh dq,a ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk ckM+h dh tehu dh Hkh vuqefr ftls ;gk° lko.kh Qly dgk tkrk gSA25 feyh FkhA31 pw: ds tksgjh lkxj ds nf{k.k esa djepUn uS.klq[k] #DekuUn yksfg;k us lko.kh dk vukt fudkyus ds ckn jch dh Qly gsrq d`"kdksa ds Á;kl 'kq: Hkh fo-la- 1921@1964 bZ- dks 25 ch?kk tehu ckM+h gsrq feyh Fkh] blh ds lkFk dqvk° gks tkrs FksA ;gk° jch dh Qly lk<+h ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA tSls gh cht cksus dk Hkh cuk;k x;k Fkk lkFk gh ekfy;ksa dks clkus dk vkns'k gqvk rkfd ckM+h&dq,° dh le; vkrk [ksr dh ikM+ dh tkrh FkhA lk<+h dh [ksrh ds fy, nks ikM+ dh tkrh Fkh] lkj&lEHkky gks ldsA32 vkt Hkh bl ckM+h dks yksfg;ksa dh ckM+h ds uke ls tkuk ,d Qly dh fctkbZ ls yxHkx ,d eghus igys vkSj nwljh nl&ckjg fnu igys tkrk gSA ekfy;ksa }kjk [ksr o ckM+h cgkbZ tkrh Fkh vkSj jkT; }kjk mu ij bl dk;Z gsrq ftlls dh tks Hkh ?kkl mxh gqbZ gS oks vPNs ls dV tk;sA nwljh ikM+ (tqrkbZ) ds ckn dj olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA33 chnkorksa dh [;kr ds vuqlkj chnklj ds Bkdqj lqgkxk26 yxk;k tkrk FkkA lqgkxs }kjk tqrkbZ ls tks gyjs[kk cuh gksrh Fkh mUgsa ikVdj ds'konkl us pkpk fel.k dks MksHkM+k uke ls ftgyh xk°o esa 2000 ch?kk tehu [ksr dks lery fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls dh tehu dh vky (ueh ;k vkÊrk) cuh dq,a&rkykc ds lkFk nh FkhA34 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd lqtkux<+ ds ikl ds {ks= esa jgsA jch dh Qly mxus ds mijkUr mlds FkksMk c<+us ij] Qly ds lkFk mxh gqbZ dq,a&rkykcksa ls Hkh flapkbZ gksrh FkhA ?kkl (xafn;k ?kkl] ?kksHkh] csyM+h bR;kfn) dks dkVk tkrk Fkk] ftls [kksnh djuk dgrs o"kkZ dh vfu;ferrk vkSj flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa ds lhferrk us ;gk° ds tu&thou FksA27 jch dh Qly ds nkSjku ckfj'k gksrh gS og ekoB dgykrh gSA bl Ádkj ls ;gk° dks vR;Ur ÁHkkfor fd;kA tgk° ftl {ks= esa flapkbZ ds lk/ku vkSj Hkwfe dh fdLe dk fdlku viuh esgur vkSj lw>cq> ls vius thou;kiu gsrq vPNh iSnkokj ÁkIr dj vPNh gksrh Fkh] ogh txg yksxksa dks jgus ds fy, vuqdwy yxrh FkhA Hkwfe dh ysrk FkkA moZjrk vkSj œf"k gsrq ty dk ÁcU/ku dqN Á;Ruksa ds mijkUr gks tkrk Fkk ogha jkT; esa nwljh Js.kh dh Hkwfe tgk° dh lrg ls dqN xgjkbZ ij dM+h lrg dk cfLr;ka clkbZ tkrh FkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk phjksa esa xk°o dh la[;k dk de T;knk gksukA gksuk] Hkwfe dh ty jksdus ,oa lks[kus dh {kerk esa deh yk nsrk gS vkSj o"kkZ dk mŸkj&iwoZ {ks= ds phjs vkSj ijxus uksgj] jh.kh ,oa jktx<+ esa ÿe'k% 124] 129 ,oa vf/kdkf/kd ty laxzg&LFky tSls&dqvk°] rkykc] >hy ,oa ukyh esa laxzfgr fd;k 157 xk°o Fks] tcfd egktu] [ksnM+k vkSj iwxy esa ÿe'k% 69] 25 vkSj 50 xk°o FksA35 tkrk FkkA ogha rky dh Hkwfe okyh txg Hkh o"kkZ dk ikuh bdÎk gks tkrk FkkA œf"k dh vk/kkjHkwr t:jrksa ds vHkko esa 50 Áfr'kr ls T;knk tehu œf"k ;ksX; gksus lqtkux<+ ds rkyNkij] ifM+gkjk ,oa chnklj ds {ks= esa rky dh Hkwfe Fkh] ftl ij ds ckotwn Hkh] ,d frgkbZ ls de tehu esa tqrkbZ&cqokbZ gksrh FkhA36 chdkusj jkT; ds ,df=r o"kkZ ty ls [ksrh dh tkrh FkhA lqtkux<+ ds vklikl o"kkZ ty ds rj gks vf/kdkaíkr% e/; o nf{k.kh Hkkx esa œf"k dk;Z eq[;r% o"kkZ ds ty ij gh fuHkZj tkus okyh ukyh esa xsgw° vkSj tkS Hkh cks;k tkrk FkkA chnkorksa dh [;kr esa fy[kk gS fd djrk FkkA bu {ks=ksa esa cktjk] eksB] Tokj rFkk fry vkfn dh [ksrh dh tkrh FkhA37 jko nwnk ls tc esM+rk NwV x;k rc og jko chnk ds ikl Nkij] Êks.kiqj vk;k vkSj jko chdkusj jkT; ds HkVusj] vuwix<+ {ks= esa ukyh (?kX?kj unh dk ikuh) dk viokg ra= chnk us nwnk dks dqN tehu nh Fkh ftleas xsgw° gksrh FkhA28 ;g tehu Nkij ds rky esa foLrkfjr Fkk tgk° ukyh ds ikuh ls o"kZ esa 3 ckj Qlysa mRikfnr dh tkrh FkhA ukyh nwnk&Mkcj ds uke ls vkt Hkh [;kr gSA bl rjg ls ;gk° xsgw° dh [ksrh 16oha 'krkCnh ds ÁHkko {ks= esa Hkh jS∏;r }kjk ty ds forj.k dks ysdj vojks/k mRiUu fd;s tkrs Fks esa Hkh gksrh FkhA chdkusj cfg;kr ds vuqlkj chdkusj fj;klr esa rkykcksa vkSj dqvksa ls ftls ljdkj }kjk fuckZf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA38 bl izdkj jkT; iz'kklu }kjk œf"k dks flapkbZ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ pw: dh lkok cgh fo-la- 1882@1825 bZ- izksRlkkgu nsus ds fy, Hkjld iz;Ru fd, tkrs FksA ls Kkr gksrk gS fd chdkusj ds pw: esa dqvksa vkSj rkykcksa ls [ksrksa esa flapkbZ gksrh FkhA29 œf"k gsrq ijEijkxr ty&Áca/ku gksus ij Hkh ;g i;kZIr ugha Fkk] blh dkj.k chdkusj fj;klr esa dqvksa ls flafpr Hkwfe ckM+h uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhA bl rjg dh ;gk° ds d`"kd oxZ us iíkqikyu dks viuh vkthfodk ds i;kZ; ds :i esa viuk;kA tehu dk mYys[k feyrk gS fd jkT; ljdkj }kjk tc dqvka fufeZr djus dh eatwjh lu~ 1930 dh cSfdax bUDok;jh desVh ds vuqlkj ;gk° ds vf/kdka'k xzkeh.k yksx nh tkrh Fkh rks dqN cM+s dqvksa ds lkFk tehu dk iÍk Hkh tkjh djus dh tkudkjh fo'ks"k :i ls i'kqikyu ij gh fuHkZj FksA39 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 499 258 500 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fu"d"kZr% dg ldrs gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa œf"k ds foijhr ifjLFkfr;ksa ds 9- lkok cgh guqekux<+] tek [kpZ] ua- 5] fo-la- 1888&94@1831&37 bZ-] i`- 55] 59] gksus ds ckn Hkh ;gk° ds d`"kd oxZ us de o kkZ ty dk œf"k gsrq bl rjg ls Áca/ku chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l fd;k fd mlls ;gk° [kk| Qly dh iSnkokj vPNs ls gks tkrh FkhA mfpr Qly ds 10- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh fy, u dsoy ;gk° dq,&rkykc ls flapkbZ gksrh Fkh cfYd tks o"kkZ ty tehu ij ds lUnHkZ esa) mº`r & ty] thou vkSj lekt (laik-) MkW- ftczkby] ,uh ifCyds'ku] fxjrk Fkk mldh ,d cwan Hkh vius ijEijkxr rjhds ls O;FkZ ugha tkus nsrs FksA œf"k fnYyh] 2018] i`- 134&136 gsrq mfpr ty Áca/ku cqokbZ ls igys gh 'kq: gks tkrk Fkk vkSj dVkbZ ds ckn Hkh vxyh 11- chnkorksa dh [;kr] i`- 19_ xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ÁFke Qly gsrq [kkn&ty dh O;oLFkk gsrq vko';drkuqlkj dk;Z fd;s tkrs FksA ty Hkkx] oSfnd ;U=ky;] vtesj] 1939] i`- 9 ÁcU/ku vkSj Hkwfe lq/kkj ds tks Hkh dk;Z fd;s tkrs Fks oks i;kZoj.k dks fdlh rjg ls 12- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh ds lUnHkZ esa)] i`- 134&136 uqdlku ugha igqapkrs FksA vkt dh rjg oSKkfud rduhdh ;q‰ [ksrh ugha Fkh] tks 13- jktsUnz dqekj ds vkys[k & ^Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh iSnkokj rks Hkjiwj nsrh gS ijUrq i;kZoj.k ds fy, vR;Ur gkfudkjd flº gksrh tk jgh (18&19oha lnh ds lUnHkZ esa)* ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa catj gSA vr% vkt ds bl vk/kqfud nkSj esa ;fn lhfer oSKkfud œf"k iºfr ds lkFk tehu dks vf/kd ls vf/kd [ksfrgj cukus ds fy, jkT; }kjk vusd fu;e cuk, x, ikjEifjd œf"k Á.kkyh dks viuk;k tk;s rks u dsoy ge i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr gksus ls Fks] ftudk ikyu d`"kd oxZ rFkk ilk;fr;ksa ds fy, vfuok;Z FkkA cpk;saxs vfirq ty dh deh dh leL;k ls Hkh fuiV ysaxsA bl leL;k dks 14- dkxn cgh] ua- 33] fo-la- 1884@1827 bZ-] i`- 69] chdkusj fjdkWM~Zl e#LFkyh; {ks= esa œf"k gsrq cwan&cwan ;k QOokjk Á.kkyh viukdj de ty esa Hkh 15- ehuk dqekjh] pq: eaMy dk ijEijkxr ty Áca/ku (vÁdkf'kr 'kks/k Áca/k)] dksVk vPNh iSnkokj ÁkIr dh tk ldrh gSA fo'ofo|ky;]dksVk 2015] i`- 245 lUnHkZ 16- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa œf"k Hkwfe o mldk oxhZdj.k] jktLFkku fgLV™h 1- Tkh-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk (1574 ls 1818 bZ-)] /kjrh dkaxzsl ÁksflfMax] oksY;we 9] dksVk 1976] i`- 37&38 17- losZ ds nkSjku JhMwaxjx<+ ds o;kso`º fdlkuksa ls tkudkjh feyh Jh 'kEHkwyky] Jh Ádk'ku] chdkusj] ÁFke laLdj.k 1981] i`- 213 gjnr jkeA 2- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- 211_ /kku js Hkksx jh cgh] 18- vˇlksVh & ?kkl&Qwl dks bdÎk dj k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ÁFke Hkkx] oSfnd ;U=ky;] vtesj 1939] i`- 9 ,oa lkekftd Lo:i % ,d n`f"Vdks.k 29- lkok cgh] pw#] ua- 2] fo-la-1882@1825 bZ- best 49&63 (vkWuykbu loZj)] jktLFkku izks- vjfoUn ifjgkj jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 30- rkez i= udy] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj Jh] pw:_ xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZ‰ i`- 353 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl iVy ij dbZ ,slh dkSesa gqbZ gSa ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; 31- uEcj fely 398 rkjh[k ejtqvk 27-6-17 uke rglhy jktx<+ uEcj 96] fVdek.kh laLd`fr dks le`º fd;k] fdUrq vkt muds ckjs esa miyC/k bfrgkl cgqr de gS ;k equhe y{ehukjk;.k ds lkStU; ls iÍk udy ÁkIr gqbZ yqIr izk;% gSA fotsrk tkfr;ksa us ijkHko dks izkIr bu dkSeksa dk bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls 32- e:&Jh] tqykbZ&fnlEcj 1982 iwoksZ‰] i`- 48 ukeks&fu'kku feVkus dk iz;kl fd;kA QyLo:i vkt dh nfyr&fiNM+h tkfr;ka 33- cgh tek [kpZ] ua- 2] fo-la- 1855@1798 bZ-] i`- 2] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l Lo;a ;g eku cSBh fd os lnk ls gh ,slh n;uh; fLFkfr esa jgs gSaA 34- xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZ‰] i`- 359 vrhr ds dbZ xkSjo'kkyh tkfr;ka tks dHkh&dHkh 'kkld oxZ ls Hkh lEcfU/kr 35- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 213 jgh] vkt cfg"d`r vFkok oafpr lekt ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA orZeku ;qx dh dbZ 36- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 213] mº`r&Qsxu lsVyesaV fjiksVZ] chdkusj] i`- 6&7 nfyr&fiNM+h tkfr;ka viuk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl [kkstus esa lQy gks jgh gSaA vrhr esa 37- dkxn cgh] ua- 24] fo-la- 1875@1818 bZ-] i`- 180] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l fotsrk tkfr;ksa us ijkHko dks izkIr bu dkSeksa ds u dsoy vf/kdkj gM+ius vfirq 38- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh ds lUnHkZ esa)] i`- 134&154 bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls mudk ukeks&fu'kku rd feVkus dk dk;Z Hkh fd;kA dbZ tkfr;ka 39- fxfjtk'kadj 'kekZ] ekjokM+h O;kikjh] d`".k tulsoh ,.M dks-] chdkusj] i`- 99 mº`r dky&dyfor gks xbZ vkSj vkt budk uke ysus okyk rd dksbZ ugha gSA ,sls esa & fjiksVZ vkWQ chdkusj cSfdax bUDok;jh desVh] 1930] i`- 70] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj es?koa'k vFkkZr~ es?koky tkfr us viuk ijkHko ds ckn Hkh [kqn dk otwn cuk;s j[kk rks bfrgkl ds ifjizs{; esa budk lkekftd v/;;u dkQh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA bl tkfr dh dkykof/k bZ-iw- izFke lnh ls pkSFkh lnh bZ- rd cSBrh gSA gkykafd es?koa'k ;k es?koky 'kCn dk ukedj.k] mn;] budk eq[; dsUnz dgka Fkk\ izkjEHk esa fdl Hkw&Hkkx ij foLr`r :i ls fuokl fd;k] bR;kfn iz'uksa ls lEcfU/kr U;wukf/kd 'kks/k& dk;Z gh izdk'k esa vk;k gSA es?kokyksa ij nklRo dh csfM+;ka 'kk;n cgqr ckn esa iM+h vksj lekt esa fuf'pr :i ls fo|k o /keZ dh btkfjnkjh us gh vojks/k dk dke fd;kA ;fn ge izkphu es?kksa (es?koky) ds lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd okrkoj.k ij utj Mkysa rks gesa fu%lUnsg ;g vuqHkwr gks tkrk gS fd e/; o vk/kqfud dky ds bl lekt ds thou esa ewY;ksa ds fcuk thou dks thuk fdruk fujFkZd gks x;k FkkA izkphu o e/;dkyhu eBksa] fogkjksa vkSj eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ij mRdh.kZ ys[k u Lekjd bR;kfn dks ns[kdj buds izkphu xkSjo dks Hkyh&Hkkafr vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA flºksa] ukFkksa] lUrksa dh okf.k;ksa esa Hkh es?kokyksa dk xkSjo'kkyh mYys[k mudh lkaLd`frd fojklr dh vuojrk dks cuk;s j[kus ds i;kZIr izek.k izLrqr djrs gSaA es?kokyksa us euq"; tkfr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 503 260 504 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ds ,dk,d fojkV :i dks ns[kk tks lnSo tkfr] /keZ&etgc vkfn [kf.Mr lksikuksa ls tkrk gSA5 es?koa'k bfrgkl o laLd`fr ds ys[kd rkjkjke6 us es?kokyksa ls lEcfU/kr ≈ij mBk gqvk FkkA ;g lekt fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kus ij izkphu dkyhu ckSº fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gq, iqjkrkfRod o lkfgfR;d lk{;ksa ds ijEijkvksa dks viukus okyk ;k cqºkuq;k;h gksus dk vkHkkl Hkh fnykrk gSA vk/kkj ij rFkk ds-ih- tk;loky] ,l-vkj- xks;y] ,l-,u- jk; vkfn bfrgkldkjksa vktknh ds i'pkr~ bfrgkl v/;;u&ys[ku dh uohu fopkj/kkjk ds vUrxZr ds er dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, bls ,d izkphu {kf=; dkSe xosf"kr fd;k gSA muds fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa ;k ?kVukvksa] jktk&egkjktkvksa ;k lkezkT;ksa ds mRFkku&iru] vkfFkZd] vuqlkj iqjk.kksa esa tgka ukS es?k jktkvksa dk mYys[k gksuk es?kksa dk izcy jktuhfrd lk{; lkekftd o lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa rd gh lhfer u jgdj uohu bfrgkl 'kks/k dk izLrqr djrk gS] ogha ckSº tkrd dFkkvksa esa es?koa'k dh mRifŸk ds ckjs esa ,d cM+h dsUnz og vke vkneh ;k lekt cuk] ftldh Hkwfedk bfrgkl fuekZ.k esa vc rd tkrd dFkk dk mYys[k mUgksaus viuh iqLrd esa fd;k gSA ftldh dgkuh es?koky visf{kr FkhA Hkkjr dh tfVy tkrh; lajpuk esa pkSFks o.kZ esa /kdsys x;s 'kwnzksa dks tkfr esa izpfyr dgkuh ds vykok fjiksVZ ejnqe'kqekjh jktekjokM+&1891 esa of.kZr lekt esa fuEure LFkku fn;k x;k fdUrq lekt ds vk/kkjHkwr fuekZ.k esa ,oa ,sfrgkfld fdaonafr vkfn ls Hkh feyrh gSA iM+koksa ij nfyr&fiNM+s fuEu oxZ us viuk ,d fuf'pr egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk;s j[kkA jktLFkku dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa es?koky] ,d izeq[k tkfr gSA ftls es?k] tula[;k dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku esa es?koky lekt yxHkx r`rh; LFkku ij jgk tks fd es?koky] es?koa'kh] cykbZ] cqudj] fj[kh] ckEch] jktcykbZ] lkyoh] lw=dkj vkfn lfn;ksa ls bl Hkw&Hkkx ij fuokl dj jgk gS ysfdu bl cgqla[;d oxZ dh mPp oxZ ukeksa ls iqdkjrs gSaA orZeku esa bl tkfr dk dksbZ ,d is'kk ugha gSA izkphu dky esa gh }kjk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd :i ls mis{kk dh x;hA es?koky tkfr dh mRifŸk ewyr% bl tkfr ds fofHkUu izdkj ds O;olk; vkSj lsok pkdjh ls tqM+us ds dkj.k fofHkUu ,d oS".ko /kekZoyEch (fo".kqHkDr) cM+s vkpkj&fopkj okys rstkse;] iwT; O;fDr izkUrksa esa blds fHkUu&fHkUu uke izpyu esa vk;sA orZeku esa ;g tkfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk gqbZ gksxh tks fuf'pr :i ls ,d jktk ;k oSfnd ea=ksPpkj.k ds lkFk ;K fÿ;k esa 1956 bZ- esa la'kks/ku ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr esa ifjxf.kr dh tkrh gSA jktLFkku ds djus okyk ,d czk„.k (nso) jgk gksxkA ftlds izrhd xq.k vkfn dky ls bl lekt vykok ;g tkfr p.Mhx<+ o iatkc esa es?k] NŸkhlx<+ o fnYyh esa es?koky] xqtjkr esa ds yk{kf.kd deks± esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa] Hkys gh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl tkfr us easxokj] es?koky] gfj;k.kk esa es?k] fgekpy izns'k esa es?k] tEew o d'ehj esa es?k o dbZ mrkj&p<+ko ns[ks gksaaA ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd le; ds lkFk&lkFk ;g tkfr vius dchjiaFkh] dukVZd esa es?koky] esxokj] ekyk] egkjk"V™ esa egkj] esxw] esgjk] ?ksxw&esxw] ewy Lo:i ls HkVd x;h ysfdu Hkkjrh; lekt esa mldk otwn ftUnk jgkA es?koky] esxokj vkfn ukeksa esa eq[;r% es?k uke ls vfHk/ks; djrs gq, bls vuqlwfpr QyLo:i iwoZe/;dkyhu (jktiwr ;qxhu) o e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; {kf=;ksa o czk„.kksa tkfr esa ifjxf.kr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj yxHkx lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa bl tkfr ds us ifjfLFkfro'k ;k lekt cfg"d`r ds ckn ^es?koky* lekt dks viuk;k] orZeku esa foLrkj dks ns[kus ds lkFk blds laxfBr :i ls mHkj dj lkeus vkuk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk Hkh bu o.kks± dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds xkS= bl lekt esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA gSA es?kokyksa ds bfrgkl ys[kd Lokeh xksdqynkl us bl tkfr dk vkfniq#"k es?k le; ds izokg us es?koky tkfr dks Hkh vNwrk ugha NksM+kA ;g tkfr vusd Ωf"k crk;k gSA vkSj mls cz„k dk ekul iq= ekuk gSA vU;= xksdqynkl us bl tkfr 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkDr gksdj vyx&vyx Hkw&Hkkx ij vyx&vyx ukeksa ls QSy x;hA dks jktlŸkk ls Hkh tksM+k gSA1 vkj-lh- xq.kkFkhZ es?kokyksa dks gkjs gq, ;k dqpys gq, bldh thfodk ds lk/ku Hkh ifjfLFkfr vkSj dky Hksn ds dkj.k ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gks {k=i ekurs gSa]2 ogha eqa'kh gjn;kyflag bl tkfr dk vkfn iwoZt czk„.k ekurs gSaA3 x;s rFkk os'kHkw"kk esa vUrj vkus yxkA vyx&vyx VqdM+ska esa caV tkus rFkk nwljh fczfV'k dkyhu bfrgkldkj duZt fczt4 us fy[kk gS fd jktiwrkuk esa ukxkSj bR;kfn tkfr;ksa ds lekos'k ds dkj.k es?kokyksa dk lkekftd Lrj ,d lk ugha jg ldrkA ,dk/k LFkku ij es?kokyksa dks pekj Hkh dgrs gSa tcfd os pekj ugha gSA ckdh lHkh jhfr&fjoktksa dh vlekurk ds lkFk dbZ lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa us Hkh ?kj dj fy;kA txg bl tkfr dks es?koky uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g tkfr ukxiapeh dk mRlo] fczfV'k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk rd ;g tkfr vR;Ur ghu voLFkk esa igqap pqdh FkhA rqylh o ihiy dh iwtk bR;kfn /kkfeZd dk;Z djrh gSA 'kadjjko [kjkr ds vuqlkj es?kokyksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk irk muds }kjk 'kqº o fo'kqº dk;ks± }kjk yxk;k tk egkjk"V™ izns'k esa egkj la?k"kZ esa tc egkj tkfr ijkHkwr gks x;h rks og xqtjkr] ldrk gSA tgka 'kqº dk;Z mUgsa mudh ikSjkf.kd okLrfodrk ds lkFk muds ohj] jktLFkku] iatkc] mŸkjizns'k] nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pys x;s vkSj ogh egkj vkt Hkkjr ds lkglh] HkfDr] flºrk] bZekunkjh] Hkjkslk o xEHkhjrk ds vykok viuh fuEure fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vyx&vyx vLi`'; tkfr esa lfEefyr gSa ftuesa ls es?koky Hkh lkekftd fLFkfr rd igqapus ds ckotwn ckach] ckach jktk] fjf[k;k] cykbZ vkfn ukeksa ,d gSA bls vyx&vyx izns'k esa esj] es?k] eks/kh;k] e?k] ekyks] es?koky uke ls tkuk o foHkw"k.kksa ls viuh igpku LFkkfir j[kus esa lQy jgs ogha izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 505 261 506 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kqº&v'kqº gj rjg ds dk;Z dj viuk otwn dk;e j[kk o mlds cnys ik;k rks uke fdlh vU; tkfr ls deh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh] fQj Hkh blesa lkekftd fiNM+kiu gSA ek= dk] cl flQZ [kks;k gh [kks;kA 21oha lnh ds Hkkjr esa jktLFkku ds es?koky lkekftd fodkl] tkx`fr] LokfHkeku] jktLFkku dk es?koky lekt eq[;r% pkj 'kk[kkvksa ([kkaiksa) esa foHkkftr gSaA ifjJe o fgEeriu dh n`f"V ls vxz.kh cu jgs gSaA es?koky lekt ds xkSjo'kkyh ftlesa izFke 'kk[kk vknw es?kokyksa dh gS] tks es?kokyksa dh ewy 'kk[kk gSA bleas jkxh] bfrgkl dh >yd] cqfºthfo;ksa] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa rFkk vius&vius {ks= esa pUnsy] vknjk] tksxM+] egpUn vkSj tksxpUn gSA f}rh; 'kk[kk ek: es?kokyksa dh gS] egkjr gkfly egkuqHkkoksa ds thou ifjp;] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd tks eq[;r% jktiwrksa ls vyx gq, gSaA ftlesa v.kf[k;k] vghfu;k] vkxyspk] vknjk] igyqvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkfj;ka nsus ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA fofHkUu ys[kdksa us vk;pk] ≈py] ,Hkk] dpkok] dM+sy] duM+] dyspk] dkx;k] dkyk] dqn.kspk] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds vykok efgyk f'k{kk ij vf/kd tksj nsdj lekt dks vkxs dksguh] [kru] [knsV] [k;kyh] [kkM+;] xM+cM+] xkaxyh] x.Msj (HkkVh)] xwtkbZ;k] c<+kus rFkk HkkoukRed :i ls ,drk ds lw= esa cka/kus ds lUns'k fn;s gSaA ;|fi xwtj] xqjM+k] xksnk] xks;y] ?kkVk] pMsy] pokfM;k] fp[kM+k] fpjy] pqfM;ky] lkeUrhdky esa bl lekt dh fLFkfr vU; nfyrksa dh rjg xwaxs O;fDr ds leku Fkh pqjkf.k;k] pkSgku] Nkxf.k;k] t.kokf.k;k] tke] tsiky] tksb;k] tksxy] tksxpUn] ijUrq vkt le; o ifjfLFkfr;ka vuqdwy gks jgh gSa] cy o ryokj dh txg cqfº o HkkfV;k] >fj;k] VaMksfy;k] Mkaxh] Mkch] Mkspjk] rhjxj] rqjfd;k] Fkkoyspk] nknfy;k] dye us ys yh gSA iztkra= esa jktk o jad ds er dk ewY; leku gS] vr% es?koky nsb;k] nsiu] iaokj] nsofj;k] nsIiw] /krjoky] /kuns] uek] pksgkf.k;k] ujkf.k;k] fucsy] tkfr dks cnyh ifjfLFkfr;kas ds lkFk vius vkidks le;ksftr djrs gq, f'k{kk o iUuw] iykfl;k] ijekj] ikjxhj] ikyspk] ikapy] ikapky] fifM+;kj] isxM+] cjcM+] LokfHkeku izkIr djuk gksxk] vius gd ds fy, Hkh[k ekaxdj la?k"kZ djds U;k; ikrs cyksp] cxk.kk] ckf.k;k] ckefu;k] ck:iky] cksfp;k] cksjk.kk] ckslh] ckoy] csxM+] gq, ,d xwaxs O;fDr dh rjg cscl ugha jguk gksxk rHkh ;g tkfr o lekt vius fcdqfn;k] cksxjspk] cksxw] Hkofj;k] Hkknjk] Hkko:] fHkVy] HkhxkfM;k] HkwxfM+;k] izkphu xkSjo dks gkfly djus esa lQy gks ldsxkA edk.kh] ejo.k] ekxsl] eknksdh] eknksfy;k] ehVh] eqokLik] espj] esjM+k] jkaxh] lUnHkZ jkM+cM+k] jkBkSfM+;k] jk.kok] jhM+k] :yk] jkBkSM+] ygqvk] fydkyk] yhyM+] ywdM+k] 1- Lokeh xksdqynkl] es?koa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 58&59 ysok] yksb;k] yksfFk;k] yksgk] okykp] flxy] lqny] lstq] lsusVk] lksry] lksnjk] 2- jes'kpUn xq.kkFkhZ] jktLFkku dh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst] i`- 257 lksya[kh] gVsyk] fgaxM+A Lokeh xksdqynkl us jktiwrksa dh 18 tkfr;ksa ds xkS= es?koky 3- eqa'kh gjn;kyflag] n dkLV vkWQ ekjokM+] i`- 196] 527 tkfr ls feyrs crk;s gSa] ftuesa es?kokyksa ds dqN mixkS= 196 crk;s gSaA r`rh; 'kk[kk 4- duZy fczt] n pekj] i`- 21 tkVk es?kokyksa dh gS] tks eq[;r% tkVksa ls vyx gqbZ gSA ftlesa vkyk] [kfV;k] 5- 'kadjjko [kjkr] egkjk"V™ ds egkjksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 69 dwf.k;k] xMsj] xqansp] pokf.k;k] tksvkl[k] tksjeoh] nsiu] iufM+;kuy] iaokj] yhyM+] 6- rkjkjke] es?koky bfrgkl&laLd`fr] i`- 11 yw.kks] yksbZ;k] cjcM+] ckf.k;k] ckef.k;k] fcjB] csxM+] ehM+k] esjM+k bR;kfnA pkSFkh 'kk[kk ckef.k;k es?kokyksa dh gS tks fd iYyhoky czk„.kksa ls vyx gq,] blesa iYyhoky] ihyoky] ikjxh bR;kfn vkrs gSaA bl izdkj es?koky lekt ,d fo'kky leqnk; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr ds fofHkUu izkUrksa esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls tkuk tkus okyk vius vki esa fNUu&fHkUu o izR;sd n`f"V ls fiNM+k gqvk lekt gSA ;|fi bl tkfr esa fo}kuksa] egkiq#"kksa] fopkjdksa] lk/kq&lUrksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS] 'kkyhurk] dqyhurk] lqlaLd`r o la?k"kZ'khyrk esa Hkh ;g tkfr vxz.kh gS ysfdu bl tkfr esa ?k`f.kr] ladqfpr o 'kksf"kr Hkko vkt Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k 'kk;n :f<+oknh ekU;rk,a] nklrk ds laLdkj] xqykeh ds Hkko] ladh.kZ fopkj/kkjk gh izeq[kr;k jgs gSaA bl tkfr esa vkifŸk dks] le; dh ekax dks] lkgl ds lkFk mBkus okyksa dh vkt deh gSA tcfd ;fn ns[kk tk; rks lekt dh fo'kkyrk] oSHko'kkfyrk] vk/;kfRedrk] jk"V™okfnrk esa 262 508 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mRiknu izfÿ;k dk ifj.kke lh/ks rkSj ij vk; ls gSA bl izdkj vk; dh izfÿ;k,° vfuok;Z :i ls mRiknu lEcU/k ls tqM+h gSaA ekDlZ fy[krs gS fd] mRiknu esa mÈkhloha lnh ds esokM+ dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh yxus ds fy,s yksx dqN lEcºrk,° vkSj lEcU/k cukrs gSaA bu lkekftd lEcºrkvksa vkSj lEcU/kksa ds chp gh muesa rFkk izœfr esa lEcU/k gks ldrk gS rFkk mRiknu gks ds dfri; igyw % xksxqUnk dh [;kr ij ldrk gSA bl izdkj vk; ds fy;s dh tkus okyh lHkh gh izdkj dh izfÿ;kvksa dks vk/kkfjr v/;;u mRiknu izfÿ;kvksa dk fgLLkk dgk tkuk pkfg, vkSj blhfy;s bl iwjh izfÿ;k esa tks lEcU/k curs gSa oks mRiknu&lEcU/kh gksaxsA mijks‰ lSºkfUr k tk jktuhfrd&vFkZ'kkL= dk lSºkfUr kyk gSaA bu fooj.ksa esa izR;{k rkSj ij mRiknu&lEcU/kksa dks ugha ns[kk tk ldrk fdUrq jktjk.kkvksa dh eq[; miyfC/k;ksa] jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj mudh larfr dk o.kZu vizR;{k :i ls mRiknu&lEcU/kksa dks vo'; le>k tk ldrk gSA esokM+ ds 'kkldksa ls muds laca/k] rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkfn ij foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA1 ;g [;kr flQZ ,d fBdkus dh gS fdUrq blls [;kr ds fooj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa dks vkfFkZd&O;ogkj esokM+ jkT; ds bfrgkl ds fofHkÈk igyqvksa ij i;kZIr izdk'k iM+rk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= iwjh rjg ls izHkkfor djrk gSA [;kr esas fo'ks"k :i ls le;≤ ij xksxqUnk ds 2 eas blh [;kr (xksxqUnk dh [;kr) ds dqN fooj.kksa ds vk/kj ij 19oha lnh esa esokM+ jktjk.kkvksa dks esokM+ ds 'kkldksa }kjk fn;s x;s iV~Vs ds udysa nh gqbZ gSA bu udyksa dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA esa xk°oksa ds uke vkSj mudh vk; dk fooj.k Hkh fn;k x;k gSaA blls xksxqUnk fBdkus jktjk.kk vkSj esokM+ ds 'kkld ds chp jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa ds mrkj p<+ko dks vkfFkZd ekDlZokn jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo"k; mRiknu lEcU/k gksrs gSaA vk°dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vk; vkSj mRiknu lEcU/kksa esa LokfeRo ds ,axsYl ds vuqlkj] vFkZ'kkL= oLrqvksa dh ugha cfYd yksxksa ds chp ds lEcU/kksa vkSj Lo:i dk fo'ks"k egŸo gSA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd&vFkZ'kkL=ksa ds lSºkfUr k tk ldrk gSA muds yxHkx iw.kZ fu;a=.k ij vk/kkfjr FksA bl lanHkZ esa ;fn ge vkyksP;dky dks mRiknu ds fy;s yksxksa ds chp dqN fuf'pr vkilh lEcU/k dk;e gksuk t:jh gSA ns[ksaxs rks mlesa mRiknu&lEcU/k nks Lrjksa ij izkIr gkasxsA mPp Lrj ij jkT; vkSj fBdkus mRiknu dh izfÿ;k ds nkSjku yksxksa }kjk cuk;s x;s bl izdkj ds laca/kksa dks mRiknu ;k 'kkld vkSj lkeUr ds chp ds lEcU/k vkSj nwlj Lrj tks fd fupyk ;k tehuh laca/k dgrs gSaA oxZ lekt esa ;s lEcU/k oxZ lEcU/kksa esa izfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA bu Lrj gS] og gS lkeUr vkSj mldh jS∏;r ds chp ds lEcU/kA mRiknu lEcU/kksa dk ,d egŸoiw.kZ igyq LokfeRo dk Lo:i gS vkSj nwljk egŸoiw.kZ igyw mRiknu esa yksxksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj muds vkilh lEcU/k gSA ewy :i ls HkwLokeh rks 'kkld gh Fkk vkSj le;≤ ij ml HkwLokferk ds ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 509 263 510 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 n'kZu [;kr ds fooj.kksa esa izkIr gksrs gSaA ;gh LokehRo 'kkld oxZ vkxs c<+krs gq, :i ls muds vLFkkbZ LokfeRo dk ifj.kke FkhA ;gh vk; lkeUrksa ds 'kkld oxZ ls lkeUrksa dks iznku djrk Fkk fdUrq ;g LFkkbZ ugha FkkA ;gh vLFkkbZRo ≈ijh Lrj ds izk;% lHkh izdkj ds lEcU/kksa ;Fkk & jktuhfrd] lkaLœfrd ,oa lkekftd lEcU/kksa] mRiknu&lEc/kksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA lkeUrh oxZ blh vLFkkbZ LokfeRo dk miHkksx dks r; ,oa izHkkfor djrh FkhA D;ksafd ;gk° ij LokfeRo 'kkld oxZ dk gS tks fd djrs gq, mlh Hkwfe dks viuh jS∏;rksa dks mRiknu&izfÿ;kvksa ds fy;s ns nsrs FksA bl mUgksaus lkeUr oxZ dks vLFkkbZ :i ls iznŸk fd;k FkkA izdkj LokfeRo dk ;g Lrjhdj.k u flQZ jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dks fn[kkrk gS lUnHkZ cfYd blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d u;k lkekftd&lkaLœfrd ifjn`'; fodflr gksrk 1- xksxwank dh [;kr] eT>fedk] vad & 28&29] MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh (laik)] izrki gS] ftldks ge lkekftd&oxhZ; lEcU/kksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSaA 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 1996] laikndh;A [;kr esa ,d vU; izFkk dk fooj.k gS ftls ryokj&cankbZ dh jLe dgk x;k 2- ogh] i`- 11] 13] 28&30] 46&50 gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ ,d egŸoiw.kZ lkaLœfrd jLe gksrh Fkh fdUrq blds lkFk gh blds 3- ogh] i`- 10 vkfFkZd ljksdkj Hkh FksA blh le; tkxhjnkj dh tkxhj esa o`fº vkfn dh ?kks"k.kk dh 4- ogh] i`- 29 tkrh FkhA dbZ ckj bl jLe ds ugha gksus dh otg ls tkxhjnkj dks vkfFkZd uqdlku 5- ogh] i`- 42&43 Hkh mBkuk iM+rk FkkA jktjk.kk 'k=qlky tc xn~nh ij cSBs rd mudh mez egt lkr lky gh Fkh vkSj egkjk.kk us mudh ryokj canh dh jLe ugha djokbZ blls HkaMkj vkfn esa tks xgus vkfn Fks os ugha fey ik,A fQj l=g o"kZ i'pkr~ tc ryokj canh dh jLe vnk dh xbZ rc ijouk Hkh fy[k dj fn;kA ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe vnkbZxh ds le; tkxhjnkj jkT; dks ,d fuf'pr jde nsrk Fkk ftl ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jde dgk tkrk FkkA egkjk.kk vejflag izFke us xksxqUnk ds jktjk.kk dkUgnkl ds ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jde esa NwV ns nh FkhA3 ;gh NwV jktjk.kk 'k=qlky dks Hkh feyh FkhA4 ryokj ca/ kkbZ dh jLe esa gksus okys [kpZ dk foLr`r fooj.k [;kr esa izkIr gksrk gSA lu~ 1867 esa jktjk.kk ykyflag dh ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe ds le; dk [kpZ [;kr esa fn;k x;k gSA ml le; fn;k tkus okyk utjkuk] fljksiko] c['kh'k vkfn dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA5 bl izdkj ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe eq[; :i ls laLœfr dk fgLlk Fkh ysfdu ;g jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa dks iznf'kZr djrh FkhA fdUrq bldk ,d egŸoiw.kZ igyw vkfFkZd Fkk tks fd [;kr ds fooj.kksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA [;kr esa bl jLe dks vkfFkZd&lEcU/kksa esa gh izk;% fn[kk;k x;k gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ ds le; jkT; dks nh tkus okyh jde dks egŸo fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh mlesa NwV fn;s tkus dks Hkh bafxr fd;k x;k gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ dh ;g jde jkT; dh vk; dk Úksr FkhA lkFk gh blh ekSds ij tks vkfFkZd&O;ogkj gksrs Fks tks fd utj&fuNjkoˇ&c['kh'k vkfn dh lkaLœfrd izo`fŸk;ksa ds uke ls tkuh tkrh Fkh] Hkh =h&Lrjh; lekt (jS∏;r&lkeur&'kkld) ds f}&Lrjh; LokfeRo ds jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djrs FksA ewy :i ls mRiknu dk;Z jS∏;r }kjk gh fd;k tkrk Fkk fdUrq bl mRiknu ls izkIr vk; fofHkÈk Lrjksa ij] fofHkUu izdkj ls forfjr gksrh FkhA vk; ds eq[; Úksr ds :i esa Hkw&jktLo dks gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA Hkw&jktLo ls tks vk; lkeUr oxZ dks izkIr gksrh Fkh og ewy 264 512 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bUgha ds }kjk djok;k x;kA ogha flVh iSysl esa ,d fo'kkydk; iqLrd 'kkyk dk fuekZ.k Hkh buds }kjk djok;k x;kA9 vyoj 'kgj ds 'kh'k egy] nhokus [kkl o jkojktk fou; flag dk vyoj jkT; esa fofHkUu Nf=;k° jktiwr ,oa eqxy LFkkiR; ls izHkkfor gSA buds izeq[k LFkkiR; esa LFkkiR;dyk esa ;ksxnku loZizFke ewlh egkjkuh dh N=h egRoiw.kZ gSA10 ewlh egkjkuh dh Nrjh MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ vyoj jkT; dks nks jkT;ksa vyoj ,oa frtkjk esa foHkktudky fou; flag ds gh dky esa gqvkA vyoj dk jktk jko fou; flag jgs tcfd frtkjk ds 'kkld ewlh vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk 18oha 'krkCnh esa jko izrki flag ds }kjk dh xbZA egkjkuh ds iq= cyoar flag FksA ckn esa iqu% bUgsa vyoj jkT; esa feyk fy;k x;k rc vyoj jkT; esa jko izrki flag] jko jktk c[rkoj flag] fou; flag] ';ksnku flag] fou; flag us ewlh egkjkuh dh Nrjh cuok;hA vyoj lkxj ij fLFkr ewlh egkjkuh eaxy flag] t; flag vkfn u:dk 'kkldksa us vius 'kklu dky esa LFkkiR; dyk ds dh fo'kky ,sfrgkfld Nrjh u:dk oa'kh; jktiwr 'kku rFkk LFkkiR; dyk dh ,d 1 {ks= esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA jko jktk fou; flag us vyoj jkT; esa fofHkUu egku /kjksgj ds :Ik esa vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA11 bl lkxj ds nf{k.k dh vksj ;g fdyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj dbZ;ksa dk th.kksZºkj djok;kA2 fo'kky xksykdkj yky ik"kk.k rFkk laxejej dh cuh lqanj Nrjh gSA bl Nrjh dks vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrki flag ds dky ls gh LFkkiR; dyk ij egkjktkf/kjkt Jh c[rkoj flag dh Nrjh Hkh dgrs gSA lkxj ds rV ij bl Nrjh dks fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA3 jktx<+ ds fdys dk fuekZ.k bUgha ds dky esa fd;k x;k lkFk cukus dh vkKk Lo;a egkjktkf/kjkt Jh c[rkoj flag us viuh e`R;q ls igys gh iznku gh dbZ Nf=;ksa] fp='kkykvksa o efUnjksa dk fuekZ.k bUgha ds dky fo'ks"k esa gqvkA4 blh dj nh FkhA muds LoxZokl gksus ds i'pkr~ muds mŸkjkf/kdkjh lokbZ egkjkt Jh izdkj c[rkoj flag }kjk jktx<+ ds egyksa esa fp= cuok;sA LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls fou; flag th us bls iw.kZ djok;kA tukuk egy dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj d`".k dq.M ds ikuh dks jksddj fo'kky lkxj vyoj uxj ds nk'kZfud LFkkuks esa ;g Nrjh Hkh n'kZuh; gSA bldh f'kYidkjh cuok;kA ogha fou; flag }kjk LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls vyoj dh LFkkiR; dyk esa pkj iz'kaluh; gSA lkxj ds ≈ijh nf{k.k fn'kk esa yxHkx 150 QqV yack rFkk mruk gh pk°n yxk fn;sA fo'ks"kdj ewlh egkjkuh dh N=h] fou; foykl egy o flVh iSysl pkSM+k ,d pcwrjk gSA bl pcwrjs ds chpksa&chp nks eafty dh ;g Nrjh cuh gqbZ gSA budh vuwie d`fr gS ftldk foLr`r o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA5 Nrjh ds fupyh eafty ij ukyh] yky iRFkjksa ls cuh gS ftls Hkh vayd`r fd;k x;k jko jktk fou; flag vkSj LFkkiR; dyk gSA ewlh jkuh dh Nrjh ds pkjks vksj ,d ifjÿek iFk Hkh gS vkSj Nrjh ds e/; esa jko jktk fou; flag dk le; 1815 bZ- ls 1857 bZ- rd jgk gSA bUgksaus vius vyad`r fp=dkjh dh xbZ gSA Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj yky iRFkjksa ls pkj cqtZ cuk, x, gS le; esa vyoj jkT; ds vUrxZr dyk ,oa laLd`fr dks ≈°pk Lrj iznku fd;kA vkSj bu pkjksa cqtksZ dks yky iRFkjksa ls vyad`r fd;k x;k gSA bl Nrjh esa laxejej ds LFkkiR; ,oa vU; dykvksa esa mudh xgjh :fp Fkh blfy, vyoj jkT; esa iksFkh[kkuk] fo'kky LraHk Hkh cuk, x, gS ftu ij ;g Nrjh fVdh gqbZ gSA blds ckgj pkjks vksj ihy[kkuk] jFk[kkuk] jRu'kkyk] 'kL='kkyk vkfn dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh 'kgj esa fou; lŸkkbl laxejej ds LraHk Hkh gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA ftl le; egkjktk c[rkoj flag foykl egy] eksrh Mwaxjh] flyhls<+] njckj gkWy vkfn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA6 jko e`R;q dks izkIr gq, rks egkjkuh blh txg lrh gqbZ FkhA mudh pj.k iknqdk,a ;gka ij fou; flag dk O;fDrRo vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh Fkk vkSj LFkkiR; dyk ds {ks= esa budk e/; esa fLFkr gSA lkFk gh lkFk Jh d`".k] Jh jkepUnz th] y{e.k rFkk lhrk ekrk th 12 dky fo'ks"k Lof.kZe ;qx ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vyoj dks dykRed ifjos'k ls vkfn nsorkvksa ds fp= gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA lq'kksfHkr djus dk Js; bUgha dks gSA LFkkiR; dyk dh n`f"V ls jko jktk fou; flag bu fp=ksa ds mij gesa egkjktk dh vkd`fr [kqnh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tks fd us gj egy ls ysdj fou; foykl rd dykRed vfHk:fp Li"V :Ik ls fn[kkbZ nsrh gkFkh ij lokj ;qº dkS'ky ds fp= esa fn[krh gSA bl Nrjh esa izos'k ds fy, rhu ekxks± gSA7 LFkkiR; dyk ds izfr ftrus tkx:d egkjktk fou; flag th Fks mruk vU; dksbZ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA jktnjckj ls lacaf/kr yksx lkxj ds mij ls blesa izos'k djrs Fks 'kkld ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA buds dyk izseh ‚n; ds dkj.k turk dks buesa vVwV tcfd vketu ,d NksVs ls rcsys ls blesa izos'k djrs FksA bl lEiw.kZ Nrjh ds fuekZ.k fo'okl FkkA8 LFkkiR; ds {ks= fo'ks"k esa 'khry fuokl ;k 'kh'k egy dk fuekZ.k Hkh esa yxHkx nks yk[k :Ik;s [kpZ gq, FksA13 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 513 265 514 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fou; foykl egy fuekZ.k mÌs'; 'kgj ls ckgj dh vksj djuk FkkA ;g jkuhokl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk fou; foykl jko fou; flag th }kjk 1849 bZ- eas cuk;k x;k ftls egkjktk gSA19 egkjktk fou; flag ftldk vyoj jkT; esa LFkkiR; dyk ds varxZr vuqie fou; flag us vius vkokl ds :i esa j[kkA14 ;g dykRed n`f"V ls cgqr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA fo'ks"kdj fp=dyk] Hkou fuekZ.k dyk vkfn esa jktiwr ,oa eqxy 'kSyh egy gSA cgqr cM+k ckx yxokdj mlds chp esa mUgksaus laxejej ds LrEHkksa ,oa dk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA egkjktk fou; flag dk vyoj ds bfrgkl esa ogha tkfy;ksa ls ;qDr jktiwr ,oa eqxy 'kSyh dk ;g lqUnj egy cuok;kA mlds lkeus LFkku gS tks eqxy bfrgkl esa 'kkgtgka dk gSA laxejej ds iRFkjksa dh tM+kbZ dk cuk ljksoj dyk dk vuwie mnkgj.k gSA15 ;g lanHkZ egy eqxy dyk dh pkjckx iz.kkyh dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA bl egy dh 'kSyh Hkjriqj 1- MkW- t;flag uhjt] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijaijk] i`"B 5&13 jkT; ds Mhx ds egyksa ds vuq:i gSA iqjkus egyksa dh vis{kk blesa ,d fo'ks"krk 2- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] i`"B 1377 ;g gS fd blds dejs cM+s gS tks fd ik'pkR; n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gksdj vf/kd 3- fou;------vyoj] vad 1969 i`"B 80 lqfo/kkizn cuk;s x;s gSA 4- MkW- t;flag uhjt] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijaijk] i`"B 21 ;|fi fou; foykl egy iwjh rjg orZeku esa ttZj vkSj [k.Mj gS fdUrq 5- ogh] i`"B 21&22 bldk vrhr vR;Ur le`º jgk gSA tgka ,d vksj egy ds ckx esa vke] tkequ] 6- ogh] i`"B 23 ve:n vukj] uhacw ds Qynkj o`{k Fks ogha nwljh vksj xqyeksgj lqxfU/kr nsonkj tSls 7- jktkjke flag] t;txnEcs lq;'k] i`"B 13 Nk;knkj o`{k Hkh FksA16 dgha&dgha laxejej dk iz;ksx egy ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k x;kA 8- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 50 egy esa clUrksRlo euk;k tkrk FkkA bl volj ij u`R;xku] ukVd vkfn dk;Zÿeksa 9- MkW- thou flag ekuoh] vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrki flag u:dk i`"B 65 dk vk;kstu gksrk FkkA ftlesa jktifjokj ds lnL; Hkkx ysrs Fks vkSj ;g dk;Zÿe 10- ogh] i`"B 66 laHkor% jkr Hkj pyrk FkkA fou; foykl egy b.Mkslksjlsfud 'kSyh dk vuqie 11- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 50 n`"Vkar gSA17 ftlesa vktdy jktf"kZ dkWyst py jgk gSA ;g egy dk prq"dks.kh; 12- jktkjke flag] t;txnEcs lq;'k] i`"B 4 izkax.k cgqr gh HkO; gSA vusd lhf<;k° njckj] lHkkxkj rd ys tkrh gS vkSj lhf<;ksa 13- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 136] 137 ds nksuksa vksj lQsn Nrfj;k° cuh gS] ftlesa Hkh gesa jktiwr o eqxy 'kSyh dk izHkko 14- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 137 Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 15- vfuy tks'kh] vyoj dk dykRed [ktkuk] i`"B 30 16- deys'k] lSykfu;ksa dk LoxZ jktLFkku] i`"B 152 flVh iSysl 17- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 60&61 egkjktk fou; flag }kjk fufeZr HkO; flVh iSysl cuok;k x;kA ;|fi fou; flag ,d lk/kkj.k vui<+ O;fDr ds :i esa izfrf"Br Fks] ijUrq mudh dyk ij[k ekfeZd FkhA dyk izseh gksus ds ukrs egkjktk us Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus ls dyk fo'ks"kKksa fp=dkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj Js"Bre cuok;s ftldh orZeku esa Hkh >yd ns[kh tk ldrh gSA18 flVh iSysl Hkh eqxy o jktiwr 'kSyh dk lfEeJ.k dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA orZeku esa bls laxzgky; ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA flyhls<+ egy vyoj uxj ls nf{k.k if'pe dh vksj 9 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fd'kuiqjk xzke ds ikl flyhls< uked cka/k gS tks fd ,d je.kh; LFky gSA bl cka/k dk fuekZ.k jktk fou; flag us djok;k FkkA bl cka/k ds mij ,d igkM+h ij lqanj Hkou cuk;k x;k gS tks orZeku esa vkj-Vh-Mh-lh- ds gksVy ds :i esa fodflr gks pqdk gSA bl egy ds 266 516 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ekus x;s gSaA f'ko }kjk izofrZr iaFkksa esa ls vkbZ lEiznk; gfj;k.kk ds vLFky cksgj] jksgrd esa LFkkfir gqvkA10 nwljk ukFk iaFk dk izflº rhFkZLFky isgksok gSA jktk&egkjktkvksa egkjktk ekuflag vkSj gfj;k.kk esa ukFk lEiznk; dh vVwV Jºk vkSj tuleqnk; ds JºkHkko ls ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds Msjs uxj&uxj vkSj MkW- txnh'k izlkn xkao&xkao esa LFkkfir gks x,A jkT; dh vksj ls mudh Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh O;oLFkk gksus ls vkluksa dh la[;k c<+rh xbZ] tks fuEu gSa& rkezi= vfHkys[k bfrgkfld iqufuZekZ.k esa ,d egRoiw,.kZ lzksr gSA ;g jkT; jsokM+h ls izkIr rkezi= & jsokM+h ls izkIr rkezi= dh yEckbZ 12-74 bap o ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd thou dh >yd fn[kkrs gSaA ledkyhu lzksr pkSM+kbZ 8-8 bap rFkk Hkkj 1-114 fdyksxzke gS tks fnuakd 15 tqykbZ 1972 dks xq#dqy gksus ds dkj.k rkezi= vU; L=ksrksa ls vf/kd Hkjkslsean ,oa fo'oluh; gSaA tks/kiqj ds >Ttj laxzgky; dks izkIr gqvk Fkk] bldks rkez QqVdj cktkj ls [kjhnk x;k Fkk tks egkjktk ekuflag (1803&43 bZ-) us gfj;k.kk jkT; ds vusd ukFkksa ds vkluksa@Msjksa dksa jsokM+h ds vkl&ikl ds fdlh xkao ls vk;k gksxkA ftldks Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k rkezi= nku fn,A gfj;k.kk jkT; vfHkys[kksa] f'kykys[kksa rFkk rkezys[kksa esa cgqr le`º us izFke ckj viuh iqLrd izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] lu~ 2003 esa izdkf'kr fd;k 11 gSaA gfj;k.kk ls gesa pkj rkezi=ksa dk irk pyk gSa tks tks/kiqj ds egkjktk ekuflag us bu FkkA bl nkui= dks jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk eas mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gS (fp= 1) tks fuEu gS& vkluksa dksa nku Lo:i fn, FksA bu rkezi=ksa ij ijxus ds xkao dh Qly dh iSnkokj Jhtya/kjukFk th lgk;S rFkk ,deq r jde egar ,oa buds oa'kt dks ih<+h&nj feyrh jgsxhA ,sfrgkfld Jhtya/kjukFk th (dVkj ds lkFk fpg~u fo'ks"k) v/;;uksa esa vfHkys[kksa dk v/;;u cM+s iSekus ij vuns[kk fd;k x;k gSA bl 'kks/ki= AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/k& esa gfj;k.kk jkT; ds ukFk rkezi=ksa1 dh [kkst djds] bu nkui=ksa ds ;ksxnku dks mtkxj jktegkjktk Jh ekufla?kth opukr djus dk ek= iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA A rFkk doky fger'kka ldj'kka vykcan'kka ukFk lEiznk; dks ckjg eq[; iaFkksa essa ckVk x;k gSa] gkykafd lEiznk; ds Hkhrj jkuS ukxksj jkS xko f[kMksn ijxuS bnka.kkS js"k dksbZ fuf'pr lgefr ugh gSA2 ckjg iaFkksa dk xq# xzaFk lkfgc3 vkSj nfclrku&,&etkfgc4 7000) 1 v"kjs lkr gtkj jh eSa laor~ 1884 jh esa lanHkZ feyrk gSa] nksuks xzaFk lrjgoha 'krkCnh ds igys ds gSA vkbZ iaFk bl leqg esa Lk[k lko.kq Fkk rkacki= bauk;r dh;ks gS lks lcls yksdfiz; gSA tks fceyk ;k foeyk nsoh xksj[kukFk dh efgyk f'k";k ds :i esa gkly oxSjs iSnk lfnjh th;kdjlh uS ba.k vk& irk pyrk gSA pkSngoh 'krkCnh esa ,d izflº 'kS{kf.kd Vdjko esa gtjr xslwnjkt y øl vkSykn ik;ka djlh uS njckj uSnokns lh dks ,d rkaf=d ;ksxh dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk ftlds uke ds vUr esa Hkh vkbZ A laor~ 1884 jk lko.k cn 5 eqdke ik;r ckYxqaMkbZ5 FkkA 'kr x<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA LonŸkkaa ijnkŸkka ;s ik ukFk lEiznk; lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa QSyk gqvk gSA gfj;k.kk esa Hkh buds vusd yafr clqa/kjkaAA rs ujk% Lojxa ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA1AA vklu@eB gSaA gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k esa gfj;k.kk esa ukFkksa ds 53 Msjksa dk o.kZu LonŸkka ijnŸkka ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA Rks ujk ujda fn;k x;k gSaA6 egkjktk ekuflag us Hkkjr Hkj ds ukFkksa ds vkluksa dk losZ{k.k djokdj ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA2AA mudh ,d lwph cgh esa fyficº djkbZ]7 ftlesa gfj;k.kk rFkk fnYyh esa 57 vkluksa Rkkezi= ds nwljs i{k dk ys[k & dk o.kZu feyrk gSa8 blls irk pyrk gS fd 4 ;k 5 vklu fnYyh esa jgs gkasxas rFkk 'ks"k 1- udy yhoh Jh gtqj jS nQrj 52&53 gfj;k.kk esa] tSlk fd gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k esa fn;k x;k gSaA lcls vf/ 2- udy yhoh nhok.k jS nQrj udy yhoh o['kh jS nQrj kd vklu vkbZ iaFk ds 26] nwljs LFkku ij diy (dfiy) iaFk ds 22] cSjkx rFkk jke 3- udy yhoh pksdhUosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj iaFk ds nks&nks rFkk /kjeukFk] lrukFk] iko iaFkh] vnjke iaFkh] ukVsljh iaFk dk 4- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ,d&,d vklu feyrk gSaA Hkkjr esa ukFk lEiznk; dk izorZd dk vkfnukFk dks ekuk 5- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj tkrk gSA9 bl ijEijk ds vUrxZr ekuo xq#vksa esa flº&iq#"k eR;sUnzukFk izFke vkpk;Z 6- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 517 267 518 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 7- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ik; r[kr x<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA Lon 8- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj rka ijnkŸkka ok ;s ikyafr clqa/kjkaAA rs 9- udy yhoh udy pksdhUosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ujk Lojax ;kafr ;koPpUnz fnokdjkSAA vuqokn & Jh tya/kjukFk th dh t; gks! Jh tya/kjukFk th! dY;k.k gks! LonŸkka ijnŸkka ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA ;g rkezi= tks/kiqj ds jktkvksa ds jktk] egkjktkf/kjkt egkjkt Jh ekuflag th ds Rks ujk ujda ;kafr ;koPpUnz fnokdjkSAA2AA vkns'k ls fgEer [kka] ldj [kka vkSj vykon [kka dks ijxuk bnk.ks dk xzke f[kM+ksn dh vuqokn & dY;k.k gks! ;g rkezi= jktkvksa dk jktk] egkjktkf/kjkt egkjktk Jko.kh Qly lkr gtkj #i;s esa nsus gsrq laor~ 1884 Jko.k cfn 5 esa fn;k FkkA bl ekuflag ds vkns'k ls rFkk tksxs oj Jh dsljukFk th o ineukFk th ds x<+ tks/kiqj eas Hkwfe dh vk; mi;qZDr yksxksa dh larku dks Hkh feyrh jgsxhA blds vkxs nku nsus ds isgok xkao ds fBdk.ks dks 3750 #i; (v{kjksa esa lk<+s lSrhl lkS #i,) HksV fd;kA Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n kkZus okys nks 'yksd fy[ks gSa 1) viuh nh loar~ 1883 lko.k esa lk[k equkQs ds #i esa izkIr djds igqapk;k djsaxsaA ;g nkui= gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa Qkxqu ekg dh lqnh 4] loar~ 1883 dks izkIr fd;kA r[krx<14] tks/kiqjA blds vkxs jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ nku nsus ds Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n'kkZus okys nks 'yksd fy[ks gSa Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs gSa] tc rd pkan vkSj lw;Z 1) viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc fLFkr jgsaxsA rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk rkezi= ds nwljs i{k esa mu dk;kZy;ksa ds uke fy[ks gSa] ftuesa bl rkezi= dh nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs gSa] tc rd pkan izFke izfr egkjktk ekuflag ds dk;kZy; esa] nwljh izfr nhoku ds dk;kZy; esa rFkk vkSj lq;Z fLFkr jgsaxsA rhljh izfr c['kh ds dk;kZy; esa j[kh xbZ FkhA bl rkezi= dh 'ks"k 14 izfr;ka pkSdh xkao Nkrj ftyk dSFky ls izkIr rkezi= (fp= 3) tks bl izdkj gS& uohl ds pkSng dk;kZy;ksa esa lqjf{kr dh xbZ FkhaA bl lwph ds i'pkr rkezi= dh Jhtya/kjukFk th lgk;S lekfIr&lwpd Jh in fy[kk gSA Jhtya/kjukFk th (dVkj ds lkFk fpg~u fo'ks"k) isgok ftyk dq#Js= ls izkIr rkezi=12 & isgok rglhy dq#{ks= ftys eq[;ky; AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/kjkt egkjk& ls 27 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA isgok ls 9 oha 'krkCnh dk laLd`r Hkk"kk esa tk Jh ekufla?kth opukrA rFkk vk;l th Jh xjhcukFk efUnj ij izfrgkj jktk egsUnziky dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vfHkys[k Hkh feyk X;kau ukFkth lq[ke ukFkth jk;s ok dSFky jS xkao gSA13 isgok ,d /kkfeZd LFkku gksus ds dkj.k Hkh ;gka jktk&egkjktk vkrs jgs gSaA Nkrj jS vkl.k fojkts fr.kka jS ijxus lks>r jks ftlls irk pyrk gS fd isgok dks izkphu dky ls gh jktdh; laj{k.k feyrk jgk gSA Xkako v"kk ol js"k 2700) 1 lrkbZl lksjh eSa lao egkjktk ekuflag dk nkui= vfHkys[k tks isgok ds ukFk Msjs dks feyk gS (fp= 2) r~ 1878 jh Lkk"k lko.kq ok HksV dh;ks gS lks gkl og bl izdkj gS& y iksag ph;ka dj lhA laor 1877 jk vlk<+ c AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/kjk& n 10 eqdke ik; r"krx<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA Lo t egkjktk Jh ekufla?kth opukr nŸkkaa ijnkŸkka ;s ikyafr clqa/kjkaAA rs ujk% Lo A rFkk tksxs'oj Jh dsljukFk th Jh Q jxa ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA1AA LonŸkka ijnŸkka neukFk th jS x<+ tks/kiqj jks xako caSu ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA Rks ujk ujda ;kafr ;kok .kr iSgos th js"k 3750) 1 v"kjs lkr ds xkao ls dj 2700) #i;s (v{kjksa es lrkbZl lkS #i;s) gS (fp= 4)A ,slk gh fp=.k tya/kjukFk ds egkefUnj esa Hkh fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA loar~ 1878 dh Qly lk[k lko.k dh equkQs ds #i esa HkasV izkIr djds igqapkbZA ;g ekU;rk ds vuqlkj] ekuflag dks ekjokM+ jkT; dk flagklu ij cSBkus esa enn djus esa nkui= vklk<+ ekg dh cfn 10] loar~ 1877 dks r[krx<+ tks/kiqj ls izkIr fd;kA eLrukFk us Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA JheLrukFkpfjre~ ls irk pyrk gS fd nsoukFk us blds vkxs nku nsus ds Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n'kkZus okys nks eLrukFk ds vkns'k ij dke fd;k FkkA blds vykok] /kekZuqlkj 'kklu djus ds fy, 'yksd fy[ks gSa & 1) viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk ekuflag dks vkns'k fn;kA18 djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs rkezi=ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSa] tc rd pkan vkSj lw;Z fLFkr jgsaxsA rkezi=ksa esa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, rRdkyhu izpfyr mnwZ Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dks nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk x;k gSA [k v{kj dks "k ds }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA tSls bl rkezi= ds nwljs i{k esa mu dk;kZy;ksa ds uke fy[ks gSa] ftuesa rkezi= dh fgEer [kka dks fger "kka rFkk c['kh dks o"klh fy[kk gSA ^vkl vkSykn* 'kCn ds izFke izfrfyfi Jh egkjkt ekuflag ds dk;kZy; esa] nks izfr;ka nhoku ds dk;kZy; esa LFkku es Hkwy ls ^vky vkSykn* fy[kk x;k gSA blh izdkj ^iky;afr* ds LFkku esa 15 rFkk rhljh izfr c['kh ds dk;kZy; esa j[kh xbZ FkhA bl rkezi= dh 'ks"k rhu izfr;ka ^ikyafr* 'kCn v'kqº fy[kk gSA pkSdh uohl ds rhu dk;kZy;ksa esa lqjf{kr dh xbZ FkhaA rkezi=ksa }kjk nku nsus dh ;g xqIrdkyhu ijEijk 19 oh 'krkCnh rd izpfyr xkao ckyUn ftyk jksgrd ls izkIr rkezi= jgh gS] ;s rkezi= bldk izek.k gSA nkunkrk 'kkld us Jhtya/kjukFk ds ;'k dk o.kZu ckyUn16 xzke jksgrd esa csjh ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA blesa ukFk lEiznk; ls lEcº djrs gq,] nku dks laLd`r Hkk"kk esa 'yksd ds ek/;e }kjk] nku dh efgek crkdj fn;s nks eB (Msjs] xÌh) gSaA bues cM+k eB yxHkx rhu lkS o"kZ iwoZ LFkkfir gqvk FkkA blds gq, nku dks okfil ysus okys dks feyus okys iki dh ppkZ dh gSA nku dh efgek laLFkkid egUr ckck eLrukFk ds f'k"; ckck fejpukFk FksA eB esa cgqr ls vk/ks& vkfn fo"k;d 'yksd izk;% lHkh rkezi=ksa esa feyrs gSaA ;s 'yksd izkphu ijEijk ls v/kwjs gLrfyf[kr xzUFk iM+s Fks tks vc xq#dqy >Ttj esa lqjf{kr gSaA mUgha ds lkFk ;g pys vk jgs gSaA rkezi= Hkh Fkk ftldks Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k us izFke ckj lq/kkjd esa 1995 bZ- esa jktk dh vksj ls ukFk Msjs@vklu dks Msjs esa iwtkikB vkSj mldh j{kk vkfn ds izdkf'kr fd;k Fkk17 tks bl izdkj gS & ^;g rkezi= tks/kiqj ds egkjktkf/kjkt Jh fufer dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g lc lEifr jkT; dh gksrh FkhA fuR; dh iwtk esa gksus ekuflag us laor~ 1885 fo- (lu~ 1837 bZ-) esa ckyUnokyh ehUr ohj Jh fejpukFk okys O;;] iqjksfgr ds ifjokj dk O;; rFkk Msjs@vklu dh lqj{kk] mldh ejEer vkSj dh xn~nh dks 2000) #i;s (nks gtkj #i;s)] dqEHkkjh ijxus ds vUrxZr HkaqMsy dk ifjorZu] ifjoºZu vkfn ij gksus okyk O;; jkT; dh vksj ls feyrk FkkA ;g O;; jSuxksj xkao rFkk mldh Jko.kh Qly nku esa nh FkhA ;g egku nkuik= r[krx<+ tks/ ckj&ckj u fn;k tk;s] blfy, Msjs rFkk mlds fudVorhZ HkwfeHkkx vFkok ijxus dk kiqj esa fn;k x;k FkkA ;g nkui= Jko.k ekg dh cfn 3] laor~ 1884 dks fn;k x;k iwjk xzke ukFk Msjs@vklu ds uke fy[k nsrs FksA mldh vk; ls ;g lkjk O;; iwjk djrs gSA nkui= esa nku nsus okys dh iz'kalk rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus okys dh fuUnk nks jgrs FksA blfy, ukFk rFkk mlds lEcfU/k;ksa vkfn ds fy, rkezi= fy[kdj iznku dj 'yksdksa ds }kjk of.kZr dh xbZ gSA tSls & 1- viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls mudh Hkkoh ih<+h Hkh ml vk; ls viuk thou fuokZg dj gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z ldsA ,sls nkuxzkgh Msjs bu nkui=ksa dks ih<+h nj ih<+h lqjf{kr j[krs pys tkrs FksA ,sls fo|eku gSaA nwljk viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] rkezi=ksa ls bfrgkl dh lgh&lgh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 521 269 522 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lanHkZ 12- egkjktk ekuflag 'kks/k dsUnz] esgjkux<+] iV~Vk cgh u- 12] laor 1883] i`- 6 1- eSa MkW- bZlk dqekjh] 'kks/kkFkhZ] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] p.Mhx<+ dk gkfnZd /kU;okn 13- th- cqg~yj] isgok ds xjhcukFk efUnj dk vfHkys[k] ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 1] djrk gwa ftUgksaus eq>s Nkrj rFkk isgok ds rkezi=ksa ds fp= miyCn djok;s] blds 1892] i`- 184&90 vykok eSa MkW- lqes"Vk rFkk Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k th dk Hkh /kU;okn djrk gwa 14- r[rx<+ jktLFkku jkT; ds ikyh ftys dh lqesjiqj rglhy dk ,d dLck gS] tks fd ftUgksaus bu rkezi=ksa dks i<+okus esa gekjh enn dhA tkykSj ftys dh lhek js[kk ij fLFkr gSA 2- bu ckjg iaFkksa ds vykok] dbZ vU; mi&laiznk; gSa tks ;k rks laiznk; esa 'kkfey ugha 15- c['kh ml vf/kdkjh dks dgrs Fks tks lSfudksa dks osru nsrk FkkA uxjksa ls dj ysus okyk fd, x, ;k lisjk (lisyk) dk vk/kk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA vf/kdkjh Hkh c['kh dgykrk Fkk rFkk nkui= nsus okys dk;kZy; dks c['kh'kukek 3- xq# xzaFk lkfgc] (vuq-) izhre flag pkfgy] [k.M&3] N= flag thou flag] ve`rlj] dgrs FksA 2000] i`- 939] fl| xks"Bk jkedyh egkyk&1] 'yksd&8- 16- fojtkuUn nSodjf.k] ckyUn esa fLFkr ukFk lEiznk; dk eB] lq/kkjd] ebZ 1995] i`- 4- nfcLrku&,&etkfgc % ;k f'k"Vkpkj dk Ldwy] (vuq-) MsfoM 'kh vkSj ,aFkuh V™kW;j] 13&16 [k.M&2] xzsV&fczVsu vkSj vk;jySaM dk izkP; vuqokn dks"k] 1843] i`- 128- blls irk 17- ogh] i`- 14 pyrk gS fd bu ckjg lEiznk;ksa dks ^usd iaFk* ;k ^vPNs laEiznk;* ds uke ls tkuk 18- iafMr gjnŸk 'kkL=h] Jh eLrukFkpfjre~] (vuq- fgUnh) Mk-W lqHkkX;orh uany] 1999] tkrk gSA i`- 311&338 5- tsEl efYyUlu] ukFk lEiznk;] fgUnw /keZ dk fczy ,UlkbDyksihfM;k] [k.M&3] 2011] i`- 10- 6- 'kehe 'kekZ (lEiknd)] ukFk lEiznk; vkSj muds eB] gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k] laLd`fr [k.M] Hkkx&nks] ubZ fnYyh] ok.kh izdk'ku] 2010] i`- 152&153 (gfj;k.kk esa ukFkksa ds eB fuEu gSa & 1- dksFkdyka than] 2- dksjM+ik;k] 3- vEckyk] 4- isgok] 5- Fkkuslj] 6- dSFky] 7- fljlk] 8- fglkj] 9- ys?kk] 10- fHkokuh] 11- iqj] 12- cokuh [ksM+k] 13- c.khiqj] 14- jsokM+h] 15- ukjukSy] 16- vLFky cksgj] 17- cyEHkk] 18 ckyan] 19- fldUnjiqj] 20- jksgrd] 21- xn~nh [ksM+h] 22- cqVk.kk] 23- diwjh dh igkM+h] 24- lhek] 25- ohLlk] 26- duhuk] 27- tks.kokl] 28- >k.k] 29-/kukSjh] 30- [kjd ikaMks] 31- ukaxyh] 32- xksj[kiqj] 33- lksaxy] 34- xaMhy] 35- vysok] 36- (gwVk) NkŸkj] 37- ckyw (ckrk)] 38- fleyk] 39- djfla?kq] 40- jkex<+] 41- vyhiqjk] 42- yks/kj] 43- ujokuk] 44-djksM+k] 45( ikbZ] 46- Qrsgiqj] 47- iq.Mjh] 48- usisokyk] 49- djkM+] 50- nwcy] 51- gFkokyk] 52- eksVkyk] 53- fytokuk] 54- Nksxjh dyka vkSj 55- lqUnjiqj) 7- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh] Hkkjr esa ukFkka jk vkl.k] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] 2003] i`- 5&6 8- ogh] i`- 37&39 9- MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ (lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks"k] f}rh; [kaM] okjk.klh] Kku eaMy] 1964] i`- 72 10- ogh 11- fojtkuUn nSodjf.k] izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] xq#dqy >Ttj] gfj;k.kk izkUrh; iqjkrRo lxzagky;] 2003] i`- 27&28 270 524 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 n;kjke dks fn, x,A blh izdkj 1809 bZ- esa ghjkpan us 1]25]000 vkSj 1811 bZ- esa fla?koh ykyk tXxh us tks/kiqj egkjktk dks 2012 #i;s dk Ω.k fn;k FkkA5 lun Tkks/kiqj jkT; esa ns'kt cSafdax ,oa Ω.k O;oLFkk ijokuk cgh esa lsB lehjey mesney us jkT; dks [kpZ gsrq 1]25]000 #i;s m/kkj fn, ftudk C;kt 8-25 izfr'kr dh nj ls rFkk Ω.k dh vnk;xh njckj dh dqy (19oha lnh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) vkenuh esa ls nsus dk mYys[k cgh esa fd;k x;k gSA6 MkW- lq[kkjke tks/kiqj jkT; ds NksVs cSadlZ cksgjs tks dksBhokyksa dh rjg T;knk /kuoku ugha gksrs FksA ;s yksx LFkkuh; Lrj ij NksVs O;kikfj;ksa] nLrdkjksa] f'kYidkjksa o fdlkuksa dks tks/kiqj jkT; dk O;kikfjd dsUnz ikyh vius LFkkuh; O;kikj o vUrj jkT;h; mudh vko';drkuqlkj Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA xk°o ds fdlkuksa o vU; yksxksa dh O;kikj ds lkFk&lkFk vUrj jk"V™h; O;kikj ds fy, Hkh izflº FkkA1 blds vykok vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh ugha Fkh blh dkj.k bu cksgjkssa ls Ω.k ysuk iM+rk FkkA Ω.k ds jkT; esa vU; O;kikfjd dsUnzksa esa esM+rk] ijcrlj] ukxkSj] MhMokuk] ipinjk] Qyksnh] cnys esa cksgjs fdlh O;fDr dh tekur ysrs ;k mudh dksbZ vpy lEifŸk fxjoh tkyksj +vkSj ckyksrjk bR;kfn FksA2 jkT; esa Ω.knkrk o cSadlZ Fks ftUgsa egktu] cksgjk] j[kokrs Fks vkSj ≈°ph C;kt njksa ij Ω.k fn;k tkrk FkkA Qly idus ij fdlku dks lsB o ljkZQ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA3 ekjokM+ jkT; ds fofHkUu xk°oksa o dLcksa esa viuk vukt cksgjs dks cspuk gksrk FkkA cksgjs }kjk fdlku dk vukt cktkj Hkko ls vusd cSadlZ dk;Zjr jgrs FksA ;s cSadlZ nks izdkj ds gksrs Fks&1- dksBhoky o 2- cksgjsA de dher ij [kjhnk tkrk FkkA bl izdkj cksgjs dks vius Ω.k O;olk; }kjk nksgjk dksBhoky cMs+ /kuh lsB gksrs Fks tks tu lkekU; o O;kikfj;ksa dks okf.kfT;d dk;ks± ds Qk;nk rFkk Ω.kh O;fDr dks nksgjh gkfu gksrh FkhA7 fy, /ku miyC/k djokrs gh Fks lkFk gh vko';drk iM+us ij jkT; dks Hkh /ku m/kkj lkekU;r% fdlkuksa dks Ω.k bl 'krZ ij fn;k tkrk Fkk fd os Qly idus ij fn;k djrs FksA bu dksBhokyksa dh jktiwrkuk ds lHkh egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dsUnzksa ds Ω.k ykSVk nsaxsA ysfdu cMs+ o yEch vof/k ds Ω.k py ;k vpy lEifŸk dks fxjoh lkFk&lkFk ns'k ds vU; uxjksa esa Hkh viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° gksrh tks muds equhe&xqekLrksa j[kdj gh fn, tkrs FksA Ω.k nsus ls igys Ω.knkrk }kjk Ω.kh ds uke viuh [kkrk }kjk lapkfyr gksrh FkhA cksgjs ftUgsa lkgwdkj Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk tks dksBhokyksa dh cgh esa ,d :Ddk (Deed) fy[kk tkrk Fkk ftlesa Ω.k nkrk o mlds firk dk uke rqyuk esa NksVs CkSadlZ gksrs FksA o Ω.kh o mlds firk dk uke] nksuksa dk iwjk irk] Ω.k dh jkf'k] C;kt dh nj o cSadlZ Ω.k laca/kh dk;ksZa ds lkFk&lkFk eqnzk&fofue; dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksA vof/k ftlds fy, Ω.k fn;k x;k gS] fxjoh j[kh lEifŸk dk iwjk fooj.k] Ω.kh o jkTkLFkku ds izR;sd jkT; dh viuh&viuh Vdlkysa gksrh Fkh vkSj bu cSadlZ }kjk jkT; xokgksa ds gLrk{kj o igpku vkfn dk foLr`r C;ksjk fy[kk gksrk FkkA bl izdkj lkapksj esa izpfyr eqnzkvksa dk ewY; o eqnzk&fofue; njsa fuf'pr dh tkrh FkhA4 blds vykok dk ,d Ω.k [kkrk] pS= ekl dh d`".k i{k dh lIreh] fo- la- 1869@1811 bZ- dk ;s cSadlZ gqf.M;k° tkjh djus o budh vU; 'kk[kkvksa }kjk tkjh dh xbZ gqf.M;kas dk feyk gS tks Ω.k [kkrksa dk ,d izdkj gSA blesa fy[kk x;k gS fd ekyth Hkalkyh us Hkqxrku djus dk dk;Z Hkh izeq[krk ls fd;k djrs FksA ckyth ls 140 #i;s vius ?kj dks fxjoh j[kdj bl 'krZ ij fy, Fks fd ?kj dk dCtk bl ckr ds izek.k feyrs gSa fd mUuhloha lnh ls igys Hkh cMs+ cSadlZ o ckyth ds ikl jgsxkA ekyth Hkalkyh ls C;kt ugha fy;k tk,xk rFkk ckyth ?kj dks foŸkh; ?kjkus ;gk° ij ekStwn FksA buesa ls tks izeq[k O;kikjh o Ω.knkrk gksrs Fks os uxj fdjk, ij ns ldsaxsA8 lsB dgykrs FksA ;s cSadlZ brus /kuh gksrs Fks fd ;qº o vU; dkj.kksa ls tc jkT; ij lkgwdkjksa }kjk fdlh O;fDr dks /ku m/kkj nsrs le; ;g ns[kk tkrk Fkk veqd foŸkh; ladV vk tkrk Fkk rc jktk dh ekax ij mudks Hkh Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA O;fDr dh lk[k vPNh gS rFkk og le; ij C;kt lfgr Ω.k pqdrk dj nsxkA ;fn uanokyk cksgjk us lu~ 1766 bZ- esa 1]10]000 #i;s rFkk lsB dq'kkypan us lu~ 1806 lkgwdkj dks blesa dksbZ la'k; yxrk rks og Ω.k ds cnys nwdku] ?kj] [ksr ;k xgus bZ- esa 50]000 #i;s tks/kiqj jkT; dks m/kkj fn, FksA [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ds vMk.kk9 ds :Ik esa fxjoh j[kok ysrk FkkA 18oha o 19oha lnh esa CkSadlZ dk ,d vU; vuqlkj lu~ 1790 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds izflº cSadj lsB n;kjke :ipan us ejkBk rqdksth izeq[k dk;Z Fkk eqnzk&fofue;A bl le; jktiwrkuk o ns'k dh vU; fj;klrksa esa gksYdj dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, tks/kiqj njckj dks <+kbZ ekg ds fy, ,d yk[k viuh&viuh Vdlkyksa esa vyx&vyx otu o 'kqºrk ds #i;s xM+k gks x;k rks gtkj :i;s bl ?kj ds pqdkus ij 10- ^ljkZQ* oxZ dk mn; eqxydky esa gqvk FkkA ;g oxZ HkwjktLo dh olwyh ds lkFk&lkFk ?kj okil fn;k x;kA19 eqnzk fofue; dk Hkh dk;Z djrk FkkA Vsojfu;j ds vuqlkj ^^Hkkjr esa og xk°o okLro 4- [kk|kUu Ω.k & mUuhloha lnh esa vukt dks Hkh Ω.k ds :Ik esa fn;k tkrk esa cgqr NksVk gksuk pkfg, tgk° ljkZQ ekStwn ugha gSA** FkkA ;g ijEijk lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa izpyu esa FkhA bl izdkj ls fn, x, Ω.k 11- ds- Mh- vlZfdu] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] Hkkx&3 v] nk osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l jsftMsUlh dk Hkqxrku ewy/ku dk 25 izfr'kr vf/kd djuk gksrk FkkA cksgjksa }kjk bl izdkj ds ,.M nk chdkusj ,tsUlh] i`- 144 Ω.kksa ds Hkqxrku dh 'krsZa vukt dh miyC/krk o ml le; ds Hkko ds vuqlkj yxkbZ 12- Mh- lh- tkslsQ] xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] jktLFkku] ckM+esj] 1962] i`- 123 13- pkSarjk tkyksj] ferh vklkst cn 11 xq:] rFkk mBkjks egktu /khjk fd'kuk us egktu tkrh Fkh ftlesa Ω.k dk C;kt 50 ls 100 izfr'kr rd olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA20 eksrhpan /khjtey :ih;k ns; O;kikj djk;ks Fkks lqa iwath ys cSBks gS gekj cksikj Hkh.kt jkT; esa Ω.k dks pqdkus ds nks rjhds izpyu esa FksA ,d&,d eq'r o vkNhrjS lqa djs uS vkxyk :ih;k nsos ugha lqa oktch ekaxs NS fnjk; fntksA Jh gtqj jks nwljk&fd'rksa esaA ,d eq'r pqdk, tkus okys Ω.k dks Ω.kh O;fDr }kjk fu/kkZfjr gqde NSA lun ijokuk cgh la- 105] fo- la- 1899@1842 bZ-] tks-fj-jk-jk-v-ch-] i`- vof/k esa ewy/ku o C;kt nksuksa dks ,d lkFk pqdk;k tkrk FkkA tcfd fd'rksa esa 192 pqdk, tkus okys Ω.k dh jkf'k C;kt lfgr fuf'pr fd'rksa esa pqdkbZ tkrh FkhA ;g 14- tks/kiqj njckj dh vksj ls le;≤ ij jkT; esa fLFkr lkgwdkjksa o cM+s O;kikfjd Ω.k izfrekg fd'rksa ds :Ik esa pqdk;k tkrk FkkA fo-la- 1866@1809 bZ- esa lsB ?kjkuksa ls Ω.k fy;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1898 bZ esa tks/kiqj jkT; us tks/kiqj&chdkusj jsyos jktkjke tks'kh Jhfd'ku ls duZy ghjkflag us 2080 #i;s m/kkj fy, ftlesa 80 #i;s ds fodkl o foLrkj ds fy, 25-5 yk[k #i;s dk Ω.k eSlwj jkT; ls fy;k FkkA ds-Mh- dkVk ds 4 #i;s izfrfnu ds fglkc ls 20 fnu rd pqdkus rFkk 20 fnu dk C;kt Hkh vlZfdu] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] Hkkx&3 v] nk osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l jsftMsUlh ,.M vfxze ns fn;k x;kA 'krZ ds vuqlkj vxj ;g Ω.k 20 fnu esa ugha pqdk;k x;k rks nk chdkusj ,tsUlh] i`- 142 ewy/ku 2000 #i;s ij 24 izfr'kr dh nj ls C;kt fy, tkus dh 'krZ Hkh fy[kh xbZ 15- lun ijokuk cgh la- 126] fo- la- 1914@1857 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch] i`- 614 FkhA21 jktLFkku dh ns'kh fj;klrksa ij vaxzsth loksZPprk ds izHkko ds dkj.k gh 16- lun ijokuk cgh la- 116] fo-la- 1906@1849 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 545- fj;klrksa dh viuh ijEijkxr vkfFkZd iºfr;k° tSls jkT; dh eqnzk] ns'kh cSafdax 17- Ω.k ds iquHkZqxrku dh xkjUVh dks tkeuh dgk tkrk FkkA vxj dksbZ Ω.kh O;fDr Ω.k O;oLFkk] Ω.k iºfr;k°] vMk.kk O;oLFkk] gq.Mh O;olk; tSlh ns'kh o ekSfyd pqdkus esa vleFkZ jgrk rks tkeuh nsus okys O;fDr dks Ω.k dk Hkqxrku djuk gksrk O;oLFkkvksa esa ;k rks vkSifuosf'kd vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i ifjorZu dj fn;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.k tks O;fDr tkeuh nsrk Fkk og iwjh dksf'k'k djrk dh Ω.kh O;fDr fu/ vU;Fkk mUgsa lekIr gh dj fn;k x;kA kkZfjr vof/k esa viuk Ω.k pqdk,A tkeuh nsus okys O;fDr dh lk[k vPNh gksrh FkhA Ω.k ds iwjs ysu nsu esa tkeu O;fDr dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Qk;nk ;k deh'ku lUnHkZ ugha feyrk Fkk] fQj Hkh og O;fDr Ω.k lEcU/kh lkjh tksf[ke vius mij ys ysrs FksA 1- tsEl VkWM] ,uYl ,.M ,fUVD;wVhTk vkWQ jktLFkku (czwd laikfnr)] Hkkx&2] i`- 81 fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds Ω.k dh tkeuh ogh O;fDr nsrk tks ;k rks mldk fjlrsnkj gksrk ;k 2- fueZyk mik/;k;] n ,MfefuLV™'ku vkWQ tks/kiqj LVsV (1800&1947)] i`- 135 ftlls mlds ikfjokfjd lEcU/k cgqr vPNs gksrs FksA 3- th- ,u- 'kekZ] lksfl;y ykbQ bu esfMoy jktLFkku] i`- 337 18- lun ijokuk cgh la- 116] fo- la- 1906@1849 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 314 4- th- ,u- 'kekZ] mi;qZDr] i`- 338 19- lun ijokuk cgh la- 106] fo- la- 1900@1843 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 170 5- th- ,u- 'kekZ] lksfl;y ykbQ bu esfMoy jktLFkku] i`- 338&39 20- xk°o ds fdlkuksa o vU; xjhc yksxksa dks lkekU;r% ml le; vukt dh vko';drk 6- lun ijokuk cgh la- 145] fo- la- 1932@1875 bZ-] tks-fj-jk-jk-v-ch-] i`- 526 c- gksrh Fkh tc vukt dh miyC/krk de o cktkj Hkko vf/kd gks tkrs FksA ,sls le; esa 7- cksgjksa dks vf/kd C;kt rFkk fdlkuksa ls cktkj Hkko ls de dher ij vukt fey Hkko lkekU; Hkkoksa ls yxHkx nqxqus gks tkrs FksA vr% fdlku dh tc Qly idrh Fkh tkrk Fkk vkSj fdlkuksa dks fy, x, Ω.k ij vf/kd C;kt o vius vukt dk de rc mlds Hkko iqu% de gks tkrs FksA vr% fdlku dks cksgjs ls m/kkj fy, x, vukt ewY; feyrk FkkA ;g ,d 'kks"k.k pÿ Fkk tks ihkyjkikVu ls bUnkSj [khap ykbZA14 10 eS=hiw.kZ laca/k FksA Jsf"B jkeizrki ds iq= Jh gfjfoykl dks jkT; dh vksj ls fo'ks"k jktLFkku ls bUnkSj ekyok dks vk, vU; O;kikjh ifjokjksa dh Hkkafr bl ifjokj lEeku izkIr Fkk vkSj mUgsa jkT; dh izeq[k ^X;kjg iap* laLFkk dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k us Hkh vQhe ds O;kikj esa viuk HkkX; vktek;kA ftlls bUgsa vR;f/kd equkQk gqvk] x;k FkkA uxj dh O;kikfjd izxfr esa bl ifjokj dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk FkkA /khjs&/khjs ;gh vQhe dk O;kikj budh le`fº dk vk/kkj cukA O;olk; ds foLrkj 3- lsB f'kokthjko lkfyxjke&tks/kiqj jkT; ds MhMokuk {ks= ls ;g ifjokj ds lkFk gh bl QeZ ds equhe Maxjhnkl rFkk fcuksnhjke ds cguksbZ us cEcbZ esa ,d LFkkukUrfjd gksdj bUnkSj esa vk;k Fkk vkSj ekyok dh le`fº us bl ifjokj dks LFkkbZ 'kk[kk [kksyhA fuokl iznku fd;kA lsB f'kokth jke lkfyxjke ds QeZ ds vkfn iq#"k lkcqyflag bZ- 1844 esa tUesa Jsf"B fcuksnhjke ds iq= ckypanth us Hkh ikfjokfjd O;kikj FksA lsB f'kokthjke ds firk dk uke /ku:ith Fkk vkSj lsB f'kokthjke ds iq= dk dks xfr iznku dhA bl Jsf"B ifjokj dks egkjktk rqdksthjko gksydj (f}rh;) us uke lkfyxjke FkkA f'kokthjke lkfyxjke uke ls dk;Zjr~ bl QeZ us igys cSafdax i;kZIr lEeku iznku fd;k FkkA fo'ks"k voljksa ij lsB fcuksnhjke] muds iq= ckypan O;olk; izkjaHk fd;k Fkk] rRi'pkr vU; O;kikfj;ksa dh Hkkafr bl izfr"Bku us Hkh th] ikfjokfjd efgyk,a ,oa equhe dks Hkh egkjktk gksydj ds }kjk migkj iznku dj vQhe O;kikj dks viuk fy;kA viuh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ka c<+kus ds fy, bl QeZ lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA us cEcbZ] lhgksj vkSj lqusy esa viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,a LFkkfir dhA11 O;kikj ds izksRlkgu gsrq gh egkjktk us bUnkSj ds dqN vxz.kh O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa bl QeZ us t;d`".k dks xksn fy;k Fkk] ftUgksaus ifjokj dh O;kolkf;d dks ^v/kdjh o ikodjh* (dj esa fj;klr dh NwV) dh NwV iznku dh FkhA lsB ijEijkvksa dks vkxs c<+k;kA bUnkSj uxj esa LFkkfir jktdh; diM+k fey dk O;olk; tc xM+cM+kus yxk vkSj bl vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ ls jkT; dks vkfFkZd {kfr igqapus yxh] fcuksnhjke ds ifjokj dks ^v/kdjh* izkIr Fkh] ftlds vUrxZr bl QeZ dks jkT; }kjk 15 rc egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) us bl jktdh; fey dks Bsds ij nsus dk fu.kZ; fu/kkZfjr pqaxh dj esa vk/kh NwV iznku dh xbZ FkhA bl QeZ us vkxs pydj lwrh oL= fy;kA uxj dh O;kikjksŸkstd bl QeZ us jktdh; fey ds lapkyd dk Bsdk ys O;olk; izkjaHk fd;k vkSj fuekM+ ls cM+h ek=k esa dikl ÿ; fd;kA /khjs&/khjs os fy;kA jktdh; fey ds vk/ks 'ks;j lsB t; d`".kth /kwr us [kjhn fy;s FksA os fuekM+ ds lcls cM+s dikl O;kikjh cu x;sA mTtSu ds fouksn fey ds lapkyu esa jktdh; fey ds O;oLFkkid cus vkSj fey dks lQyrkiwoZd pyk;kA Jsf"B bl ifjokj dk cM+k ;ksxnku jgkA t;d`".kth dks egkjktk gksydj ds }kjk ^X;kjg iap* laLFkk dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k bl QeZ ds equhe yq.kdj.k th cgqr gh ;ksX;] cqfºeku vkSj bZekunkj O;fDr x;k Fkk vkSj lkFk gh mUgsa egkjktk us ^ekulsoh U;k;k/kh'k* Hkh fu;qDr fd;k FkkA12 Fks] ftUgksaus cgqr fu"BkiwoZd QeZ ds dk;ks± dks vkxs c<+k;kA bl QeZ dh 20 nqdkusa] 16 lsB f'kokthjke lkfyxjke izfr"Bku ds yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z & bl 5 ftfuax QSDV™h rFkk 2 thfuax&izsflax QSDV™h FkhA egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) ds izfr"Bku us tgka O;kikj ds {ks= esa vfr'k; iwath vftZr dh Fkh] ogha bl vftZr iwath lsB fcuksnhjke rFkk muds iq= ckypan th ls cM+s ?kfu"B vkSj ikfjokfjd laca/k FksA bZ- dks bl QeZ esa ijekfFkZd dk;ks± esa yxkdj ,d vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k Hkh izLrqr fd;k 1881 esa tc bl ifjokj ds lsB nhipan th dk fookg r; gqvk rks egkjktk FkkA bl ifjokj ds }kjk mTtSu ds izflº ^ujflag eafnj* dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;k Fkk] rqdksthjko gksydj us viuh vksj ls ,d gkFkh] 15 v'okjksgh >kyjkikVu Hksts FksA ;g lkFk gh vkSadkjs'oj esa foxr 50 o"kks± ls Hkh vf/kd le; rd vUuN= lapkfyr dkfQyk cwanh rd nhipan th dh ckjkr ds lkFk x;k FkkA17 fd;k tkrk jgkA oSfnd Kku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, rFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds foLrkj jktLFkku ds tSu /kekoyEch vkSj tkfr ds vksloky egktuksa us bUnkSj esa ds fy, bUnkSj ds fc;kckuh {ks= esa ,d laLd`r ikB'kkyk Hkh lapkfyr dh tkrh jgh fuokljr~ jgrs gq,s tks ;'k] dhfrZ rFkk iwath vftZr dh] mlh dk ifj.kke Fkk fd FkhA N=hckx esa fu/kZuksa ds fy, vUuN= Hkh LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA13 egktu fcuksnhjke ds ifjokj dks jktLFkku ds >kykokM+ njckj us Hkh lEekfur fd;k ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 533 275 534 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 FkkA bl ifjokj ds pkjksa HkkbZ;ksa dks vius iSjksa esa lksus dk ^rksM+k* iguus ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk viuk fujUrj laidZ cuk, j[ks fdUrq bUnkSj dks gh mUgksaus viuh deZLFkyh cuk;k lkFk gh lsB ekfudpan rFkk ykypan dks vius uke ds lkFk ^th* 'kCn tksM+us dh vkSj ;gha LFkk;h :i ls cl x,A 18 fo'ks"k vuqefr njckj us iznku dh FkhA blh ifjokj ds lsB ekf.kdpanth dks lanHkZ Xokfy;j ds flfU/k;k jktnjckj ds }kjk ^rkftj&my&eqYd* dh mikf/k ls lEekfur 1- tku ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUV™y bf.M;k dsfEczt ;qfuoflVh izsl ] 1832 i`- fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa Xokfy;j jkT; ds vkfFkZd fodkl cksMZ dk lnL; Hkh euksfur 162] vfgY;k Lekfjdk] estj ,e-,e- txnkys] [kklxh V™LV] nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj fd;k x;k FkkA psfjVht] bUnkSj] 1981 i`- 13 5- egktu c[krjke cPNjkt & tks/kiqj jkT; ds ukxksj ls bl ifjokj ds 2- lR;nso fo|kyadj (lEiknd) Jhear lj lsB gqdqepanth vfHkuanu xzaFk 1951] vkfn iq#"k lsB QrgpUn dk bZ- 1825&30 ds e/; bUnkSj esa vkxeu gqvkA bl fnYyh i`- 255 laLFkku dh ,d 'kk[kk Jhd`".k xksihukFk ds uke ls mTtSu esa Hkh lapkfyr gksrh jghA 3- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] fgt gkbusl egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) :yj vkWQ bUnkSj] izdk'ku] bl QeZ us izeq[k :i ls vQhe vkSj dikl dk O;olk; fd;kA bl QeZ ds lsB gksydj izsl vkWQ bUnkSj (1835&1864) i`- 470 ekaxhykyth dks bUnkSj jkT; dh laLFkk ^X;kjg iap* dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;k Fkk 4- ogh] i`- 470&471 vkSj gksydj njckj esa mUgsa llEeku vklUnh dk eku iznku fd;k x;k FkkA19 5- ogh] i`- 478 6- foKfIr f=os.kh] eqfu ftu fot; d`r Hkwfedk] tujy e/;izns'k bfrgkl ifj"kn vad egktu c[rjke cPNjkt QeZ ds yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z & bl QeZ us 4] 1962] i`- 132&133 cM+h mnkjrkiwoZd dY;k.kdkjh rFkk /kkfeZd dk;ksZ ij dkQh /ku O;; fd;k FkkA bl 7- vuar ukjk;.k Hkkxor] gksydjkph] dSQh;r] [k.M 6 izdk'kd gksydj LVsV izsl] QeZ ds iwoZtksa }kjk bUnkSj] mTtSu rFkk lwjr esa jk/kkd`".k ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k 1926] i`- 121 x;k FkkA iq"dj ds lR;ukjk;.k eafnj dk Hkh bUgha ds }kjk cuok;k x;k FkkA bUnkSj 8- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 478 20 rFkk Ωf"kds'k esa bl QeZ ds }kjk vUuN= pyk, tkrs FksA 9- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j] laLdj.k izFke 1931] i`- 45 6- egktu cynsonkl xksj[kjke & cynsonkl xksj[kjke QeZ ds laLFkkid 10- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 478 Hkh jktLFkku ds t;iqj jkT; esa fLFkr y{e.kx<+ ds fuoklh Fks] tks O;kikj O;olk; ds 11- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 50 mn~ns'; ls bZ- 1866 esa egkjktk rqdksthjko gksydj (f}rh;) ds dk;Zdky esa bUnkSj 12- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475 vk cls FksA lsB xksj[kjke us bl izflº QeZ dh LFkkiuk bUnkSj esa dh FkhA bl QeZ ds 13- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j laLdj.k izFke 1931 i`- 52 lsB tOgkjey th ls egkjktk gksydj vR;f/kd izlUu Fks vkSj egkjktk dh pkgr gh 14- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475&476 bl QeZ dh mUufr dk dkj.k cukA rqdksthjko ds iq= egkjktk f'kokthjko gksydj 15- okusMk fBdkuk vkSj cusMk laxzg dh veyokMh dh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vQhe dk (1886&1903 bZ-) us lsB tOgkjey dks ^X;kjg iap laLFkk* dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k ÿ; djus okys eq[;r% ekjokM+ o tSlyesj {ks= ds O;kikjh FkhA veyokMh jh cgh FkkA vQhe O;kikj ls laacaf/kr dksbZ fookn jkT; ljdkj lEeq[k mifLFkr gksrk Fkk] rks laor 1935 i`- 88 egkjktk gksydj lsB tOgkjey th dk vfHker vo'; ysrs FksA bl QeZ us ^jkeukjk;.k 16- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475 17- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475&476 cynso nkl* uke ls cEcbZ esa viuh 'kk[kk LFkkfir dh FkhA blds vfrfjDr /kwfy;k 18- vfgY;k Lekfjdk] estj ,e-,e- txnkys] [kklxh V™LV] nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj rFkk Hkksiky esa Hkh bl QeZ dh 'kk[kk,a FkhA bl QeZ ds Hkkoh /kuk<~; O;kikfj;ksa us psfjVht] bUnkSj] 1981] i`- 16&19 bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j Hkkx&1] 1931 i`- 54&55 vusd yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z fd;s FksA bl QeZ us dY;k.k] eqdqUnx<+ rFkk y{e.kx<+ 19- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 477 esa lhrkjke ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA 20- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j laLdj.k izFke 1991] i`- 58&58 ;s leLr O;kikjh tks jktLFkku ls uoLFkkfir gksdj gksydj fj;klr dh uo jkt/kkuh bUnkSj dh vksj O;kikj dh ykylk ls vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj vius O;kikj lfgr bUnkSj esa vk cls FksA bu O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa us jktLFkku ds vius ewy fuoklksa LFkkuksa ds 276 536 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 chdkusj] lwjrx<+ rFkk vtesj ls xqtjrk FkkA6 t;iqj jkT; Hkh bu O;kikfjd ekxks± ds ek/;e ls jktiwrkuk ds fofHkUu O;kikfjd dsUÊksa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA ftuesa ls dqN t;iqj jkT; ds O;kikfjd ekxZ % izeq[k ekxZ bl izdkj Fks7 & ,d v/;;u ( 20oha 'krkCnh esa ) dksVk ls t;iqj % dksVk&cwanh&nsoyh&Vksad&fuokbZ&pkdlw&t;iqj chdkusj ls t;iqj % chdkusj&pw:&lhdj&t;iqj MkW- jf'e ehuk tSlyesj ls t;iqj % tSlyesj&iksdj.k&QykSnh&ukxkSj&:iuxj&t;iqj tks/kiqj ls t;iqj % tks/kiqj&esM+rk&ijcrlj&lkaHkj&t;iqj t;iqj jkT; jktiwrkuk ds mŸkj&iwohZ Hkkx esa vofLFkr Fkk] tks fd 1727 bZ- esa t;iqj dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ vkEcsj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA vkEcsjuxj 1200 bZ- ds lkaHkj ls lokbZ ek/kksiqj % lkaHkj&ujSuk&ekStekckn&Qkxh&lqesy&lokbZ vklikl dPNokgk jktiwr 'kkld dkfdynso }kjk clk;k x;k Fkk tks fd v;ks/;k ek/kksiqj & lkaHkj ls jsoklk % lkaHkj&t;iqj&lokbZ ek/kksiqj&[k.Mkj&jsoklk] bR;kfnA ujs'k Jh jkepUÊ th T;s"B iq= ^dq'k* ds oa'kt ekus tkrs gSaA1 blls igys ;g bu vkUrfjd O;kikfjd ekxks± ds vfrfj‰ dqN vU; O;kikfjd ekxZ Hkh Fks tks jkT; kyjkikVu & dksVk & cwanh & Hkjriqj] djkSyh] /kkSyiqj o Xokfy;j jkT; rd] nf{k.kh lhek,° dksVk] cwanh] Vksad o nsoyh & Vksad & t;iqj mn;iqj jkT; rd rFkk if'peh lhek,° vtesj&esjokM+k] fd'kux<+] tks/kiqj rFkk NŸkjiqj (cqUnsy[k.M) ls t;iqj % NŸkjiqj & >kalh & 'kkgckn & ckjka & dksVk chdkusj jkT; rd foLr`r FkhaA lokbZ t;flag (bZLoh lu~ 1699&1743) ds le; & cwanh & Vksad & t;iqj rd ;g jkT; fnYyh rd foLr`r FkkA ijUrq 1743 bZ- esa mudh e`R;ksijkUr /khjs&/khjs dkek] ncksbZ o igkM+h Hkjriqj jkT; us_ Fkkukxkth] mthcx<+] cgjksM+] eatiqj] izrkix<+ t;iqj ls lwjr % t;iqj & vtesj & HkhyokM+k & mn;iqj & Mwaxjiaqj & vkfn vyoj jkT; us_ ukjukSy] dkafr vkfn >T>j jkT; us_ Qjhnkckn oYyHkx<+ jkT; vgenkckn & lwjr us_ Vksad o jkeiqjk] Vksad jkT; us rFkk gksMy o iyoy dks vaxzstksa us vius vf/kdkj eqYrku ls t;iqj % eqYrku & cgkoyiqj & iwxy & chdkusj & pw: & lhdj {ks= esa ys fy;kA 1803&04 bZ- ds ejkBk ;qº esa [ksrM+h ds tkxhjnkj }kjk vaxzstksa dh & t;iqj lgk;rk djus ds QyLo:i ykWMZ ySd }kjk dksViqryh [ksrM+h ds tkxhjnkj dks ns t;iqj ls Xokfy;j % t;iqj & djkSyh & Xokfy;j bR;kfnA 3 fn;k x;k FkkA bl izdkj le;≤ ij t;iqj jkT; dh jktuhfrd lhekvksa esa 1727 bZ- t;iqj uxj dks clkrs le; ;gk° O;kikj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;kA ifjorZu vkrs jgsA 31 ekpZ] 1949 bZ- rd bldk dqy {ks=Qy 15]601 oxZehy fczfV'k Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkxksa ds fudV fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k Hkh bldk egŸo c<+ x;k FkkA4 FkkA t;iqj ds 'kkldksa us Hkh O;kikfjd ,oa okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks izksRlkfgr 18oha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ rd leLr jktiwrkuk ls rhu cM+s O;kikfjd ekxZ xqtjrs fd;k rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks dbZ lqfo/kk,° iznku dh xbZA Qyr% t;iqj jktiwrkuk dk Fks % izFke ekxZ & if'peh leqÊ rV dks mŸkjh rFkk mŸkj&if'peh Hkkjr ls tksM+rk Fkk fo'kkyre rFkk /kuk<~;re 'kgj rFkk cSafdax ,oa eqÊk vknku&iznku dk eq[;ky; cu rFkk ;g e/; ,f'k;k ls iatkc o eqYrku gksrk gqvk vgenkckn ls xqtjrk FkkA5 nwljk x;kA9 oLrqr% vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ls iwoZ t;iqj jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;r% œf"k eq[; ekxZ & iwohZ Hkkjr ls if'peh Hkkjr dh vksj tkrk Fkk tks vkxjk ls vyoj] vk/kkfjr Fkh rFkk xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk izk;% vkRefuHkZj FkhA LFkkuh; O;kikjh œf"k vkEcsj (t;iqj)] vtesj] esM+rk] QykSnh o tSlyesj gksrk gqvk bl eq[; ekxZ ls tqM+ mRiknksa dks xk°oksa ls [kjhndj vklikl ds dLcksa vFkok xk°oksa esa ys tkdj csprs FksA tkrk FkkA rhljk eq[; ekxZ & mŸkj Hkkjr ls nf{k.k Hkkjr dh vksj tkrk Fkk] tks dLcksa ds O;kikjh bu LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ls œf"k mRikn [kjhndj vklikl dh eafM;ksa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 537 277 538 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 esa csprs FksA pkdlw] ekyiqjk] lkaxkusj] vkEcsj] cLlh] nkSlk] ck°nhdqbZ] ykylksV ij fy;k tkus okyk dj)] ^fudklw* (ijxus ;k dLcs ls xqtjus okyh oLrqvksa ij bR;kfn t;iqj jkT; dh egŸoiw.kZ ef.M;k° Fkha] tgk° cM+s Lrj ij œf"k mRiknksa dk fy;k tkus okyk dj) ^Hkkjksrh* (O;kikfj;ksa }kjk viuh xkfM+;ksa esa lkeku Hkjrs le; ÿ;&foÿ; fd;k tkrk FkkA LFkuh; O;kikj esa catkjksa dh egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Fkh] tks fy;k tkus okyk dj) bR;kfnA bl izdkj t;iqj jkT; dks O;kikfj;ksa ls fy, tkus eq[;r% [kk|kÈkksa] ued] phuh rFkk ?kh dk vkiwfrZ fofHkÈk LFkuksa ij djrs FksA10 vU; okys bu djksa ls vPNh vk; izkIr gksrh Fkh] ftlds cnys esa jkT; }kjk mUgsa fofHkÈk O;kikh oxZ ^fcNk;fr* ;k ^cPNk;r* (ckgj ls xk°oksa esa vkdj vLFkk;h :i ls jgus lqfo/kk,° ,oa lqj{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA15 okys O;kikjh)] lgFkkuh (vukt O;kikjh)] ^cfu;k* o ^egktu* (xzkeh.k vFkok 1818 bZ- esa t;iqj jkT; us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ds lkFk eS=h laf/k dj yhA dLck Lrj ij O;kikj djus okys /kfud oxZ) bR;kfn FksA11 vaxzsth eqÊk iz.kkyh ds rRi'pkr~ t;iqj jkT; ij vaxzsth fu;a=.k LFkkfir gks x;kA bldk izHkko t;iqj jkT; izpyu ls iwoZ O;kikj eq[;r% oLrq fofue; ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk FkkA dh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh ifjyf{kr gqvkA vaxzstksa }kjk jktiwrkuk ds vkSifuosf'kd t;iqj fj;klr ds 'ks[kkoVh {ks= ds ^ekjokM+h O;kikjh* vR;Ur izflº jgs gSa] 'kks"k.k dh xfr rhoz djus ds mÌs'; ls ;gk° lM+dksa rFkk jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k djokuk ftUgksaus iwjs Hkkjr esa viuh lQy O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ls viuh fo'ks"k igpku izkjEHk fd;k x;kA vaxzstksa dh ea'kk Fkh fd tks ikjxeu O;kikj jktiwrkuk ds O;kikfjd cukbZA e/;dky esa jktiwrkuk ds 'kkld eqxy lSfud vfHk;kuksa ds le; viuh lsuk ekxks± ls gksrk Fkk] vc og O;kikj fczfV'k fu;af=r {ks= ls gks ftlls O;kikfjd dh jln ,oa vU; lkexzh dh vkiwfrZ gsrq vius jkt; ds egktuksa dks vius lkFk ys xfrfof/k;ksa ij mudk fu;a=.k etcwrh ls LFkkfir gks lds rFkk ikjxeu O;kikj ij tkrs Fks] tks ;qº {ks= ds vklikl ds cktkjksa ls [kk| lkexzh] vL=&'kL= bR;kfn yxus okys djksa ls mudh vk; esa o`fº gksA bl mÌs'; dh iwfrZ gsrq mUgksaus lEiw.kZ [kjhndj bUgsa miyC/k djokrs FksA /khjs&/khjs bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds jktiwrkuk ds lSfud rFkk vkfFkZd n`f"V ls egŸoiw.kZ dsUÊksa dks lM+dksa rFkk jsyekxks± ls fofHkÈk Hkkxksa esa vius O;kikfjd laLFkku LFkkfir dj fy, rFkk mŸkjksŸkj izxfr djrs gq, tksM+us dh uhfr viukbZ rFkk blh ÿe esa jktiwrkuk dh igyh fo'kky lM+d dk ;s O;kikjh vo/k] caxky] gSnjkckn vkfn ds uokcksa o futke ds lkgwdkj cu x,A12 fuekZ.k 1865 bZ- esa vkxjk ls xqtjkr ds ^Mhlk* ds chp fd;k x;k] ftldh dqy rRi'pkr~ ;s yxHkx iwjs Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd dkS'ky ds ifj.kkeLo:i etcwrh ls yEckbZ dk 360 ehy fgLlk jktiwrkuk ds Hkjriqj] t;iqj] fd'kux<+] tks/kiqj ,oa LFkkfir gks x,A fljksgh jkT;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrk FkkA16 blh le; ,d nwljh egŸoiw.kZ lM+d dk fuekZ.k viuh vko';drkuqlkj t;iqj jkT; }kjk fofHkÈk oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr ulhjkckn ls uhep dsd chp gqvk tks ewy:i ls ,d lSfud lM+d FkhA17 o"kZ vU; jkT;ksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk FkkA t;iqj jkT; }kjk chdkusj dks yksgs ls fufeZr 1936&37 bZ rd t;iqj jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr egŸoiw.kZ lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk oLrq,°] phuh] xqM+] vQhe] js'ke bR;kfn_ tks/kiqj jkT; dks dkxt] xksVk fdukjh] Fkk18 & pkoy bR;kfn_ dksVk jkT; dks ued_ ≈uh diM+s bR;kfn_ tSlyesj jkT; dks yksgs dh lkj.kh&1 oLrq,°] phuh xqM+] ukSlknj bR;kfn OkLrqvksa dk fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj ÿ-la- lM+d ekxZ dgk° ls dgk° rd dqy t;iqj jkT; ekjokM+ ls ued (ukoka ls)] ixM+h o xqycUn bR;kfn_ chdkusj jkT; ls ≈u] ≈uh diM+s] lw[ks esos] flU/k dk ued] fQVdjh] feJh bR;kfn rFkk tSlyes yEckbZ jkT; ls ?kksM+ksa o dEcy dk vk;kr djrk FkkA13 blh izdkj eqYrku ls ?kksM+s o ghax] (ehy) nf{k.k ls gkFkh] dksVk ls vQhe rFkk f'kdkjiqj ls ?kksM+ksa dk vk;kr t;iqj jkT; }kjk 1- vtesj jksM+ lkaxkusj xsV t;iqj ls jkT; dh lhek rd 52) fd;k tkrk FkkA oLrqr% t;iqj jkT; }kjk fu;kZr dh tkuh okyh loZizeq[k oLrq 2- vkxjk jksM+ lkaxkusj xsV t;iqj ls jkT; dh lhek rd 75) ^ued* Fkh] ftldk mRiknu lkaHkj >hy ls gksrk FkkA bl ij t;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj jkT; dk la;q‰ LokfeRo Fkk rFkk bldh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ^lkaHkj 'kkeykr cksMZ* }kjk dh 3- cLlh fyad jksM+ 16 ehy vkxjk jksM+ ls cLlh jsyos LVs'ku rd1-1 tkrh FkhA14 4- ck°nhdqbZ jksM+ ck°nhdqbZ LVs'ku ls ek/kksxat cktkj rd 3) t;iqj jkT; }kjk bu O;kikfj;ksa ls dbZ izdkj ds dj olwy fd, tkrs FksA 5- nkSlk&lokbZ ek/kksiqjk jksM+ nkSlk ls lokbZ ek/kksiqj rd 67 mnkj.kkFkZ & ^jkgnkjh* (jkT; }kjk fy;k tkus oky pqaxh dj)] ^cSBdd (gkV cktkjksa 6- xaxkiqj&ykylksV jksM+ xaxkiqj ls ykylksV rd 26 esa oLrq,° cspus okys O;kikfj;ksa ls fy;k tkus okyk dj)] ^ilk:* (vk;kfrr oLrqvksa 7- eaMkoj&djkSyh jksM+ eaMkoj dkWVu izSl ls djkSyh lhek rd 43-2 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 539 278 540 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 8- ekyiqjk&rkSjh jksM+ ekyiqjk ls rkSjh rd 7 4) lhdj ls uoyx<+ 18 flrEcj] 1923 16-95 dqy yEckbZ 275-8 5) uoyx<+ ls >qU>quq 1 vxLr] 1924 22-92 o"kZ 1946&47 bZ- rd t;iqj jkT; esa lM+dksa dk i;kZIr fodkl gks pqdk FkkA dqy yEckbZ 107-70 lM+dksa ds ek/;e ls ;g fnYyh (191 ehy)] vkxjk (140 ehy)] vtesj (82 o"kZ 1924 rd t;iqjk jkT; }kjk 18-11 ehy yEch ehVjxst (3 QqV 3@8 ehy) rFkk vyoj] Hkjriqj] cwanh] tks/kiqj] djkSyh] fd'kux<+ rFkk Vksad ls tqM+ pqdk bap okyh) jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k x;k FkkA 31 ekpZ] rd t;iqj jkT; ch-ch- FkkA vc rd 850 ehy yEckbZ dh iDdh lM+dksa rFkk 260 ehy yEckbZ dh dPph ,.M lh-vkbZ- jsyos dEiuh ds lkFk feydj jsyekxZ fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrk jgk ijUrq lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k jkT; esa gks pqdk FkkA19 blds ifj.kkeLo:i t;iqj jkT; esa 1 vizSy] 1936 bZ- dks t;iqj jkT; }kjk jsyos izca/k dk dk;Z vius gkFkksa esa ys fy;k O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok feykA x;kA23 o"kZ 1946&47 bZ- dh t;iqj jkT; iz'kklfud fjiksVZ esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd lM+dksa ds lkFk&lkFk t;iqj jkT; esa jsyekxks± dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl le; rd >qU>quq ftys ds mŸkjh ,oa if'peh Hkkx rFkk nf{k.k if'pe esa futker loZizFke 1874 bZ- esa ^ckWEcs&cM+kSnk lasV™y bafM;k jsyos dEiuh* us vkxjk fdys ls dksVdkfle ,oa ekyiqjk dks NksM+dj yxHkx lEiw.kZ t;iqj jkT; esa jsyekxks± dk ck°nhdqbZ rd jsyekxZ dk fuekZ.k fd;kA rRi'pkr~ jsokM+h&vtesj jsyekxZ rFkk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA >qU>quq ls yksgk: jsyykbZu dks 1939 bZ- esa izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lkaHkj&Qqysjk jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k 1874 bZ- esa fd;k x;kA20 1884&85 bZ- esa lhdj&fclk≈ jsyos dk dk;Z 1940 bZ- esa izkjEHk gqvkA lkaxkusj&lokbZek/kksiqj jsy ekxZ dk fuekZ.k t;iqj jkT; }kjk djok;k x;k] tks nks izeq[k ;kr;kr ds bu uohure ekxks± ds fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i vc iqjkus O;kikfjd O;kikfjd dsUÊksa] gkM+kSrh vukt mRiknu {ks= rFkk lkaHkj ued mRiknu {ks=] dks tksM+us ekxks± dk egŸo de gksus yxkA vc fczfV'k ljdkj dh igq°p jktiwrkuk ds lHkh esa lgk;d flº gqbZA21 mYys[kuh; gS fd 7 vxLr] 1869 bZ- esa egkjktk jkeflag th vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa rd gks x;h rFkk vc ;gk° ls dPps eky dk fu"ÿe.k ,oa fczfV'k us vaxzstksa ds lkFk f'keyk esa ,d lfU/k dh] ftlds vuqlkj t;iqj jkT; }kjk lkaHkj oLrqvksa dk vkxeu rhoz xfr ls ls gksus yxkA blls LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa] eq[;r% >hy lhek esa ued cukus] cspus rFkk ml ij dj yxkus ds vius leLr vf/kdkj catkjksa dks] vR;f/kd gkfu mBkuh iM+hA oLrqr% 18oha lnh ds vUr rd cEcbZ vaxzstksa dks iÍs ij ns fn;s x,A tuojh&vizSy] 1879 bZ- rd jktiwrkuk ds leLr cUnjxkg fodkl'khy gks pqdk Fkk vc leqÊ ekxZ cEcbZ ls fu;af=r gksus yxs FksA vc jkT;ksa ds lkFk vaxzsth ljdkj us ued le>kSrs dj fy, rFkk /khjs&/khjs bu ued iqjksu O;kikfjd ekxZ] tks vgenkckn vkSj gSnjkckn (fla/k) ls tqM+rs Fks] ohjku gks x, mRiknu dsUÊksa dks jsy ekxks± ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA o"kZ 1905 bZ- ls 1924 bZ- rd t;iqj rFkk vlqjf{kr Hkh gks x,A viuh lSfud vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i vaxzst ljdkj us jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr jsyekxks± (ehVjxst) dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk Fkk22 & ubZ lSfud Nkofu;ksa dks vius iz'kklfud dsUÊ vtesj ls tksM+kA ulhjkckn] uhep] lkj.kh&2 ,fjuiqjk] Mhlk vkfn Nkofu;ksa dh vko';drk ds fy, u, ekxZ fodflr fd, x, 24 ÿ-la- jsyekxZ izkjEHk frfFk dqy yEckbZ (ehy) rFkk vc tSlyesj] ikyh] ukxkSj] ekyiqjk] jktx<+ o js.kh dk egŸo lekIr gks x;kA bu O;kikfjd ekxks± esa ifjorZu vkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktiwrkuk esa O;kikfjd voljksa 1- lkaxkusj&lokbZek/kksiqj 'kk[kk & dk Hkh vHkko mRiÈk gks x;k] ftudk nq"izHkko O;kikfj;ksa ,oa muds vkfJrksa ij iM+kA 1) lkaxkusj ls fuokbZ 10 uoEcj] 1905 32-18 vr% ;gk° ds (eq[;r% 'ks[kkokVh ds)] ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us vc nksvkc ,oa 2) fuokbZ ls okbZ ek/kksiqj 17 vDVwcj] 1907 41-23 xaxk?kkVh dh eafM;ksa & [kqjtk] gkiqM+] gkFkjl] fQjkstkckn ,oa fetkZiqj esa vukt dqy yEckbZ 73-41 O;kikf;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA25 lkFk gh bl {ks= ds unh cUnjxkgksa 2- t;iqj&>qU>quq 'kk[kk & & Q:Z[kkckn] fetkZiqj] iVuk rFkk Hkkxyiqj esa ekjokM+h O;kikfjd Qes± LFkkfir gqbZaA bu {ks=ksa ls caxky ,oa fcgkj dh rjQ c<+s rFkk ;gk° lkgwdkjh] vukt O;kikj rFkk 1) t;iqj ls jhaxl 19 fnlEcj] 1916 36-64 vaxzstksa ds nykyksa ds :i esa dk;Z djus yxsA26 ;s ekjokM+h O;kikjh ekyok] cEcbZ rFkk 2) jhaxl ls iylkuk 6 vizSy] 1918 14-17 gSnjkckn dh rjQ Hkh x,] tgk° bUgksaus vQhe O;kikj esa :fp fn[kkbZA egkjk"V™] 3) iylkuk ls lhdj 1 fnlEcj] 1922 17-02 vdksyk] [kkuns'k rFkk cjkj esa bUgksaus dikl O;kikj esa :fp fn[kkbZA t;iqj jkT; esa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 541 279 542 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 1893 bZ- ds i'pkr~ vaxzstksa }kjk izpfyr eqÊk iz.kkyh (#i;k) ds dkj.k cSfdax 1993] i`- 348 ljkZQk o gq.Mh O;olk; dks Hkh uqdlku igq°pkA e/;dky esa t;iqj jkT; cSafdax ,oa 10- 'kekZ] ts-lh-] ,MfefuLV™sfVo flLVe vkWQ nh jktiwrl~] ubZ fnYyh] 1979] i`- 154 eqÊk vnyk&cnyh (cÍk) dk eq[; dsUÊ Fkk] ijUrq vc ;g O;olk; ykHknk;d ugha 11- xqIrk] ,l-ih-] ,xzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ bZLVuZ jktLFkku (1650&1750)] fnYYkh] 1986] jg x;k Fkk rFkk ;gk° ds O;kikjh vc fczfV'k Hkkjr ds fofHkÈk {ks=ksa esa fu"ÿe.k djus i`- 104 yxs FksA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa bu O;kikfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,° iznku dh xbZ rFkk lwn[kksjh 12- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] t;iqj] 1993] i`- 332 ds O;olk; dks [kwc izksRlkgu n;k x;kA D;ksafd vaxzstksa dh HkwjktLo uhfr;ksa us 13- xqIrk] ch-,y-] V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku (M~;wfjax nh 8oha lsUpqjh)] t;iqj] fdlkuksa dh foŸkh; vko';drkvksa dks Hkh c<+k fn;k FkkA 1997] i`- 86 14- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1939&40] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] bl izdkj vkokxeu ds u, ekxks± ,oa lalk/kuksa ds fodkl us u dsoy i`- 14 jktiwrkuk ds izkœfrd lalk/kuksa ds nksgu dks xfr iznku dh vfirq ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa 15- iwoksZ‰] xqIrk] ch-,y-] i`- 211 ds fu"ÿe.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktiwrkuk ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds fodkl dks Hkh 16- iwoksZ‰] vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] i`- 59 xgjk vk?kkr igq°pkA ijUrq bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa ds fczfV'k Hkkjr esa lQy ,oa le`º 17- ogh gks tkus ij vius ey jkT; esa Hkh buds eku&lEeku ,oa egŸo esa o`fº gqbZA vius 18- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1936&37] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] jkT; esa flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa rFkk jsyekxks± ds fodkl gsrq 'kkldksa }kjk vius jkT; ds i`- 98 izoklh O;kikfj;ksa ls dbZ ckj vkfFkZd lgk;rk yh tkrh FkhA bu O;kikfj;ksa dks vc 19- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1946&47] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] njckj esa rFkk lykgdkj lfefr;ksa esa lkeUrksa ds led{k lEekfur LFkku iznku fd;k i`- 12 tkus yxkA ;s /kuk<~; O;kikjh vc vaxzst ljdkj rFkk jkT;ksa ds jktkvksa ds e/; e/ 20- xqIrk] lkfo=h] t;iqj fMfLV™DV xStsVh;j] xouZesaV vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj] 1987] i`- ;LFk dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkus yxs FksA ijUrq budk loZizeq[k ;ksxnku tufgr ds dk;ks± 337 esa jgkA /keZ'kkyk,°] vLirkyksa] fu%'kqYd vkS"k/kky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] dq,° [kqnokus rFkk 21- iwoksZ‰] tSu] ,e-,l-] i`- 187 vdky vkfn izkœfrd vkinkvksa ds le; bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us mYYks[kuh; :i 22- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1935&36] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkujs] ls vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dhA i`- 40 lUnHkZ 23- ogh 24- iwoksZ‰] tSu] ,e-,l-] i`- 107 1- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] bEihfj; xStsVh;j vkWQ bf.M;k] izksfouf'k;y lhjht & jktiwrkuk 25- VdusV] Mh-ds-] baMfLV™;y ,UVjizU;ksjf'ki vkWQ 'ks[kkoVh ekjokM+ht] lkmFk ,f'k; (iqueqZfÊr)] cqDl V™stj] tks/kiqj] 2007] i`- 236 cqDl] fnYYkh] 1986] i`- 59 2- ogh 26- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ifCyds'ku Ldhe] t;iqj] 3- xgyksr] txnh'kflag] dNokgksa dk bfrgkl] ;wfud V™sMlZ] t;iqj 2004] i`- 1 1993] i`- 334 4- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1947&48] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] i`- 5 5- tSu] ,e-,l-] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1995] i`- 105 6- ogh 7- xqIrk] ch-,y-] V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku (M~;wfjax nh 18oha lsUpqjh)] t;iqj] 1997] i`- 130&131 8- ogh] i`- 133&135 9- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ifCyds'ku Ldhe] t;iqj] 280 544 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 rFkk O;kikfjd oxZ dh bl lw>&cw> us mUgsa vizR;{k ykHk Hkh igqapk;k] D;kasfd vaxzsth Hkkjr esa m|fe;ksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks muds ykHk ds ml Hkkx ij vk;dj esa NwV dk O;kolkf;d leqnk; vkSj chdkusj dk izko/kku Fkk] tks /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa (V™LVksa) o lkoZtfud mi;ksx ds dke vkus okys dk;ks± ij [kpZ fd;k x;k gksA5 Qyr% chdkusj esa fofHkUu /kkfeZd V™LVksa ,oa muds vk/kqfud Lo:i % ,d v/;;u }kjk lapkfyr f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa euksjatu tSlh vusd lkoZtfud laLFkk,a izpyu es ( vkaXy&'kklu dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ) vk;haA bl rjg O;kolkf;d oxZ us vius ykHk dks cuk, j[krs gq, tudY;k.k ds MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr dk;ks± }kjk izR;{k o ijks{k :Ik ls chdkusj jkT; ds vk/kqfud fodkl esa lfÿ; ;ksxnku fn;kA6 lexz fo'o ds vUrxZr Hkkjr rFkk izeq[k vaxzst lajf{kr Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk gh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ i{k jkT; esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk Hkh vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us vk/kqfudrk ds Lo:Ik esa viuh tM+sa tekbZA lelkef;d laokgd cukA lkglh iwathifr o m|fe;ksa us jkT; esa e'khu vk/kkfjr m|ksx LFkkfir chdkusj jkT; Hkh vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh bl nkSM+ esa ihNs ugha jgkA ;g Hkh izklafxd gS fd,A blls i;kZIr ek=k esa jkT; esa gh fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu gksus yxkA jkT; fd vk/kqfud fodkl ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa jkT; ds 'kkld ,oa lkeUr oxZ us uohu esa LFkkfir gksus okys u, m|ksxksa us vc QSDV™h vFkok dkj[kkus dk :Ik /kkj.k dj /kkjk ds bl vfojy izokg esa lg;ksx djus dh ctk; vusd leL;k,a mRiUu dhaA1 fy;kA vk/kqfud o`gn~ m|ksxksa ds vUrxZr chdkusj jkT; esa & dkap (Xykl) QSDV™h] fdUrq jkT; ds vuqHko'khy m|eh ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ us uo&vk/kqfudhdj.k dks le; dkWVu thfuax QSDV™h] 'kqxj fey] ikojywe fofoax QSDV™h] ÿflax ,.M cVu esfdax dh vko';drk le>] fodkl dh bl fn'kk esa ihNs gVuk Js;dj ugha ekukA lkglh QSDV™h] vk;ju QSDV™h] dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ] ogha NksVs y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrxZr VkbZy iwathifr] tks vc rd jkT; rFkk jkT; ds ckgj jgdj vius m|e lapkfyr dj jgs Fks] QSDV™h] lkWi esfdax QSDV™h] lksMkokVj QSDV™h] nky rFkk rsy fey] gS.Mywe QSDV™h] fcuk fdlh iz'kklfud lg;ksx ds mUgksaus jkT; esa gh vkfFkZd lalk/ku ryk'kus izkjEHk peM+k QSDV™h tSls u, m|e Hkh izpyu esa vk,A7 dj fn,A chdkusj jkT; ls tqM+k O;kolkf;d oxZ bl rF; ls Hkh Hkyh Hkkafr voxr Fkk jkT; ds vk/kqfud fodkl esa izeq[k ck/kk ;g Hkh Fkh] fd rRdkyhu vaxszt fd vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z dsoy ;kaf=dhdj.k ls gh ugha gS] oju~ vk/kqfudhdj.k ljdkj us vaxzsth jkT; esa iwath fuos'k ij izfrca/k yxk j[ks FksA bu izfrca/kksa ds jgrs vk/kkjHkwr Hkh gksuk pkfg,A bl laca/k esa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gaS fd ;gka ds lkglh jkT; ds izoklh m|eh ,oa O;kikjh jkT; esa vkS|ksfxd bZdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ugha dj iwathifr;ksa rFkk lsB&lkgwdkjksa us jkT; esa tudY;k.k ds dk;ks± dh vk/kkjf'kYkk j[kh] ldrs FksA2 ysfdu dqN le; ckn vaxzst ljdkj us dqN ,slh ;kstuk,a izkjEHk dha ftuds vUrxZr jkT; esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk] ds fo|ky;] LokLF; ,oa fpfdRlk dsUnz] ftuesa O;kikfj;ksa dks /ku fuos'k djus dh NwV nh xbZaA vaxzstksa }kjk ,slh ;kstukvksa dk ;k=h /keZ'kkykvksa ds fuek.kZ ds lkFk&lkFk ;krk;kr izca/k esa lg;ksx rFkk izkd`frd fÿ;kUo;u Li"Vr% vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k esa o`fº djuk FkkA fQj Hkh LFkkuh; rFkk vkink ds le; jkgr o jkstxkj izca/k tSls egRoiw.kZ dk;Zÿe pyk, x,A8 tudY;k.kd izoklh m|fe;ksa us ;gka iwath yxkbZ] fdUrq mfpr ifj.kke u feyus ij m|eh vkSj ds dk;ks± esa m|eh ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij O;kikfjd oxZ ykHk ls oafpr jgkA ,slh fLFkfr esa izoklh m|eh oxZ us uohu ekxZ vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS & viukrs gq, jkT; esa cM+h&cM+h bekjrksa rFkk Hkou fuekZ.k dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA bu m|fe;ksa us lkoZtfud fgr ls tqM+s izfr"Bkuksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh viuk /ku yxkuk izkjEHk (v) vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds fodkl esa O;kolkf;d oxZ fd;kA jkT; rFkk izoklh m|eh bl rF; ls Hkyh Hkkafr voxr Fks fd jkT; esa fufeZr v/;;udky lkekUrh; O;oLFkk dk izfrfuf/kRo Hkh djrk FkkA bl le; fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vpy lEifŸk dks U;k;ky; vFkok jkT; ljdkj uhyke rFkk jkT; iz'kklu u rks tudY;k.k ds dk;ks± esa #fp ysrk Fkk vkSj u gh ,sls dk;ks± esa /ku dqdZ ugha dj ldrh FkhA3 bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[k izoklh m|fe;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa us O;; djuk viuk nkf;Ro ekurk FkkA ;nk&dnk jkT; dh vk; esa o`fº gks tkrh rks ml yk[kksa #Ik;s HkO; bekjrksa] gosfy;ksa] /keZ'kkykvks] ty laxzg.k gsrq dqvksa] I;k≈] ykHk dks ?kj ifjokj dh lq[k le`fº rFkk lkeUrksa ds BkB&ckB ij [kpZ gksrk FkkA lkoZtfud m|ku] iqqLrdky;kas] okpuky;ksa ,oa eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fuos'k djus lkoZftd fgr ds dk;ks± ds fy, lnSo muds ikl /kukHkko dk cgkuk FkkA ,sls esa jkT; izkjEHk fd,A vk/kqfud fodkl dh /kkjk esa ;g ,d lkaLd`frd igy Hkh FkhA4 m|eh esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds izlkj esa vojks/k mRiUu gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA nwljh vksj lkeUr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 545 281 546 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 oxZ f'k{kk ds izpkj dk i{k/kj Hkh ugha FkkA bu foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; ds /kuh dkj.k tgka ,d vksj ,yksisFkh fpfdRlk iºfr dk fodkl gks jgk Fkk] tks vR;Ur ,oa izcqº lsB lkgqdkjksa us vkxs vkdj jkT; ds lkaLd`frd xkSjo dh j{kk ds fy, eagxh Fkh] ogha chdkusj ds lsB lkgqdkjksa us 19oha lnh ds vUr rd vkrs vkrs izkphu loZizFke laLd`r Hkk"kk ds izpkj ls jkT; esa f'k{kk dh vy[k dks txk;kA9 f'k{kk izlkj Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk iºfr esa #fp rFkk tu ekul dh vkfFkZd n'kk dks /;ku es j[k ds bl iquhr dk;Z esa jkT; ds pw: {ks= ds O;kolkf;;ksa us viuk fu%LokFkZ lg;ksx vk;qosZn fpfdRlk iºfr dk izlkj fd;kA blh ÿe esa jrux<+ esa lsB lwjtey fn;kA10 ;gka ds izcqº m|fe;ksa us pw: ds lkFk&lkFk fudVorhZ {ks=ksa esa Hkh laLd`r ukxjey] pw: esa lsB eksrhyky jk/kkd`".k ckxyk] lqtkux<+ esa lsB foj/khpUn lsfB;k ikB'kkykvksa dh 'kq:vkr dhA11 1930 bZ- rd vkrs vkrs jkT;Hkj esa laLd`r ikB'kkykvksa rFkk pw: esa gh lsB Hktuyky yksfg;k ,oa lsB QwypUn xks;udk ds }kjk vk;qosZn dk izHkqRo dk;e gks x;kA blls iwoZ 1891 bZ- ds mijkUr jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dk iºfr ij vk/kkfjr nkŸkO; vkS"k/kky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA18 lw=ikr 'kkldh; laj{k.k esa gks pqdk FkkA vr% m|eh oxZ us Hkh vaxszth f'k{kk dks vk/kqfud LokLF; mipkj ds futh {ks= esa ,yksisFkh iºfr ij vk/kkfjr le; dh vko';drk ekukA jkT; vkSj m|fe;ksa ds lk>k iz;klksa ls chdkusj esa vusd gkfLiVy iºfr dks Hkh loZizFke p: ds ckxyk ifjokj ds }kjk izkjEHk fd;k x;kA vaxzsth f'k{kk vk/kkfjr fo|ky; [kksys x,A 1892bZ- esa loZizFke jktx<+ ds lsB 20 tqykbZ 1896 bZ- dks pw: esa igys vk/kqfud 'kSyh esa fufeZr vLirky dk mn~?kkVu 12 Vhdekuh ifjokj us jktx<+ esa igyk ,aXyks&oukZD;wyj izkbejh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA gqvkA bl vLirky esa ejhtksa dks vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iºfr dk ykHk rks feyk gh rnqijkUr chdkusj 'kgj] jrux<+ uksgj] pw: rFkk ekseklj vkfn izeq[k {ks=ksa esa vaxzsth lkFk gh 'kY; fpfdRlk vkSj ejjtksa dks HkrhZ dh lqfo/kk Hkh nh tkus yxhA bl f'k{kk ds izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys x,A blh ÿe esa pw: ds gh ckxyk ifjokj us vLirky esa ,d vR;k/kqfud vkWijs'ku fFk;sVj dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;k tks ml nkSjku 13 1903bZ- esa vaxzsth f'k{kk ds izlkj gsrq fefMy Ldwy dh uho Hkh j[khA m|eh oxZ vius k tk ldrk gSA rRdkyhu lekt ds ÁR;sd oxZ esa bl Ádkj ds vijk/k dh ?kVuk,° gksrh FkhA ftl rjg ls iq#"k bl vijk/k esa layXu gksrs Fks] mlh rjg efgyk,sa Hkh bueas lafyIr gksrh FkhA iqjkys[kh; nLrkostksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd pkepksjh] yxokM+ ;k O;fHkpkj tSlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk,° ?kfVr gksus ij ekeyk pksrjs ;k dpSM+h esa igq°prk Fkk] tgka ls vf/kdka'kr% tkrh; iapk;r dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA vxj ekeyk vartkZrh; gksrk Fkk rks og ekeyk njckj ds le{k j[kk tkrk FkkA tkrh; iapk;r ;k njckj }kjk ,sls ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; nsus ls iwoZ vfHk;q‰ dh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 551 284 552 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkfFkZd o lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa mlds }kjk fd;s x, vijk/k dh xaHkhjrk dks eÌsutj os muls vuSfrd is'kk djok ldsA j[kk tkrk FkkA5 mnkgj.kkFkZ ukxksj dLcs ds uanokuk cksgjk Qrsg ij pkepksjh vijk/k ;gk° rd fd ekjokM+ esa dU;kvksa o efgykvksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r dk dk;Z gsrq 175 #i, naMLo:i vkjksfir fd;s x, Fks] tks mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks eÌsutj jkT; ds laj{k.k esa Qy&Qwy jgk FkkA ;g dk;Z ekjokM+ jkT; esa gh ugha cfYd j[kdj eqdjZj fd;s x, FksA bl jkf'k dks vnk djus ds fy, mlus viuk ?kj fxjoh rRdkyhu iM+kslh jkT;ksa & chdkusj] tSlyesj o esokM+ esa Hkh blh rjg izpyu esa FkkA j[kdj 104 #i, jktdks"k esa tek djok, rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k vFkkZr 71 #i, jkT; ls ekQ ekjokM+ jkT; esa yM+fd;ksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r ds dk;Z esa esj] eso] xokfj,° rFkk jsckjh djus dh xqtkfj'k dh] ijUrq jkT; us vijk/k dh Áo`fŸk dks ns[krs gq, 'ks"k lEiw.kZ jkf'k tkfr ds yksx vf/kdka'kr% layXu FksA10 ;s yksx dU;kvksa] ckydksa o fL=;ksa dk ekQ u djds ek= 35 #i, NwV fd, o 'ks"k 36 #i, jktdks"k esa tek djokus ds vigj.k djds mUgs nwljksa dks csp nsrs FksA11 bl dky ds nkSjku dqatek.kk xk°o dk jgus 6 l[r vkns'k fn,A blls Kkr gksrk gS fd jkT; Á'kklu lkekftd ijEijkvksa ds fo#º okyk dkUgk pkj.k eq[; /kkM+k;r Fkk] tks yM+fd;ksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r djrk FkkA fd;s tkus okys dk;ks± ds Áfr FkksM+k laosnu'khy FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ ukxkSj ds cyk;k xk°o ds pkS/kjh dekZ us dkUgk pkj.k ls fo-la- 1842@1785 lekt dk n`f"Vdks.k bZ- esa ,d 7&8 o"kZ dh yM+dh [kjhn dh FkhA12 blh rjg ijxuk lkstr ds xaokfj;ksa e/;;qxhu jktLFkku esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lkekftd n`f"V ls csgrj ugha }kjk 25 vkSjrsa o 4 yM+fd;ka cspus gsrq fla/k ys tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA13 FkhA ;gh fLFkfr vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa ekjokM+ jkT; esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA efgyk yM+fd;ksa dks [kjhnuk o cspuk jkT; }kjk oS/k gksrk FkkA jkT; blds fy, bl dks Hkksx dh oLrq le>k tkrk FkkA efgykvksa ls lEcº lkekU; vijk/kksa ;Fkk&cnlywdh] O;olk; esa layXu yksxksa dks laj{k.k nsrk Fkk rFkk blds ,ot esa muls pkSFkkbZ uked ekjihV rFkk yxokM+ vkfn ds vkjksi esa vfHk;q‰ iq#"k dks tqekZuk jkf'k ysdj eq‰ dj dj Hkh olwy djrk FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ- dh ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj fn;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq ,sls vijkf/k;ksa ij] tks lekt dh xfjek dks Hkax djus okys tSrkj.k ijxus ds esj ykyk us exjk {ks= ls 2 yMfd;k° ykdj tSrkj.k esa cspha Fkh] vijk/kksa dks vatke nsrs Fks] lekt }kjk vadq'k yxk;k tkrk FkkA tkrh; iapk;rsa ,sls ftldh pkSFkkbZ ds :i esa mlus 35 #i;s dpgjh esa tek djok, FksA blh Ádkj ckn 7 ekeyksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh FkhA tkfr iapk;rksa ds dk;Z{ks= esa tkrh; o esa og 2 vkSj yM+fd;ka chjeiqjh xk°o ls ysdj vk;k tks mlds fu;a=.k ls fudydj lkekftd fu;e vkSj ijEijkvksa dks laj{k.k ,oa lqj{kk Ánku djus dk dk;Z Hkh okil vius xk°o Hkkx xbZ rc dpgjh ds Á;kl ls nksuksa yM+fd;ksa dks ykdj iqu% 8 lfEefyr FkkA ykyk dks lkSai fn;k x;kA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd jkT; ds leFkZu ,oa laj{k.k ls gh iq#"k Á/kku lekt esa vkSjrksa ds Áfr cnlywdh djuk vke ckr FkhA ;g bl izdkj ds dk;Z lekt esa Ápyu esa Fks] vr% rRdkyhu ifjÁs{; esa ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa blfy, Hkh vf/kd Ápyu esa Fkk D;ksafd lekt ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh dk fojks/k djuk ljy Hkh ugha FkkA14 efgykvksa ds lEeku ds Áfr bruk vf/kd xEHkhj ugha FkkA blhfy, rRdkyhu lekt rRdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa ds lkFk vO;ogkj o O;fHkpkj vke ckr FkhA esa uotkr dU;k;ksa dh gR;k djuk] yM+fd;ksa o efgykvksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r o mu rRdkyhu nLrkostksa esa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k fey tkrs gS tks bl rF; dh iqf"V djrs ij vkSj rjg ds t+qeZ djuk vke ckr FkhA9 rRdkyhu vfHkys[kh; nLrkostksa esa pksrjs vkSj dpsM+h lhxs ds varxZr mº`r lkekftd fooknksa ds vUos"k.kkRed v/;;u ds gSA iqjkys[kh; lzksr esa mº`r ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj esM+rk ijxus ds xk°o dqM+dh ds vk/kkj ij vxj ppkZ dh tk, rks ;g ikrs gS fd efgyk,a vf/kdka'k fooknksa dk fgLlk tkxhjnkj dk vius gh dkenkj pank ls fdlh ckr dks ysdj fookn gks x;k Fkk rc cuh gqbZ gSA fdlh fookn ls og Lo;a mRihfM+r gS rks fdlh fookn esa og lekt ds tkxhjnkj us pank dh vuqifLFkfr esa mldh iRuh ds iSjksa esa csM+h Myok nhA bl ekeys mRihM+u dh ftEesokj gSA bl dky[kaM esa vf/kdka'kr% Ápyu esa jgs fooknksa vFkok dh Áfrfÿ;k Lo:i njckj us ;g fu.kZ; rks vo'; fy;k fd fdlh efgyk ds iSjksa esa vijk/kksa dh Ád`fr dk v/;;u bl 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mÌs'; gSA e/;dky esa ekjokM+ csM+h Mkyuk lgh ugha gS bLkfy, pank dh iRuh dh csM+h dVokus ds rqjar vkns'k fn, jkT; ds lekt esa fL=;ksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds ÿ;&foÿ; dh dqÁFkk cM+s Lrj ij vkSj ekeyk ugha lqy>us rd pank ds llqj ls gkftj tke.kh ysdj mldh iRuh dks Ápfyr FkhA bl [kjhn&Qjks[r ds dbZ dkj.k FksA jktiwr yksx viuh iq=h ds fookg mlds llqj ds lkFk Hkst fn;k x;kA ijUrq] ml efgyk ds lkFk fd, x, vHknz esa ngst ds lkFk xksyk&xksyh (nkl&nklh) nsrs Fks] ftlds fy, os vkSjrksa ,oa O;ogkj ds fy, tkxhjnkj ds Áfr njckj }kjk fdlh Ádkj dh dk;Zokgh ugha dh yM+fd;ksa dks [kjhnrs FksA blds vfrfj‰ dqN lkeUr o vkfFkZd n`f"V ls le`º yksx xbZA15 blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt efgyk o iq#"k ds e/; lekurk dk O;ogkj ugha (cMkj.kksa) j[kSyksa ds #i esa mUgsa [kjhnrs FksA dbZ os';k,a yM+fd;k° [kjhnrh Fkh] rkfd djrk FkkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 553 285 554 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 tgka ,d vksj efgyk,a iq#"k Á/kku lekt esa iq#"k oxZ dks ÁkIr fof'k"V gksrh gS fd jkT; vijk/k dh cwBk vkjksi yxk;kA gkykafd ekeys x;h tcfd njckj us ek= 35 #i, NwV djds 'ks"k 36 #i, Hkjokus ds Á'kklu dks dh Nkuchu ds i'pkr~ >wBk vkjksi yxkus okys tLlk xksyspk dks dSn esa Mkyus dk vkns'k fn,A18 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd jkT; ,sls vijk/k ds Áfr dBksjrk ls tqekZuk olwy vkns'k fn;k x;kA24 blh Ádkj xk°o xksjk≈ ds tkV nsok us viuh iRuh ds lkFk egktu djrk FkkA fo-la- 1830@1773 bZ- dh ,d lwpuk ls tkudkjh ÁkIr gksrh gS fd [khaok }kjk ;kSu mRihM+u djus dk vkjksi yxk;kA ifj.kker% tkrh; iapk;r us bl efgykvksa ls tqM+s vU; lkekftd fooknksa ds izfr Hkh jkT; dk l[r joS;k FkkA tSrkj.k ekeys ij laKku ysrs gq, [khaok ij 130 #i, dk gtkZuk yxkdj nsok tkV dks nsus dk ds [kkrh lq[kk us viuh gh iRuh dk ukd o gkFk dkV fn, Fks] ftlds fy, lq[kk dks 25 dSn esa Mky fn;k x;k FkkA lkFk gh jkT; }kjk vkns'k fn;k x;k fd vxj ;s vijk/k vkns'k gqvkA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt esa bl rjg ds vijk/kksa dh iqujkorhZ u mlus fdlh ds dgs&lqus ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gS rks ltk cjdjkj j[kh tk, vFkok gks blfy, vijk/kh ij Hkkjh tqekZuk vkjksfir fd;k tkrk FkkA mldh iRuh esa gh dksbZ deh gS rks bl ekeys ij iqu% laKku fy;k tk,A19 jkT; }kjk dbZ ckj efgykvksa ds lkFk ifjokfjokfjd eqÌksa dks ysdj Hkh ekjihV dh tkrh dqN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vijkf/k;ksa dks NwV fn, tkus ds mYys[k Hkh feyrs gSaA Fkh o mudks csbTtr djus ds fy, mu ij dbZ rjg ds dyad yxk, tkrs FksA ,sls mnkgj.kkFkZ ikyh ds ukbZ vefj;k dks viuh gh tkfr ds jkth;k dh cgw ls pkepksjh ds ekeyksa esa njckj }kjk fu.kZ; fn, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj vijk/k esa fxj∂rkj fd;k x;k ijUrq vefj;k ds HkkbZ us njckj ls vtZ dh fd ?kj esa fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ- esa chykM+k dLcs ds dqEgkj uxk dh cgw us njckj ls xqgkj dh dksbZ dekus okyk ugha gS] ifjokj ds yksxksa dks [kkus ds ykys iM+ jgs gSaA vr% njckj fd mlds llqj us ml ij cguksbZ ds lkFk uktk;t laca/kksa dh rksger yxkbZ gS] us vefj;k ukbZ dks eq‰ djus ds vkns'k fn,A20 mi;qZ‰ fooj.k ls ;g ckr rks Li"V ifj.kker% mlds ifr us mls ekjihV dj ?kj ls ckgj fudky fn;k gSA vr% njckj us ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 555 286 556 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mlds ifr uxk dks cqykdj vkns'k fn;k fd vxj mldh iRuh xSj jhr ugha py jgh lUnHkZ gS rks mlds lkFk ,slk O;ogkj u djsA26 tSrkj.k ijxus ds xk°o ikapMksfy;k dh rSy.k 1- tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa ;=&r= ,slh vusd lwpuk,a ns[kus dks feyrh L=h mndh dks xk°o [kkykMk dk rsyh jkth;k ukrs ys x;k Fkk ijUrq mls ihVrk Fkk vkSj gS] ftueas efgykvksa ls tqM+h fofHkUu lkekftd leL;kvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA [kkuk o diM+k Hkh ugha nsrk Fkk vr% mndh dh f'kdk;r ij jkT; us jkth;k dks gqDe 2- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 3] fo-la- 1822@1765 bZ-] i`- 75 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l] fn;k fd ;k rks oks mndh ds [kkus ihus dh O;oLFkk jhr ds vuqlkj djs ;k fQj mndh jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj dks dgh vkSj ukrs tkus dh vuqefr nsA27 blh Ádkj vU/kfo'okl dh vkM+ esa Hkh 3- tks/kiqj jkT; ls lEcº fofHkUu cfg;ksa dh ‹k`a[kyk,° jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] efgyk,° gh lokZf/kd tqeZ dk f'kdkj gksrh FkhA ukxkSj dpgjh dh ,d lwpuk ds chdkusj esa lajf{kr gS] tks 17oha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ ls ysdj 20oha lnh rd ds nh?kZ vuqlkj fo-la- 1841@1784 bZ- esa ,d yM+dh ij Hkwr&Ásr dh Nk;k dk ÁHkko [kRe dky[kaM dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA djus ds fy, ,d czk„.k us ml yM+dh dks tykdj ekj fn;k FkkA ,slh ?kVuk 4- jktsUÊ dqekj] 18oha lnh esa jkt&ekjokM+ esa efgykvksa dh n'kk o fn'kk] jktLFkku dk lekt esa rks fojks/k ugha Fkk] ijUrq jkT; Á'kklu us bl ckr dk laKku ysrs gq, ml fgLV™h dkaxzsl ÁkslhfMaXl] okWY;we&26] ikyh ls'ku] fnlEcj 2010] i`- 286 czk„.k ij 51 #i;s dh xqusgxkjh yxkbZA ijUrq tks/kiqj egkjktk us ,sls t?kU; 5- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 82 ,Q&1] 203 ,Q&2_ lun vijk/k ds fy, vkfFkZd tqekZus dks de ltk ekurs gq, vijk/kh dks ns'k fudkyk fn;s ijokuk cgh] ua- 35] fo-la- 1843@1786 bZ-] i`- 12 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk- tkus dk vkns'k fn;kA28 v-ch- jkT; ds ,sls l[r O;ogkj ls vke tu esa gR;k lEcU/kh vijk/kksa esa rks deh 6- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] fefr ekxZ'kh"kZ lqnh 7] tks/kiqj vkbZ ijUrq fQj Hkh efgyk ds Áfr lekt dh n`f"V esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lq/kkj ugha gqvkA fjdkWMZ~l bl rF; dh iqf"V fo-la- 1818@1761 bZ- dh ?kVuk ls gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkj esM+rk 7- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823@1766 bZ-] i`- 236] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l ijxuk ds xko fc[kj.kh;k ls tkV [khaok o pks[ks dh cgu dks cks#Unk ds tkxhjnkj 8- f'kodqekj] Hkuksr] jktLFkku esa iapk;r O;oLFkk] ;wfuoflZVh cqd gkml] t;iqj] i`- 83 dk HkkbZ lkoar flag mBk ds ys x;k vkSj mls vius ?kj esa tcju j[k fy;kA ijUrq l=g 9- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 85 ,Q&1&2] 184 ,Q&2] tks/ o"kZ ckn tc [khaok dks mldh cgu ds ckjs esa irk pyk rks [khaok dh vtZ+nk'r ij kiqj fjdkWMZ~l njckj us vkns'k fn, fd lkoar flag o tkV efgyk dks dpgjh cqykdj :c: 10- Lkun ijokuk cgh] ua] 20] fo] la] 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 57 ,Q&1] 85 ,Q&1&2 tks/ djok;k tk,] vxj efgyk bl tqeZ dh iqf"V dj nsrh gS rks lkoar flag dks vkns'k kiqj fjdkWM~Zl 11- jktsUÊ dqekj] chdkusj jkT; ds O;kikj&okf.kT; esa nyky oxZ dh Hkwfedk (18oha lnh fn;k tk, fd oks ml tkV L=h dks mlds Hkkb;ksa dks lkSai nsA29 ijUrq] rRdkyhu ds mŸkjkºZ esa)] vfHkys[k tuZy] (laik-) egsUnz [kM+xkor] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] izpfyr lkekftd jhfr ds vuqlkj LokHkkfod lh ckr Fkh fd tks efgyk l=g o"kZ chdkusj] o"kZ&2017] i`- 51 rd fdlh iq#"k ds lkFk jg xbZ] rRi'pkr~ oks mls NksM+dj dgha vksj tkrh rks lekt 12- jktsUÊ dqekj] 18oha lnh esa jkTkekjokM+ esa efgykvksa dh n'kk o fn'kk] i`- 287 mls Lohdkj ugha djrkA blfy,] m‰ efgyk }kjk lkoar flag }kjk fd;s x, bl tqeZ 13- ogh dh iqf"V ugha dh x;hA vr% lkoar flag ds fo#º fdlh Ádkj dh dk;Zokgh ugha 14- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 184 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l 30 dh x;hA 15- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832@1775 bZ-] fefr vklkst lqnh 5] tks/kiqj ifj.kker% lekt ds mPp oxZ esa gh ugha cfYd fuEu oxZ esa Hkh efgykvksa ds fjdkWMZ~l vf/kdkjksa ij blh Ádkj dqBkjk?kkr gksrk jgk vkSj bl dky[k.M esa lekt ds gj oxZ 16- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 42 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l esa bl rjg dh ?kVuk,° ns[kus dks feyrh gSA fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 17- lkok eaMh lnj cgh chdkusj] ua- 3] fo-la- 1858@1801 bZ-] i`- 67 ,Q&2_ dkxn 18oha lnh ds dky[kaM ds nkSjku ekjokM+ jkT; esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dk nksgjk Lo:i cgh] ua- 29] fo- la- 1880@1823 bZ-] i`- 187 ,Q&2] dkxn cgh] ua- 30] fo- la- fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA O;f‰xr :i ls ifjokj esa ukfj;ksa dks vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk 1881@1824 bZ-]i`- 348 ,Q&1] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch- Fkk] ijUrq lkekftd n`f"V ls fofHkUu dqÁFkkvksa ds dkj.k fL=;ksa dh n'kk cgqr [kjkc 18- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 42] ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l FkhA 19- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 13] fo-la- 1830@1773 bZ-] i`- 217] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 557 287 20- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832@1775 bZ-] i`- 164 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l 21- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823@1766 bZ-] ië- 164 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l 22- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 171 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l jktLFkku esa izkjfEHkd vaxzsth f'k{kk 23- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 17] fo-la- 1833@1776 bZ-] i`- 43 ,Q&1] fefr Jko.k lqnh 8] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l dk laf{kIr ifjp; 24- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 170 ,Q&2] 171 ,Q&1 tks/ MkW- ,drk O;kl kiqj fjdkWMZ~l 25- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 27 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l jktLFkku esa vaxzsth f'k{kk vtesj ls izkjaHk gqbZ] tgk° lhjkeiqjk cSfIVLV izpkjd 26- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 193 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l MkW- fofy;e dsjh dks Hkstk x;k FkkA mlus jsthMsUV vkDVjyksuh dh lgk;rk ls 27- ogh] i`- 181 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWM~Zl vkjEHk esa vtesj vkSj iq"dj rFkk ckn esa fHkuk; vkSj dsdM+h esa Ldwy [kksys] ijUrq 28- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1841@1784 bZ-] ië- 34 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l mi;qZ‰ Ldwyksa esa visf{kr vaxzsth f'k{kk dh izxfr ugha gqbZ vkSj 1827 bZ- esa vtesj ds 29- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 57 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l 30- ogh] i`- 179 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l vfrfj‰ rhuksa Ldwyksa dks cUn dj fn;k x;k] ckn esa 1831 bZ- esa vtesj ds Ldwy dks Hkh cUn dj fn;k x;kA bu Ldwykas dh vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k Ldwyksa esa nh tkus okyh /kkfeZd f'k{kk Fkh] fdUrq vaxzsth Hkk"kk jktdh; Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k lekt esa f'k{kk esa ifjorZu gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA vr% vaxzsth f'k{kk dk iqu% iz;kl fd;k x;k ,oa bldk igyk iz;kl vuoj ds egkjktk cUusflag us fd;kA 1842 bZ- esa iafMr :iukjk;.k dh lgk;rk ls vyoj esa ,d Ldwy LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl Ldwy us larks"ktud izxfr dh vkSj 1870 bZ- esa bl Ldwy dks gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;kA1 1842 esa Hkjriqj esa Hkh ,d vaxzsth Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA jktLFkku esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh izxfr esa t;iqj jkT; vxz.kh; jgkA 1844 bZ- esa t;iqj ujs'k jkeflag us t;iqj esa ^egkjkt Ldwy* dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g vaxzsth fo|ky; 'kh?kz gh yksdfiz; gks x;kA 1847 bZ- esa igyh ckj bl Ldwy esa vk/kqfud ijh{kk iz.kkyh tkjh dh xbZA 1873 bZ- esas bl Ldwy dks ^egkjktk dkWyst cuk fn;k x;kA izkjEHk esa ;g bUVjehfM;sV dkWyst FkkA 1888 bZ- esa bls fMxzh dkWyst vkSj 1900 bZ- esa iksLV fMxzh dkWyst cuk fn;k x;kA 1990 bZ- rd jktLFkku esa ;gh ,d ek= iksLV fMxzh dkWyst FkkA 1861 bZ- esa egkjkt jkeflag us t;iqj esa ,d esfMdy dkWyst Hkh LFkkfir fd;kA 1848 bZ- esa vtesj esa ,d vU; ljdkjh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA izkjEHk esa Nk=ksa ls fdlh izdkj dk 'kqYd ugha fy;k x;k] ijUrq ckn esa pkj vkus ls ,d #i;s rd izos'k 'kqYd fy;k tkus yxkA bl ckj vtesj Ldwy us larks"ktud izxfr dhA 1961 bZ- esa ,UV™sl th ijh{kk ds fy, bl Ldwy dh dydŸkk fo'ofo|ky; ls lEcº dj fn;k x;kA 1868 bZ- esa bls bUVjehfM;sV vkSj 1869 bZ- esa fMxzh dkWyst cuk fn;k x;kA ;g jktLFkku dk izFke fMxzh dkWyst FkkA ;gk° vaxzsth f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA cqUnh] dksVk vkSj >kykokM+ ds jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds iz;Ruksa ls gqbZA twu 1863 bZ- gkMkSrh ,tsUlh ds rRdkyhu ,tsUV csuu us bu jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa ds ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 559 288 560 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 uke O;f‰xr [kjhrs Hksts] ftuesa mUgsa vius jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth Ldwy [kksyk x;kA jkT; dk xBu 1956 esa gqvkA jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,° rks tYn >kykokM+ ujs'k us ikVu vkSj Nkouh esa vaxzsth Ldwy [kksysA ijUrq dksVk ujs'k jkeflag gh izkIr dj yh xbZ] fdarq 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;k° ,oa ubZ 'kSf{kd uhfr;k° vHkh Hkh us foŸkh; dfBukbZ;ksa ds dkj.k jktdh; O;; ij vaxzsth Ldwy [kksyus esa viuh v/kqjh gh FkhA lekt dks ubZ fn'kk nsus ds fy, tYnh gh ubZ 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa dk vleFkZrk izdV dhA fodkl fd;k x;kA 'kSf{kd mÌs'; dh iwfrZ gsrq chdkusj esa fnlEcj 1949 dks f'k{kk tks/kiqj esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr jkT; dh rjQ ls u gksdj turk dh vksj foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ,oa blds nks eghus ds ckn gh dk;ks± dk fÿ;kUo;u izkjaHk ls gqbZA 1867 bZ- esa jko jktk eksrhflag us dqN izfrf"Br ukxfjdksa ds lg;ksx ls tks/kiqj dj fn;k x;kA3 jktLFkku esa u, 'kkldksa ,oa iz'kklu us izkjafHkd f'k{kk esa :fp ysuk esa ,d vaxzsth Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA 1869 bZ- esa jkT; ljdkj us bl Ldwy dks vius izkjaHk fd;kA 1950&51 esa ,d i;kZIr /ku ds lkFk u, fo|ky; [kksys x, ,oa ogk° fu;a=.k esa ys fy;k vkSj bldk uke ^njckj Ldwy* j[kkA 1876 bZ- esa bls gkbZ Ldwy f'k{kdksa dh HkrhZ dh xbZA 1981&82 rd iwjs ns'k esa dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 28 cuk fn;k x;k vkSj 1893 bZ- esa bls bUVjehfM;sV dkWyst cuk dj bldk uke yk[k ds djhc gks xbZ ,oa lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dh la[;k esa Hkh o`fº gqbZA 1951&81 ds ^tloUr dkWyst* j[kk x;kA 1896 bZ- esa bls fMxzh dkyst dj fn;k x;kA vU; rhu n'kdksa esa laiw.kZ jkT; ds izkFkfed 'kSf{kd mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ dj yh xbZA ek/;fed 4 jkT;ksa dh vis{kk tks/kiqj jkT; dh turk us vaxzsth f'k{kk esa vf/kd :fp iznf'kZr dhA f'k{kk ds iz;kl Hkh rqyuh; xfr esa mŸke jgsA bu lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa vaxzsth fo"k; dqN tkfr;ksa us vius i`Fkd tkrh; Ldwy LFkkfir fd;s] tSls fd dk;LFkksa us fllj izeq[k gh jgkA izrki gkbZ Ldwyfi vksloky egktuksa us flljnkj fefMy Ldwyfi vkSj {kf=; ekfy;ksa us lanHkZ flJh lqesj lSuh fefMy Ldwyfi LFkkfir fd;sA chdkusj jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 1- usYlu MCY;w- ,p-] ^esfMdks VksiksxzkfQdy vdkmaV vkWQ vyoj* 1897 i`"B 18 'kq:vkr cgqr nsj ls gqbZA 1872 bZ- esa chdkusj esa igyk ljdkjh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA 2- 'kekZ dkyqjke] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj izFke laLdj.k 1987 1885 bZ- esa ,d u;k Ldwy LFkkfir fd;k x;k] ftlesa Hkk"kk fl[kkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA 3- ^fjiksVZ vkWu n ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ jktLFkku* (vizSy 1949] ekpZ 1950) isjkxzkWQ 1] bl u;s Ldwy dks ckn esa gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;kA mn;iqj ds egkjk.kkvksa rFkk i`- 47 lkeUrksa dks 'kq: ls gh vaxzsth f'k{kk ds izfr fo'ks"k :fp u FkhA egkjk.kk 'kEHkwflag 4- oekZ th-lh-] ^ekWMuZ ,T;qds'ku bV~l xzksFk ,aM MsOgyiesaV bu jktLFkku* (1818&1983) (1861&74) dh ukckyxh ds le; ,tsaV bZMu us fl'kEHkjRu ikB'kkykfi dh LFkkiuk ifCyds'kUl Ldhe] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k 1984 dh vkSj 1865 bZ- esa bl Ldwy esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk izkjEHk dhA 1885 bZ- esa bls gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;k vkSj bldk uke flegkjk.kk gkbZ Ldwyfi j[kk x;kA ckalokM+k] Mwaxjiwj vkSj izrkix<+ tSls NksVs jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr mÈkhloha lnh ds vafre o"kks± esa gh izkjEHk gks ik;h] tcfd tSlyesj tSls jkT; esa lnh ds vUr rd Hkh lEHko u gks ikbZA2 izkjEHk esa jktiwr 'kkldksa dk n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kk ds izfr mRlkgiw.kZ ugha Fkk] os bls viuh izfr"Bk ds fo:º le>rs Fks ,oa fuEu tkfr;ksas ds lkFk i<+us dks rS;kj u FksA vr% muds fy, i`Fkd~ vaxzsth fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA loZizFke t;iqj jkT; esa 1866 bZ- esa ljnkjksa rFkk jktiwrksa ds yM+dksa ds fy, uksfcYl Ldwy LFkkfir fd, x,A 1871 bZ- esa vyoj esa Hkh Bkdqjksa ds iq=ksa ds fy, ,d i`Fkd~ Ldwy [kksyk x;kA bl izdkj ds Ldwy tks/kiqj] mn;iqj] chdkusj vkfn jkT;ksa esa Hkh [kksys x;sA bu Ldwyksa dk ikB~;ÿe lkoZrfud Ldwy ds ikB~;ÿe ls dkQh fHkÈk j[kk x;k Fkk vkSj ;gk° ds f'k{kdksa dks Hkh lkoZtfud Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vPNk osru fn;k tkrk FkkA vkSifuosf'kd dky ls Hkkjr dks 1947 esa Lora=rk izkIr gqbZ ,oa u;s jktLFkku 289 562 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 xq.khtu[kkuk laxhr o u`R; dh f'k{kk ds vfrfjDr fof'k"V voljksa ij laxhr o u`R;ksa ds dk;Zÿeksa dks izLrqr djrk FkkA7 xq.khtu[kkus ds vfrfjDr vkye[kkuk Hkh chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R; dk fodkl laxhr ls lEcfU/kr FkkA8 ukScr[kkuk vkSj uDdkj[kkuk vkye[kksus ds vax FksA fuR;&izfrfnu] ;qº o mRloksa ds volj ij ukScr o uxkM+k ctokus dh O;oLFkk bl (1885 ls 1942 rd) foHkkx dk eq[; dk;Z FkkA bu nksuksa foHkkxksa ds dk;ks± esa leUo; dk iwjk /;ku j[kk MkW- egsUÊ iqjksfgr tkrk FkkA9 bu foHkkxksa ds inksa ij nekeh o dRFkd tkfr;ksa dk gh fo'ks"kkf/kdkj FkkA nekeh tkfr us laxhr rFkk dRFkd tkfr us u`R; esa oa'kkuqxr n{krk o fuiq.krk izkIr dj egkjktk xaxkflag dks Hkh vius jkT; esa vU; jkT;ksa ds jktk&egkjktkvksa dh j[kh FkhA10 xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkjksa dks fof'k"V voljksa ij izksRlkgu gsrq ewY;oku Hkkafr laxhr] u`R; rFkk fp=dyk tSlh vewY; fuf/k fojklr ds :i esa feyhA bUgksaus iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k tkrk FkkA xk;dksa] okndksa o u`rfd;ksa dks tjh dh iks'kkdsa mDr dykvksa ds izfrHkklEiUu dykdkjksa dks vius ;gka jkT;kJ; fn;k vkSj jkT; dh vkSj lksus&pkanh ds vkHkw"k.k iznku fd;s tkrs FksA11 laxhr o u`R; esa yksdxhr o vksj ls vius iwoZtksa dh bl dykRed /kjksgj dks vius ewy:i esa cuk;s j[kus rFkk yksdu`R; dks mfpr LFkku izkIr FkkA chdkusjh ekM 'kSyh esa yksdxhr xk;s tkrs Fks] tks blesa le;≤ ij uohuhdj.k o leUo; ds iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;sA egkjktk tu Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gksrs FksA ,syph] >h.kh dslj] nk:nk[kkaˇh] jk.kk dkNok] Lo;a mPpdksfV ds dykfoK nz"Vk rFkk dyk&eeZK FksA1 c/kkbZ] tPpk] ywgj] fookg&xhr vkfn cM+s yksdfiz; xhr FksA buesa ls dqN xhrksa ds jkT;kJ; izkIr dykdkj viuh dyk dh iw.kZrk ls jkT; ds vfrfFk;ksa dks cksy fuEu izdkj ls gSaμ vk'p;Zpfdr djus esa izoh.k FksA baXyS.M ds jkt?kjkus ds lnL;ksa rFkk ok;ljk;ksa ds c/kkbZ xhr & vkt rks c/kkbZ cktS NS----A chdkusj vkxeu ij Hkkjrh; laxhr o u`R; }kjk mudk Lokxr vkSj euksjatu fd;k tPpk xhr & tPpk jk.kh js eSyka esa ckt jS;ks lksou FkkyA tkrk FkkA2 egkjktk dh jtr t;arh rFkk Lo.kZ t;arh ds egRoiw.kZ voljksa ij laxhr fookg xhr & ekSR;ka okyks chan rks lqokoS Egkjk jktA o u`R; ds HkO; vkSj fpŸkkd"kZd dk;Zÿe izLrqr fd;s x;sA3 jktifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds vU; yksdxhr & Ekk: Fkkjs eSyka uhps ?kwes NS xtjktA tUe&fnolksa vkSj jktdqekj o jktdqekfj;ksa ds fookgksRloksa ds miy{k esa laxhr dh egfQyksa o eqtjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA4 bu mRloksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, Hkkjr Egkjh tksM+h jk us rFkk viukus dk volj nsus gsrq laxhrKksa o u`R;kpk;ks± dks Hkh vius jkT; esa dgykrs FksA vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g Fkh fd rst] /kkjnkj midj.kksa o tyrh gqbZ pksHkksa ds vkeaf=r fd;kA bl dk;Zÿe ds vUrxZr vkeaf=r dykdkjksa esa egkjk"V™ ds iVoºZu] rfud Hkh fpg~u uxkjs dh pke ij ugha iM+rs FksA dkle[kka MXxk ty rjax] ulrjax] Hkkr[k.Ms] 'kadjjko] ifV;kys ds fe;ka tku[kka] vkf'kQ vyh[kka rFkk 'kke pkSjklh rcyk rjax vkfn ds fof'k"V oknd FksA vyhnhu[kka MXxk xk;u o Qkty[kka rcyk (mŸkj izns'k) ds lyker vyh] utkdr vyh o Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls xksiky oknu ds vPNs dykdkj FksA20 egkjkt] 'kaHkw egkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt tSls egku~ xk;d ,oa u`R;kpk;ks± xq.khtu[kkus ds izflº urZd fcgkjhyky o guqekuizlkn FksA fcgkjhyky u`R; ds uke mYys[kuh; gSa] ftuesa ls dfri; dks vYikof/k ds fy, xq.khtu[kkus esa esa xqyky }kjk gkFkh rFkk x.ks'k dh vkd`fr;ksa cukus esa izoh.k FkkA uqdhyh dhyksa o 16 izf'k{k.k gsrq fu;qDr Hkh fd;k x;kA rst /kkj okyh ryokjksa ij u`R; djds og n'kZdksa dks vk'p;Zpfdr dj nsrk FkkA xq.khtu[kkus ds dbZ dykdkjksa us cM+h izflfº izkIr dh Fkh] ftuesa gqlSuc['k vuqeku izlkn us dRFkd u`R; esa izoh.krk izkIr dh FkhA vkf'kd gqlSu mQZ gqlSu[kka us ^yaxM+s*] 'kelqÌhu[kka] vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ] dkle[kka pUnokuh] dkle[kka MXxk] chdkusj jkT; ls cEcbZ tkdj u`R; lezkV ds :i esa izflfº izkIr dhA 1937 bZ- esa fcgkjhyky] guqeku izlkn vkfn pksVh ds dykdkj FksA gqlSucD'k ^yaxM+s* us 'kkL=h; ^Lo.kZ t;Urh* egksRlo ij bUgksaus dRFkd u`R; esa ,d ?kaVs dh vYikof/k esa 360 ij.k laxhr esa iw.kZrk izkIr dh vkSj mUgsa ^mLrkn* dh inoh iznku dh xbZ FkhA os vius le; (o`Ÿkkdkj ?kweuk) dh ^/kk* ysdj dhfrZeku LFkkfir dj fn;kA21 c[;kojh] gqlSuh] ds ^xk;d o uk;d* dgyk;sA17 'kkL=h; laxhr ds ,d vU; xk;d dykdkj Nxuh] cnjh] exuh] xojk tokgj] ykM cnu vkfn ckb;ka dq'ky xkf;dk,a o fepZ[kka Fks ftUgsa ^rku lezkV* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA buds nks urZfd;ksa FkhaA22 iq=ksa&#duqÌhu[kka o 'kelqÌhu[kka us vius firk ds infpg~uksa ij pyrs gq, 'kkL=h egkjktk laxhr o u`R; dh ckjhfd;ksa ds vPNs Kkrk ugha Fks] cfYd dykdkjksa laxhr esa fuiq.krk izkIr dhA 'kelqÌhu[kka dkQh le; rd laxhr fo|ky; ds eq[; dks funsZ'k nsus dh {kerk Hkh j[krs FksA os yfyr dykvksa ds laj{kd FksA mUgksaus lnSo mLrkn cus jgsA mudh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd xk;u ds le; muds psgjs ij eqLdku o vkHkk cuh jgrh Fkh rFkk os viuh Hkko&eqnzkvksa ls Jksrkvksa vkSj n'kZdksa dks ea=eqX/k dj dykdkjksa dks vknj fd;k rFkk mfpr voljksa ij iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kA muds nsrs FksA nkarksa ds chp lqb;ka yxkdj ^ukfHk dh rku* ysus esa mUgksaus cM+h izflfº izkIr jkT;kJ; esa xk;dksa] okndksa o urZdksa us viuh dyk&n{krk }kjk dsoy chdkusj jkT; dh FkhA ;g mudh lrr~ lk/kuk dk ifj.kke FkkA egkjktk us bl jkt&xk;d dks HkO; esa gh ugha cfYd vU; fj;klrksa rFkk fczfV'k Hkkjr esa cM+h izflfº ik;hA gosyh cuok dj nhA ,slk fof'k"V lEeku vU; fdlh dykdkj dks jkT; dh vksj ls egkjktk xaxkflag vkfrF; lRdkj ds fy, leLr Hkkjr esa izflº FksA ns'kh ugha feyk FkkA bUgksaus jkx Hkksikyh esa [;ky] yfyr] nsl] tkSuiqjh vkfn jkxksa o Bqejh vkSj fons'kh vfrfFk muds jkT; ls d`rKrk dh Hkkouk ysdj ykSVrs FksA os vfrfFk;ksa vkSj rjkuk dk izn'kZu Hkkjr ds izflº fj;klrksa esa dj chdkusj jkT; dk xkSjo c<+k;kA dh lq[k&lqfo/kk ds vfrfjDr laxhr o u`R; }kjk muds euksjatu dh leqfpr O;oLFkk egkjktk }kjk budks ^laxhr jRu* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA #duqÌhu[kka ds djrs FksA mUgksaus iwoZ dh vewY; dykRed /kjksgj ls if'pe dks voxr djok;k vkSj iq= ljktqÌhu[kka o bykmÌhu[kka dks izkjEHk esa Nk=o`fŸk }kjk jkT; laj{k.k feyk] lkFk gh if'pe dh vuqdj.kh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks viuk;kA tgka mUgksaus iwoZ vkSj if'pe rRi'pkr~ bu xk;dksa us cM+h izflfº izkIr dhA18 dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls chdkusj esa vk/kqfud iz'kklu dh uhao Mkyh] ogka laxhr&dyk dks vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ leLr Hkkjr esa ekM xkf;dk ds :i esa izflº gqbZ vkSj Hkh nksuksa ds leUo; ls izHkkfor fd;kA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 565 291 lanHkZ 1- egkjktk ds vkRedFkk ys[kd iUuhdj us fy[kk gS fd os laxhr lquus dk pko vo'; j[krs Fks] ysfdu mUgksaus bl {ks= esa izksRlkgu nsus esa fo'ks"k #fp ugha fn[kkbZ&ds-,l- cM+ok vejpUn dk esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa ;ksxnku iUuhdj&fgt gkbZusl egkjktk vkQ chdkusj] i`- 370] yUnu] 1937] tcfd og MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj Lo;a i`- 372] ij fy[krs gSa fd n'kgjk vkfn mRlo u`R; o laxhr ds lkFk /kwe/kke ls euk;s tkrs FksA bl v/;k; esa blh ckr dk ;Ru fd;k x;k gS fd egkjktk xaxkflag us laxhr o u`R; ds {ks= esa Hkh iwjh #fp yh o dykvksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k Fkk rFkk lkFk gh cM+ok vejpUn luk<~; czk„.k FkkA mlds iwoZt ckgj ls vk dj esokM+ esa muds dkS'ky ij xoZ Hkh O;Dr fd;k FkkA clsA mlds firk egkjk.kk txrflag f}rh; (1734&51 bZ-) ds le; egkjk.kk dh 2- Qkby ua- 15] 1925 bZ-] ua- 1] 1928] ua- 43] 1930 bZ-] izsl dfVax jftLVj] chdkusj ikd'kkyk ds v/;{k FksA ml le; ,d vksj esokM+ ejkBk leL;k ls tw> jgk Fkk rks 3- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh (1887&1937)] i`- 69&79] chdkusj 1937 nwljh vksj og vkarfjd v'kafr esa my>k gqvk FkkA egkjk.kk vejflag izFke (1592&1620 4- Qkby ua- 633] 1930 bZ-] lknqZy E;qft;e] ykyx<+] chdkusj bZ-) ds le; ls py vk jgs pwaMkor & 'kDrkorksa ds >xM+s] pwaMkorksa ds pkSgkuksa rFkk 5- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] xaxk V™LV] chdkusj >kykvksa ls c<+rs dVq laca/k] njckfj;ksa o iz'kklfud vf/kdkjf;ksa esa vucu o vkilh 6- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] xaxk V™LV] chdkusj lansg rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa c<+rs th tk jgs FksA vf/kdkjh oxZ us vius fgr esa 7- ogh egkjk.kk o mlds iq= esa Hkh vucu djok nhA dqaoj izrkiflag }kjk egkjk.kk ds fu.kZ; 8- dkxnksa dh ogh ua- 94 laor~ 1939 ds fo:º dksVk ds egkjko nqtZu'kky dh flQkfj'k ij mEesnflag ds NksVs HkkbZ 9- QkSt [kjp jh cgh la- 1875@1818 bZ- HkS∏;k laxzg] chdkusj chdkusj ds ohj] i`- 32] nhiflag dks iPPkhl gtkj :i;s dh vkenuh okyk iV~Vk iznku djus ,oa HkhyokM+k] chdkusj iqj vkfn feyk dj ,d vyx jkT; cukus ds iz;Ru dh lwpuk feyus ij egkjk.kk us 10- jktLFkku dh tkfr;ka&nsf[k;s nekeh] nksyhtkr vkfnA tks/kiqj] jes'kpUnz xq.kkFkhZ] mls dSn djus dk fopkj fd;kA vius fopkj dh fÿ;kfUofr mlus vius NksVs HkkbZ jktifjtu ifjp;] 1941 bZ- ukFkflag ds ek/;e ls djok;hA ftlus mls tuojh 29] 1743 bZ- dks œ".k foykl 11- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh] i`- 98&99] HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) egy esa dbZ ljnkjksa ds e/; idM+ fy;k rRi'pkr~ mls dj.k foykl egy esa utj 12- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) dSn dj fy;kA mldh fuxjkuh dk dk;Z vejpUn ds firk 'kEHkwjke dks lkSaik x;kA 13- ogh ml le; mlus dqaoj dh cgqr lsok dhA esokM+ ds foÊksgh ljnkjksa us jkT; ds mŸkjkf/ 14- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh] i`- 96&99 kdkjh dqaoj izrkiflag dh gR;k dk "kM;a= jpk 'kEHkwjke us Lo;a us fo"k;qDr Hkkstu 15- ;g iqLrd ykyx<+ iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gSA 16- HkasV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) [kk dj Lo;a dk cfynku dj mldks cpk;kA 17- ogh 'kEHkwjke cM+ok ds fu/ku ds ckn dqaoj izrkiflag dh fuxjkuh dh ftEesokjh 18- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] ;ax bafM;k] vad 16] ua- 2] Qjojh] 1941] i`- 32 mlds iq= vejpUn cM+ok dks nh xbZA mlus Hkh vius firk dh rjg dqaoj dh fu"Bk 19- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) ds lkFk lsok dhA lsok ds cnys egkjk.kk cuus ij izrkiflag us mls ^Bkdqj* dk 20- ogh f[krkc vkSj rkthe ns dj viuk eqlkfgc (iz/kkuea=h) cuk;kA izrkiflag us twu] 21- ogh 1751 bZ- dks xÌh ij cSBus ds i'pkr vejpUn cM+ok dh lykg ij esokM+ dh 22- ds-,l- iUuhdj (ogh)] i`- 373&74 vkUrfjd ,oa ck· uhfr esa lq/kkj djus dk iz;kl fd;kA vkUrfjd fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds (blds vfrfjDr xq.khtu[kkus dh lkexzh rFkk ekLVj vkQ lsjseuh dh Qkbysa Hkh fy, egkjk.kk us vius fe=ksa o leFkZdksa dks mfpr ikfjrksf"kd fn;s rks nwljh vksj cgqr lgk;d gS] tks lknqZy E;wft;e] ykyx<+ rFkk vfHkys[kkxkj] xhdkusj esa lqjf{kr fojksf/k;ksa dks Hkh larq"V djus dk lrr~ iz;kl fd;kA vius fojks/kh ukFk th mlds gSA) fojks/k esa tkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs Hkh mlus lywEcj jkor tSrflag ds ek/;e ls vius i{k esa ykus dk lrr~ iz;kl fd;kA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 567 292 568 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 esokM+ dh ck· uhfr esa ifjorZu ykrs gq, vejpUn dh lykg ij izrkiflag 3- ljnkjksa ls laca/k lq/kkjus dh ctk; flU/k o xqtjkr ls eqfLye lSfudksa dks cqyk jktLFkkuh 'kkldksa }kjk ejkBk fojks/k ds fy, fd;s tkus okys laxfBr iz;klksa dk dj mudh ukjktxh esa o`fº dhA leFkZd cuk jgkA blds vfrfj‰ mlds fojks/kh ukFkth ds t;iqj igqapus o ek/kksflag 4- HkSaljksM+x<+ ds jkor ykyflag dks izyksHku nsdj mlls Qjojh 4] 1764 bZ- dks }kjk mldk gkfnZd Lokxr dj esokM+ dh xÌh fnyokus ds Li"V vk'oklu nsus ds flagklu izkfIr ds fy;s iz;kljr ckxksj ds ukFkflag gh gR;k djok nhA ;gh mijkUr Hkh egkjk.kk us t;iqj ls vius laca/k foPNsn ugha fd;sA bl uhfr ds ugha lywEcj ds jkor tks/kflag dks Hkh vkRegR;k ds fy;s etcwj fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i gh og ek/kksflag dks viuh esokM+ ds izfr uhfr dks ifjofrZr djokus esa 5- fojks/kh ljnkjksa dks nckus ds fy;s dksVk ds >kyk tkfye flag dks phrk [ksM+h lQy jgkA vejpUn cM+ok dh egkjk.kk dks nh xbZ lykg ds dkj.k mlds iwjs dh tkxhj ns dj] nsyokM+k ds >kyk jk?ko ns dks Hkh dqN ns dj o 'kkgiqjk ds dk;Zdky esa mldk lEeku cuk jgkA mEesn flag dks dkNksyk dk ijxuk (1765 bZ-) ns dj vius i{k esa dj viuh egkjk.kk izrki flag dk fu/ku xq:okj] tuojh 10] 1754 bZ- dks gqvkA rc fLFkfr etcwr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkjk.kk izrki flag dk f}rh; iq= jktflag 'kqÿokj] tuojh 11] 1754 bZ- dks esokM+ 6- ljnkjksa ds fojks/kh xqV ds usrk us egkjk.kk dh fLFkfr detksj djus ds fy, dh jktxÌh ij cSBkA fdUrq og vius firk }kjk esokM+ dh lq/kkjus dh izo`fr ds ek/kojko flaf/k;k dks lok djksM+ :i;k nsus ds cnys vius i{k esa dj fy;kA foifjr LoHkko okyk jgkA vkUrfjd {ks= esa mlus vius ljnkjksa ls laca/k lq/kkjus dh rc egkj.kk us Hkh tkfye flag o esgrk vxjpUn ds ek/;e ls flaf/k;k ds nks uhfr dk ikyu ugha fd;k vr% muesa vkilh QwV o oSeuL; esa o`fº gqbZA mUgksaus vf/kdkjh j?kq ik;fx;k o nkSykfe;k dks chl yk[k :i;ksa ds cnys vius i{k esokM+ ds fgrksa dh vuns[kh djrs gq, viuh 'kf‰ o`fº gsrq ejkBksa dks vkeaf=r fd;kA esa dj fy;kA blh nkSjku mlus nsyokM+k ds >kyk jk?ko ns ij lansg dj mls Hkh ejkBs esokM+ ds nksuksa gh xqVksa ds lkFk foHk‰ gks muls /ku izkIr djrs jgsA ifj.kkeLo:i ejok fn;kA esokM+ dh vkfFkZd n'kk bruh ghu gks xbZ fd ejkBksa dks ok;ns ds vuqlkj :i;k pqdkus m‰ dne mBkus ds i'pkr~ egkjk.kk us viuh fLFkfr etcwr le> ek/kksth ds fy, egkjk.kk us fyf[kr esa vk'oklu fn;kA bl ij Hkh :i;k ugha fn;kA rc ;gk° flaf/k;k dks vius i{k esa djus ds iz;kl vlQy gksus ij ;qº dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ds dbZ ijxus Bsds ij j[k dj mudh vk; lh/ks ejkBksa dks igq°pkbZ tkus yxhA jktflag tuojh 13] 1769 bZ- dks f{kizk unh ds rV ij gq, ;qº esa esokM+ dh lsuk ijkftr gqbZA ds dky esa ,d djksM+ ukS yk[k nl gtkj ,d lkS rjkuos :i;s ejkBksa ds ikl igq°psA rc egkjk.kk ds le{k vusd dfBukbZ;k° mRiÈk gks xbZA D;ksafd vc mlds lgk;d egkjk.kk ds LoHkko ds dkj.k fcxM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus esa vejpUn cM+ok tSls ljnkjksa esa ls dsoy lywEcj dk jkor Hkheflag] dqjkcM+ dk jkor vtqZu flag vkSj fu"Bkoku ea=h Hkh vf/kd dqN djus esa vleFkZ jgsA egkjk.kk jktflag dh fu%larku cnuksj dk Bkdqj v{k;flag gh cps FksA iz/kku esgrk vejpUn dSn esa FkkA fcxM+h e`R;q gksus ij mldk dkdk vfjflag (vM+lh) 'kqÿokj] vizSy 3] 1761 bZ- dks xÌh vkfFkZd voLFkk esa eqfLye lSfudksa dks osru pqdkus ds fy, Hkh iSlk ugha cpk vkSj os ij cSBk;kA ejkBk fojks/k esa vkjfEHkd lQyrk us mls ?ke.Mh cuk fn;kA rRi'pkr~ foÊksg gks x;sA mlus fuEu dne mBk dj esokM+ dh jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks 'kkspuh; fcxM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vejpUn cM+ok dks iqu% iz/kku in & detksj fLFkfr esa yk fn;kA jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds pyrs tc egkjk.kk dks vius fojks/kh ljnkjksa dh 1- vfjflag us vkjEHk ls gh vius ljnkjksa ds lkFk O;ogklj dks fcxkM+ fy;kA pqukSfr dk [krjk eglwl gksus yxk rc lywEcj ds jkor Hkheflag us fLFkfr dks ,dfyaxth ls vius bZ"V ds n'kZu dj ykSVrs le; mlds O;ogkj ls ukjkt laHkkyus ds fy, ;ksX; vejpUn cM+ok dks iqu% iz/kku cukus ds fy, egkjk.kk dks ljnkjksa us Lo- egkjk.kk jktflag dh jkuh ls mRiÈk iq= jru flag dk i{k ysdj lq>ko fn;kA mls esokM+ dh jktxÌh fnyokus dk miÿe vkjEHk fd;kA blh nkSjku eYgkjjko vejpUn }kjk viuh 'kRkZ ij iz/kku in & vejpUn dks iz/kku in Lohdkjus gksYdj us Bsds ij mls lkSais x, ijxuksa ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA ds fy, egkjk.kk us mlds ?kj tkdj vuqjks/k fd;k tc mldk mŸkj Fkk ^^eSa Li"V o‰k 2- vfjflag us vius eq°g yxs O;f‰;ksa dh lykg ij jkT; ds lPps fgfpUrd o fetkt dk rst gw°A eSaus igys Hkh tc dke fd;k rc iwjs vf/kdkj ds lkFk ghA vki vejpUn cM+ok dks gVk dj tloUrjk; iapksyh dks viuk eqlkfgc (iz/kku fdlh dh lykg ekurs ugha viuh bPNk ls lc dqN djrs gSaA bl le; dh voLFkk ea=h) cuk fy;kA cgqr fodV] osru u feyus ls flikgh foÊksgh] [ktkuk [kkyh vkSj iztk xjhc gS ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 569 293 570 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vr,o ;fn vki eq>s iwjs vf/kdkj ns rks dqN mik; fd;k tk ldrk gSA** rc egkjk.kk 1773 bZ- dks esokM+ ds flagklu ij cSBkA og ns'k dh fodV fLFkfr dks laHkkyus esa us dgk tks rqe dgksxs ogh ge djsaxsA egkjk.kk us dgk fd ;fn rqe gekjs tsoj Hkh fcydqy vlEkFkZ FkkA ckY;koLFkk gksus ds dkj.k esokM+ ij jktekrk ds usr`Ro esa ekaxksxs rks budkj ugha djsaxsA rc vejpUn us iz/ku in LOkhdkj fd;kA efgyk 'kklu vkjEHk gqvkA mudh uhfr;ksa ls ijs'kku gks vejpUn us viuk lkjk /ku vejpUn }kjk fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, mBk;s x;s dne & iz/kku in Lohdkjus NdM+ksa esa Hkjok jktegy igq°pk fn;kA rc Hkh efgyk iz'klu ds pyrs mls tgj ds i'pkr~ vejpUn us jkT; ds lksus pkanh ds crZu o jRukfn eaxk dj lksus pkanh ds fnykus dk iziap jpk x;kA mlh ds pyrs dqN fnuksa ckn ml usd fny blaku dh e`R;q de dher ds flDds cuok;s rFkk jRuksa dks fxjoh j[k dj lsuk dk p<+k osru gks xbZA oLrqr% vejpUn cM+ok cqfºeku] dq'ky iz'kkld] dwVuhfrK] lSU; izcU/kd pqdk;kA tc fQrwjh jruflag ds i{k esa fojks/kh ljnkj ek/ko jko flfU/k;k dks esokM+ o ;ksºk FkkA ladVdky esa esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa mldk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku jgkA esokM+ ij p<+k yk;s rc egkjk.kk us vejpUn dh lykg ij gh xksyk] ck:n o vU; ;qº dh lqj{kkFkZ mlds }kjk djok;s x;s fuekZ.k dk;Z mi;ksxh jgsA lkexzh ,d= dj vyx&vyx ekspks± ij ljnkjksa o vf/kdkjf;ksa dks fu;r dj Lo;a duZy tsEl VkM us mlds ckjs esa fy[kk fd vejpUn ds leku prq o n{k mfn;kiksy ij ik°p lkS vjc flikfg;ksa ds lkFk yM+us dks jgkA blds iwoZ mlus 'kgj ea=h lalkj esa fcjyk gh FkkA vktknh ds i'pkr~ ekNyk exjk vejpUn dh Le`fr esa iukg ds pkjksa vksj NksVs&NksVs fdys cuok;s] uxj ds njoktksa ,oa [kkbZ dh ejEer f'kykys[k yxok;k x;kA djokbZA nq'euHkatu rksi dks ekNyk eaxjk fLFkr ,dfyaxx<+ ij p<+okbZA vizSy lanHkZ 1769 bZ- ds nwljs lIrkg esa egknth flaf/k;k dk mn;iqj ij ?ksjk vkjEHk gqvk fujUrj 1- ';keynkl] dfojktk] ohj fouksn i`- 1535&1580 N% ekg ds ?ksjs ds i'pkr~ Hkh tc egknth dks uxj ij vf/kdkj djus esa lQyrk ugha 2- VkM] tsEl] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl vuqoknd ,oa lEiknd cynso izlkn ,oa feyh rc og vUr esa lŸkj yk[k :- ysdj ?ksjk mBkus ij Lohdkjksf‰ nhA fQj ykyp Tokyk izlkn feJ&;wfud V™sMlZ pkSM+k jkLrk] t;iqj 1987 esa vk dj chl yk[k dh vksj ekax dh rc iz/kku vejpUn us esokM+ dh etcwr fLFkfr 3- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] i`"B 642] 653&656] dks le>rs gq, laf/k i= QkM+ fn;k o ;qº tkjh j[kkA viuh fLFkfr detksj ikdj 656&659] 661&67] 670] 998&1001 jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 1999 bZ- tc dqN fnuks ckn flaf/k;k us viuh vksj ls iqu% lqyg ds fy, dgyok;k] rc 4- vks>k] ts-ds-] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`"B 134] 163] 10] 171] 173] 210] 214&216] vejpUn us mls lŸkj yk[k Hkh nsus ls euk dj fn;kA vUr esa flaf/k;k dks lkB yk[k 248] 283] 286] 327] ,l- pUn dEiuh fy- jkeuxj] ubZ fnYYh] 1980 bZ- :i;ksa ds vfrfj‰ lk<+s rhu yk[k #i;s vU; [kpZ dks ysdj ykSV tkuk iMkA (tqykbZ 21] 1769 bZ-) esokM+ dh bl dwVuhfrd fot; ij egkjk.kk us iz/kku vejpUn ds lkFk gh vius ljnkjksa dks lEeku Lo:i bZuke fn;kA Vksik exjh dk ;qº (1770 bZ-) & vejpUn cM+ok dk fot; esa ;ksxnku egknth ds esokM+ ls ykSV tkus ds ckn jruflag o mlds leFkZdksa us egkiq:"kksa (ukxksa) dh lgk;rk ls esokM+ ij lSU; vfHk;ku fd;kA egkjk.kk viuh lsuk lfgr mudk lkeuk djrs ds fy, nsyokM+k gksrs gq, thyksyk xk°o igq°pkA ukxk lsuk rc eksd:ank xk°o esa Bgjh gqbZ FkhA Vksiyk xk°o esa Vksiy exjh ds ikl eqdkcyk gqvkA mlesa iz/kku vejpUn Lo;a vU; lg;ksxh ljnkjksa ds lkFk ekStwn FkkA mldh ;qº rdfud ls egkjk.kk dh lsuk fot;h jghA Vksiy exjh ;qº ds ,d o"kZ i'pkr~ gh vejpUn ds funsZ'ku esa gh esokM+ dh lsuk us xaxjkj dh yM+kbZ esa jruflag ds i{k?kjksa dks ijkftr fd;kA iz/kku vejpUn dh fu"BkiwoZd esokM+ dh lsok dk lEeku djrs gq, egkjk.kk us mls Qjojh 1] 1773 bZ- dks vkBw.k dh tkxhj iznku dhA vfjflag dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ esokM+ dh xÌh ij gEehj flag f}rh; ekpZ 11] 294 572 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vf/kfu;e dkuwu O;oLFkk ds fy, ikfjr fd;k x;kA ftlesa jsosU;w dysDVj vkSj fMfLV™DV eftLV™sV iqfyl ds izHkkj ls eqDr dj fn;s x;sA bldh O;oLFkk dk izHkkjh fczfV'k dky esa vtesj dk iqfyl iz'kklu ftyk v/kh{kd iqfyl fMfLV™DV lqifjUMsUVsUV vkWQ iqfyl dks cuk;k x;kA bl MkW- yrk vxzoky ,oa MkW- ftrsUnz ekjksfB;k vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vtesj esa 548 iq#"k iqfyl rSukr fd;s x;sA ftyk v/kh{kd iqfyl dh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d lgk;d ftyk v/kh{kd dh fu;qfDr Hkh dh xbZA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkijkf/kd izo`fŸk;ksa ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, xzkeh.k pkSdhnkj] 25 twu] 1818 bZ- dks bZLV bafM;k dEiuh }kjk vtesj dks ejkBk ls vf/kxzfgr bLrejknkj] Hkwfe;k vkSj tkxhjnkjksa dks dkuwu O;oLFkk dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZA 1 djus ds ckn ;gka dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk gsrq vtesj lqifjUMsUVsUV dh fu;qfDr dhA pkSdhnkj mlh xzkeh.k leqnk; ls lEcfU/kr gksrk Fkk ftlds ikl xzke dh NksVh lh eqxy dky esa lwcs esa vkUrfjd o ck· lqj{kk dk ftEesnkjh lwcsnkj dh FkhA ejkBk Hkwfe vf/kd`r gksrh FkhA blrejkjnkjksa dks muds vius {ks=ksa ds vUrxZr ?kVrh rks mUgsa lwcsnkj lwCcsjko o jktLo vf/kdkjh u:[kka ds LFkku ij izFke fczfV'k lqifjUVsMsUVsUV bldk mŸkjnkf;Ro ogu djuk gksrk FkkA Hkksfe;ksa dks mudh HkwlEifŸk ds iw.kZ vf/kdkj feLVj ,Q- foYMj us bu inksa dks lekIr dj buds vf/kdk izkIr dj fy;sA vtesj blh vk/kkj ij izkIr Fks fd os vius {ks= dh O;ofLFkr pkSdlh ,oa fuxjkuh j[ksaxsA lqifjUVsMsUVsUV us ;g ftEesnkjh xzke.kh {ks=ksa esa bLrejknkj] fBdkusnkj vkSj tkxhjnkjksa [kkylk Hkwfe esa Hkksfe;ksa dh izFkk ugha FkhA ogka ljdkj dks fuxjkuh ,oa pkSdjh ds 2 dks lkSai nhA 1828 bZ- esa dEiuh iz'kklu us xzkeh.k iz'kklu gsrq 5 rglhynkjksa dks Hkh fy, pkSdhnkjksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA pkSdhnkj cgq/kk phrk ,oa esj tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa esa 3 fu;qDr fd;kA nhoku fudk; ds :i esa dksbZ fczfV'k iqfyl O;oLFkk ugha FkhA 1856 ls fu;qDr fd, tkrs FksA bu ij ;g ftEesnkjh Fkh fd vxj mudh ykijokgh ds bZ- esa duZy fMDlu us vtesj ds 18 xkaoksa esa 3 #- ekfld osru ij pkSdhnkjksa dh QyLo:i fdlh rjg dh nq?kZVuk ?kVrh rks mUgs {kfriwfrZ djuh gksrh FkhA7 budh fu;qfDr;ka dhA buds osru dk ,d Hkkx ;kf=;ksa ls dj ds :i esa rFkk 'ks"k xkao ds fu;qfDr dk mÌs'; Fkk fd tc rd os fu;qDr gksaxs rc muds tkfr HkkbZ bu {ks=ksa esa pksjh [kpsZ dh jkf'k ls olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA4 1857 bZ- dh ÿkafr ds iwoZ fMfLV™DV djus dk nqLlkgl ugha djsaxsA eftLV™sV o jsosU;w dysDVj esa iqfuyl ds vf/kdkj lek;ksftr Fks ijUrq dk;Z dh vtesj ds xzkeh.k tc fdlh O;fDr dk lkeku bLrejkjnkjh ;k HkkSe xkao esa vf/kdrk ds dkj.k iqfyl lEcfU/kr dk;Z xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vuq'kklu] lqj{kk] pskjh gks tkrk rks os QkStnkjh vnkyrksa esa bl vk'k; dk izkFkZuk&i= izLrqr dj dkuwu O;oLFkk] nhokuh o vkijkf/kd dkuwu] ltk dk izko/kku] vijk/k vUos"k.k o bLrejkjnkj ;k HkkSfe;ksa ls {kfriwfrZ dh jde vnkyr ds tfj;s olwy dj ldrs FksA 'kkafr O;oLFkk djus esa vleFkZ jgsA ekpZ] 1861 bZ- ds vf/kfu;e ds rgr es<+ vtesj&esjokM+k ds bLrejkjnkjksa dks vius {ks= dh lewph iqfyl O;oLFkk dk Hkkj cVkfy;u ds lSfudksa dks Hkh iqfyl dk dk;Z lkSaik x;kA rglhynkj ds fujh{k.k esa ogu djuk gksrk FkkA dsoy dqN gh izeq[k {ks=ksa&vtesj] iq"dj] C;koj] VkMx<+ vkSj ,d iqfyl Fkkusnkj dk in fuf'pr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ftldk dk;Z vius fnosj esa ljdkjh iqfyl pksfd;ksa dh O;oLFkk Fkh tks fd uksfVl] lEeu ;k okj.V {ks= esa 'kkafr vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk cukuk FkkA ftys esa 10&15 ehy dh nwjh esa izR;sd rych dk dke djrh FkhA vtesj ftys ds ,d frgkbZ {ks= essa bLrejkjnkjh O;oLFkk Fkkus esa ,d teknkj] ,d is'kdj vkSj rhu pijklh fu;qDr fd;s x;sA C;koj FkhA bl {ks= dh lewph iqfyl lsok muds v/khuLFk dk;Zjr FkhA8 vizSy] 1870 bZ- esa eq[;ky; esa rSukr es< cVkfy;u esa fu;qDr 01 fjlkynkj] 01 teknkj n∂rjh] 48 vtesj 'kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fczfV'k ljdkj us 656 pkSdhnkj ds in Lohd`r fd;s] cLrjcan flikgh] 60 lokj vkSj 48 pkSdhnkj vkfn dks yksxksa ds thou vkSj lEifŸk lkFk gh 39]360@& dh jkf'k tkjh dhA blesa ls 7 #- izfr pkSdhnkj izfrekg osru ds dh lqj{kk dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZA vtesj dh E;wfufliy dks izkIr edku dj tks :i esa rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k vf/kdkfj;ksa esa osru ds :i esa forfjr dh tkuh FkhA9 1874 bZ- ekfld 332 #- laxzfgr gksrk Fkk mlesa dqy 32 #- buesa osru ds :i esa forfjr fd;s esa HkkSfe;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ dh ftEesnkjh lekIr dj nh vkSj ljdkj us vtesj esa 33 tkrs FksA esj jsthesUV esjokM+k iqfyl cVkfy;u esa ifjofrZr dj nh xbZ ftls bUlisDVj pkSdhnkj tks iqfyl dh onhZ esa jkr&fnu ukSdjh ij fu;qDr fd;s x;sA ;g O;oLFkk tujy vkWQ iqfyl ukFkZ&osLV izksfoUl ds vUrxZr j[kk x;kA dsUnzh; fczfV'k ljdkj 1876 bZ- rd cuh jgh] blds ckn vtesj dh uxj ikfydk }kjk pkSdhnkjksa dh us 1859 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; nhokuh izfÿ;k] 1960 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1861 bZ- esa fu;qfDr dh tkus yxhA 1876 bZ- ds uxj ikfydk dkuwu 20 ds vUrxZr 40 bafM;u iqfyl ,DV rFkk 1861 bZ- esa vkijkf/kd izfÿ;k lafgrk ikfjr dh xbZA5 pkSdhnkjksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA bu pkSdhnkjksa dks iqfyl ds lkFk lk/kkj.k flikgh ds 22 ekpZ] 1861 bZ- esa xouZj tujy dh dkmfUly us izkarksa esa ,d iqfyl leku vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FksA 1 tuojh] 1877 dks vtesj esa pkSdhnkjksa dh la;k 680 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 573 295 574 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ls ?kVkdj 490 dj nh xbZA 1888 bZ- esa pkSdhnkj O;oLFkk esa u;s ifjorZr fd;s x;sA HkrhZ u;s iqfyl ny dks izf'kf{kr djus] dkuwu o dkuwu O;oLFkk dh izkjfEHkd budh fu;qfDr ftyk n.M uk;d dks lkSai nh xbZA ftlesa xzkeh.k {ks= esa 150 ?kjksa dh tkudkjh rFkk fM™y o 'kL=ksa dks idM+uk o pykuk vkfn esa izoh.k fd;k tkrk FkkA vkcknh ij 1 pkSdhnkj vf/kd gksus ij 2 pkSdhnkj vkSj blls vf/kd gksus ij ftyk izf'kf{kr iqfyl dh fu;qfDr vtesj] uhep vkSj bUnkSj dgha Hkh dh tk ldrh FkhA n.M uk;d 5 pkSdhnkj fu;qDr dj ldrk FkkA buesa ls 1 pkSdhnkj dks eqf[k;k cuk;k ;g izf'k{k.k ,d o"kZ dk gksrk FkkA bl nkSjku [kkus o jgus dh O;oLFkk fu%'kqYd nh tkrk Fkk] og teknkj dgykrk FkkA teknkj dks NksM+dj pkSdhnkj dks yky&uhyh tkrh FkhA lQy o fczfV'klZ ds LokehHkDr iqfyl dkUlVscy mPp inksa ij Hkh ixM+h] ,d iÍk vkSj [kkdh jax dk dksV iguuk vfuok;Z Fkk] lkFk esa mls ,d Hkkyk inksUur fd;s tkrs FksA14 Hkh j[kuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj teknkj dks uhyh ixM+h] [kkdh dksV ftldh ck;ha vkLrhu ukxfjd iqfyl dk laxBukRed Lo:i ij ,d yky iÍh yxh gqbZ jgrh FkhA xzkeh.k pkSdhnkj dk osru 4 #- ekfld vkSj 1871 bZ- esa vtesj&esjokM+k dk iz'kklu mŸkj&if'peh izkar ls eqDr dj teknkj dk osru 7 #- ekfld gksrk FkkA osru dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj Hkqxrku ftyk n.M Qksju ,.M iksfyfVdy fMikVZesaV vkWQ n xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k dks lkSais tkus ds ckn 10 uk;d }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA onhZ dk O;; pkSdhnkj vkSj teknkj dks nsuk iM+rk FkkA vtesj iqfyl O;oLFkk dk dk;ZHkkj vtesj&esjokM+k ds deh'uj dks lkSai fn;k x;k 1889 bZ- esa ,ts.V Vw n xouZj tujy us jktiwrkuk esa Bxh vkSj MdSrh dk vkSj 1912 bZ- esa vkcw esa ,d bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl dk in l`ftr fd;k neu djus ds fy, ,d bZLVuZ jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh LFkkfir dh xbZ] ftldk lnj eqdke x;kA tks deh'uj] vtesj ds izfr mŸkjnk;h FkkA 1920 bZ- ds vklikl lgk;d vtesj Fkk vkSj fj;klrksa esa fujh{k.k pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA vijkf/k;ksa dk fu.kZ; v/kh{kd] iqfyl ds in dks lekIr dj vtesj esa fMIVh lqifjUVsUMsUV vkWQ iqfyl vtesj dh vnkyr esa gksrk FkkA fj;klrksa ls muds odhy iSjoh djrs FksA11 1871 bZ- dk in l`ftr fd;k x;kA ekpZ] 1935 esa vtesj&esjokM+k esa jsyos iqfyl ny Hkh esa vtesj iqfyl foHkkx dks mŸkj&if'peh lwck ds bUlisDVj tujy iqfyl ds xfBr fd;k x;kA vtesj esa 784 gSM dkUlVscy ,d ltsZUV ds lkFk] 99 gSM fu;a=.k ls gVkdj vtesj deh'uj ds gkFkksa esa lkSai fn;k x;kA blh vk/kkj ij vtesj dkUlVscy vkSj 805 dkUlVscy dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA 1941 bZ- esa 15 iqfyl LVs'ku esa Fkkus vkSj pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA 1877 bZ- esa iqfyl lsok ds vUrxZr 3 ,l-,-vks- tks vtesj] C;koj rFkk ulhjkckn esa rhu iqfyl lfdZy esa foHkDr fd;s x;s Fks] (LVs'ku gkml vkfQlj vkWQ iqfyl) vkSj 1 bUlisDVj vkWQ iqfyl inksa ij vaxzst LFkkfir gq,A15 f}rh; fo'o ;qº ds c<+rs izHkko ds dkj.k 1134 gfFk;kj can iqfyl vf/kdkjh] 93 gSM dkUlsVscy Hkkjrh;] 40 ?kqM+lokj vkSj 446 flikgh fu;qfDr fd;s dkUlVscy dh fu;qfDr vLFkk;h rkSj ij dh xbZA iqfyl ny dh fuxjkuh dk dk;Z x;sA blh o"kZ 6 izFke Js.kh ds iqfyl Fkkus] 6 f}rh; Js.kh ds iqfyl Fkkus vkSj 9 lqifjUVsMsUV vkWQ iqfyl fMIVh deh'uj vkSj phQ deh'uj vtesj&esjokM+k dks iqfyl pkSfd;ka LFkkfir dh xbZμ lkSaik x;k ftldk dsUnzh; fu;a=.k bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl vtesj&esjokM+k dk 16 izFke Js.kh & vtesj jsyos odZ 'kkWi] ulhjkckn] ekaxfy;kokl] fHkuk;] Fkk tks jktiwrkuk jsthMsUV dk iqfyl lykgdkj FkkA xkS;yk vkSj dsdM+h esa iqfyl Fkkus] ljk/kuk] fnYyh njoktk] vkxjk njoktk] f=iksfy;k vkijkf/kd tkap foHkkx17 njoktk] vksLoh njoktk] enkj njoktk] nkrk] [kjok] ckanuokM+k] 'kks[kyk vkfn esa 1 vxLr] 1944 bZ- dks vtesj esa bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl] vtesj dks iqfyl pkSfd;ka LFkkfir dh xbZA blh izdkj ihlkaxu] xsxy] Jhuxj] elwnk] lkaoj] Lora= izHkkj nsdj vkijkf/kd tkap foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ftldh 3 'kk[kk,a iq"dj] gjek<+k] nsoyh vkSj ukUn esa f}rh; Js.kh dh iqfyl pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA Fkh&1- tujy czkap] 2- ÿkbe czkap] 3- Lis'ky czkapA bu rhuksa 'kk[kkvksa dk eq[;ky; buesa rSukr iqfyl vf/kdkjh o iqfyl cy dks osru Hkh iqfyl foHkkx ls pqdk;k tkus vtesj FkkA izR;sd 'kk[kk dk ,d fujh{kd fu;qDr fd;k x;k blds lkFk gh vtesj yxkA buds vf/kdkj {ks= esa lEcfU/kr {ks=h; O;oLFkk dk fu.kZ; vf/kdkj ftyk esa fMfLV™DV bfUVfytsUl LVkQ Hkh laxfBr fd;k x;k tks fMfLV™DV lqifjUVsUMsUV n.M uk;d dks fn;k x;kA12 1888 bZ- esa vtesj esa izFke ckj iqfyl lsok HkrhZ ijh{kk iqfyl vkWQ vtesj ds v/khu dk;Zjr FkkA jktiwrkuk ds fujh{k.k gsrq vtesj esa ,d izkjEHk dh xbZA bl lsok HkrhZ dh ijh{kk lfefr esa ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd dks Lis'ky czkap vkWQ jktiwrkuk dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl ÿkbe LVkQ dk dk;Z vijk/ v/;{k] ,d n.M uk;d vkSj ijh{kk bUlisDVj fu;qDr fd;s x;sA bl ijh{kk esa k o vijkf/k;ksa dks lekIr djuk] bUgsa Hkh fÿeuy izkslhtj ykW dh tkudkjh gsrq 30 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh dkuwu vkSj vifjofrZr iqfyl lsok fu;eksa fnol dk fu%'kqYd izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA dh tkudkjh yh tkrh FkhA13 1903 bZ- esa vtesj ds iqfyl foHkkx us iqfyl lsok esa bl izdkj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ?kfVr ?kVuk] vijk/k ;k pksjh ds fy, rglhynkj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 575 296 576 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vkSj pkSdhnkj dks ftEesnkjh nh xbZA vijk/kh ds ugha feyus ij {kfriwfrZ dk Hkqxrku vtesj }kjk Lohd`r eseksj.Me] 7 ebZ] 1870 djus dk ftEek Hkh rglhynkj vkSj pkSdhnkj dks gksrk FkkA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa pksjh&MdSrh 10- ts-Mh- ykV'kw }kjk deh'uj vtesj&esjokM+k dks 18@5@1872 dks fy[kk i=] ÿekad dh lwpuk lEcfU/kr Fkkus ;k rglhynkj dks vfoyEc nh tkrh FkhA pksjh] MdSrh] 144 jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh QkbZy ua- 1 ywVekj] tcju olwyh ;k dksbZ vkijkf/kd ?kVuk] gR;k] cyok] cykRdkj] NsM+[kkuh] 11- kalh fjtoZ ls cqyk;s x;s ?kqM+lokjksa dks Hkh rSukr djus ls 17- vtesj&esjokM+k ,.M jsthMs.V Qkj jktiwrkuk n lsÿsV vkWQ jktiwrkuk] bUlisDVj vijk/kksa esa deh vkbZA vijk/kh ds nwljh fj;klr esa izos'k dj tkus ij 5 iqfyl vkWQ tujy vkWQ iqfyl dk i= ua- 3&14@44 fnukad 04-07-1944 QkbZy ua- ,@24&62] dkUlVscy dk ,d iqfyl ml vijk/kh dks ml fj;klr ls vtesj ykdj vnkyr esa jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh ÿkbe czkap] vtesj vkj-,l-,-ch- izLrqr djuk o n.M fnykuk FkkA18 bl izdkj ?kVrh&c<+rh iqfyl la[;k ls Kkr gksrk 18- vtesj iqfyl esU;wvy] Hkkx 4] 1921] 1922] i`- 42&43 gS fd Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls fopfyr fczfV'k ljdkj us dkuwu O;oLFkk ds fy, iqfyl cy esa deh ;k c<+ksrjh gksus yxhA lUnHkZ 1- ,fplu lh-;w-] dysD'ku vkWQ n V™hVht ,xstes.Vl ,.M lun fjysfVax bf.M;k ,.M uscfjax dUV™ht] dydŸkk] 1933] [k.M ikap] i`- 409&10 2- vtesj&lqifj- ,Q= foYMj vtesj }kjk estj tujy lj MsfoM vkDVjyksuh dks 24 flrEcj] 1818 bZ- dks fy[kk i= ÿekad 238@, 3- vtesj&lqifj- vkj dsofUM'k }kjk jsthMs.V jktiwrkuk dksyczqd dks 10 tqykbZ] 1828 dks fy[kk i= ÿekad 123@,ts 4- deh'uj] vtesj&esjokM+k }kjk phQ deh'uj ts- tkslQ yk;y (dk;Zokgd) dks fy[kk i= 10 vizSy] 1857] la[;k 702 5- okVlu] lh-lh-] jktiwrkuk fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ] 1904] [k.M 1] i`- 30 6- duZy ,-th- MsfoMlu] fMIVh dfe'uj }kjk vkj-,p- dhfVax] dfe'uj o ,-th- jktiwrkuk dks i=] fnukad 11 vizSy] 1868 ui= la[;k 568@1868 7- ysf∂VusaV tku fyLVu] vflLVsaV dfe'uj }kjk fMIVh dfe'uj dks i=] fnukad 9 vDVwcj] 1866] i= la[;k 198@1866 8- fMIVh dfe'uj vtesj&esjokM+k }kjk dfe'uj o ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk dks i=] fnukad 11 vizSy] 1868 i= la[;k 568@1868 9- ysf∂V- xouZj ukFkZ&osLV izksfoUl (QkbZy uua- 1] jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh lh-lh- czkap] 297 578 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k ysfdu 100 esjksa] ftudh vk;q 50 ls 64 o"kZ Fkh dks 5@& #i;s bZuke vkSj nkor nsdj izHkkfor dj HkrhZ djus gsrq fu;q‰ fd;k] 44 esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh LFkkiuk vkSj mldk ysfdu blls Hkh vf/kd dfBukbZ HkrhZ djus ds ckn mUgsa jksdus esa gqbZA vusd O;f‰ dqN le; dh lsok ds ckn vius&vius xkaoksa dks ykSV x;s] D;ksafd lsok djuk o esjksa (jkor] esjkr) ds tu&thou ij izHkko vkns'k ekuuk mudh Lora=rk dh Hkkouk ds foifjr FkkA bl izdkj esj flikgh rhu tykyqÌhu dkBkr o"kZ dh lsok ds ckn viuh lsokeqfDr izkIr djus yxsA bl le; rd os ,d cSyksa dh tksM+ [kjhnu ftruh jkf'k cpk ysrs Fks vkSj œf"k dk;ks± esa yx tkrs FksA8 ckn esa /khjs& 25 twu] 1818 dks fczfV'k bZLV b.fM;k dEiuh ljdkj vkSj egkjkt vkyhtkg /khjs la[;k c<+us yxhA lu~ 1823 esa jftesaV dk uke 14oha esjokMk LFkkuh; cVkfy;u nkSyrjkt flaf/k;k] Xokfy;j ds e/; laf/k gqbZ ftlds vuqlkj esjokM+k dk {ks= vaxzstksa vkSj rRi'pkr~ lu~ 1843 bZ- esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u ds uke ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k] dks izkIr gqvkA 28 tqykbZ] 1818 dks fe- fcYMj dks vtesj dk izFke v/kh{kd fQj lu~ 1826 esa ukSoha esjokM+k LFkkuh; cVkfy;u vkSj rRi'pkr~ 1843 esa esjokM+k 9 fu;q‰ fd;k x;kA mlus ejkBk lqcsnkj ckiw flaf/k;k ls dk;ZHkkj xzg.k fd;kA vtesj cVkfy;u ds uke ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1839 esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u ekjokM+ ij vf/kdkj ds ckn budk /;ku esjokM+k esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk dh vksj x;kA fczfV'k ds Mkdw Bkdqj fpEeu flag ds fo:º dksV&fdjk.kk] rglhy VkWVx<+ xbZA Bkdqj ljdkj }kjk esjokM+k ij vkf/kiR; ,oa fu;a=.k cuk;s j[kus ds iz;Ruksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i fpEeu flag tks Hkkxk gqvk Fkk] dskV&fdjk.kk esa ywVikV djrk FkkA bl cVkfy;u ds esjksa us 1819 ,oa 1821 bZ- ds e/; fczfV'k ljdkj] esokM+ o ekjokM= jkT;ksa ds lSfudksa us fpEeu flag vkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa dks ekj fxjk;k ysfdu bl dk;Zokgh esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u ds Hkh 8 flikgh ekjs x;sA10 nwljh ckj esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh fo:º foÊksg dj fn;k FkkA1 varr vaxzstksa us mn;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj dh la;qDr lsukvksa ds VqdM+h us Mwaxj flag uked ekjokM+ ds ckxh Bkdqj dks fxj∂rkj fd;kA bl volj ij lkFk esjks ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA2 bl la;q‰ vfHk;ku esa cksjok] vFkw.k] dksV&fdjk.kk] duZy fMDlu] estj QksjsLVj o fczxsfM;j fjpdh us QkSt dh iz'kalk dhA11 cxMh] jktx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa ij vaxzstksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA esjksa dh ijkt; ls vaxzstksa dh lŸkk LFkkfir gks xbZA3 lu~ 1819 o 1820 bZ- esa esjksa ds foÊksg dk neu dj rFkk ok;ljk; ykMZ es;ks us bl cVkfy;u ds Lo:i eas ifjorZu djds bls lSfud esokM+ o ekjokM+ ds jkT;ksa ls le>kSrs ij rhu 'kf‰;ksa esa foHkkftr esjokM+k {ks= dk dksj esa iquxfBZr fd;k rFkk lu~ 1871 bZ- esa bldk eq[;ky; C;koj ls cnydj ,dhdj.k dj] mlds lEiw.kZ 'kklu izcU/k vkSj esjksa dks fu;a=.k esa j[kus dh ftEesnkjh vtesj dj fn;k x;kA12 vaxzst 'kkldksa }kjk lu~ 1878&79 bZ- esa cVkfy;u dks Lohdkj dh lkFk gh ywVekj lekIr dj mUgsa 'kkafriwoZd clkus ds iz;kl fd;sA lu~ lSfud vfHk;ku ij dkcqy Hkst fn;k x;kA ogk° bl cVkfy;u us vnEc lkgl o 1822 bZ- esa ;g fu'p; fd;k x;k fd esjksa dks Lo;a ds lq/kkj dk lk/ku cuk;k tk;saA4 'kkS;Z dk izn'kZu fd;kA lu~ 1891 bZ- esa vtesj ftys ds esjksa }kjk fd;s x;s vUu vr% vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa us mUgsa jkstxkj nsus ,oa muds 'kkS;Z ,oa lkgl dk mfpr foÊksg dks nckus ds fy;s bl cVkfy;u dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA lu~ 1903 bZ- esa mi;ksx djus ds fy, mUgsa lsuk esa HkrhZ fd;k tk;s] ;g fu.kZ; fy;kA ;g muds /kkM+kas fczfV'k Hkkjrh; lsukvksa ds iqu% fu/kkZj.k ds le; bl lSfud VqdM+h dk uke cnydj 13 (ywVikV) dks lekIr dj mUgsa lH; cukus dh vksj egŸoiw.kZ dne FkkA5 bls 44oha esjokM+k iSny lsuk dgk tkus yxkA lj MsfoM us 6 uoEcj] 1821 dks esjokM+k cVkfy;u cukus ds fy, ,d esjokM+k cVkfyu dk LFkkuh; yksxksa ij izHkko izLrko fHktok;kA izLrko esa mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd nq%Llkglh o /kkMks ds is'kksa esa jg vaxzstksa us esjksa dks esjokM+k cVkfy;u esa HkrhZ dj ,d vuq'kkflr lsuk rS;kj jgsa esjksa ml ek/;e~ ls jkstxkj nsus ds lkFk&lkFk mudh lsokvksa ,oa 'kkS;Z dk lgh dh FkhA bu vuq'kkflr esj lSfudksa ij vaxzst ljdkj gj le; fo'okl dj ldrh mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldsxkA ;g izLrko mPp iz'kkldksa }kjk 1822 bZ- esa Lohdkj dj FkhA cgqr gh de le; esa bu esj VqdfM+;ksa dks lSfud rRijrk] pqLrh vkSj vU; fy;k x;kA 22 twu] 1822 bZ- dks xoZuj tujy us esjokM+k yksdy cVkfy;u cukus lSfud fu;eksa ds vuq:i kykokM+] rRdkyhu dksVk fj;klr) esa gqbZA mlds ckn MkW- iz.ko nso vkBoha rd dh f'k{kk ckjk° eas gqbZA LokfHkekuh o tq>k: LoHkko ds HkSjo yky cpiu ls gh fopkj'khy ,oa v/;;u ds izfr #fp j[kus okys FksA lu~ 1936 esa iztke.My 19&20oha 'krkCnh dk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd tkxj.k lekthdj.k dh og dh lnL;rk Lohdkj djus ds ckn gh ekLVj cnzh izlkn ds lkfu/; esa f'k{kk izkIr fof'k"V izfÿ;k Fkh ftlds ek/;e ls ekuorkokn ij vk/kkfjr uohu thou ewY;ksa dh djrs&djrs mudk ifjp; iztke.My ds izpkj ij fudys dksVk jkT; iztke.My esa LFkkiuk gqbZA bl fof'k"V izfÿ;k ds izknqHkkZo ds lw= ;wjksi ds bfrgkl ds ml fpUru ea=h Jh rulq[kyky th feŸky ls gqvk] mUgha ls mUgksaus LorU=rk dk ea= lh[kkA vkSj lkfgR; esa feyrs gSa ftlesa uotkxj.k dks ,d lkaLd`frd] ,sfrgkfld vo/kkj.kk r#.kkbZ esa vktknh dh Mxj ij pyrs&pyrs mUgsa ia- vfHkUugfj ,oa Jh eksrhyky th ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkekftd&lkaLd`frd tkxj.k xq.kkRed :Ik tSu tSls gejkgh fey x;sA iztke.My ds dk;ks± eas O;Lr jgus ds dkj.k mUgksaus ls e/;dky ls fHkUu gSA bl tkxj.k ds }kjk ekuoek= dh lekurk HkzkrRo dh Hkkouk ljdkjh ukSdjh esa tkus dk fopkj R;kx fn;kA1 vktknh ds fy, la?k"kZjr jgrs gq, os us lekt esa u;s ekun.M LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA tc vk/kqfudhd`r lekt lu~ 1945 esa jkeuoeh ds fnu Kkuorhth ds lkFk fookg cU/ku eas ca/k x,A lkeUroknh lekt ds ekun.Mksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks /oLr dj jgk Fkk rFkkfi muds iztke.My ds lfÿ; lnL; ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gq, dkykckny dh lkekftd ewY;ksa ,oa O;oLFkkvksa dks dqjhfr;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj muds mUewyu eqykdkr fctkSfy;k vkUnksyu ds iz.ksrk Jh fot;flag ifFkd ls gqbZ] vkSj mudk dh izfÿ;k dks] ftl meax ls iwjk dj jgk Fkk rc ml meax dks lkekftd tkxj.k dk lkfu/; izkIr gqvk] ;gh og le; Fkk tc mUgas ia- u;uwjke th 'kekZ dk Hkh vk'khokZn uke fn;k x;kA ;g ewyr% lkeUroknh O;oLFkk fojks/kh tkxj.k FkkA bldh rhu izeq[k izkIr gks jgk FkkA mUgksaus ia- u;uwjke 'kekZ ,oa gfjHkkbZ fdadj vkfn ds lkFk xk°o&xk°o fo'ks"krkvksa dh vksj fo}kuksa us ladsr fd;k gS % bldk /keZfujis{k Lo:Ik] ekuorkoknh ?kwe dj iztke.My ds dk;ksZ dks xfr nh ,oa iztke.My dh 'kk[kk;sa [kksyhA yksd fo'on`f"V rFkk izkphu laLd`fr ij bldh fuHkZjrkA lkekftd tkxj.k esa lekt esa cksyh esa Lojfpr xhrksa ds ek/;e ls psruk izkfIr dh mRd`"V Hkkouk tkx`r dhA neu O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ,oa cqjkbZ;ksa ds f[kykQ ge u dsoy vkokt mBkrs gSa vfirq lkekftd ,oa =kl ds lkeUrh ekgkSy esa ifFkd th ds lEiknu esa mudk ^vktknh dh ygj* dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ tkx`r O;fDr vfUre lkal rd yM+rk gS] tcfd lkaLd`frd uked xhr ladyu izdkf'kr gqvkA lu~ 1942 esa mUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa Hkkx tkxj.k esa gekjh psruk LifUnr gksrh gS] vkSj ,d psrl eu ds lkFk thou dh leLr fy;k] ftlds dkj.k fczfV'k ljdkj us muds fxj∂rkjh ds vkns'k fudky fn;s] xfrfof/k;ksa dks ge ns[krs gSaA gkM+kSrh {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k eas vusd lq/kkjdks eas fxj∂rkjh ls cpus ds fy, os HkSaljksM+x<+ esa vKkrokl esa jgsA lu~ 1946 bZ- esa ls Jh HkSjo yky dkykckny dk uke vYiKkr gSA muds tUe 'krkCnh o"kZ esa gkM+kSrh mn;iqj esa vk;ksftr ns'khjkT; yksd ifj"kn ds lEesyu esa if.Mr usg: ds le{k tc {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k esa mudh Hkwfedk ds ewY;kadu dk iz;kl djuk lehphu HkSjo yky }kjk ,d tkxj.k xhr xk;k x;k& ^dkykckny js* izrhr gks jgk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ki= eas gkM+kSrh {ks= ds LorU=rk lsukuh] lkfgR;dkj] dkyk ckny js vc rks cjlkns cyrh vkxA i=dkj Jh HkSjo yky dkykckny ds lkekftd tkxj.k ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr ckny jktk dku fcuk js] lq.ks u Egkadh ckrA fd;k tk jgk gSA Fkkjk eu dh rw djs] tn pkys okadk gkFkAA jktLFkku dk gkM+kSrh {ks= e/;dky ls viuh fof'k"V lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld dlkbZ yksx [khaprk jgs] ejh xk; dh [kkyA igpku j[krk gSA gkM+k jktiwrksa }kjk 'kkflr {ks= gkM+kSrh {ks= dgyk;kA orZeku esa bl [khaps gkde gR;kjk] ;s djlk.kka dh [kkyAA {ks= esa eq[;r% dksVk] >kykokM+] ckjk° ,oa cwUnh ftys 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSA bl eky [kkos pksjM+k js] [kkos djt [kyk.kA {ks= esa LorU=rk la?k"kZ lkeUroknh lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfrjks/k ds :i esa eq[kfjr dPpsfM+;ka esa gkde [kkos] Hkw[kk daFk dks izk.kAA gksdj lkekftd tkxj.k dk :i ysrk x;kA isV cka/k [ksrh djka js] lxˇk dk rdkjA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 589 303 590 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ?kj eas Egkads ≈nj [ksys] Hkjka txr HkaMkjAA usrkvksa ds cnyrs LoHkko vkfn ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA vktknh ls igys os xM+k iM+s jksyh lM+s js] mYVks ysys naMA lkeUroknh lkekftd lajpuk esa xjhc fdlkukas dh fpUrk djrs gq, mUgas tkxzr djrs laM eqlaMk ikih gkfde [kkos Egkadks iaMAA gS&lu~ 1939 esa tkxhjh tqYe jfl;k esa tqYe dh bargk ns[kh gS& dM+rk dk iM+rk ugha js] gM+D;k [kqM+ [kqM+ [kk;sA tkxhjh esa thck lw° rks Hkyks dqvk esa iM+cksA gkFk tksM+dj xkY;ka [kkoka] rks Hkh bTtr tk;sAA tkxhjh dk xk°o lwWa rks Hkyks ujd esa lM+cksAA3 Nksjk Nksjh nw/k fcuk js] pwM+ fcuk ?kj ukjA lu~ 1941 bZ- esa xktj] dkank] csax.k ikyd pwV pkaV ys tkosAA6 jgsxh tc rd ;g ?kj okfy;k°] cuh rw lh[k fg;s /kj tS] ek.M] Hkaoj ij ukjh er lu~ 1952 esa dkykckny cksV dh dher vkSj jktusrkvksa ds >wBs oknkas ls cpus rkdks] R;kxh rks Hkksxh c.kX;k js] /kuokukas dh nqfu;k°] iztk ij tqYe] dye dlkbZ] ds fy, lkekftd tkxj.k bl izdkj djrs gS& tkxhjh tqYe jfl;k] dye dlkbZ ns'k ds nq'eu tSls xhrkas esa vius le; ,oa lekt xk°/khth dh ea'kk Nh] ;gka djlks c.ks iz/kkuA dh fpUrk yxkrkj ^dkykckny* djrs gSaA os vius lkekftd tkxj.k esa tgk° ,d vksj thads uhps usg: cSBs] djs ns'k dks dkeAA jktuhfrd psruk] lkeUroknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fojks/k djrs gS ogha nfyr oxZ Hkksyh&Hkkˇh ekNyh us] ;g cxyk Hkxr QalkbZA eas u'ks] vLoPNrk vkfn dks R;kxus dk Hkh lans'k nsrs gSaA ^dkykckny* ds lkekftd djlk.kk dk cksV ekax ck] cg:I;k c.k vkbZAA tkxj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck°Vdj le> ldrs gSaA igys Hkkx esa vktknh ls igys dh 'kgjh usrk ehBk Bx NS] Ny lwa dj ys okjA leL;k,° vkSj ^dkykckny* dh fpUrk,° fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS rks vktknh ds ckn Hkz"Vkpkj ;ka ijns'kh iaPN;ka lwa] lc jhT;ks gksf'k;kjAA7 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 591 304 592 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vktknh ds ckn rsth ls cnyrs ifjn`'; esa lu~ 1953 esa dkykckny R;kxh rks dsoy vktknh dh pkg iSnk dh vfirq mudk nq[k nnZ Hkh ckaVkA vktknh ds iwoZ gekjs Hkksxh c.kX;k js] esa jktuhfr esa vkbZ xqVcUnh Hkz"Vkpkj ij fy[krs gS& lsukfu;ksa us tks lius ns[ks oks fdl rjg rkj&rkj gq, ;g dkykckny th us ^ge jkLrs R;kxh rks Hkksxh c.kX;k js] ls HkVd x;s gS* vkys[k fy[kdj O;Dr fd;kA os vius laLej.kkas esa rhu xhr laxzgksa djlk.kk dh /kwy mM+krh eksVj tkos jsAA ds izdk'ku dh ppkZ djrs gS& xk°oksa dh iqdkj] vktknh dh ygj vkSj lkekftd /kuoku dh ukM+ dkVs] djlk.kk dks daBA lq/kkj buesa ls vktknh dh ygj iqLrd dks vaxzst ljdkj }kjk izfrcfU/kr Hkh fd;k etnwjksa dks ekal ywaps] c.;k fQjs yQVaVAA x;kA11 xk°/kh dk ukao lw° js Hkyh epkbZ ywVA lektlsod ds :i esa vkius NqvkNwr] nfyr frjLdkj] inkZizFkk e`R;q Hkkst [kwc yM+kos ?k.kk yM+s Ns] xqVcanh esa QqVAA8 vkfn ds ckjs esa tkxzfr iSnk dj gkM+kSrh dh mYys[kuh; lsok djrs gq, vke turk ds lu~ 1955 eas lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa ds izfr tkxzr djrs gq, fy[krs gaS& chp jgus okys lgt fdlku] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds iqjks/kk] tudfo vkSj LorU=rk psrks js vc rks enkZavks js] vkbZ vktknh vka[;k [kksy nksAA lsukuh dkykckny vktknh dh 50 oha o"kZxkaB u ns[k lds vkSj 20 vizsy 1997 dks odhyka dh Qw°d lw° js gka js] enkZa ?kj&?kj ykxh vkxA budk nsoyksd xeu gks x;kA os nfyr oxZ ds mRFkku ,oa fodkl ds fy, d`r cˇS xk°oM+k cˇS 'kgj Hkh cˇS ns'k dk HkkxAA ladYi FksA vr% jktrU= esa Hkh mudh gfjtu mºkj ,oa iztke.My ds izpkj N=h MwC;k 'kjkc eSa js] gka js enkZa cke.k c.X;k MkdhA dk;Zÿeksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dks lkekftd tkxj.k ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkgwdkj rks pksj c.k x;k] /keZ cps D;ksa ckdhA A os vius O;k[;kuksa esa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, vusd rdZ nsrs gq, ns[k n'kk fut ns'k dh js] gka js enkZa iyVks vki.kh pkyA budh fuUnk djrs FksA ugha psrks rks nq%[k ikvksxk] c.;ka jgks daxkyAA9 dkykckny us vius thou dky esa gkM+kSrh {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk lEiw.kZ mRrj&Hkkjr lk°pk usrk R;kx dk js] lr dh cksys ckrA ds tuthou dks vkyksfdr dj ikFks; fn;kA rRdkyhu jktiwrkuk ds le; ,oa lekt udyh usrk yhn dj NS] ewaMk law fnu&jkrAA dks Lok/khurk ds fy;s vko';d jpukRed ,oa vkykspukRed la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj $$$ fd;kA os iztke.My ds lfÿ; lnL; ds :i eas LorU=rk la?k"kZ ls tc ,d ckj tqM+ dkabZ lwrk Nks uhan esa js] dqŸkk [kkoS pkjA x;s rks fQj vktknh dk lwjt mx vkus rd dHkh ihNs eqM+dj ugh ns[kkA lu~ 1942 iVokjh] dkuwxks] ukt+e] pkSFkks Fkk.kknkjAA dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu gks ;k fQj fouksck th dk Hkwnku vkUnksyu iw.kZ lefiZr Hkko $$$ ls gkM+kSrh dh turk ds chp lkekftd tkxj.k dh vy[k txkrs jgsA muds xhrksa esa djlka Fkkadk vUunkrk NS] D;ksa ykX;k /kedkck usA ,d vksj tgk° gkM+kSrh Hkk"kk ds mtys ns'kt Lo:i ds n'kZu gksrs gaS ogha nwljh vksj tks Fkka ;ka lwa csj djks rks] feys u VqdM+ks [kkck usAA vktknh ds igys vkSj vktknh ds ckn ds lekt dk vlyh :i Hkh lkQ&lkQ $$$ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA12 gkM+kSrh vapy ds vuks[ks yksd dfo ,oa lsod dkykckny us Hkkjr ds ohjksa] tufgr ckr fopkjksA vius xhrksa dks cM+k gfFk;kj cukdj xk°o&xk°o] ] djksa dh euekus k ikuk vkfn ?kVd fo'ks"k :i ls lq>k;s tkrs gSaA12 iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; esa gqbZ jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk ds ihNs Hkh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 595 306 596 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dfri; dkj.k ,oa ?kVd fo|eku jgs FksA ftUgsa fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdksa ds varxZr jktra=h; O;oLFkk ds tqYeksa o mlds fojks/k ds lekpkj Hkjs jgrs Fks] ftUgsa i<+dj foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA yksxksa dk O;oLFkk ds izfr eksg Hkax gksrk tkrk FkkA ljdkj Hkh neudkjh uhfr ij f'k{kk ,oa lekpkj&i=ksa dk izHkko pyrs gq, bu lekpkj i=ksa ij izfrca/k yxkus esa dlj ugha NksM+rh Fkh] ysfdu pksjh&Nqis ;s i= lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa ds ikl igq°pk fn, tkrs FksA17 bu lekpkj i=ksa ds chdkusj lEHkkx esa gqbZ jktuhfrd tutkx`fr ds n`f"Vdks.k ls f'k{kk ,oa vfrfjDr fo'ks"k ^ldZqyj ySVlZ*] ^cqysfVu*] ^fjiksV~lZ* vkfn dk izdk'ku Hkh bl lekpkj i=ksa dh Hkwfedk egŸoiw.kZ ekuh tk ldrh gSA oSls vkadM+ksa dh n`f"V ls n`f"V ls de egŸoiw.kZ ugha FkkA18 yanu esa xksyest dkWU›sUl ds le; egkjktk f'k{kk dk fo'ks"kdj vaxzsth f'k{kk dk izlkj cgqr de ,oa /khek FkkA ysfdu vaxzsth xaxkflag dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa ds fo#º gqbZ fjiksVZ us chdkusj iz'kklu dks fgyk fn;k f'k{kk dk izHkko vkadM+ksa ls ugha vkadk tk ldrkA tks uo;qod jkT; ls ckgj f'k{kk Fkk rFkk ^chdkusj "kM~;a= ekeys* dh uhao iM+h FkhA19 jk"V™™h; lekpkj i=ksa fo'ks"kdj ysus ds fy, x;s os ykSVdj vk;s rks os gh u;h psruk ds izfrfuf/k cus tcfd mudh 13 ^cksEcs ÿksfudy*] ^fgUnqLrku VkbZEl* ,oa ^izrki* us Hkh chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dh la[;k cgqr de jghA blh izdkj fczfV'k bf.M;k esa jgus okys chdkusj okfl;ksa us neudkjh uhfr;ksa ij fo'ks"k ys[k fudkys FksA cfYd fLFkfr ;g cu vk;h Fkh fd ogk° f'k{kk xzg.k djds vius jktuSfrd nkf;Roksa dks le>kA jkT; esa u dsoy jk"V™™h; ny chdkusj jkT; dh lgh voLFkk dk ifjp; ikus ds fy, bu jk"V™™h; iztke.My vkanksyu cfYd lektoknh o fdlh lhek rd lkE;oknh fopkjksa dh lekpkj i=ksa ds fo'ks"k laoknnkrkvksa ls gh lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA ^chdkusj "kM~;a= iqf"V bUgha izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk lEHko gqbZA14 chdkusj ujs'k egkjktk xaxkflag us chdkusj ekeys*] ^nw/kok[kkjk fdlku vkanksyu* rFkk jktx<+ o xaxkuxj esa d`"kd vkanksyuksa ds dks ,d vk/kqfud jkT; dk Lrj nsus dh gksM+ esa f'k{kk ds izlkj ij i;kZIr /;ku fn;k neu dh HkRlZuk bu laoknnkrkvksa ds lekpkjksa ds vk/kkj ij gh dh x;h FkhA20 cfYd FkkA chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa jkT; eas dqy 29 f'k{k.k laLFkk,a] 49 v/;kid] iztke.My ds vf/kdka'k usrk i=dkj dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksA mudh bPNk jgrh Fkh fd 1606 v/;;ujr Nk= ,oa 18126@& okf"kZd f'k{kk&O;; rFkk 80 futh ikB'kkyk,a fdlh izdkj os izsl yxkdj viuk lekpkj i= fudkysa rkfd mudh vkokt dks lquk FkhaA egkjktk ds nsgkolku ds le; (1943 bZ-) jkT; esa 141 jktdh; fo|ky;] tk ldsA ;|fi foŸkh; leL;kvksa ds dkj.k cgqrksa dh bPNk eu esa gh jg x;h FkhA 137 vuqnku izkIr ,oa 191 ekU;rk izkIr futh fo|ky; vkSj ,d LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky; chdkusj esa lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ] [kwcpUn ljkZQ] oS| e?kkjke] j?kqoj n;ky xks;y ,oa Fkk] ftlesa v/;;ujr Nk= la[;k 29]803 rd igq°p pqdh FkhA15 ;s ljdkjh vkadM+s nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z bl fn'kk esa iz;Ru'khy jgs FksA21 lEHkor% vfrjatuk ls Hkh vksr&izksr gksa] ysfdu ,d ckr Li"V gS fd bl nkSj esa chdkusj jkT; esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa izlkj gqvk FkkA fQj Nk= mPp f'k{kk izkfIr gsrq vk;Z lekt vkanksyu dk izHkko cukjl Hkh Hksts tkrs FksA egkjktk us bl ckr dk Hkjld iz;Ru fd;k Fkk fd jkT; esa vk;Z lekt vkanksyu us jktLFkku esa cgqr ls Hkkxksa eas ;wjksi ds iqutkZxj.k lk Nk= vkanksyu tSlh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fodkl u gks ysfdu f'k{kk ds ikB~;ÿe tks fd dk;Z fd;kA ;|fi vk;Z lekt ds vius jktuSfrd dk;Zÿe ugha Fks] ysfdu blds fczfV'k bf.M;k esa py jgs ikB~;ÿeksa ds vuq:i Fks] f'k{kd tks fd vf/kdka'k la[;k }kjk izpkfjr /kkfeZd o lkekftd lq/kkjksa us vius gh izdkj dh ,d jktuSfrd psruk esa iqu% fczfV'k bf.M;k ls vk, Fks vkSj ubZ 'kfDr;ksa ds mn; ds fo#º ugha Fks rFkk dks tUe fn;kA lkekftd HksnHkko feVkus dh f'k{kk us vusd e/;e o fiNM+s oxZ ds f'k{kk ds lkekU;&Kku ls mRiUu psrukvksa ds izHkko dks rks jksdk ugha tk ldrk FkkA16 yksxksa esa ,d u;k mRlkg Hkj fn;kA muds }kjk LFkkfir dh x;h viuh u;h igpku us f'k{kk ds izlkj us jktra= dh vVwVrk ,oa fujUrjrk dks Lohdkj djkus esa ck/kk,a gh ijEijkoknh ,dkf/kdkj j[kus okyh 'kfDr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, mUgsa l{ke cuk mRiUu dhA bl e/; lkearh&ifjokjksa ls tqM+s de f'kf{kr yksxksa dks ≈°ph ukSdfj;ksa esa fn;kA vk;Z lekt us izR;sd izdkj ds ,dkf/kdkj o tqYe dk fojks/k djus dh ,d izkFkfedrk nh xbZ rks vU; oxks± ds f'kf{kr yksx jktra=h; O;oLFkk ds fo#º HkM+d foy{k.k psruk mRiUu dh ftldk lh/kk izHkko jktuSfrd psruk dks tkx`r djus esa x,A chdkusj esa gq, iztke.My vkanksyu ds vf/kdrj usrk is'ks ls v/;kid] odhy] lgk;d flº gqvkA22 Lokeh th vius thoudky esa pw: vk, Fks vkSj chdkusj fpfdRld o O;kikjh FksA bUgha yksxksa us vkxs pydj jktLFkku esa ,dhdj.k dh lEHkkx eas pw: dLck] tks [kkylk {ks= esa Fkk] gh muds izpkj dk izFke dsUnz cukA vkokt mBk;h rkfd lekurk ds vk/kkj ij lcdks volj izkIr gks ldsaA pw: esa jktuSfrd tkx`fr dk >.Mk Qgjkus okys Lokeh xksiky nkl vk;Zlekth gh Fks] dqyh; jktra= dh O;oLFkk ds fo#º lekpkj&i=ksa us Hkh iqjtksj vkokt ftUgksaus ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr ds fy, loZizFke 1907 bZ- esa gh yksd fgrdkfj.kh mBk;h vkSj mldk chdksuj lEHkkx ds okfl;ksa ij O;kid izHkko iM+kA ^jktLFkku lHkk cuk yh FkhA23 'kh?kz gh vk;Zlekth dsUnz viuh xfrfof/k;ksa esa jktuSfrd dsljh*] ^r#.k jktLFkku*] ^uothou*] ^uo T;ksfr*] ^yksdok.kh* vkfn i=ksa esa vf/kdkjksa dh O;k[;k djus yxsA ;gk° rd fd fdlku vkanksyuksa dks Hkh vk;Z ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 597 307 598 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lekft;ksa us izHkkfor djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA Lokeh dekZuUn vk;Zlekth Fks o iz;Ru fd;k Fkk fd jktra= tSlh iqjkuh laLFkk dks u;h i`"BHkwfe o u;s vk/kkj nsdj n`<+ d`"kd vkanksyuksa ds izeq[k lw=/kkj FksA Lokeh xksikynkl rks chdkusj "kM~;a= ekeys ds djsaA mUgksaus ,d vksj jktk ds dŸkZO;] fo'ks'kdj iztk ds izfr mlds nkf;Ro] 'kkL=h; izeq[k uk;d FksA tc&tc ljdkj us neu dh uhfr viukdj yksxkas dh oS;fDrd erksa ds vuqlkj gksus pkfg,] crkus izkjEHk fd, rks nwljh vksj mUgksaus iztk esa HkkSfrd&izxfr Lora=rk dh ek°x dh dej rksM+ nh rks mldh vkf[kjh lkal dks iqu% xfBr djus o ykdj ,oa iz'kklu dks vkfFkZd n`f"V ls n`<+ djds lekt ds lHkh oxks± dk eu thrus mlesa fujUrjrk ykus dk dk;Z vk;Z lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh vkM+ esa gh iqu% lEHko dk iz;kl fd;kA mudh /kkj.kk Fkh fd mUur voLFkk dk jktra= iztk ds fy, gks ldkA chdkusj ujs'k egkjktk xaxkflag blh dkj.k vk;Z lekt ds fojks/kh FksA dY;k.kdkjh dk;Zÿe tqVkus esa l{ke gSA29 egkjktk us f'k{kk dh mUufr dh vksj /;ku mUgksaus bl ckr dk Hkjld iz;Ru fd;k fd vk;Z lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij iw.kZ fn;k] xax ugj ykdj jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa flapkbZ ij vk/kkfjr d`f"k dk ÿkafrdkjh ;qx izfrcU/k yxk fn;k tk;s ysfdu e/;e o fiNM+s oxks± ds yxko us mls fdlh u fdlh yk fn;k] ifjogu esa fo'ks"kdj jsyos esa 76-40 fdyksehVj ls 1394 fdyksehVj dh :i esa thfor j[kkA24 izxfr dh] vk/kqfud vLirky dk fuekZ.k fd;k] u;s U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd,] i'kq izoklh O;kikjh&oxZ dh Hkwfedk fpfdRlky; [kksys] vukFkky; cuk, vkfnA30 egkjktk xaxkflag }kjk 'kklu ds iw.kkZf/ ;|fi ;wjksih; ?kVukÿe esa okf.kT; ,oa O;kikj ls layXu oxks± dks xSj&lkearh; kdkj izkIr djrs le; (1897&98 bZ-) jkT; dh vk; 20]08]462 #- Fkh] tks fd 'kfDr;kssa dk izrhd ekuk x;k gS ijUrq Hkkjrh; v/;;u esa mls jktra= dh lŸkk dk muds nsgkar ds le; (1942&43 bZ-) c<+dj 2]02]98]744 #- gks x;ha ;g o`fº 31 leFkZd le>k x;k gSA25 ;g oxZ lŸkk ds lkFk gksdj Hkh rhljh 'kfDr ds :i esa 910-66 izfr'kr dh FkhA fo|eku FkkA ;g lgh gS fd chdkusj lEHkkx ds O;kikfj;ksa us fczfV'k ,tsUV cudj la{ksi esa muds 'kkludky esa chdkusj dk fiNM+k jsfxLrkuh jkT; Hkkjr ds nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa ykHk dekus gsrq iwjh 19oha 'krkCnh esa Lo;a dks O;Lr j[kk ysfdu 'kuS% ekufp= ij mHkjdj lkeus vk x;kA egkjktk ds dVq vkykspdksa us Hkh muds bu 'kuS% muds bUgha fgrksa us mUgsa jk"V™™h; /kkjk ls Hkh tksM+uk izkjEHk dj fn;kA vaxzstksa dh iz;klksa dh iz'kalk dh gSA ysfdu O;fDr dh Lora=rk dk neu djds mls HkkSfrd&izxfr izfrLi/kkZ ,oa fu;a=.k dh uhfr us Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa ds dne tc jksdus izkjEHk fd, dk yksHk fn[kkdj egkjktk oLrqr% vius jktra= ds fy, dqN ugha izkIr dj ldsA bl rks mUgsa jk"V™™h; /kkjk ds Lons'kh dk;Zÿeksa esa viuk fgr fn[kkA bu izoklh ekjokfM+;ksa izdkj egkjktk ds iz'kklfud o vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa us jktra= dk leFkZd ugha cfYd dh vU; ck/kk vius oru esa lkearksa ds vga ds :i esa lkeus Fkh rks mUgksaus vaxzstksa ds fojks/kh xqV gh rS;kj fd;kA egkjktk tSls prqj jktuhfrK ;g Hkwy x;s fd vkfFkZd lkFk&lkFk ns'kh fu;a=.kksa ls Hkh yM+us dh Bku yhA fQj iwohZ Hkkjr esa QSyh mxz ifjorZu fcuk lkekftd o jktuSfrd ifjorZuksa ds vlarks"k dh u;h i`"BHkwfe gh rS;kj jk"V™™h;rk dh ygj us Hkh mUgsa >d>ksj fn;kA varr% blh oxZ eas ls dqN yksxksa us lkeus djrs gSaA32 vkdj xSj&lkearh 'kfDr;ksa dks xfBr djuk izkjEHk fd;k rkfd os oS;fDrd Lora=rk fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ns'k ds Lok/khurk laxzke ds nkSj esa ns'kHkj dk vf/kdkj ysdj vius vkfFkZd vk/kkj dks foLr`r cuk ldsaA26 1918&19 bZ- esa esa pyh jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk dh ygj dh i`"BHkwfe esa varfuZfgr jgs ?kVdksa o ^ekjokM+h fgrdkfj.kh* vkSj ^jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1920 bZ- esa dkj.kksa ds lkFk gh lkFk lelkef;d chdkusj jkT; ds rRdkyhu jktufrd] lkekftd ^jktLFkku lsod la?k* dh 'kk[kk,a jktLFkku esa LFkku&LFkku ij [kqyhaA bu laLFkkvksa us ,oa vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa Hkh dqN ,sls ?kVd fo|eku jgs ftUgksaus bl {ks= fo'ks"k esa 27 lekt&lq/kkj ds vusd dk;Zÿeksa dks viukdj ,d u;h psruk mRiUu dhA jkT; esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr o psruk ykus esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA uksgj] Hkknjk] jktx<+] pw:] jrux<+ ds vusd O;olk;h izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls u;h tkx`fr dk lans'k QSykus esa ,dtqV gks x,A chdkusj ds lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ o lanHkZ [kwcpUn ljkZQ] ekypUn ghlkfj;k dh dgkuh fdlh vU; izkUr ds vkanksyudkfj;ksa 1- gtwj fMikVZesaV] 1914] ua- ch&4] chdkusj] i`- 35&39] jk-jk-v-ch-_ lgknr xokgku dh xkFkk ls de ugha gSA cfYd jkT; esa mŸkjnk;h ljdkj dh ek°x djus okyksa esa izFke c;ku rgjhjh is'k djnk eqykfteku] fn- 24-11-33] i`- 164@1&4] jk-jk-v-ch-_ & lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ] [kwcpUn ljkZQ o Lokeh xksikynkl gh FksA28 xksfoUn vxzoky] Lokeh xksikynkl th dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] i`- 164 2- Qkby egdek [kkl] chdkusj] 1926&32] ua- lh&2] jk-jk-v-ch-_ gkse fMikVZesaV] jkT; ds iz'kklfud ,oa vkfFkZd dk;Zÿe chdkusj (xksiuh;)] tehankjk ,slksfl;s'ku] 1929&37] ua- lh&10] i`- 4&8] jk-jk-v- chdkusj jkT; ds ujs'k fo'ks"kdj egkjktk xaxkflag us bl ckr dk fo'ks"k ch- ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 599 308 600 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 3- ds-,e- iUuhdj] fge gkbZuSl nh egkjktk vkWQ chdkusj] vkWDlQksMZ] 1937] i`- 22- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 316&17 182_ xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZDr] i`- 204 23- gtwj fMikVZesaV] 1914] ua- ch&4] chdkusj] i`- 35&39] jk-jk-v-ch- 4- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj (xksiuh;)] 1937] ua- lh&V] i`- 1&8 ,oa 8lh] i`- 1&23] 24- psruk eqn~xy] chdkusj eas tu vkanksyu] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k dk;Z] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] 36lh] i`- 11&26] jk-jk-v-ch-_ vkj-,y- gk.Mk] fgLV™h vkWQ ›hMe LV™xy bu fn t;iqj] 1991] i`- 13&17 fizalyh LVsV~l] i`- 90] fnYyh] 1964 25- eksfjl MkWc] dSfiVfyLV ,aVjizkbZt ,.M lksf'k;y izksxzsl] yanu] 1926] i`- 4] 6] 21_ 5- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1937] ua- 36lh] i`- 11&26] jk-jk-v-ch- Mh-vkj- xkMfxy] vksfjftUl vkWQ nh eksMuZ bf.M;u fctul Dykl] U;w;kWdZ] 1956] 6- vkWy bf.M;k LVsV~l ihiYl dkWU›sUl isilZ] Qkby ua- 187] i`- 80&92] usg: eseksfj;y i`- 16&17 E;wft;e ,.M ykbZczsjh] ubZ fnYyh_ vkj-,y- gk.Mk] iwoZ-] i`- 90&92 26- fxfjtk 'kadj 'kekZ] ekjokM+h O;kikjh] vkfFkZd o lkekftd fo'ys"k.k] chdkusj] 7- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1937] ua- lhV] i`- 1&8_ ogh] 1942] ua- LVII, 1990] i`- 3&7 (vkeq[k) i`- 105] ua- 101] i`- 1&7] 1945] ua- 101] i`- 11&16] 1945] ua- VXII, i`- 1&2_ vkWy 27- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 319&20 bf.M;k LVsV~l ihiqYl dkWU›sUl isilZ] QkbZy ua- 102] i`- 40&42] gkse fMikVZeasV 28- xksfoUn vxzoky] Lokeh xksikynkl th dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] pw:] 1968] i`- (xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1949] ua- 101 (fgLV™h 'khV vkWQ j?kqojn;ky xks;y)] i`- 1&9_ 18&21 lR;nso fo|kyadkj] chdkusj dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr] i`- 64&66_ Lora=rk lsukuh 29- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 26 nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z dk Vsi fd;k x;k laLej.k] jk-jk-v-ch-_ xaxk nkl dkSf'kd] cLrk 30- ogh] i`- 20&27 ua- 2] i=koyh la- 15] jk-jk-v-ch- 31- f'kojru HkwrM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 9&10 8- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] 1948] ua- 8] i`- 29&31_ ogh] 1946] ua- 72] i`- 11&33_ 32- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 26 nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z dk Vsi laLej.k] iwoZ- 9- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 281&86_ psruk eqn~xy] iwoZ-] i`- 146&49 10- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj] 1945] ua- XXXVI] i`- 18_ ogh] 1946] ua- XXVI] i`- 12] 62] 64] 72&73_ lR;nso fo|kyadkj] iwoZ-] i`- 159&62 11- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj (xksiuh;)] 1946] ua- 40] i`- 1&32] jk-jk-v-ch- 12- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 315&20 13- ogh 14- psruk eqn~xy] chdkusj eas tu vkanksyu] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k dk;Z] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] 1991] i`- 114&30 15- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] chdkusj jkT; esa f'k{kk dh izxfr (egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we)] chdkusj] 1980] i`- 46&49 (fgUnh Hkkx) 16- ogh 17- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 317&19 18- ogh 19- bl fcUnq dks blh v/;k; esa blh 'kh"kZd ds varxZr Li"V fd;k x;k gSA 20- nz"VO; & ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 3 21- lR;nso fo|kyadkj] chdkusj dk jktuhfrd fodkl] ia- e?kkjke] chdkusj] 1962] i`- 186&90 309 602 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dkO;] lkfgR;] miU;kl] dgkuh laxzg6 vkfn ls jktLFkku o mlds deZB dk;ZdŸkkZvksa] ns'k izsfe;ksa] ÿkafrdkjh ohjksa dks >d>ksj fn;k gS] ogha muls vke ekul] efgykvksa] ≈ijeky dh utjksa esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd fdlku Hkh vNwrs ugha jgsA fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu ds nkSjku ifFkd th] Jh ekf.kD;yky oekZ] izKkp{kq Hkaojyky Lo.kZdkj] izsepan Hkhy vkfn ds esokM+h Hkk"kk (≈ijeky fdlku xk;uksa ds laxzg ls) ds vkstLoh xhr bl le; ≈ijeky vapy7 esa cPPks] ;qod] fL=;ksa] o`º lHkh dks MkW- f'kYih xqIrk izsfjr djrs Fks] lkewfgd :i ls ;s xhr ≈ijeky esa xk;s tkrs Fks rFkk fdlkuksa dk mRlkgo/kZu vkSj muesa lR;kxzg ds fy, tks'k Hkjrs FksA vr% ifFkd th dk O;fDrRo] fctksfy;ka esa ifFkd th us ≈ijeky fdlku iapk;r dk izHkko'kkyh laxBu dk;Z] jpuk;sasa rks gesa vkUnksfyr djrh gh gaS vkSj muds ek/;e ls mudk ;ksxnku Hkh [kM+kdj vkanksyu pyk;k] ftlesa jktLFkku ds jktuhfrd tkxj.k dk izdk'k izNUu Li"V gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ifFkd th dh okLrfod Nfo vkSj egkurk dh >yd] ml Fkk] blls jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd psruk vk;hA ifFkd th ds usr`Ro esa fo|k izpkfj.kh lkfgR; ls T;knk Li"V gksrh gS tks tulk/kkj.k us muds fy, jps gaS] tks ,d ekSf[kd lHkk (fprkSM+)] ≈ijeky lsok lfefr cuk;h xbZ] ^≈ijeky dk Madk*] jktLFkku vkSj ykSfdd lzksr gSA ≈ijeky ds vketu us tks ifFkd th ds fy, eglwl fd;k dsljh lekpkj i= fudkyk x;kA1 ifFkd th ds vFkd ifjJe ls ≈ijeky ds vkSj mUgsa ftl :i esa ns[kk gS] mldk ,d egRow.kZ lanHkZ lzksr gS& ^≈ijeky fdlku fdlku tkx x;s Fks] mUgksaus fdlkuksa dk ,d LFkk;h vkSj n`<+ laxBu [kM+k dj] jkT; Hktukoyh* uke ls fdlku xk;uksa dk laxzg] tks ≈ijeky fdlku iapk;r }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk fBdkus ds fo#º fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ NsM+ fn;kA fdlkuksa dh dh xbZA blesa lR;kxzg] jk"V™] ns'kHkfDrijd] fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ckfydkvksa] fdlkuksa] iztkeaMykfn n;uh; n'kk] muls fy;s tkus okys 74 ykxrsa] cSB&csxkj dh vekuoh;] ÿwj izFkk ds laca/kh yxHkx 50 xhrksa dk laxzg gS] ftlesa ls vkjrh Hkkjrekrk dh] ekpZ xhr] fdlkuksa fo#º vkokt mBkbZ rFkk le;≤ ij vius iz;klksa ls dBksj 'krks± dks mnkj cukus dk >aMk] ≈ijeky] fo|kfFkZ;ksa&ckfydkvksa ds fy, dbZ xhr ifFkd th }kjk Hkh fy[ks dh ckr dghA2 fdlkuksa esa ifFkd th dk bruk izHkko Fkk fd mUgsa os ^egkRek* ds uke x;s gSa ijUrq blesa dqy 6 xhr ,sls Hkh gS tks fot;flag ifFkd th ds fy, fy[ks x;s gaS] ls vknj nsrs Fks] fdlh eqÌs ij ckrphr gksus ij gj mŸkj muls iwNdj gh nsrs FksA egkRek tks muds pfj=] ;ksxnku dks ≈ijeky ds yksxksa dh utjksa ls ns[krs gSaSA buesa nks xhr xka/kh Hkh ifFkd th dh dk;Z {kerk] lw>&cw> lkgl o laxBu n{krk ls cgqr vf/kd ^Hkoajyky Lo.kZdkj }kjk jfpr gS ftlesa ls ,d esa ^,d lR;kxzg dh jsy* pyus dk izHkkfor FksA xka/kh us dydrk esa nhuca/kq ,saM™wt dks ifFkd th dk ifjp; bl izdkj ftÿ gS tks ≈ijeky igkM+ esa 3 lky ds la?k"kZ ds lkFk ?kwerh gS] fQj jkoM+nk xkao ls fn;k fd ^ifFkd ,d lPpk dk;ZdŸkkZ gS vkSj lc ckrwuh gS] ifFkd ,d lSfud gS] gksrh gqbZ csxaw dh rjQ tkrh gS] blh rjg ls ;g vkxs c<+dj cLLkh] lknM+h] nsyokM+s] cgknqj gSA mYys[kuh; ckr ;g gS fd fctksfy;ka ds tUk&tu dk mu ij fo'okl HkhyokM+k] mn;iqj ds e/; pyrh jgrh gS] vU;k; dk fojks/k djrh gS] ≈ijeky ds gSA*3 fctksfy;ka vkanksyu dkQh yack pyk ijUrq blds lQy iz;klksa ls izsj.kk ysdj fdlkuksa ds la?k"kZ dks n'kkZrh gS ftlus ywVus okyksa dh nky ugha xyus nh gS D;ksafd bl csxwa] HkaSljksM+x<+] /kkaxMe≈] cksjko] ikjlksyh] cLLkh] vejx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa esa fdlku ^lR;kxzg ds la?k"kZ :ih jsy* ds xkMZ fot;flag th tks/kk egkcyh gS] tks varr% vtesj vkanksyu rsth ls c<+ pys] esokM+ ds lHkh vkanksyuksa us ifFkd th dh uhfr dk gh esa jgdj Hkh bls lapkfyr dj jgs gSaaA vuqlj.k dj jktLFkku lsok la?k dk ekxZn'kZu fy;kA ifFkd th us Lo;a vusd d"V lR;kxzg dh jsy ^≈ijeky* lwa pyh ikNks >sys ij mUgksaus fdlkuksa dks ihNs gVus ugha fn;k] os gj fLFkfr esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk [kM+s bZadks vatu ykSV;ks lknM+h pyh] jgs] mudk gkSalyk c<+krs jgsaA pkgs o/kkZ esa jguk iM+k gksa ;k vtesj esa4] tsy ls vkdj xkjM+ Egka dk fot;flag th tks/kk egkcyh] Hkh esokM+ izos'k fu"ks/kkKk ds ckotwn ifFkd th vtesj ls viuk usr`Ro lapkyu djrs vtesj lwa lhVh nh nh Qwyh vkSj QyhAA8 jgsA nwljs xhr ^Hkkouk* ls esokM+ ds uj ukjh }kjk ifFkd th ds izfr xq.kxku djus] ,d ÿkafrdkjh] ,d v/;kid] ,d tu usrk] laxBudŸkkZ] ,d dfo& ys[kd5 mudh efgek xkus dh ckr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd gekjh dksbZ lqurk ugha Fkk] bl ns'k esa tSls cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo ds /kuh ifFkd th dk thou la?k"kZe; gh jgk] muds }kjk yacs le; ls dkQh nq%[k ijs'kkuh FkhA ij bZ'oj us ge ij d`ik dj fourh tYnh lqu yh fd;k tkus okyk fdlku vkanksyu] jktuhfrd dk;Z ftruk izHkkoh jgk] mruk gh gS vkSj ifFkd th dks vorkj ds :i esa gekjs mºkj ds fy, Hkstk gSA ftUgksaus vkdj Kku izHkkoh jgk gS mudk dkO;e; O;fDrRo o d`frRo] tgka mUgksaus vius vusd xhrksa] x| crk] lR;kxzg djuk fl[kyk;k gS] oans ekrje~ dk ea= i<+dj gesa nq[k ls mckj fy;k gS] ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 603 310 604 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ifFkd th cM+s ri/kkjh egkRek gaS] ftudk xq.kxku lkjk esokM+ dj jgk gSA tk;* esa ;gka ds enks± dks /kS;Z] fgEer j[krs gq, MV dj jgus dh ckr le>k;h xbZ gS ifFkd dh efgek Hkkjh th] xq.k xkos esokM+ ns'k lkjk uj&ukjh th fd tc vki yksx usrk ds fcuk HkVd jgs Fks] rc ifFkd th us Bhd le; is vkdj ifFkd HksT;ksa vorkjh th lR;kxzg djuks fl[kyk;ksA ckxMksj laHkkyhA lsB&tkxhjnkj nksuksa fdlkuksa dks ywV&ywVdj viuh lsgr cuk jgs oans ekrje~ ea= iaMk Qgjk;kA gj xkao esa iapk;r cukdj ifFkd th us viuh lHkkvksa esa efgykvksa dks Hkh vkeaf=r fd;k D;ksafd fL=;ksa viuh f'k{kk] 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kqº U;k; [kqn djus dh ckr dgh] ,drk dk ikB ds tkx`r gksus ls ifjokj tkx`r jgrk gSA ifFkd th us ;gka vkdj mUgsa txk;k gS] twrs fl[kyk;k] ftlls vU;k;h] fj'or[kksjh dks c<+kok u feysA tc ;gka ij vf/kdka'k ls ihVus ls cpk;k gS] lR;kxzg dk jkLRkk fn[kk;k] gekjs cPpksa dks ohj cuk;k] ns'kizse fdlku gS rks mu ij lcls T;knk yxku ugha jgs rFkk ifFkd th ds ftUnk jgrs fdlkuksa fl[kyk;k gS] jkt okyksa dks uhpk fn[kk;k gSA fL=;ksa dh vkokt lqu] mudh fLFkfr dk gd dksbZ ugha Nhu ldrk gS] bl rjg dh mfpr uhfr dh jkg fn[kkrs gq, lcls dk /;ku j[krs gq, ifFkd th us L=h tkfr dks Mwcus ls cpk;k gSA mUgsa /kjrh] Hkkjr fgEer j[k] nq[k dks feVkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA ekrk ds izfr dŸkZO;ksa dk lPpk Kku djk;k gS blfy, ;s efgyk;sa ifFkd th ds xq.kksa Fkk usrk fcu HkVd j;k gka Nwtk nkjk iVd j;k gksA dks ugha Hkwy ldrh] ,slk lqanj fopkj bl xhr ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa us ifFkd th fot;flag th Bhd c[kr ij ckx lEgkyh vk;A xk<+k jhtks jsA ds fy, j[kk gSA xkao&xkao iapk;r Fkkiks] ,d dj ;k QwV mpkiksA Egkaus ifFkd th vk; txk;k , ek;] b.k lwa Egka xq.k ugha Hkwyka f'k{kk] 'kklu] pkSdhnkjksa] lc ij gh Fkkadh eq[kR;kjhA Egkus lR;kxzg dks ekjx fn[kk;ks , ek; Egka dk Vkcjka us lkS esa uCcs gS djlk.k] lc lwa T;knk Hkjk yxk.kA ohj c.kk;k , ek; -10 fQj dq.k gS tks Egka thrka Egka dks gd [kk tk;A xk<+k jhtks jsA13 blh rjg ^ckts NS* uked xhr esa dgk x;k gS fd ftl rjg xka/kh th dk ifFkd th ds tsy ls o"kks± ckn NwVus ij Hkh tc esokM+ izos'k ij fu"ks/k vkKk Madk lkjs Hkkjr esa ct jgk gS] oSls jtokM+k esa ifFkd th] bUÊ tSls xjt jgs gaSA ;gka yxk nh xbZ] rc ifFkd th Xokfy;j jkT; ds flaxksyh iÍs ds fctksfy;ka dh lhek ls cgqr fnuksa ds ckn fQj ls lq[k ds fnu vk;s gSa] vc ikfi;ksa dh Nkrh&dystk /kM+d yxs Qqlfj;k xkao esa fctksfy;ka ds fdlkuksa ls feyus igqaps] rc dkQh lkjs fdlku jgs gSa] vU;k;h ytk jgs gaS] fdlkuksa dk le; vk x;k gS vkSj muds nq[k nwj gks jgs gSaA vius fiz; usrk ds n'kZu djus vk;s] cgqr ls ;qodksa us 'kiFk j[kh Fkh fd tc ifFkd xka/khth dks Madks lkjk Hkkjr esa ckts NS jsA th tsy ls NwVsxsa rHkh vius ds'k dVok;sxsa vr% blh le; fdlkuksa us viuh tVk jtokM+k esa fot;flag th bUnj T;wa xktS NS jsAA11 dVok;h] nk<+h cuok;hA bl fnu ekuks Qqlfj;k xkao esa fdlkuksa dk ,d esyk yx ^jktLFkku txkus okys* 'kh"kZd dfork esa ifFkd th dks leLr jktLFkku dks x;k FkkA14 ;s ?kVuk;sa ,oa xhr fot;flag th dh ≈ijeky esa iSB dks n'kkZrs gaS] muds txkus okyk crk;k x;k gS fd ftlus jktLFkku esa vkdj mldh iqjkuh 'kku] igpku }kjk tkx`r djus ls turk] fdlku fdl rjg vius usrk] ns'k ds fy, lefiZr gS] dks cjdjkj j[kk gS] tks detksj gqvk tk jgk FkkA tgka xjhc fdlku dh nqcZy] cscl lR;kxzg] ns'kizse] Lora=rk dh pkg j[k jgs gaS] fdlku] efgyk;sa] vke turk lh[kus fLFkfr Fkh] ftls lq/kkjdj mUgksaus fdlkuksa dks ,d fd;kA fctksfy;ka ls mUgksaus viuk dh izsj.kk ys jgs gaS] bu xhrksa esa ifFkd th ds d`frRo dh bruh iz'kalk gS fd ≈ijeky dk;Z izkjaHk fd;k gS] dkaxzsl dk lkFk Hkh fy;kA ifFkd th dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa /kkd ds yksxksa us mUgsa] vius fy, ,d mºkjd] vorkj ds :i esa ns[kk gSA Jh ekf.kD;yky gS] fdrus Hkh muds f[kykQ iz;kl gks jgs gSa ij mudh pkd (pDdh) pyrh jgsxh oekZ th ds izflº xhr ^iaNhM+k* esa Hkh ^^lq.k dj vthZ ,d nsork vk;ks NSA th dks D;ksafd mudk uke Hkh ^fot;* gh gSA irk ugha ik;ks NSAA cwVh lR;kxzg yk;ks NSA lc yksxka ds eu Hkk;ks NSA enkZa vksajs /kU; /kU; ifFkd egkjkt] jktLFkku txkus okys dkyhAA**15 esa Hkh ^nsork* ls oekZ th dk ladsr ifFkd th dh vksj Fkk tks xqIr gksdj izFke ys fctksfy;ka dks lkFk] c<+k;k tx esa viuk gkFk vkanksyu lapkfyr dj jgs Fks] lR;kxzg dh cwVh lcdks f[kyk jgs FksA OkLrqr% fdlh nL;q x.k yxk jgs gSa rkd] iM+h gS pgq° fnf'k rsjh /kkd O;fDr dh lQyrk dh igpku bl ckr ls gksrh gS fd ogka ds LFkkuh; yksxksa dk pysxk fdarq rqEgkjk pkd] uke ls fot; dgkus okysAA12 mlds izfr D;k utfj;k gS\ ifFkd th ds usr`Ro] dk;ks± ds izfr D;k mŸkj gS] rks jktLFkkuh }kjk fyf[kr ,d xhr ^xk<+k jhtks js eankZvksa Fkkadk nq[k lHkh feV fulansg gesa ifFkd th dk vewY; ;ksxnku] u flQZ ≈ijeky] esokM+ vfirq jktLFkku ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 605 311 ds yksdfiz; usrk ds :i esa nh[k iM+rk gSa] tgka og tulk/kkj.k] L=h&iq#"k] fdlku] cPps&cw<+s lHkh dks vU;k; ds fo#º viuh vkokt cqyan djus ds fy, rS;kj dj nsrs gSa rFkk viuh yM+kbZ Lo;a yM+us ;ksX; cuk nsrs gaSA lektlq/kkjd ,ao LorU=rk lsukuh lanHkZ fpeuyky ekyksr 1- lDlsuk] 'kadjlgk;] in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] chdkusj] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kxkj] 1972] i`- 59&66 Mk- gsesUnz PkkS/kjh 2- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] mn;iqj dkWfUQMsaf'k;y fjdkWMZl~ Qkby ua- 31] cLrk ua- 4 esa i`- 27&28 ij jktLFkku lsok la?k ds v/;{k fot; flag ifFkd dk LorU=rkdkyhu Hkkjr esa 1885 bZ- esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa 24-4-1932 dk i= gS] ftlesa mUgksaus 'krks± dks mnkj djus dh ckr dgh gSA ('kekZ py jgs vyx&vyx usr`Ro ds vkUnksyuksa dks ,d eap dh izkfIr gq;h vkSj bu c`tfd'kksj] jktLFkku esa fdlku ,oa vkfnoklh vkanksyu] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vkUnksyuksa us jk"V™h; Lrjh; vkUnksyu esa ifjofrZr gksdj ,d :irk vkSj ,d mÌs'; esa vdkneh] 2008] i`- 54) vkUnksfyr gksuk 'kq: dj fn;kA dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa pys vkUnksyu us vyx&vyx 3- lDlsuk 'kadjlgk;] in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] iwokZsDr] fopkj/kkjk ds rgr pyrs gq, iwjs Hkkjr dh turk dks jk"V™h;rk dh /kkjk esa tksM+us dk i`- 89 iz;kl fd;kA uje ny] xje ny ,oa ÿkfUrdkjh fopkjksa ls u dsoy izkUrh; Hkkjrh; 4- isekjke] ,xzsfj;u ewoesUV bu jktLFkku] t;iqj% iap'khy izdkíku] 1986]i`- 25 turk vfirq fj;klrh Hkkjrh; turk Hkh LorU=rk dh vy[k txkus esa 'kkfey gks 5- ifFkd] fot;flag] izgykn fot;] ubZ fnYyh] v:.k izdk'ku] 1961] i`- ?k&M x;hA egkRek xka/kh ds vorj.k ds ckn vkUnksyu xka/khoknh fopkjksa ds rgr pyus (thou ifjp;) tc egkjk.kk dh fo'ks"k vkKk ls ifFkd th dks mn;iqj tsy esa ikap yxsA bl le; ds vkUnksyuksa us ns'k ds xjhc vkfnoklh] nfyr] vf'kf{kr oxZ dks lky rd jguk iM+k rc bl vof/k esa ifFkd th ls wBs jk"V™h;rk ds cht cks;sA blh Ldwy ds gsMekLVj ds ckn esokM+ ds gksdehpUn lqjk.kk vkjksi yxkdj muds ?kj dh ryk'kh yh x;hA blds lg;ksxh ;qok lkfFk;ksa ds ifjokj us vk;Z lekth izo`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ckalokM+k ds laHkzkar ifjokjksa esa lekt&lq/kkj okyksa dks cqykdj Mjk;k x;k rkfd os ekyksr dk lkFk NksM+ nsA fo"k;d tkxzfr QSyk;h] budh dk;Z 'kSyh dk izHkko Hkh ekyksr ij Hkh iM+k vkSj jk"V™h; tkxj.k & fpeuyky ekyksr us lekt lsok esa lkoZtfud thou esa budh iszj.kk ls gh mUgksaus lekt ds fuEu oxZ dks ≈apk mBkus ds fy, gfjtuksa dks izos'k fd;k] [kknh dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus lekt esa e`R;qHkkst dk fojks/k fd;kA i<+kuk 'kq: fd;kA fd'kksjkoLFkk ls ekyksr ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k dj pqds Fks] jk"V™h;rk ds vki lekt esa BaMk ikuh forfjr djus ,oa >wBh irys mBkus dk dk;Z fd;kA bu lc cht tks fo|kFkhZ dky esa cks, Fks] oks vadqfjr gksus yxs dqN ÿkfUrdkjh dk;ksZ dks dj dk;ksZ ls ekyksr dks lekt ,oa 'kklu dh ukjktxh >syuh iM+h rc ekyksr us eglwl xqtjus ds fy, os cSpsu Fks] mUghaa fnukas okxM+ ds xka/khoknh dk;ZdrkZ ckck y{e.k nkl fd;k fd fdlh Hkh vPNs dk;Z djus ds fy, ftruk tu leFkZu gksuk t:jh gS mlh ds lEidZ esa vk;sA ckckth us mUgs fgald ÿkfUr dh fujFkZdrk le>kdj xka/khoknh izdkj dksbZ Hkh jk"V™h; dk;Z djus ls igys turk esa jk"V™h; psruk txkuk Hkh mruk gh jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA t:jh gSA blh fopkj ls ekyksr us ckck y{e.k nkl ds lkFk laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh] fpeuyky ekyksr bl mez esa igqp pqds Fks] tc ifjokj muls vk'kk djus yxk rc okpuky; 'kq: fd;k x;k] tks fiiyh pkSd esa jkeukjk;.k th ds edku esa Fkk rFkk fd ekyksr ifjokj dh vkfFkZd enn djs rFkk ijEijk ds vuqlkj fookg dh mez Hkh gks blh mn~ns'; dks ysdj 1930 bZ- 'kkUr lsok dqVh uke ls iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA x;h FkhA ysfdu ekyksr us ifjokj okyks dks bu nksuks ckrks ls bUdkj dj fn;kA ekyksr dqN ekax dj vkSj dqN pank bdV~Bk djds iqLrds bdVBh dh x;h vkSj jk"V™h; ds cxkorh fopkjksa ls ekyksr ds ifjokj okyks esa jktHk; Nk x;kA vr% ifjokj okyks fopkj/kkjk okys v[kckj eaxk;s tkus yxsA iqLrdky; esa ppkZ,a&lHkk,a gksrh FkhA us ifjokj dh ijEijkvksa ls ckxh ekudj mUgsa ifjokj ls vyx dj fn;k] ftuls mu vius fopkjksa ds izpkj ds fy, ^lsod* uke dk ,d gLr fyf[kr if=dk Hkh fudkyk ij vius thou fuokZg dk Hkkj Hkh vk x;kA tkus yxhA ekyksr us bl dk;Z ds fy, u dsoy viuk iwjk le; cfYd olh;r izkIr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 609 313 610 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 viuk futh ?kj Hkh vfiZr dj fn;kA lkFk gh bl le; muds nSfud fnup;kZ esa Hkh jkT; us gfjtuksa dks tks vf/kdk'kr% uxjikfydk ds osruHkksxh deZpkjh FksA eqf'dys vk;h ijUrq lg;ksxh ,oa fe=ksa ds lkFk ds dkj.k mnj iwfrZ ,oa vU; dk;ksZ dk vusdks izdkj ls HkM+dk;k] rkfd os vius cPpksa dks ekyksr ds ikl i<+us ugh Hksts] fuiVkjk dj fy;k djrs FksA T;kas&T;ksa 'kkUr lsok dqVh iqLrdky; dh izo`fr;k c<+us vkSj vius eksgYys ls fudky ns] ijUrq ekyksr ,slh vMpuks ls Hkkxs ugh vkSj gfjtu yxh] gfjtuks] fuEu oxhZ; o vkfnokfl;ksa dh tkx`fr;k° c<+us yxh] rc mu izo`fr;ks f'k{kk ds dk;Z dks pkyq j[kkA ukFkqyky gfjtu crkrs gS fd ^1935&45 bZ- rd dks ,d laxfBr laLFkk dk :i nsus dks lkspk x;k vksj vius vR;Ur fudV ,oa ekyksr us esjs nknk ds ?kj esa fo|ky; pyk;k*A ekyksr dh f'k{kk o izsj.kk ds ifj.kke fo'okl ik= dqN lkfFk;ksa dks ysdj 1935 bZ- esa ^'kkUr lsok&dqVh* uked laLFkk dk ls ,d gfjtu ;qod dk:yky us ^lkfgR; jRu** (fgUnh lkfgR; laLFkku] iz;kx) xBu fd;kA blds v/;{k ve`ryky th ukxj FksA ekyksr vkthou bl laLFkk ds dh ijh{kk mŸkhZ.k dh vkSj fo'kkjn o izFkek rd dk v/;;u dbZ yM+dks us fd;k laLFkkid ea=h ds :i esa dk;Z djrs jgsA bl laLFkk ds fuEu mÌs'; Fks & ftlesa dk:yky] dp:yky nksuks gfjtu rFkk ghjthHkkbZ vkSj cynso vkfnoklh FksA ^^laLFkk mÌs'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, jpukRed dk;Z djsxhA egkRek xka/kh }kjk egkRek xka/kh ds funsZ'kkuqlkj ,oa lkekftd tM+rk dks feVkus ds fy, okxM+ ds usrkvksa us u dsoy gfjtu lekt dk mnkj fd;k vfirq ;FkkFkZ esa xys yxkdj fufnZ"V lEiw.kZ jpukRed izo`fr;ksa dk fodkl djuk] iqLrdky;&okpuky; [kksyuk] vius ifjokj dk lnL; cuk;kA bl dk;Z esa xkSjh'kadj mik/;k;] HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh] xzkeks|ksx dk fodkl djuk] vLi`';rk HksnHkko feVkuk] [kknh dk izpkj djuk] vius /kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj] pUnqyky xqIrk ,oa fpeuyky ekyksr vxz.kh jgsA ftl ;qx esa mÌs'; ds fy, iqLrd rFkk i=&if=dk,° izdkf'kr djuk] ys[ku rFkk Hkk"k.k }kjk izpkj 'kqnz dgs tkus okys O;fDr dh Nk;k esa ijgst fd;k tkrk Fkk] budh vkokt dku esa dk;Z djuk rFkk turk dkss vdLekr vk;h gqvh foifŸk;ksa esa lkFk nsukA** laLFkk ds iM+us ij Luku djuk iM+rk Fkk] rFkk ftl cLrh ls xqtjus ij lkekftd cfg"dkj tSlk lnL;ksa ds fy, fuEu ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr dh x;h ftlesa lnL;ksa dks mDr mÌs';ksa dks n.M ikus dk Hk; jgrk Fkk] ,sls ifjfLFkfr es fpeuyky ekyksr us u dsoy gfjtukss ess fny ls ekuuk iM+sxk 'kqº [kknh oL= iguuk iM+sxk rFkk fu;fer 160 rkj dkrus f'k{kk dk vy[k txk;k vfirq lekt lq/kkj esa vxz.kh jgrs gq, nks ifr;ksa ls iM+sxs] NwvkNwr dks ugh ekusaxs] laLFkk dks 1 #- ekfld lgk;rk vko';d :i nsuk ifjR;drk vkSj larkuorh ,d vui<+ gfjtu efgyk ls vUrZtkfr; fookg dj ,d gksxk] bldh fjiksVZ gj ekg nsuh iMs+xh] ;fn 6 ekg rd fjiksVZ ugh vkus ij lnL;rk u;k ÿkfUrdkjh dne mBk;kA okxM+ es ekyksr ds lkekftd lq/kkjd dk;Zÿe dh ls eqfDr gks tk,xhA xqat jktuhfrd Lrj ij igq°pus yxhA bl le; egkRek xka/kh Hkh gfjtu lsod la?k gfjtuksºkj dk dk;Z & iqLrdky; LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh ekyksr gLrfyf[kr ds ek/;e ls iwjs Hkkjr esa gfjtuks ds mnkj dk dk;Z dj jgs FksA i= ^lsod* fudkyuk 'kq: fd;k] blds lEiknd ds :i esa xkSjh 'kadj mik/;k;] 1939 bZ- esa xka/kh ds fudVre lg;ksxh vkfnoklh ,oa gfjtu mRFkku vkUnksyu ckck y{e.knkl] /kwyth HkkbZ+ o uVoj HkkbZ HkÍ tSls ;qodkas us dk;Z fd;kA bl ds izeq[k dk;ZdrkZ Jh BDdj cIik ,oa Jherh jkes'ojh usg: us ckalokM+k dk nkSjk if=dk esa lkekftd tM+rk] lkekftd cqjkb;ka lekt dks detksj djus okyh jLeks fd;k rc oss fpeuyky ekyksr ,oa 'kkUr lsok dqVh ds dk;ks± dks ns[k vR;Ur izHkkfor fjoktksa NqvkNwr ds fo#º ys[k fy[ks tkus yxsA bu dk;ks± ls Lok/khurk la?k"kZ dh gq,A mUgksaus vius nkSjs dh fjiksVZ xka/khth dks HksthA ftlesa mUgksaus ekyksr dh Hkwjh&Hkwjh gypy rst gks x;h] ogh nwljh rjQ ljdkjh neu pÿ c<+ x;kA xkSjh 'kadj mik/ iza'klk dhA ifj.kker% tc 1939&40 bZ- esa teukyky ctkt us jktLFkku gfjtu ;k; dks jkT; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA rc fpeu yky ekyksr us gfjtu lsok dks lsod la?k dh LFkkiuk dh] rc ekyksr dks Hkh lEekuiwoZd la?k esa fy;k x;k rc viuh lkekftd ÿkfUr dk vk/kkj cuk;kA izkjEHk esa mUgksaus uxj ds gfjtu ckydksa ekyksr lEiw.kZ jktLFkku ds jk"V™h; dk;ZdrkZvksa ls lEidZ esa vk;sA ckalokM+k esa vDlj dsk v{kj Kku djkus dh n`f"V ls i<+kuk vkjEHk fd;kA gfjtu cLrh esa Ldwy [kksy BDdj cIik ,oa jkes'ojh usg: dk vkxeu gksrk jgrk Fkk vkSj os ekyksr dks ^egkRek fn;kA gfjtukas ds LokLFk ,oa lQkbZ lEcU/kh tkudkjh nsus ,oa mlds fy, ,d th* ds uke ls iqdkjrs FksA mnkgj.k dk;e djus dh n`f"V™ ls Lo;a us gfjtuksa ds cLrh ds chp ,d >ksiM+h esa ekyksr us lkekftd tkx`fr ds lkFk vU; tkfr;ksa esa gfjtuksa ds izfr vknj viuk fuokl LFkku cuk;kA bl vkyksd esa fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa dks mij mBkus dk LFkkfir djokus gsrq prqHkZt jk; efUnj esa gfjtuks dks izos'k djok;kA buds iz;Ruksa dk dk;Z 'kuS%&'kuS% vkjEHk fd;k] rc uSek tkfr us ekyksr ds bl dk;Z dks dkQh ,d lnizHkko ;g jgk fd ckalokM+k esa blkbZ;r ds izpkj&izlkj o NksVh tkfr /keZ xaHkhjrk ls fy;k rFkk bUgs tkfr ls cfg"d`r dj fn;kA ifjorZu dh tky;kstuk ls ckalokM+k dk gfjtu lqjf{kr jgkA ekyksr us f'k{kk ds ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 611 314 612 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lkFk&lkFk gfjtuksa o vkfnokfl;ksa esa 'kjkc NqM+okus] va/kfo'okl feVkus ,oa :f<+oknh ckalokM+k dk Hkh FkkA fpeu yky ekyksr] ef.k'kadj uxj] ckck y{e.knkl] /kwyth ijEijkvksa ls eqfDr fnykus dk y{; Hkh j[kkA HkkbZ Hkkolkj vkfn usrkvks us ckalokM+k es jktuhfrd tkx`fr iSnk dj nh Fkh vksj ;gk vdky jkgr dk;Z & 1934 bZ- es ckalokM+k fj;klr es Hk;adj vdky iM+k] dh iztk Hkh jk"V™h; vkUnksyu es Hkkjr vktknh ds lkFk fj;klrh vktknh dk liuk Hkh xjhc ,oa Hkw[k ls ihfM+r vkfnoklh dke dh ryk'k es bZ/kj&m/kj HkVd jgs Fk]s uxj ns[kus yxh FkhA fpeuyky ekyksr ds lkekftd tkx`fr o jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa ls Hkh vkfnokfl;ksa ls vVk iM+k FkkA ysfdu jkT; 'kklu muds fo"k; es ekSu o fu"ÿ; rFkk iztk dh nq%[kksa esa fu%LokFkZ Hkkxhnkjh ls ekyksr dh izfr"Bk c es vkus ij eqDr gLr ls vkVs dk nku djus yxsA dbZ yksx rS;kj jkfV;k° 1942 bZ- esa Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu dk ,syku fd;k rks fj;klr es Hkh ^Hkkjrh; nku djrsA jksfV;k° ckydks es ckaV nh tkrh vksj Jfedks dks etnwjh es vkVk fn;k tkrk ujs'kksa&vaxzstks dk lkFk NkM+ks* ds mÌs'; dks ysdj vkUnksyu gq,A ckalokM+k ds tu Fkk vkSj bl izdkj ekyksr us flºukFk egknso ds ikl tokgj iqy ds iwoZ es dkaxMh usrkvksa us Hkh 1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu dks izR;{k vkUnksyu dk :i ugha fn;k unh dk iky pkSM+k djok;kA ;g dk;Z nks efgus pyk rFkk o"kkZ Ωrq vkjEHk gksus ij ijUrq jpukRed dk;ks± }kjk tu&tkx`fr dk iz;kl rst dj fn;kA cUn fd;k x;kA 1951 bZ- esa Hkh vdky iM+us ij ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok dqVh es ek/;e 1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds i'pkr tc iwuk ds vkxk [kka egy esa ls nqX/k forj.k dk dk;Z fd;kA xka/khth ds lfpo egksno HkkbZ nslkbZ dh e`R;q gks x;h rc muds fy, fpeuyky egkekjh es ekyksr dh Hkwfedk & okxM+ dh turk dPph ckofM+;ksas] ukyksa esa ekyksr us uxj es ,d lkoZtfud 'kksd lHkk vk;ksftr djus dk r; fd;kA ml le; dkj.k uk: jksx ls ihfM+r jgrh FkhA vktknh ls igys ifjokj es dksbZ ,d u ,d ljdkj dh Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds dkj.k fj;klr dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ij lnL; bl jksx ls ihfM+r FkkA blls nzfor gksdj ekyksr us ,d ckj bl jksx ls ihfM+r dM+h utj FkhA ;|fi ;g 'kksd&lHkk dksbZ jktuhfrd lHkk ugha Fkh fQj Hkh fj;klrh yksxks dk O;kid losZ{k.k djok;k vkSj ckgj ls fpfdRld cqykdj bykt djokus 'kklu yksxkas dks Mjk /kedkdj iwjk iz;Ru fd;k fd ;g 'kksd lHkk ugha gks ldsA dh dksf'k'k dhA ekyksr us fu;r le; ij uxj ds dsUnz esa fLFkr egky{eh pkSd esa vius okpuky; ds 1941 bZ- es ckalokM+k fj;klr ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gSts dk Hk;adj izdksi ckgj eSt&dqlhZ fudkydj lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;kA bl lHkk esa iqfyl dk l[r gqvkA ml le; uxj es ek= ,d fMlisUljh Fkh] xkaoks es fpfdRlk ds uke ls dksbZ igsjk Fkk] fQj Hkh lkr ;qod Jksrk ds :i es mifLFkr] mles es iwuepUn lksuh] O;oLFkk ugh FkhA vkfnoklh bls nSoh izdksi ekudj >kM+&Qwd es fo'okl djus dkys[kka iq:"kksRre f=osnh ,oa fgEer yky f=osnh izeq[k LorU=rk ds iqtkjh ekStwn yxs] ifj.kke dkQh yksx ej x;s] xkao ds xkao [kkyh gks x;sA dbZ ifjokjksa es yk'kksa FksA dks mBkus okyk Hkh ugh cpk FkkA jkT; dh rjQ ls dksbZ fpfdRlh; O;oLFkk ugha dh x;h] rc ekyksr o muds lkfFk;ks us bl chM+s dks vius gkFkks eas fy;kA mUgksaus vius ekyksr dks turk dks HkM+dkus vkSj 'kkfUr Hkax djus dk vkjksi yxkdj fxjrkj lkfFk;ks dks gSts ds batsD'ku nsus dk izf'k{k.k fnyk;k vkSj okafNr nokbZ;kas vkSj jksx ds dj tsy eas Mky fn;k x;kA ml le; jktuSfrd dSnh dk ntkZ ugha Fkk] rks mUgs jksd&Fkke lEcU/kh izkjfEHkd tkudkjh nh vkSj Vksfy;k cukdj fofHkUu {ks= es Hkst lkekU; dSfn;ksa dh rjg j[kk x;k vkSj O;ogkj Hkh lkekU; dsfn;ksa dh rjg fd;k fn;kA bl dk;ksZ ds nkSjku Lo;a ekyksr Hkh gSts ds pisV es vk x;s A bu dk;ks± ls x;kA [kkus&ihus dh O;oLFkk lkekU; dSfn;ks ls cnŸkj Fkh] ogh fo'ks"k Hkkstu ds uke fpeuyky ekyksr dh izfr"Bk es o`fº gqbZA ij dkap dk pw.kZ feyk dj [kkuk fn;k tkrk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr eas ekyksr dk LokLF; jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ka & chloh 'krkCnh ds 30&40 ds n'kd dk le; oks fcxM+ x;kA ckn eas jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k fj;klr dks mUgsa tsy dky Fkk] tc vktknh dh yM+kbZ pje ij FkhA fj;klrh vkUnksyu es ,d rjQ turk ls eqDr djuk iM+kA Fkh] rks nwljh rjQ vaxzst ,oa lkeUroknh rkdrs FkhA ;s rkdrs viuh iw.kZ 'kfDr ds [kknh dk;Z & ckalokM+k jk"V™h; psruk [kknh ozr ds ek/;e ls vk;hA y{e.k lkFk lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr dks nckus es yxh gq;h FkhA ;gh gky bl le; nkl ckck dh izjs.kk ls nsoh'kadj ukxj us 1930 es ^[kknh efUnj* [kksyk ysfdu fdUgha ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 613 315 614 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 dkj.kkas ls [kknh efUnj cUn gks x;kA ysfdu bl dk;Z us iwjs okxM+ us [kknh iguus dh iM+kA bl Hkh"k.k vdky ds le; jkT; }kjk fd;s tk jgh vukt fudklh ds fojks/k es izsj.kk ns nhA ckalokM+k ds jpukRed dk;ks± esa yxHkx lHkh tu usrkvksa ;Fkk /kwyth 24 Qjojh] 1946 bZ- dks gtkjksa O;fDr;ksa us iztke.My ds usr`Ro rRdkyhu fnoku HkkbZ Hkkolkj] ef.k'kadj ukxj] iwuepu lksuh] y{e.k nkl] pkndj.k 'kkg] fpeu eksgu flag esgrk ds fuokl ij vkUnksyu fd;kA ljdkj us neu dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj yky ekyksr vkfn us [kknh dk;ks± }kjk jk"V™h; psruk dk dk;Z fd;kA blls izHkkfor u iztke.My ij uxj ikfydk lhek esa lHkk djus ij jksd yxkA rc iztke.My us uxj dsoy vketu vfirq fj;klrh yksxksa esa Hkh [kknh dk;Z ,oa [kknh igukos us [kkSQ dk ikfydk dh lhek ds ckgj ckjsjko orZeku eas ;g vkdsV~Vk; ukdk ,oa cksgjksa dk dk;Z fd;kA dfczLrku gS] ogka ij 4 ekpZ 1946bZ- dh iztke.My }kjk lHkk dh x;hA 5 ekpZ 1935 bZ- es tc fpeu yky ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok dqVh dh LFkkiuk dh mlds 1946 bZ- dks izkr% /kqyth HkkbZ] HkwisUnz ukFk f=osnh] 'kadj nso] lw;Zdj.k xqIrk dks ewy mÌs'; eas [kknh izpkj djuk Fkk] rFkk laLFkk ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z Fkk fd fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA ;g lekpkj lkjs 'kgj eas QSy x;k] lkjk 'kgj bl dk;Z ls os 'kqº [kknh ifgus rFkk 160 rkj fu;fer dkr dj laLFkk dks nsaxs] rFkk gj ekg bldh mŸksftr gks x;kA 'kgj es /kkjk 144 yxk nh x;hA ljdkj ds bl neu ds f[kykQ fjiksVZ nh tk,xhA ;fn 6 ekg rd [kknh dkrus dh fjiksZV ugha nsus ij laLFkk dh fpeu yky ekyksr ,oa vU; lkFkh;ksa us /kkjk 144 rksM+dj tqyql fudkyk ,oa gM+rky lnL;rk ls cgky dj fn;k tk,xkA 1944&45 bZ- es ekyksr us ckalokM+k uxj dh ubZ djok;hA bl ij iqfyl us fpeu yky ekyksr ,oa vU; lkfFk;ksa dks fxj∂rkj dj vkcknh eas fo'kky iSekus ij [kknh mRifRr dsUnz izkjEHk fd;kA ;gk drkbZ&cqukbZ ds fy;kA ifj.kke Lo:i turk o iqfyl ds chp dkQh ruko cu x;k vkSj okrkoj.k vykok fiatkbZ ,oa iw.kh cukus dk dke Hkh gksrk FkkA uo;qodksa dk bl dk;Z eas izfr mŸkstuk iw.kZ gks x;kA 'kgj dh turk mxz gks x;h] eq[; lfpo ds caxys dks ?ksjdj lEeku iSnk gqvk] ifj.kker% [kknh dk;Z ls uo ;qodksa us jk"V™h; izse dh vy[k txhA fxjrkj usrkvksa dh fjgkbZ dh ekax djus yxhA turk ds vkUnksfyr gksus ds dkj.k iztke.My dh LFkkiuk & ckalokM+k eas jk"V™h; psruk dk lw=ikr xksfoUn ljdkjh dke BIi gks x;kA rhu fnu rd pys tu&vkUnksyu vkSj gM+rky ds vkxs fxjh ds Hkxr vkUnksyu us fd;k FkkA 20 'krkCnh es xka/khth us jpukRed dk;Zÿekas ljdkj dks >qduk iM+k vkSj fxjrkj yksxks dks fjgk djuk iM+kA ckalokM+k dh turk dks ysdj fpeuyky ekyksr] /kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj vkfn tu usrk ckalokM+k eas tu dh ;g egku fot; FkhA 15 vxLr 1947 bZ- dks Hkkjr vktkn gqvkA fj;klrh vkUnksyu dks jk"V™h; vkUnksyu cny fn;kA fujUrj ljdkjh tqYeks] dBksj iz'kklfud foyhuhdj.k eas ckalokM+k izFke la;qDr jktLFkku la?k es 'kkfey gks x;kA ckalokM+k es dk;Zokfg;ksa] csxkj izFkk] 'kkld dk dBksj 'kklu] vU;k;iw.kZ uhfr;ka] deZpkfj;ksa dh bl tu&psruk vkUnksyuksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i 1948 es izfrfuf/k ljdkj cuhA ekyksr Hkz"V dk;Zokgh;ka] jk"V™h; izseh;kas ij ljdkjh neu pÿ rFkk ns'k eas py jgs LorU=rk jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls Lo;a dks nwj j[kk vkSj ek= egkRek xka/kh }kjk funsZf'kr vkUnksyu o iMkSlh fj;klrks eas fLFkr iztke.Myks dk usr`Ro] 'kklu ds fo#º fd;s jpukRed dk;ks± esa yxs jgsA 1948 bZ- ds ckn os iw.kZr;k gfjtuksºkj] lkekftd tkus okys lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dks eglwl dj turk ,oa tu&lsodksa us ,d jktuSfrd mRFkku vkSj gfjtukssa dh f'k{kk nh{kk esa yx x;sA lkFk gh 'kkUr lsok dqVh ds rRoko/ laxBu dh vko';drk eglwl dhA1938bZ- ds gfjiqjk vf/kos'ku eas ckn dkaxzsl us kku es fofo/k xzkeks|ksx] drkbZ&cqukbZ] rsy&?kk.kh] dqEgkj] Vsyfjax] dkajiasfVx dk;ks± fj;klrh vkUnksyu dk leFkZu nsdj jktuhfrd laxBu LFkkfir djus dh LorU=rk o }kjk yksxksa dks vkfFkZd LokoyEcu dh izsj.kk nsus dk dk;Z fd;kA gfjtu ikB'kkyk ds leFkZu nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ftlds rgr jktiqrkus dh fj;klrksa eas iztke.Myksa&iztkifj"knksa lkFk& lkFk ekyksrkas dh f[kM+dh eas vius isr`d edku es efgyk ikB'kkyk LFkkfir vkfn jktuhfrd lxaBuksa dh LFkkiuk gq;hA ckalokM+k eas 'kkUrlsok dqVh tSlh lkekftd dhA e| fu"ks/k] vU/kfo'oklksa ,oa :f<+oknh ijEijkvksa ls lekt ls eqfDr fnykus dk laLFkk lkekftd tkx`fr dk dk;Z dj jgh FkhA 'kkUrlsok dqVh ls bl tkx`fr ds dkj.k dk;Z vkius thou Hkj fd;kA 1954 bZ- es izkS<+ f'k{kk dk izkjEHk fd;k ckalokM+k eas jktuhfrd tkx`fr vk;h] vkSj jktuhfrd laxBu dh vko';drk eas 'kkUr gfjtu thou & fpeuyky ekyksr lkoZtfud thou esa izos'k gfjtu lsok ls lsok dqVh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jghA ,slh fLFkfr esa 27 ebZ 1945bZ- dks ckalokM+k ds gh fd;k FkkA gfjtuksºkj dk;Zÿe eas mUgksaus gfjtu ckydks f'kf{kr&nhf{kr djus ds deZB dk;ZdrkZvksa us ckalokM+k eas iztke.My dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlds v/;{k ef.k'kadj lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd LokoyEch Hkh cuk;kA dbZ ckydkas dks f'kf{kr dj ns'k&lsok ds ukxj ,oa /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj ea=h cus vkSj fpeu ekyksr bl laLFkk ds izeq[k lnL; fy, ;ksX; cuk;k] blds fy, mUgsa lekt dk dksi Hkktd Hkh cuuk iM+kA cusA lekt es ;FkkFkZ es gfjtuksa dks xys yxkus dh felky dks izekf.kr djus fy, vukt vkUnksyu es Hkwfedk & ckalokM+k es 1945&46bZ- eas Hk;adj vdky mUgksaus u dsoy viuk edku gfjtuksa ds eksgYys es cuk;k] vfirq mUgksaus nks ifr;ks ls ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 615 316 616 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ifjR;Drk rFkk larkuorh ,d vui< izkS<+ gfjtu efgyk ls vUrZtkfr; fookg dj dh fd ^^esjh e`R;q ds ckn eSjh vFkhZ gfjtu yksx Hkh mBkuk pkgs] rks mudks bUdkj ,d u;k ÿkfUrdkjh dne mBk;k vkSj mldh iq=h dk fookg ,d laHkzkar ifjokj eas ugha fd;k tk;s vkSj de ls de ,d [kkank gfjtu mBkos] esjs ihNs dksbZ e`R;qHkkst ugah djok;kA gfjtuksa dks lekt es ≈apk mBkus ds fy, rFkk muds eu ls ghurk dh fd;k tk;sA** Hkkouk dks nwj djus ds fy, :i prqHkZqt jk; efUnj eas gfjtukas dks izos'k djk;kA bUgha la?k"kks± ,oa lekt lsok djrs&djrs 25 uoEcj 1969 bZ- dks fpeuyky Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn fpeuyky ekyksr us Lo;a dks jktuhfrd lŸkk ls ekyksr bl nqfu;k ls py clsA vfUre le; esa muds izk.k rHkh fudys rc mUgss nwj j[k dj ek= gfjtuksºkj ds dk;ks± eas layXu j[kk vkSj os bl dk;Z esa brus je x;s jk"V™h; xhr ^fo'o fot; frjaxk I;kjk* lquk;k x;kA rc 1966 es os rRdkyhu uxj ikfydk v/;{k nhudj yky esgrk ds ikl x;s vkSj lUnHkZ mUgksaus vius fy, Lohij dk dk;Z ekax fy;k vkSj djk fd ^^eSa lQkbZ dk dk;Z 1- uothou (lekpkj i=) ] fnukd&6uoEcj] 1944 bZ- jpukRed dk;Zÿe ij ys[kA d:axk vksj eq>s oS/kkfud :i fn;k tk;**A fnudj esgrk is'kk&is'k iM+ x;s fd dSls 2- Jheky] nhid] 2004] bfrgkl iq:"k ekyksr] izdk'kd&okxM+ uk vkEck] ckalokM+kA ,d o`º ,oa izfrf"Br O;fDr dks ;g dk;Z fn;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu os viuh bl 3- lkeosnh] pÿdhfrZ] jktLFkku es LorU=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk&/kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj] lsok ds fy, vfMx FksA fnudj esgrk uss rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k jktLFkku Lo.kZ ta;fr izdk'ku lfefr] t;iqjA dks Hkh ekyksr dh bl ftn ls voxr djk;k] ysfdu mUgksaus ;g in ugha nsus ij 4- lk{kkRdkj&Jh Hkxorhyky ekyksr (fe= fpeuyky ekyksr)] fnukd&24]vxLr] Hkw[k&gM+rky dh /kedh ns nhA ekyksr us viuh LorU=rk lsukuh dh isa'ku dh cUn 2004 gksus dh fpUrk Hkh ugha dh vkSj Lohij in gsrq ftn ij vMs+ jgsA vUr esa etcwj gksdj 5- ^olh;r&ukek* Lo- Jh fpeuyky ekyksr lEcf/kr i=] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy; fnudj esgrk us ekyksr dks Lohij ds in ij fu;qfDr nh vkSj mUgas xka/kh ewfrZ ls dqq'ky ls izkIrA ckx ds {ks= esa dke djus ij yxk;k] ijUrq os fn[kkoss ek= ds fy, dke ugha pkgrs 6- ^ckalokM+k jkT; iztke.My fo/kku i=*] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] cdkusjA Fks] okLrfodrk eas dke djuk pkgrs Fks] vkf[kj eas etcwj gksdj fnudj esgrk dks] 7- ^gfjtu lsod& Lo- Jh fpeuyky ekyksr*] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA ekyksr dks eq[; cktkj eas dke nsuk iM+k] tgka mUgkasus gfjtu dk;Z iz.kkyh dh rjg 8- ^'kkUr lsok dqVh fo/kku i=*] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA dbZ efgukas rd dk;Z fd;kA ekyksr gfjtu eksgYys ls gfjtukas dks xka/kh ewfrZ ij 9- 'kekZ] jkexksiky] ckalokM+k jkT; iztke.My vkUnksyuA ykrs] izkFkZuk lHkk djokrs ,oa vius&vius dke ij tkus ds fy, funsZ'k nsrsA ekyksr us 10- f=osnh] fgEeryky] ckalokM+k&lkaLd`frd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd psruk dk laf{kIr okLrfodrk esa vius dk;Z :i dks Hkaxh thou dk :i fn;kA bfrgkl] izdk'kd&Jh /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj] ckalokM+k 11- ^;knsa&57 os LoarU=rk fnol ij okaxM+ ds ns'kHkDrksa vkSj mudh Le`fr;ksa dk fouez vkthou gfjtuksºkj dk;Z es layXu jgrs ekyksr us fouksck Hkkos ds Hkwnku fuosnu------*] uothou (lekpkj i=) ] fnukd&15 vxLr] 2004] ckalokM+k vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gq, vkSj loksZn; lsod cus vkSj fopkj&izpkj dh n`f"V ls tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA ^loksZn;* uked ,d ekfld i= dk izdk'ku fd;k] blds fy, ,d Nkik[kkuk Hkh 12- pkS/kjh] gsesUnz (2007)] okaxM+ es jpukRed dk;Zÿe] pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] izks- d`".kLo:i LFkkfir fd;kA fpeuyky ekyksr dk thou jk"V™h; lsok ds fy, lefiZr Fkk rFkk xqIrk vfHkuUnu xzUFk (ist u- 273&276) mn;iqj] vfHkuUnu lekjksg lfefrA mUgksaus cpiu ls gh jk"V™h; psruk dk dk;Z fd;kA ckalokM+k es jk"V™h; psruk dk izknZqHkko ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok daqVh ls dh FkhA okpuky; ,oa iqLrdky; LFkkfir dj ml tekus es jk"V™h;rk ls vksr&izksr if=dk,a eaxok dj vke tu dks jk"V™h;rk ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA bUgh dk;ks± ds lkFk ekyksr us xka/khth ds jpukRed dk;ks± ls okxM+ ds vkfnoklh ,o nfyrkas ds lkekftd tkx`fr dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k vkSj gfjtuks)kj ds fy, vkius thou yxk fn;kA bUgh dk;ksZ dks lEikfnr djrs gq, mUgksaus e`R;q ls iwoZ olh;rukek fy[kk ftlesa viuh jktuhfrd ihfM+r iaS'ku ls feyus okyh jkf'k rd dks lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa yxk fn;k rFkk mUgkasus bl olh;rukes eas viuh bPNk tkfgj 317 618 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bl foIyo esa jktLFkku esa fczfV'k lŸkk dks xEHkhj pqukSrh nsus okys vk≈ok ij fczfV'k lŸkk dks lokZf/kd /;ku nsuk iM+kA blds fo:º vk≈ok dk loZuk'k djus ds jk"V™h; psruk ds laokgd & 'kadj nku lkeksj fy, fofHkÈk vfHk;kuksa ,oa izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk ls Li"V djrs gS fd vaxzstksa dh n`f"V esa vk≈ok dh bl ;'kLoh ?kVuk dk o.kZu lkeksj us bl izdkj fy[kk gS & MkW- (Jherh) pUÊizHkk ikjhd gqvk nq[kh fganmqok.k jk :dh u xksjka jkgA fodV yM:ks fc[kkS l>ksa okg vk≈ok okgA5 mÈkhloha lnh esa jktLFkku esa Lora= o jk"V™h; psruk dk 'ka[ku djus okys vk≈ok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag us 1857 ÿkfUr ds le; la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro fd;k dfo 'kadjnku lkeksj dk tUe pq: ftys ds cksolj xkao eas 22 uoEcj 1824 esa gqvk muds ckjs esa lkeksj dgrs gS & FkkA vaxzstksa o muds vkfJr jktkvksa] lkeUrksa dh tu fojks/kh ?kkrd uhfr bl ;qx esa [ksY;ksa j.k esa [kkx gwa tpdj twL;ksa taxA jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk] iztkihM+u] o ÿwjrk o ekuoh; v|%iru dh ijkdk"Bk fn;ks ljc fgr ns'k jS jax [kq'kkyk jaxA6 dk izrhd cu dj jg x;h FkhA ,d taxy jkt dh 'kq:vkr gks xbZ ftlesa turk vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fy;s lc dqN U;kSNkoj dk vk≈ok Bkdqj bl tax esa dwn iM+sA jktkvksa o muds tkxhjnkjksa dk Hkkx cu xbZA xksjs Lokfe;ksa dh pkVqdkfjrk esa Mwcs jktk vk≈ok dh vxqokbZ bl vfHk;ku esa vkyfu;kokl fBdkus us Hkh dkQh lkFk o tkxhjnkj iztk dks uhacw dh rjg fupksM+us yxsA1 ftu esgurd'k yksxksa ds ifJje fn;kA bl ÿe esa vkyfu;kokl dks vaxzsth lsuk }kjk ?ksj fy;kA tc eaMkok Bkdqj ij mudh foykflrk dk rkaMo py jgk Fkk] os frgjh xqykeh ds cks> ds uhps ncdj vkuUnflag 'ks[kkor dks bl ckr dk irk pyk rks og ny cy ds lkFk vkyfu;kokl loZFkk vlgk; gks x,A ;s 'kks"kd lkeUr brus foosdghu gks pqds Fks fd jS;r }kjk dh dh vksj py iM+kA 'ks[kkorksa us vaxzsth lsuk ij ihNs ls vkÿe.k dj fn;k] vaxzstksa dks xbZ Qfj;kn dks Hkh mUgksaus viuh lŸkk ds fy;s pqukSrh le>dj fueZe neu dk lgkjk bl ckr ls dkQh /kDdk yxkA vkuUn flag }kjk ekSds ij dh xbZ lgk;rk ls fy;kA lkeksj us rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr ij lexzrk ls fopkj fd;kA Qyr% ;g ckr vkyfu;kokl vklÈk ladV ls eq‰ gqvkA muds lEeq[k fnu ds mtkys dh Hkkafr Li"V gks xbZ fd flehBs Bxfi2 vaxzstksa dh cfu;k lkeksj us bl ?kVuk dh ljkguk djrs gq, fy[kk7 & eukso`fŸk gh blds fy;s mŸkjnk;h gSA viuh of.kd o`fŸk ls mUgksaus iwoZoŸkhZ lHkh vkÿkUrkvksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k FkkA bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, lkeksj us dgk fd eksn eaMkoS eksdyksa waik ykyph vk;k cl baxjst˚ 1857 ds laxzke dk nq[kn i{k ;g jgk fd lHkh ns'kh fj;klrksa o fBdkuksa us fons'kh 'kklu dsd vfHk'ki ls ns'k dks eqDr djkus gsrq izk.ki.k ls laps"V vius vkidks blls vyx j[kk lkFk gh bls dqpyus esa Hkh vaxzstksa dh Hkjiwj enn dhA lkeksj dk rstLoh :i 1857 ds Lora=rk eas viuh iw.kZrk ls izdV gqvkA os bl laxzke jk"V™Hk‰ 'kadjnku dk jktkvksa ds bl fuanuh; œR; ij cgqr ÿks/k vk;kA mudh dh egŸkk dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>rs FksA mUgksaus ns'kokfl;ksa dks mn~cks/ku nsrs gq, Li"V viuh fj;klr chdkusj ds 'kkld ljnkjflag Hkh bl nq"deZ esa Hkkxh FksA dfo us bu fd;k fd bl nqyZHk volj dks [kks nsus ij fgUn dh [kks;h vktknh dks izkIr djus dk lHkh ns'kÊksfg;ksa dh tedj [kcj yhA Lokra´; ;ksºkvksa dks Lrou djus okyh mudh ,slk ekSdk fQj ugha vk,xkA tSls Nykax Hkjrs le; ,d ckj fgj.k pwd tkrk gS rks ys[kuh us vaxzst leFkZdksa dh HkRlZuk djus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA fQj laHky gha ikrk ;g NIi.k n`"VO; gS & ljnkjflag dks f/kDdkjs gq, dgk8 & vk;kS vkSlj vkt] iztk i[k iwj.k iky.k ns[k ejS fgr ns'k jS] ia[k lpks jtiwrA vk;kS vkSlj vkt] xjc xksjka jkS xky.k ljnkjk rkuS lnk] dglh txr diwr˚ vk;kS vkSlj vkt] fodV j.k [kkx ctk.kh [kkl cka/kok [kht] lS.k xksfj;k fx.k lpkA Qky fgj.k pqD;k QVd] ikNkS Qk u ikolh Fkwa ckoS vsgMk cht] lS.k xksfj;k fx.k lpkA vktkn fgan djok voj] vkSlj bL;kS u vkolhA4 Fkwa ckoS vsgMk chtk] Qksx&Qksx Qy Hkksxlh˚ ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 619 318 620 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 pq: ds f'koukFkflag dks nckus eas vaxzstksa dk lkFk nsuk lkeksj dh n`f"V esa dgha ij Hkh lgk;rk u feyrh ns[kdj lkekjs mUgsa vius iSr`d xkao ckscklj vius HkkbZ chdkusj dh dk;jrk dh ijkdk"Bk Fkh ftl dfo us ew[kZ e.Myh dh miek nsrs gq, i`Fohflag lkeksj ds x<+ esa ys vk,A bl ij ÿqº gksdj vaxzstksa us x<+ dks ck:º ls dgk9 & mM+k fn;kA bl izdkj lkeksj us dsoy 'kCnksa }kjk gh ugha oju~ vius dŸkZO; }kjk Hkh MQ jktk MQ eqln~nh MQ bZ ns'k dh oka.kA lPPks jk"V™Hk‰ gksus dk izek.k fn;kA 'kadjnku us vius ok.kh dh Tokyk ls jk"V™h;rk MQ bZ MQ Hksyk gqvk (tn) ckT;ksa MQ chdka.kA dh ,slh vy[k txk;h fd ns'kHkfDr dh Hkouk viuh fj;klr dh lhekvksa ls vaxzstksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ djus okyk gj O;f‰ mudh dfork dk uk;d FkkA bl fudydj tkfr] /keZ vkSj izkUrh;rk dk vfrÿe.k djrh gqbZ jk"V™ ds uofo/kku dh lUnHkZ esa pq: dh ?kVuk vkSj mlls lEcU/k jfpr dkO; flpq: jkS tlfi fo'ks"k :i ls lwpd Lora=rk dh 'ka[k/ofu lquk;h iM+rh gSA12 muds fu/ku ij ikcwnku ckjgB Qksxk mYys[kuh; gSA pq: Bkdqj f'koukFkflag us LorU= j{kd ds fy, vaxzstksa ls la?k"kZ us fy[kk & fd;k ftlesa vaxzstksa dk lkFk chdkusj dh lsuk us Hkh fn;kA ?ksjkcUnh ds nkSjku Bkdqj lq.;ks fu/ku lkeksj jks pV vk;h vk phar ds ikl rksiksa ds xksyksa ds fy, lhls dh deh vk xbZ rks dbZ /kuk<~ lsB vkxs vk, vkSj dq.k ndky dglh geS xksBh tsgM+k xhr xksyksa ds fy, cM+h ek=k esa pkanh Bkdqj dks vfiZr dj nhA pq: dh vksj ls [kkfyl ehBk Bx b.k eqyd jk ugpS gqok uphar pkanh ds xksys nkxs tkus dk n`'; nsdj 'k=q lsuk nax jg xbZ vkSj mlds gkSalys iLr gks chrkS 'kadj ckg; eqyad r.kkS M<+ ehrA x,A lkeksj us bl ?kVukÿe dk vR;Ur izHkkoh fp=.k fd;k gS flpq: jkS tlfi esa 'kadjnku lkeksj dk lR; ds iqtkjh] laLœfr ds j[kokys] ohjrk ds itkjh] bldh izLrqfr bl Hkkafr gqbZ gS & xksjh lŸkk ds foÊksgh dfo] ÿkfUrohj vkSj jk"V™h;rk dh vy[k txkus okyh psruk ds tx tkgj pq: tBS] dkph jgh u tsVA laokgd FksA lkcl jk[kh lqra=rk] larka lsBka isB˚ chdks Qhdks iMX;kS c.k xkSjk geehjA lUnHkZ 1- izdk'k ukjk;.k ukVk.kh] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk vkUnksyu] xzUFk fodkl] t;iqj pkanh xksyk pkfy;k vk pq: jh rklhj˚10 1998] i`- 12 rksiksa ls pkanh ds xksys pyus dh ?kVuk iwjs ns'k esa jktLFkku esa ?kfVr gqbZA cgy 2. Consideration of India by Willion Bolts 1772 to 1914, p. 88 Bkdqj dkuflag lysnhfla|ksr us vaxzstksa ds lkFk tksjnkj la?k"kZ fd;k] mudh iz'kalk esa 3- ijEijk ^xksjk gV tk* vxLr 1956 (pkSikluh 'kks/k laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr)] i`- 100] lkeksj us ,d ^/keky* fy[kh gSA tks vkt Hkh turk dh tqcka ij gS & 119 czt dks dku rks dky dal dksA 4- MkW- vkj-ih- O;kl] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk laxzke] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1997] vks rks dky fQjaxh dks gn dj X;kSA i`- 78&79 gj dj X;ks dky lysnh dks gj dj X;kSA 5- MkW- vkj-ih- O;kl] Lora=rk laxzke esa jktLFkku dk ;ksxnku] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] czt dks dku efg nf/k ywVs vks rks QkSt fQjaxh dh gn dj X;kSA tks/kiqj] 2004] i`- 50 gn dj X;ks dku lysnh dks˚11 6- eksgu yky ftKklq] pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] tSu cznlZ] tks/kiqj] i`- 258 bl laxzke esa lkeksj rkaR;k Vksis ds izR;{k lEidZ esa vk, vkSj dfBu le; esa 7- jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg lsA Vksis dh mUgksaus lgk;rk dh] og bl izns'k ds fy, vR;Ur xkSjo dk fo"k; gSA rkaR;k 8- MkW- 'kf‰nku dfo;k] jktLFkku lkfgR; dk vuq'khyu] lkfgR; laLFkku] tks/kiqj] i`- ds vFkd iz;klksa ls os vfHkHkwr FksA lkeks }kjk jfpr xhr esa fljpk;kS :yauh jtiwrh jkS 90 vk[kjh jaxfi vkSj fliydrh vkdk'k cht dBS bZ tkorh iM+Sfi tSlh iaf‰;k° vizfre 9- MkW- Hkaojnku lkeksj œr 'kadjnku lkeksj (jktLFkku) ds ifjf'k"V esa laxzfgr] lkfgR; ;ksºk rkaR;k ds lEcU/k esa dfo dh xgu v/;;u dks n'kkZrh gSA 1857 ds foIyo ds vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh] 1995 vkf[kjh nkSj esa pkjksa vksj ls fujk'k gksus ds i'pkr~ rkaR;ka Vksis enn dh vk'kk esa 10- jktLFkku 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg ls 'ks[kkokVh bykds esa vk,A bl le; lkeksj us mudh ;FkklaHko Hkjiwj enn dhA enn 11- jktLFkku 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg ls ds Hkjksls rkaR;ka y{e.kx<+ ds fdys esa f?kj x,A ogk° ls fdlh rjg fudyus ds ckn 12- MkW- vpZuk 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds Lora=rk laxzke esa pkj.kksa dk ;ksxnku ('kks/k izcU/k) 319 622 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 3760@& #i;s FkkA uokc QStvyh }kjk [kksyh xbZ izFke ikB'kkyk dh yxkrkj mUufr gksrh xbZA dksVk jkT; esa ckjk°] bVkok] ?kkVksyh] duokl] 'ksjx<+] fd'kuxat] cM+kSn] 19oha ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk njckj dqUtsM+] lkaxksn] [kkuiqj] lqYrkuiqj] nhxksn] lhlokyh] ekaxjksy] vUrk] dSFkwu vkSj Nkouh esa lu~ 1893 ls igys fo|ky; [kqy pqds FksA2 es;ks dkWyst dh LFkkiuk ds ,oa Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds e/; f'k{kk le; dksVk jkT; us Hkkjh pUnk fn;k FkkA dksVk jkT; us gtkjksa #i;s [kpZ djds ,d lEcU/kksa ij ,sfrgkfld leh{kk Nk=ky; Hkh cuok;k FkkA ihiYnk ds Bkdqj dksVk jkT; ds izFke es;ks dkWyst esa izos'k ysus okys Nk= FksA lu~ 1880 esa yM+dksa dks ikfjrksf"kd forj.k esa rRdkyhu xouZj izHkkorh ekyo tujy ykMZ fyVu us vius Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk fd es;ks dkWyst dh f'k{kk dk ,d ;g Hkh mÌs'; gS fd fo|kFkhZ vius ns'k vkSj /keZ ls izse djuk lh[ksaA3 gekjs ns'k esa izkphudky esa f'k{kk dk vR;f/kd egŸo jgk gSA mŸkj izkphudky 'k=q'kkyth ds nsgkUr ds ckn xksnu'khuh ds fo"k; esa Hkkjr ljdkj us viuk ls f'k{kk dk egŸo /khjs&/khjs de gksus yxk] ;gh dkj.k gS fd nloha ls mUuhloha fu'p; ?kksf"kr dj egkjko mEesnflag dk mŸkjkf/kdkfjRo Lohdkj fd;kA vc rd 'krkCnh rd vf/kdka'k fgUnw jktk izk;% fuj{kj FksA muds ea=h Hkh lk{kj gh FksA ml mEesn flag th dks O;ofLFkr :i ls dksbZ f'k{kk ugha feyh Fkh] vr% jktfryd ds dky esa f'k{kk dk egŸo blfy, Hkh de Fkk D;ksafd jktk ds fy, 'kwjrk vkSj ea=h ds ckn budks f'k{kk izkfIr ds fy, es;ks dkWyst esa HkrhZ fd;k x;kA es;ks dkWyst esa fy, iziap&dkS'ky i;kZIr xq.k ekus tkrs FksA 'kkld] Lo;a ds vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k yxHkx pkj o"kZ rd bUgksaus f'k{kk ikbZA bl nkSjku vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh dk lk/kkj.k Kku f'k{kk izpkj ij /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA dksVk njckj ds jktjk.kk tkfyeflag us lsuk] izkIr fd;kA blds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us budks 'kklu ds dqN vf/kdkj ns fn;sA buds eky] tdkr] d`f"k vkfn foHkkxksa dks vPNk laxfBr fd;k Fkk vkSj dbZ ckrksa esa vaxzsth iq= egkjkt dqekj Hkheflag th us Hkh es;ks dkWyst esa f'k{kk izkIr dhA lu~ 1922 esa s [ksn gS fd egkjktdqekj bl le; ;gk° mifLFkr vksj ls dksbZ ikB'kkyk ugha FkhA ijxuksa esa f'k{kk dk vO;ofLFkr :i Fkk ftlesa yM+dksa ugha gS] ijUrq muds fo"k; esa lc vksj ls ;g lqu dj eq>s cM+h izlUurk gksrh gS fd dks ns'kh fgUnh vkSj ekewyh fglkc i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk izpkj dk lw=ikr es;ks dkWyst esa mUgksaus vPNh [;kfr izkIr dj yh gSA eq>s fo'okl gS fd tc njckj loZizFke dEiuh ljdkj us fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; jkT; ds izFke xouZj tujy okjsu mudks dkWyst ls okil cqyk;saxs rks mudks 'kkludk;Z dh Hkh vki Lo;a f'k{kk nsaxsA4 gsfLVaxt us dydŸkk esa ,d dkWyst LFkkfir djok;k vkSj fgUnh rFkk mnwZ dh iqLrdsa dksVk jktifjokj esa gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ jktiwrkus esa jktdqekj dh es;ks dkWyst esa fy[kokbZ xbZA ykMZ cSafVd ds 'kkludky esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks mPp f'k{kk dk ek/;e f'k{kk lEcU/kh miyfC/k;k° egRoiw.kZ FkhA cuk;k x;kA ykMZ es;ks (rRdkyhu ok;ljk;) us lu~ 1870 esa jktiwrkus esa es;ks lezkV }kjk lEeku & mEesn flag th ds jktdk;Z ls izHkkfor gksdj lkezkKh dkWyst dk vtesj esa f'kykU;kl fd;k x;k vkSj izFke vaxzsth Ldwy lu~ 1869 esa foDVksfj;k us fnlEcj lu~ 1899 dks ds-lh-,l-vkbZ- mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;kA5 bl vtesj esa bZlkb;ksa us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA vaxzsth ljdkj dh uhfr Fkh fd ns'kh jkT;ksa esa mikf/k ds miy{k esa 03 vizsy lu~ 1901 dks njckj esa duZy okbyh ,-th-th- us vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk izpkj fd;k tkosA uokc QStvyh [kk° mnwZ vkSj Qkjlh dk fo}ku lkezkKh foDVksfj;k dh vksj ls dksVk ujs'k dks mikf/k ds fp HksaV djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd Fkk] vaxzstksa ds lEidZ ls og f'k{kk ds egŸo dks Hkh le>us yx x;k Fkk] vr% dksVk vkils tks Hkh vk'kk dh og lc izdkj ls iwjh dh gSA vkidh iztk dh HkykbZ esa jkT; ds izcU/k dh ckxMksj gkFk esa ysrs gh jkT; dh vksj ls uokc us f'k{kk dk izpkj O;fDrxr #fp gS] jkT; ds 'kklu dks mUur djus esa lnSo iz;Ru'khy jgs gSaA vkidk dk dk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA1 O;fDrxr thou fu"dyad gSA bu xq.kksa ds dkj.k vkSj mPp oa'k ds dkj.k rFkk dksVk uxj esa ,d yM+dksa dk Ldwy ftlesa eq[;k/;kid ftls vkt ds lUnHkZ lkezkKh ds izfr jktHkfDr fn[kkus ds dkj.k LoxhZ; lkezkKh us rFkk ok;ljk; us esa iz/kkukpk;Z dg ldrs gSa] mUgsa lkS #i;s ekfld osru feyrk FkkA vaxzsth] mnwZ] vkidks bl mikf/k ls lEekfur djus dh d`ik dh gSA6 28 tuojh 1908 dks Qkjlh] fgUnh fo"k; ds nks&nks v/;kid fu;qDr FksA yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy esa nks&ik°p ok;ljk; ykMZ feUVksa us egkjko mEesn flag th dks dydŸkk cqykdj e;kZnkiwoZd yM+fd;ka ftUgsa ,d v/;kfidk i<+krh FkhA vkjEHk esa f'k{kk dk dqy okf"kZd [kpZ Lokxr fd;k vkSj th-lh-vkbZ-bZ- dh mikf/k ls dksVk ujs'k dks vyad`r fd;kA egkjko ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 623 320 624 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 mEesn flag th us lu~ 1901 esa egw esa if'peh 'kSyh dh lSfud f'k{kk izkIr dh FkhA mYys[kuh; pUnk fn;k Fkk rFkk vkReksRlxZ fd;k FkkA vkidks tks mikf/k;k° feyh gSa os lu~ 1911 esa lezkV us izlUu gksdj dksVk ujs'k dks vkWujsjh ysf∂VusUV duZy fu;qDr bl ckr dh lwpd gS fd lezkV vkidh O;fDrxr lsokvksa dk] tks vkius bl fj;klr fd;kA bl mikf/k ds fy, rRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykMZ gkfM±x us flQkfj'k dh FkhA ds jbZl dh gSfl;r ls dh gS] fdruk vknj djrs gSaA ,slh cgqr de fj;klrsa gSa tgk° lu~ 1974 esa egkjko mEesn flag th dks th-ch-bZ- dh mikf/k izkIr gqbZ ,oa dh lSfud ijEijk;sa vkids jkT; ls vf/kd vPNh gksA14 lkezkT; esa dksVk ujs'k us cgqr ≈°pk lEeku izkIr fd;kA egkjko mEesn flag th us ykMZ bfoZu & bfoZu ds le; dkaxzsl us jktuSfrd Lora=rk ds fy, ?kksj Hkkjr esa lu~ 1901 esa ph∂l dkWystksa ds lq/kkj ds fy, rRdkyhu ok;ljk; us jblksa vkUnksyu fd;k FkkA 27 tuojh 1929 dks bfoZu dksVk vk;sA ijEijkxr f'k"Vkpkj ds dh ,d lHkk dh Fkh] ftlesa dksVk ujs'k lfEefyr gq;sA 1915 esa ia- enu eksgu vuqdwy ok;ljk; njckj ls vkSj njckj ok;ljk; ls feysA ok;ljk; us dgk fd ekyoh; th us fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds f'kykU;kl ds mRlo ij dksVk ujs'k dks O;kid izse vkSj vuqxzg ls eSa dksVs esa f?kj x;k gw° og vU;= dgha ugha fey ldrkA vkeaf=r fd;kA dksVk njckj us ,d yk[k ipkl gtkj #i;s blesa fn;s FksA10 blh o"kZ jktk ds O;fDrRo dh mldh iztk ij Nki yx tkrh gS ;g muesa izfrfcEc gksus yxrk ok;ljk; us fL=;ksa ds esfMdy dkWyst dk mn~?kkVu fd;k] bl mRlo esa lfEefyr gSA njckj tkurs gSa fd orZeku Kku vkSj foKku dk turk dh vko';drk ds fy, gksus ds fy, ok;ljk; us dksVk ujs'k dks vkeaf=r fd;k FkkA11 blesa dksVk ujs'k us ,d dSls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh ;s mu izkphu fjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dh j{kk dh yk[k #i;s dk pUnk fn;k FkkA lu~ 1936 esa dk'kh fo'ofo|ky; us dksVk ujs'k Hkh fpUrk djrs gSa tks jktiwr vkSj jktiwrkus dh tknw Hkjh fo'ks"krk;sa gSaA vkids jkT; egkjko mEesnflag th dks ,y-,y-Mh- dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr djus ds fy, lu~ ds ckjg ujsUnz e.My esa tgka vius lkFkh ujs'kksa dks usd lykg nsus ds fy, vki lnSo 1937 esa fo'ofo|ky; us fuefU=r fd;k ,oa mikf/k ls vyad`r fd;kA mikf/k rRij jgrs gSa ;k vkids foLr`r fe= e.My esa tgka vki vknj vkSj izse mikftZr dj Lohdkj djrs gq;s dksVk ujs'k us dgk fd fo'ofo|ky; vkSj bldk lEiw.kZ Js; pqds gSa] dksVk egkjko ds uke dk cM+k vknj gS ijUrq pEcy unh ds rV ij vkidk Ωf"koj if.Mr ekyoh; th dks gSA ykMZ dtZu ,oa dksVk njckj 6 uoEcj 1902 dks uke blls Hkh vf/kd dhfrZ dk ifjpk;d gSA vkids jkT; dh f'k{kk dh rktk fjiksVks± ykMZ dtZu igyk ok;ljk; Fkk ftlus dksVk jkT; dk nkSjk fd;kA egkjko dh esa eSaus i<+k gS fd fgUnh rFkk nwljh ijh{kkvksa esa reke jktiwrkus ds Ldwyksa esa vkids f'k"Vkpkj nkor esa dtZu us /kU;okn nsrs gq, dgk fd eq>s bl ckr dh izlUurk gS fd jkT; dk LFkku cgqr ≈°pk gSA dy gjcVZ dkWyst dks ns[kus ls eSaus vkids jkT; dh esjk jktiwrkus dk nkSjk ,slh fj;klr ls vkjEHk gqvk gS ftlds ;qod 'kkld dk;Z dk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh mŸkerk dh tks ppkZ lquh Fkh] mldh iqf"V gks xbZ gSA bl {ks= esa bfrgkl bruk lqUnj gSA ykMZ dtZu dksVk esa pkj fnu #ds FksA dtZu us dgk fd ^^eq>s vkius cryk fn;k gS fd vk/kqfud thou esa tks f'k{kk dk ekfeZd Hkkx gS] mldks vki bl ckr dh cM+h izlUurk gS fd eSa ,slh fj;klr esa vk;k tgka dk iqjkuk bfrgkl bruk [kwc le>rs gSaA15 vPNk gS vkSj ftldk 'kklu ,sls lq;ksX; vkSj ns'kHkDr jktk ds gkFk esa gSA lu~ 1900 duZy csuj esu & dksVk jkT; dk loksZPp mŸkjnk;h 'kkld iksfyfVdy esa dtZu us dksVk ujs'k dks ds-lh-,l-lh- dh mikf/k HksaV dhA12 ,ts.V jgkA egkjko mEesn flag th dks 'kklu lapkyu ds iw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr gksus ij ykMZ fyVu vkSj dksVk njckj & lu~ 1925 esa ykMZ fyVu dksVk vk;sA dksVk Hkh iksfyfVdy ,ts.V ls 'kklu dk;Z esa ijke'kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA bUgksaus dgk fd dqN esa gjcVZ dkWyst vkSj Hkhe dsfMV dksj dks ns[kkA mEesn Hkou esa egkjko ds }kjk nh le; igys esjs fe= jk;cgknqj eq- f'koizrki th dks jk;cgknqjh dh lun HksaV djus xbZ nkor esa /kU;okn Hkk"k.k esa fyVu us dgk fd bl vlsZ esa eSaus ns[k fy;k fd tks dk tc eq>s lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk rc eSaus ftÿ fd;k Fkk fd mudh fu;qfDr ls vc rd dqN eq>ls dgk x;k Fkk og cgqr cgqr lR; gSA vius 'kkld dh dksVk jkT; dh iztk jkT; esa f'k{kk dh lUrks"kizn mUufr gqbZ gSA xr pkj o"kks± esa N% xzke ikB'kkyk,a vkSj cM+h d`rK gS vkSj muls izse djrh gSA fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls tufgr fpUru esa yxs jgus ds [kqy xbZ gSaA eSaus vius nkSjs esa ns[kk fd vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ egktuksa vkSj vQljksa ds iq= dkj.k dksVk ujs'k bl izse vkSj d`rKrk ds ik= gSaA13 gSa] ijUrq fQj Hkh iVsyksa rFkk lEiUu d`"kdksa ds yM+ds Hkh ikB'kkykvksa esa vkus yxs gSaA ykMZ jhfMax & ekpZ 1926 esa ykMZ jhfMax dksVk vk;s vkSj bUgksaus Hkh dsfMV igys yksx izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ls foeq[k Fks fdUrq vc yksx vuqHko djus yxs gSa fd dksj vkSj gjcVZ dkWyst dks ns[kkA bUgksaus dksVk ujs'k ds fy, dgk fd ^^vkidk fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ls ykHk mBkuk Js;Ldj gSA iztk&izse vkSj fgr fpUru izflº gSA vkids jkT; ls ckgj fj;klrksa ls lEcU/k j[kus dksVk jkT; esa f'k{kk & lu~ 1893 ls igys jkt/kkuh esa ,d yM+dksa dk rFkk okys ekeyksa tSls ujsUnz e.My vkSj jbZlksa ds dkWystksa ij Hkh vkidk cM+k /;ku gSA ,d yM+fd;ksa dk Ldwy Fkk vkSj bykds esa 18 xzke ikB'kkyk,° FkhA lEiw.kZ jkT; esa egklej (izFke fo'o ;qº) ds le; vkius lkezkT; dh Hkkjh lgk;rk dh Fkh] 1085 fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk ikrs Fks] lc feydj 34 v/;kid Fks vkSj 8710 #i;k f'k{kk ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 625 321 626 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 foHkkx ij O;; gksrk FkkA lu~ 1893 esa eq- f'koizrki th bl foHkkx ds v/;{k fu;qDr yM+fd;ksa ds i`Fkd fo|ky; [kksysA dksVk jkT; us es;ks dkWyst dh LFkkiuk] Nk=ky; gq, vkSj mUgksaus cM+h yxu ls f'k{kk izpkj djuk izkjEHk fd;kA bl le; xzkeh.k fuekZ.k] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] ujsUnz e.My vkfn esa ljkguh; vkfFkZd ;ksxnku ikB'kkykvksa esa gkM+kSrh fyfi i<+kbZ tkrh FkhA lu~ 1898 esa izFke ckj jkT; ds lc fn;kA ykMZ fyVu }kjk es;ks dkWyst dh f'k{kk dk ;g Hkh ,d mÌs'; crk;k gS fd Ldwyksa esa fgUnh tkjh dh xbZA vkjEHk esa dqN dfBukbZ vo'; gqbZ ijUrq ,d o"kZ ckn fo|kFkhZ vius ns'k ,oa /keZ ls izse djuk lh[ksaA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ljdkj us vaxzsth f'k{kk gh bldk lqifj.kke n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxkA lu~ 1903 esa fe-Vh-,y-jhM- fizfUliy esa Hkh ns'kizse vkSj /keZ ds egŸo dks crk;kA 'k=q'kky th ds ckn egkjko mEesnflag xouZesUV dkWyst vtesj dks dksVk njckj us vius jkT; dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fujh{k.k th us lkezkKh foDVksfj;k ls ds-lh-,l-vkbZ- dh mikf/k izkIr dh tks jktHkfDr dk djus ds fy, rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, vk;kstu rS;kj djus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA izrhd gksus ds lkFk Lo;a ds O;fDrxr xq.k] f'kf{kr gksdj 'kklu ds vf/kdkjksa dks mlus dksVk jkT; ds izk;% lc Ldwyksa dks ns[kdj rFkk LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr dk v/;;u tkurs gq, ≈°pk lEeku izkIr djuk FkkA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ljdkj us 'kklu ds vf/kdkj djds f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ,d fjiksVZ is'k dh tks Lohdkj dh xbZ vkSj rc ls fe-jhM- Hkh izR;sd jktHkfDr djus okys 'kkld dks ugha fn;s cfYd mPp f'k{kk izkIr] 'kklu dh crkbZ gqbZ f'k{kk 'kSyh ls bl jkT; esa f'k{kk nh tkus yxhA lu~ 1906 esa Ldwyksa dh dh le> j[kuk] iztk fgrs"kh gksuk] iztk izseh vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksus ij gh ≈°pk rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k bruh c<+ xbZ FkhA eq- f'koizrki th ds lkFk nks bUlisDVj lEeku izkIr fd;kA egkjko mEesn flag th dks mudh if'peh 'kSyh dh f'k{kk ds fu;qDr gq;s vkSj f'koizrki th Mk;jsDVj vkWQ LdwYl dgykus yxsA fy, mUgsa lu~ 1914 esa vkujsjh ysf∂VusUV duZy fu;r fd;kA lu~ 1901 esa phDl dksVk jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk &1893 ls iwoZ jkt/kkuh esa dsoy ,d gh vaxzsth dkWystksa ds lq/kkj] fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds f'kykU;kl] fL=;ksa ds esfMdy dkWyst fo|ky; FkkA lu~ 1894 esa jktiwrksa ds fy, ,d i`Fkd fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;k x;k vkfn mRloksa esa lfEefyr gksdj f'k{kk esa vkfFkZd ;ksxnku fn;kA ykMZ dtZu igyk ftldk uke ukscYl Ldwy j[kk x;kA duZy pkYlZ gjcVZ dksVk jkT; dk iksfyfVdy ok;ljk; Fkk ftlus dksVk jkT; dk nkSjk fd;kA ftlesa dtZu us egkjko ds 'kkld ,ts.V jg pqdk Fkk ,oa egkjko mEesn flag th dk fe= FkkA blh o"kZ ukscYl Ldwy] dk;Z dks jktiwrkuk dh dksVk fj;klr bfrgkl esa lqUnj crk;k gSA ykMZ fyVu us dksVk gjcVZ gkbZ Ldwy esa lfEefyr dj fn;k x;kA vuqHko ls flº gqvk fd tkfr fo'ks"k egkjko ds fy, dgk fd dksVk jkT; dh iztk cM+h d`rK gS vkSj vius 'kkld ls izse ds fy, vyx f'k{kk laLFkk fgrdj ugha gSA eq- f'koizrki th us foKku dh iz;ksx'kkykvksa djrh gSA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us dksVk fj;klr ds 'kkldksa ds fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls tufgr esa dks lEiUu rFkk iqLrdky; dks mUur djds bl laLFkk dks lok±x lqUnj cuk fn;kA fpUru ds dkj.k izse vkSj d`rKrk ds ik= crk;k gSA lu~ 1921 ls gjcVZ gkbZ Ldwy bUVj dkWyst dgykus yxkA ykMZ jhfMax dksVk vk;s ,oa dksVk ujs'kksa dks dksVk fj;klr dk jbZl crk;k dksVk jkT; esa L=h f'k{kk & ckjka esa turk dk L=h f'k{kk ds izfr fojks/k Fkk mlesa ;gk° ds 'kkldksa }kjk dh xbZ O;fDrxr lsokvksa ds dkj.k mikf/k;ksa ls uoktk x;k fd Ldwy esa yM+fd;ksa dks v{kj f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrh FkhA lu~ 1905 esa egkjkuh ;g crkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ljdkj us fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa dks mikf/k;ksa ls vkdf"kZr tkMsphth us L=h f'k{kk ds fy, iPphl gtkj #i;s iznku fd;s ftlls orZeku fd;k gqvk FkkA ykMZ bfoZu ds 1929 esa dksVk vkus ij dksVk njckj esa dgk fd njckj egkjkuh dU;k ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA tkurs gSa fd orZeku Kku vkSj foKku dk turk dh vko';drk ds fy, dSls mi;ksx Hkkjr esa f'k{kk izpkj dk lw=ikr loZizFke dEiuh ljdkj us fd;k FkkA fe- fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; dh f'k{kk fjiksVks± esa reke jktiwrkuksa] dksVk jkT; dk LFkku okjsu gsfLVaxt dks Hkkjrh; jkT; dk izFke xouZj tujy cuk;k x;kA mlus dbZ ijh{kkvksa esa cgqr ≈°pk crk;k gSA dksVk ujs'k ds fy, dgk x;k fd bl {ks= (f'k{kk) dkWyst LFkkfir djok;s rFkk fgUnh mnwZ dh iqLrdsa fy[kok;hA mPp f'k{kk esa vaxzsth esa vkius cryk fn;k fd vk/kqfud thou esa f'k{kk ds ekfeZd Hkkx dks vki [kwc ek/;e ykMZ csfUVd ds 'kklu esa j[kuk fuf'pr gqvkA ykMZ es;ks (rRdkyhu le>rs gSaA ikB'kkykvksa esa lHkh oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkus esa #>ku c<+kA igys yksx ok;ljk;) us 1870 esa jktiwrkus esa es;ks dkWyst dk f'kykU;kl fd;kA Hkkjr esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ls foeq[k Fks] ckn esa vuqHko djus yxs fd fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ls ykHk 19oha&20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk jkT; esa uokc QStvyh us vaxzstksa ds lEidZ esa vkdj mBkuk Js;Ldj gSA izkjfEHkd f'k{kk esa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA f'k{kk ds egŸo dks le>k lkFk gh mnwZ] Qkjlh ds lkFk&lkFk vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks egŸo Hkkjr ljdkj us dksVk jkT; esa f'k{kk ds izpkj ds lkFk f'k{kk ds egŸo dks nsus yxkA dEiuh ljdkj us Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds izpkj ds fy, dksVk dksVk 'kkldksa dks le>k;kA dksVk ds 'kkld f'k{kk dks ysdj lpsr gq, vkSj viuh jkT; ds izcU/k dh ckxMksj uokc QStvyh dks lEHkyk nhA dksVk jkT; esa yM+dksa ,oa vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ,oa iztk ds izfr f'k{kk tkx:drk c<+hA dksVk 'kkldksa dk Hkkjrh; ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 627 322 ljdkj dks vkfFkZd lg;ksx djuk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd gekjs 'kkldksa us Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds izR;sd ml dk;Z esa lgk;rk dh gS ftlls iztk o ns'k dks ykHk igq°psA iztk vaxzsth f'k{kk ,oa fgUnh] mnwZ Hkk"kkvksa ls viuk fodkl djus esa l{kerk c<+hA iztk dks vius vyoj fj;klr esa jk'u O;oLFkk] fj'or ,oa 'kkldksa dks mikf/k;ksa ls vyad`r gksrs ns[k mUgsa Hkh vPNs fo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa esa i<+us dh bPNk izcy gqbZA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us mPp f'kf{kr 'kkldksa dks vf/kd egŸo csxkj izdj.k 1947 ds lekpkj&i=ksa ds vkbus ls fn;k gS ;g gekjk ,sfrgkfld fjdkMZ crkrk gSA D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd mPp MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k f'kf{kr O;fDr dks 'kklu ds vf/kdkjksa dh le> vf/kd gksxhA bl 'kks/k izi= ds 'kks/k dk;Z ls bl fu"d"kZ ij igq°p ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk ds egŸo us izR;sd dky oxZ esa jktLFkku dh fj;klrksa esa vyoj fj;klr Hkh egŸoiw.kZ FkhA vyoj fj;klr esa O;fDr dks lEeku fnyok;k gSA 'kklu dk;Z dks HkyhHkkafr le>us dh {kerk iSnk dh u:dk 'kkldksa us 1775 bZ- ls 1948 bZ- rd 'kklu fd;kA 1937 bZ- esa egkjkt gSA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us vius ykHk ds fy, gh lgh fdUrq vijks{k :i ls Hkkjrh; turk t;flag dks ns'k fudkyk fn;k x;kA 1937 esa isfjl esa mudh ekSr gks xbZA 1937 eas dks Hkh ykHk igq°pk;k gSA ;gk° ds 'kkldksa us ekuk fd jktHkfDr dh gS fdUrq buds vyoj fj;klr ds vafre 'kkld rstflag xn~nh ij cSBsA egkjkt rstflag ds le; f'k{kk esa vkfFkZd ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA dksVk jkT; ds 'kkldksa dh f}rh; fo'o;qº gqvk ftlesa vyoj dhlsuk dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA blh nkSjku u x.kuk jbZlksa esa gksrh FkhA bl jbZlh ds dkj.k izR;sd f'k{kk lEcfU/kr ,oa vU; dk;ks± dsoy vyoj esa cfYd lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa vktknh dk vkUnksyu py jgk FkkA esa budks llEeku vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA dksVk jkT; ds Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds f'k{kk vyoj&Hkjriqj fj;klrksa esa fo'ks"kdj 1947 esa lkEiznkf;d naxs pje lhek ij FksA lEcU/k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ,oa izcy jgsA dqN lkekpkj i= fj;klrh 'kkldksa ds fo#º iztke.My iztkifj"kn ds ek/;e ls lUnHkZ turk dh vkokt cusA ehfM;k ml le; tupsruk tkxzr djus esa viuh vge 1- n∂rj fglkc ctV lEor~ 1940 Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk FkkA ,sls lekpkj&i=ksa esa ^vyoj if=dk* ,oa ^Lora= Hkkjr* izeq[k 2- estj MCyw- LV™sVu & , 'kkWVZ fgLV™h vkQ nh dksVk LVsV] i`- 35 gSaA vyoj jkT; esa 1947 dk o"kZ iwjh rjg vO;oLFkk dk FkkA rRdkyhu Hkkjr 3- egdek [kkl] lu~ 1937] QkStnkjh ua- 15 foHkktu ds le; fgUnw&eqfLye lkEiznkf;d naxs vke FksA vyoj jkT; esa ?kfVr gksus 4- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1976 i`- 5 okyh ?kVukvksa ds lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s x;s ftudk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls irk 5- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1956 i`- 1 pyrk gS fd jkT; esa vO;oLFkkvksa dk rkark yxk gqvk FkkA ,d vksj iqfyl iz'kklu 6- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lu~ 1964 i`- 1&3 dh Hkz"V uhfr] fj'or[kksjh] flfoy lIykbZ jk'ku dh vfu;ferrk] pksjh&MdSrh] 7- mijksDr] lEor~ 1958] i`- 1 csxkj O;oLFkk] tkxhjnkjksa dh euekuh] 'kjkc[kksjh] vR;kpkj] efgykvksa dk vigj.k 8- mijksDr] lEor~ 1971] i`- 2 vke ckr FkhA 9- mijksDr] lEor~ 1972] i`- 3 10- mijksDr] lEor~ 1972] i`- 6 (1) flfoy lIykbZ jk'ku dh O;oLFkk 11- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1959 i`- 6&7 vyoj fj;klr esa jk'ku lIykbZ vyoj iz'kklu dh vksj ls dh tkrh Fkh 12- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1981 i`- 7&11 ftldh fuxjkuh ds fy, dsUÊh; flfoy lIykbZ desVh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA 13- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1982 i`- 7 desVh ds lnL;ksa esa 1- Hkokuh lgk; 'kekZ] 2- jkethyky vxzoky] 3- jkepUÊ mik/ 14- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1985 i`- 6&7 ;k;] 4- bUÊyky feŸky vkSj 5- ekLVj HkksykukFk FksA flfoy lIykbZ desVh us cM+h 15- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1959 i`- 5&12 mEehn vkSj vk'oklu ds lkFk dke 'kq: fd;k Fkk fd cqfu;knh mlwy dUV™ksy dh 16- MkW- txrukjk;.k] dksVk jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 2] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] 2008 oLrqvksa ds lgh forj.k rFkk izkfIr ds fu;e r; fd;s tk;saxsA ijUrq fj;klrh ljdkj ds desVh ds fu.kZ;ksa eas rktheh ljnkj rFkk fefuLVj vkfn dks jk'kfuax dh Ldhe esa j[kdj vke turk esa vlUrks"k iSnk dj fn;kA bldk fojks/k djus gsrq desVh dk ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 629 323 630 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 f'k"VeaMy izkbe fefuLVj ls feykA bldk fefuLVj ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk cfYd djds vyoj dysDVj us flfoy lIykbZ desVh dk lnL; cuk;kA blus ekyk[ksM+k esa Lis'ky ijfeVksa dk vf/kdkj vius ikl j[kdj bl O;oLFkk dk nq:i;ksx fd;k x;kA tehnkj eaMy LVksj [kksykA ;gk° ds uk;c ukfte ds b'kkjs ij HkM+ksM+h ds lwjtey ukfteksa us Hkh mUgsa cM+s jlw[knkjksa dk lkFk fn;kA desVh ds fu.kZ;kuqlkj lkexzh & egktu dks viuk lk>hnkj cuk;k ftlds f[kykQ Hkh fj'or dk eqdnek yafcr FkkA phuh] feV~Vh dk rsy] xqM+] ued vkfn dk dksVk Hkh ugha eaxok;kA desVh dh bl tehankj eaMy esa ,d Hkh tehankj ugha Fkk vkSj uk gh dksbZ dk'rdkj fnlEcj ehfVax gj g∂rs gksuh pkfg, Fkh ysfdu ukfteksa us efguksa rd dksbZ ehfVax ugha cqykbZA 1946 rd bl tehankj eaMy dks fj;klrh ljdkj }kjk 276 cksjh (746 eu) [kkaM bZekunkj ;ksX; flfoy deh'uj iafMr ukjk;.k fcgkjh yky dks Hkh in ls gVk fn;k nh xbZ ftls mPp nkeksa ij vke turk esa lIykbZ dj fn;k x;kA ;gh fLFkfr xqM+] rsy x;kA vc desVh dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha jg x;kA vr% desVh ds lnL;ksa us izkbe vkSj diM+s Fkh FkhA6 bl nkSjku vyoj fj;klr esa jk'ku lIykbZ dh va/ksj xnhZ eph gqbZ fefuLVj dks iztkeaMy ds ek/;e ls vius bLrhQk fHktok fn;ks x;sA1 blds i'pkr~ Fkh] tSlk fd ;g tku dj vk'p;Z gksxk fd vyoj 'kgj esa jk'ku ds ckotwn yksxksa dks flfoy lIykbZ dh fj;klr ds ethZnkuksa us [kwc ywV epkbZ vkSj yksxksa ds gd dks 60]0000 #- ds dherh diM+s ds Lis'ky fiNys nks ekg esa fn;s ftrus fiNys 6 ekg csbZekuh ls Nhuk ftlds lekpkjksa ls v[kckj Hkjs iM+s gSaA es ugha fn;s x;s FksA7 vyoj esa ued ds uke ij turk dh ywV gksus ij lekpkj Hkh vUrdkZyhu ljdkj ds LokLF; ea=h xtuQj vyh [kka tks igys vyoj jkT; izdkf'kr gS tSls fd dsUÊh; ljdkj }kjk ued dj gVk ysus ij vyoj esa igys vizSy ds jsosU;w fefuLVj jg pqdk Fkk] tks cM+s fnuksa dh NqfV~V;ksa es vyoj vk;k FkkA mls ls ued 27 lsj ds Hkko ls vk;k ftls ;gk° 12 lsj ds fglkc ls cspdj vke yksxksa vkehZ fefuLVj vyoj us nks lkS xt Qkbu diM+s dk Lis'ky ijfeV fn;kA vkehZ dks ywVk x;kA iM+kSlh jkT;ksa esa ;gh ued 15 lsj dk fey jgk FkkA8 12 tqykbZ 1947 fefuLVj iwoZ esa dUV™ksy fMikVZesaV ds fefuLVj jg pqds FksA ;gk° ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS ds Lora= Hkkjr ds vad esa fy[kk gS fd ued ds fy, yksx rjl jgs gSaA ,d vksj fd vyoj esa igyk fgUnw&eqfLye naxk xtuQj vyh [kka ds le; gqvk FkkA bl jk'ku dkMks± ls phuh ugha feyrh] ogha ethZnkuksa dks Lis'ky ijfeV igys gh ns fn;s vkUnksyu dks HkM+dkus esa budh vge Hkwfedk jgh ftlds dkj.k mls vyoj NksM+uk x;s FksA ydM+h lok nks #- eu] xqM+ dk izcU/k ugha] 'kgj esa ikap lsj dk pkjk] phuh iM+kA vc mlh O;fDr dks ;gk° esgeku rFkk turk ds fgLls dk diM+k fn;k x;k tks ugha feyrh gS vkSj deh'ku[kksjksa dks ltk Hkh ugha nh tkrhA9 xyr FkkA2 vyoj iztkeaMy dk fdlku lEesyu xqxfM;k esa gqvk ftlesa jkethyky (2) fj'or izdj.k vxzoky us Hkk"k.k esa crk;k fd jkT; esa vke yksxksa dh lqfo/kkvksa dk /;ku ugha j[kk vyoj ds ewypUn pkScs ds fj'or ds ekeys esa ukfte in ls gVk fn;k tkrk FkkA yksx 2&2 iSls dh nokbZ ds fcuk ej jgs FksA ljdkj [ktkus dks fQtwy[kphZ D;ksafd blus 25 cksjh xqM+ dks Fkkukxkth ds nqdkunkj dks CySd esa csp fn;k FkkA10 esa cckZn djrh gSA lkFk gh turk dk diM+k] phuh] rsy dks viuh ethZnkuksa dks nsrs vyoj fj;klr dh fofHkUu futkerksa esa xqM+ dks Fkkukxkth ds nqdkunkj dks Cysd esa gSaA fj;klr esa izfrekg 500 xkaB diM+k] 400 xkao lwr] 1600 cksjh phuh vkSj 2600 csp fn;k FkkA10 vyoj fj;klr dh fofHkUu futkerksa esa xqM+ ds Cysd ekdsZfVax cM+s Vhu rsy vkrk Fkk tks lc ethZnkuksa ds ikl pyk tkrk FkkA xkao okyksa dks dqN ugha Lrj ij djus ds lekpkj izdkf'kr gSaA fofHkÈk LFkkuksa ij Cysd esa 170 cksjh isgy esa] 3 feyrkA jk'ku lkexzh dks CySd esa cspk tkrk Fkk tSls izrkix<+ esa dksVs dk diM+k 6 cksjh rrkjiqj] 125 cksjh [ksM+yh] 1000 eu jkex<+] 100 eu fd'kux<+] 250 cksjh csprs gq, idM+k x;kA CySd ekdsZV dk diM+k ukfte Fkkukxkth dks is'k fd;k x;k frtkjk] ckulwj vkSj jktx<+ esa cspk x;kA11 bu lHkh rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fj;klr ftlls ?kcjkdj nqdkunkj Hkkx [kM+s gq,A4 ckulwj esa ukfte }kjk 3&3] 4&4 eu xqM+ esa vke yksxksa ds gd dk jk'ku fdl izdkj tkxhjnkjksa ,oa ea=h vkfn mM+k ysrs Fks vkSj ds ijfeV vius ethZnkuksa dks fn;k x;k FkkA vke vkneh 4&4 vkus ds xqM+ ds fy, vklikl ds cktkjksa esa ≈°ps nkeksa ij CySd esa csp nsrs FksA ekjs&ekjs fQjrs FksA phuh ,oa diM+s ds ijfeV Hkh ethZnkuksa dks nsrs FksA ;gh fLFkfr fj;klr dkyhu lekpkj i=ksa esa fj;klrh deZpkjh vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fj'or uhejkuk] uhewpkuk vdcjiqjk] [kSjFky esa Hkh FkhA5 izdj.k cM+h la[;k esa Nis gSa & vyoj ljdkj us pkj vQljksa dh fj'or fojks/kh ekyk[ksM+k esa tehankjeaMy cuk;k x;k ftlds ljnkj fe;k elhgmn~nhu mQZ desVh cukbZ Fkh ftlds lHkkifr Bk- cgknqj flag [ksM+k dks cuk;k x;kA Lora= Hkkjr elhrk FkkA ;s igys lh-vkbZ-Mh- ds bUQkeZj FksA [kku cgknqj [kka vkbZ-th-ih- ds lkFk lekpkj i= esa fy[kk x;k gS fd Bk- cgknqj flag desVh ds lHkkifr ds fy, mi;q‰ iqfyl ds losZ lokZ Hkh jgsA pkanksyh esa buds }kjk eos'kh pksjh >xM+s esa xM+cM+ dh vQlj ugha Fks D;ksafd tc os iqU; ds egdes esa Fks rks muds dky esa fj'or o xcu rFkk estj gkosZ izkbe fefuLVj dks ijs'kku fd;kA bldks tehnkj eaMy esa 'kkfey vke ckr jgh Fkh] ftls ;s jksd u lds vc blesa jgdj fj'or[kksjh dks dSls jksd ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 631 324 632 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ldsaxsA12 blh izdkj jktx<+ ds ikl /kejsM dk LFkkuh; iVokjh x.kifr jke fdlkuksa ds vyoj iz'kklu us Bk- j?kqohj flag dks eqaflQ jgrs gq, Hkz"Vkpkj ds tqeZ esa lkFk T;knrh djrk FkkA euekuh rEckdw dh iSnkokj fy[k ysrk ftlls fdlku dks uk;c ukfte cuk;k x;k FkkA jktlŸkk ls tqM+k gksus ds dkj.k mls iqu% jktx<+ dk mruk gh dLVe nsuk iM+rk FkkA17 fBdkuk cqtkZ ds fBdkusnkj ds ;gk° xkao okyksa dh ukfte cuk;k x;kA ijUrq mlds O;ogkj esa dksbZ rCnhyh ugha gqbZA mlds f[kykQ vksj ls ,d tksM+h cSyksa ds lkFk ,d vkneh jkstkuk csxkj nsus gsrq Hkstk tkrkA og LFkkuh; i=ksa esa mlds fo:º fj'or dh cM+h f'kdk;rsa fey jgh FkhA vr% mls O;f‰ ogk° csxkj nsrk FkkA mls fdlh izdkj dh etnwjh ugha nh tkrh FkhA18 chtokM+ ukfte ds LFkku ij uk;c ukfte cuk;k x;kA13 vyoj esa nkeksnj uked O;fDr tks pkSgku ds gfjtuksa us lEiknd dks fpV~Bh fy[kh ftlesa crk;k fd chtokM+ pkSgku lsaV™y fjdkWMZ dk udy uohl Fkk ftldks fj'or ds tqeZ esa c[kkZLr fd;k x;kA fBdkusnkj gels csxkj djkrs gSa] euekuh djrs gSa tcfd csxkj lHkh cUn gks pqdh nkeksnj us ckulwj ds egktu ls 24 ?kaVs ds ckn Hkh udy u nsus ij 5 #i;s esa udy FkhA19 ekStiqj ds gfjtuksa us iztkeaMy ds ea=h jkethyky ls fey dj crk;k fd ;gk° nsus dh ekax dhA izkbe fefuLVj ds lsÿsVjh Hkz"Vkpkj desVh ds lnL; ds ek/;e ls ds uEcjnkjksa }kjk muls csxkj yh tkrh gS tcfd cnys esa mudks etnwjh Hkh ugha nh ik°p ds uksV ij nLr[kr dj fn;s tks deZpkjh ls cjken gqvkA [ksepUÊ us mls c[kkZLr tkrh gSA20 xksfoUnx<+ esa 18 Qjojh] 1948 dks Bk- Hkokuh flag vkbZ-th-ih- vius dj fn;kA14 blh izdkj vyoj ds ewy pUn pkScs dks jk'ku dh 25 cksjh xqM+ lkFk flikfg;ksa dks [kkuk eaxkus dh csxkj ds flyflys esa x;s FksA LFkkuh; iztkeaMy Fkkukxkth esa nqdkunkj dks Cysd es csprs idM+s tkus ij vyoj ds ukfte in ls gVk ds ea=h ckcw yky xxZ dks cqyk;k x;k ftlds csxkj nsus ls euk djus ij Bk- lkgc us fn;kA fd'kux<+ ds Fkkusnkj lksguyky ryokj dks fj'or ds ekeys esa eqvkfŸky x.ks'khyky Fkkusnkj dks ckcwyky xxZ dks ihVus ds vkns'k fn;s ftlds QyLo:i mls fd;k rFkk foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh dh xbZA mls T;wfMf'k;jh esa lqiqnZ ugha fd;kA15 ykr] ?kwlksa ,oa twrksa ls ihVk x;kA blds nks"k esa Bk- Hkokuh flag dks phQ iqfyl (3) csxkj vQlj Jh eygks=k }kjk eqvfŸky fd;kA21 bu v[kckjksa esa tkxhjnkjksa }kjk csxkj ysus ,oa vR;kpkj djus ls lEcfU/kr nfyrksa ls csxkj rks yh tkrh Fkh ijUrq mPp tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk mu ij egŸoiw.kZ [kcjsa izdkf'kr gqbZ ftuesa vukoM+k (jktx<+) ds tkxhjnkj Bk- ek/kksflag vR;kpkj djus ds ekeys Hkh izdfk'kr gq, tSls 21 Qjojh] 1948 dks BsBj ckluk }kjk rjg&rjg dh ykx&ckx] HksaV] csxkj ysus ds lkFk fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k dh ,d fuoklh eq.Mkoj ds dqN jktiwrksa us tkV HkMksMh ds gfjtuksa dks ihVk vkSj mu ij fdlku }kjk lEiknd ds ek/;e f'kdk;rsa izdkf'kr dh Fkh fd & vR;kpkj fd;sA gfjtukssa }kjk lhy xkao dh tehu Bsds ij yh ftlesa Qly [kM+h 1- tehu dh eky xqtkjh ds vykok vukt esa ls rhljs fgLls ds caVkbZ vyx FkhA vejflag uked jktiwr muds [ksr esa ≈°V pjk jgk FkkA euk djus ij >xM+k gqvk ls ysrs FksA vkSj vejflag dks xkao ds jktiwrksa }kjk ykfB;ksa ,oa Qjfl;ksa ls ihVdj t[eh ,oa 22 2- dqvka pykus ij Qh pyl ?kk;y dj fn;kA eksjksM+h ckulwj dk dkywjke iq= ljnkj xqtj vdsyk xkao dh pkj gtkj ch?kk tehu dk fcLosnkj Fkk tks ;gk° dh turk ls vkB&nl xquk T;knk olwy 3- ykx&ckx ysrs FksA djrk Fkk vkSj mlds lkFk csxkj Hkh ysrk Fkk rFkk xkao okyksa dks ijs'kku djrk FkkA ;fn 4- eDdk dh Qly ds le; Qh yko 65 eqV~Bh yh tkrh FkhA dksbZ f'kdk;r djrk rks vuqfpr ncko nsus ds fy, eqdnek pyk nsrkA dqN fj'rsnkj 5- ,d lky esa Qh pwygk 1 #i;k ykx ysrs FksA mlds ikl jgrs Fks tks >wBs eqdnesa esa >wBh xokgh ns nsrs FksA ljdkjh vQljksa vkSj 6- fdlkuksa ds vukt esa ls 20 lsj vukt dh yko ds fglkc ls fBdkus ds vgydkjksa dh vkoHkxr dj [kq'k dj nsrk FkkA23 pijklh dks fnyk;k tkrk FkkA mijks‰ ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu vyoj fj;klrh 7- gj jkst rhu nfyr efgykvksa dks csxkj esa nkuk nyus o vukt ihlus vkSj ljdkj ds le; jk'ku O;oLFkk vPNh ugha FkhA vke turk vius gd dk jk'ku izkIr xkscj Fkkius dks cqyk;k tkrk Fkk ftlds cnys 1 Qly ij 1 eu vukt fn;k tkrk ugha dj ik jgh Fkh] ogha jktlŸkk ds utnhd yksx xjhcksa ds gd dk jk'ku lexzh FkkA gM+i ysrs FksA lkeku CySd dj eksVh jde izkIr djrs FksA dbZ ekeyksa esa ;s ncax yksx 8- dkenkj fBdkuk cM+k ncax O;f‰ j[kk tkrk Fkk ftls rkdhn gS fd fj'or izdj.kksa esa fpf r gksus ij Hkh mPp in izkIr djus esa lQy gksrs FksA lkFk gh fdlkuksa ls ftruk #i;k ,saBk tk lds] ,saBsA mlh esa mldh rjDdh ekuh tkrh FkhA16 fj;klrh ljdkj }kjk bu ij yxke yxkus dh dBksj dk;Zokgh u djuk bl O;oLFkk ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 633 325 634 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ij iz'uokpd fp yxkrk gSA 17- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`- lanHkZ 7] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 18- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`- 1- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 tuojh 1947] 7] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj jktLFkku jkt; vfHkys[kkxkj] vyoj 19- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 24 ebZ 1947] jk- 2- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 1] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 15 tuojh 1947] jk- vfHk- vyoj i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 20- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 5] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 23 Qjojh 1948] 3- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`- i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 21- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 26 vizSy] 1947] 4- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ] 1947] i`- jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 5] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 22- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 23 Qjojh 1948] 5- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 5 ekpZ] 1947] i`- jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 5] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 23- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 5] vyoj if=dk] 3 vxLr 1948] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 6- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 22 ekpZ 1947] i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 7- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 26 vizSy] 1947] i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 8- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] vyoj if=dk] 25 ebZ 1947] i`- 3] Lora= Hkkjr] 17 ebZ] 1947] i`- 6] jk-jk-vfHk- vyoj 9- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ] 1947] i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 10- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ 1947] i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 11- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 18 vDVwcj] 1947] i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 12- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 5 Qjojh 1947] i`- 3] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 13- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ] 1947] i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 14- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 17 ebZ] 1947] i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 15- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ 1947] i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 16- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tuojh 1948] i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 326 636 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 ftldh izkUrh; jkt/kkuh vtesj 'kgj FkhA bl lwcs esa lkr ljdkjsa o utjkuk nsus okys jkT; 'kkfey FksA bu lkr ljdkjksa esa ls vtesj vkSj ukxkSj dk 'kklu izcU/k dsUnzh; ;qx ;qxhu foy{k.k vtesj (vk/kqfud ljdkj ds v/khu FkkA7 lwcs dk eq[;ky; gksus ds dkj.k ;gka vU; dsUnzh; vf/kdkjh Hkh fu;qDr FksA bl eq[;ky; ls eqxy lwcsnkj jktiwr fj;klrksa ij fu;=a.k j[k dj dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) mudh 'kfDr dk eqxy lkezkT; ds fgr esa mi;ksx djrk FkkA vdcj ds le; esa MkW- fof/k 'kekZ vtesj esa rkacs ds flDds ku vk;k] mlls Hkh ;g {ks= vNwrk ugha jgk] tSlk fd o"kZZ 1915 dh l'kL= ÿkafr vFkok 1- vtesj fczfV'k Hkkjr dk vax FkkA vr% ;gka dh ifjfLFkfr;ka fczfV'k Hkkjr ls ykgkSj&fnYyh "kM~;U= dsl esa [kjok ds jko xksiky flag] fot; flag ifFkd rFkk lsB lkE; j[krh Fkh Qyr% ogka gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dh izfr/ofu ;gka Hkh gksrh nkeksnj nkl jkBh dh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gksrk gSA Fkh fQj pkgs og dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gks ;k gkse:y vkanksyu] ÿkafrdkjh xfrfof/k;ka gks ;k xka/khoknh vkanksyuA tqykbZ 1916 esa enkj xsV ij gkse:y yhx dh milfefr dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA izkjfEHkd pj.k esa 70 lnL;ksa us bldh lnL;rk x`g.k dhA19 o"kZ 1919 ls 2- viuh lkezkT;h; vko';drkvksa ds vuq:Ik vaxzstksa us vtesj dks lu~ 1805 esa 1922 rd bl {ks= esa Hkh 'ks"k Hkkjr dh Hkkafr f[kykQr rFkk vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh ckEcs] cMkSnk ,.M lsUV™y bf.M;k ehVj xst flLVe dk eq[;ky; cuk;kA gypy O;kIr jghA vtesj ds ,d eqfLye rhFkZ gksus ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa eqfLye jsYos ls tqMs laLFkkuksa] tSls jsYos odZ'kki] jsYos gkWfLiVy] jsyos bULVhV~;wV] jsYos rhFkZ;k=h Hkkjr Hkj ls ;gka vkrs Fks] bl rF; dk Qk;nk mBkus ds fy, ^tek;r my osyQs;j lsaVj RkFkk cM+h la[;k esa ;gka fuokl djus okys jsyos ds iz'kklfud o myek , fgUn* f[kykQr ds iz'u dks ysdj ;gka fo'ks"k :i ls lfÿ; FkkAa20 vkanksyu rduhdh deZpkfj;ksa us vtesj esa loZns'kh; okrkoj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k dks tUe ds izkjEHk ds lkFk gh vtesj esa Hkh ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] mikf/k;ksa] fons'kh oL=ksa rFkk fn;k ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks c<+k;kA ljdkjh mRloksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;kA d`".k xksiky xxZ rFkk vksadkj yky 3- blkbZ fe'kufj;ksa rFkk ljdkj ds f'k{kk izlkj ds dk;ksZ ds dkj.k 'ks"k jktiwrkuk ckdyhoky us ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nh] xksjh 'kadj HkkxZo us vius fons'kh oL=ksa ds dh rqyuk esa vtesj esa f'k{kk lqfo/kkvksa dk vf/kd fodkl gqvk] ftlus ;gka O;kikj dks cUn dj fn;k] pkandj.k 'kkjnk us viuh ch-,-] ,y-,y-ch- dh fMfxz;ka ds lkekftd thou dks ldkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor fd;k rFkk jktuSfrd fo'ofo|ky; dks ykSVkrs gq, odkyr NksM+ nhA21 22 uoEcj 1921 dks fizal vkWQ tkx:drk esa Hkh o`fº dhA osYl ds vtesj vkxeu ij ;gka iw.kZ gM+rky jghA22 vkanksyu esa ;gka dh efgykvksa] 4- n;kuUn vkJe] ijksidkjh.kh lHkk] vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk&jktiwrkuk ekyok] fdlkuksa rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa us mYys[kuh; Hkkxhnkjh n'kkZ;hA23 vtesj] C;koj tSls 'kgjh oSfnd ;a=yk; vkfn dh mifLFkfr us vtesj dks jktiwrkuk esaa vk;Z lekt dk dsUnzksa ds vykok vkanksyu iq"dj] dsdM+h rFkk ihlkaxu tSls vkUrfjd {ks=ksa esa Hkh eq[;ky; cuk fn;kA izFker% vk;Z lekt dh l'kDr mifLFkfr us ;gka jk"V™h; QSykA24 5 Qjojh 1922 dks pkSjk&pkSjh dk.M ds ckn vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks psruk dks mHkkjk vkSj ;gka jk"V™h; vkUnksyu dks gjfcykl 'kkjnk] pkandj.k ;dk;d okil ysus ls dkaxzslh usr`Ro ds izfr eksgHkax dh] tks eufLFkfr cuhA mlds 'kkjnk tSls usr`RodrkZ iznku fd;sA f}rh;r% ;gka mfnr gksrs f'kf{kr e/;eoxZ ifj.kkeLo:Ik la;qDr izkUr vkSj iatkc esa f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ iqu% ÿkafrdkjh rjhdksa dh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 639 328 640 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vksj vkd`"V gksus yxkA vtesj&esjokM+k esa Hkh ;g #>ku Li"Vr;k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk vf/klwpuk ds vuqlkj ,d dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k gh cuk jgkA ftldk iz'kklu phQ gSA bl le; ia- Tokyk izlkn] jkeflag mQZ gsepUn] jkepUnz CkkiV] izdk'k nŸk] :nz dfe'uj rFkk mldh lkr lnL;h; ijke'kZnk=h ifj"kn~ }kjk pyk;k tkrk FkkA33 fdUrq nŸk feJk vkfn ;gka izeq[k ÿkafrdkfj;ksa ds :Ik esa mHkjsA ;s yksx vkuklkxj ds rV ij ;gka ds tuekul rFkk usr`RodrkZvksa ds eu esa ;g ckr cSBh gqbZ Fkh fd izFker% pwafd xqIr :Ik ls ,d ÿkafrdkjh dk;kZy; pykrs FksA lu~ 1931 esa pUnz'ks[kj vktkn Hkh vtesj&esjokM+k ,d fczfV'k 'kkflr izns'k Fkk vr% Hkkjr la?k esa mls ogha LFkku o ;gka vk, FksA25 Tokyk izlkn rFkk jkeflag mQZ gsepUnz us 4 vizSy 1935 dks vtesj iz'kklu feyuk pkfg, tks vU; fczfV'k izkUrksa dks izkIr gqvk gSA f}rh;r% pawfd ;g ds iqfyl mi v/kh{kd izk.kukFk Mksxjk rFkk lc baLisDVj [kyhyqn~nhu ij izk.k?kkrd {ks= fdlh fczfV'k izkUr dh lhek ls tqM+k gqvk ugha gS] vr% bls fdlh fczfV'k izkUr geyk fd;kA ftlesa os nksuksa ?kk;y gq, rFkk Tokyk izlkn o gsepUnz dh fxj∂rkj dj esa foyhu ugha fd;k tk ldrk vr% bls Lok;Ÿkrk iznku dh tk,A pwafd ijke'kZnk=h fy;k x;kA26 jkepUnz ckiV dks vtesj&esjokM+k ds rRdkyhu phQ deh'uj bZ-lh- ifj"kn~ tuer dh izfrfuf/k Fkh vkSj phQ dfe'uj ukSdj'kkgh ds izfrfuf/k FksA vr% fxClu ij geyk djus ds vkjksi esa 11 o"kZ dh dBksj dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA27 vf/kdkf/kd Lok;Ÿkrk dh ijke'kZnk=h ifj"kn~ dh ekax ds dkj.k o"kZ 1948&52 ds xka/khoknh vkanksyu ds f}rh; pj.k ds :i esa lfou; voKk vkanksyu Hkh nkSjku nksauks ds e/; la?k"kZ vkSj xfrjks/k dh fLFkfr cuh jgh ,oa iz'kklu ckf/kr jgkA vtesj&esjokM+k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ nkSj dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA bl nkSjku ;gka loZizFke o"kZ 1951 esa ^ikVZ ^lh* LVsV~l ,DV 1951* ikfjr gqvk ftlds rgr ikVZ C;koj rFkk fQj vtesj o jkelj esa d`f=e :i ls ued fuekZ.k dj ued dkuwu ^lh* jkT; ds :i esa vtesj dk xBu gqvkA34 tuojh 1952 esa 30 lnL;h; fo/kku rksM+k x;kA28 ued lR;kxzg ds ckn fons'kh oL=ksa rFkk 'kjkc dh nqdkuksa ij] ljdkjh lHkk dk xBu gqvkA Jh gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; ds eq[; eU=hRo esa rhu lnL;h; rFkk vuqnku izkIr f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ij /kjus fn, x,A lfou; voKk vkanksyu ds ea=heaMy dk xBu gqvkA35 ftlus uoEcj 1956 dks vtesj ds jktLFkku esa foy; f}rh; pj.k esa xks;y] lkoj] cyokbZ] elwnk] cxlwjh] dY;k.kiqjk rFkk lruk vkfn rd 'kklu lapkyu fd;kA 29 fnlEcj 1953 dks Hkkjr ljdkj ds x`g ea=ky; }kjk xzkeh.k bLrsejkjh {ks=ksa esa bLrsejkjnkjksa ds fo#º pyk yxku canh vkanksyu fo'ks"k :i jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA36 ftlds le{k jktLFkku ljdkj us foy; ls mYys[kuh; gSA29 bl vkanksyu ds nkSjku ;gka tsy tkus okyksa dh la[;k 300 ds ds i{k esa rFkk vtesj ljdkj us vtesj ds i`Fkd vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus ds lanHkZ esa vklikl Fkh tks vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku tsy tkus okyks ls rhu xquk ls Hkh vf/ vius nkos&izfrnkos izLrqr fd,A37 ftudh tkap ds ckn jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx us ;g kd FkhA30 ;g vkadM+k ;gka fujUrj ckSrs eafnj (1997&2002) ij gLrk{kj djokukA MkW- dSyk'k tks'kh 11- dsUnz gsrq laLdkfjr xfrfo/kh dk p;u djukA ;kstuk esa p;fur pkj rglhyksa ds 9 xk°oksa esa ls 6 xk°oksa esa foŸkh; o"kZ 97&98 lsok eafnj laLFkk dh LFkkiuk 1969 ls mn;iqj esa gqbZA ftlesa mn;iqj ftys rd lEiw.kZ lwpuk izkIr dj xzke lewgksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k x;kA dh 6 rglhyksa ds 535 xkaoks dk p;u fd;k x;kA tks lqnwj vkfnoklh {ks= ds FksA ;s ÿ-la- rglhy lfEefyr xk°o N% rglhyas cMxkao] fxokZ] >kM+ksy] [kSjokMk] dksVM+k] xksxqUnk FkhA tSlk dh uke ls 1 dksVMk jkUnyk] oklsyk gh Li"V gS lsok eafnj ,d lkekftd lsok ds {kS= esa ,d xSj ljdkjh laLFkku gSA1 2 [kSjokMk xksxkQyk] xesrh Qyk] Mkeksj Qyk] uhpyk Qyk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dk;Z ds mijkUr lsok eafnj us viSzy 1995 ls f'k{kk ds {ks= esa viuh 3 >kM+ksy ikjM+k] fupyh fcjksBh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkjEHk djrs gq, ,d vyx f'k{kk izHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk bl izHkkx us vius fuEu y{; j[ks& 4 fxokZ jok 1- laLFkk dh f'k{kk uhfr dk fÿ;kUo;u djukA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz dh LFkkiuk 6&12 vk;q oxZ ds mu cPpksa ds fy, LFkkfir fd, x, tks vukekafdr] M™kivk≈V Fks vkSj fofHkUu dkj.kks ls f'k{kk dh 2- vukSipkfjd 'kSf{kd dk;Zÿe ykxw djukA eq[;/kkjk ls tqM+us ls oafpr jg x, FksA 3- tu f'k{k.k ^fuy;e* ds uke ls lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiukA 4- yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk (esa eq[; Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu)A f'k{kk dk ikB~;ÿe mu vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa ds fy, ikB~;ÿe (jkT; 'kSf{kd 5- lk{kjrk f'kfojksa dk lapkyuA SIERT vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k rFkk fgUnh dh ikB~; iqLrd dks 6- vukSipkfjd f k{kk {kS= esa ìkks/k dk;Z djukA ^fnxUrj* uked 'kSf{kd laLFkk }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;kA laLFkk dh ubZ f'k{kk uhfr rFkk ;kstuk 6&12 o"kZ ds cPpksa ds fy, & vU; lg'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa dks vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA bues izeq[k f'k{kd 1- vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk (NFES) (Non Formal Education Center) ikyd cSBd] cky esyk] izos'kksRlo] cSBd ,oa izf'k{k.k] vkSipkfjd f'k{kk vuqla/kku dh ftles tu lgHkkfxrk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA gsrq ifj;kstuk dk;Z] xzke iqLrdky; ds :i esa ^tu f'k{k.k fuy;e* dh LFkkiuk 2- bu vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq fofHkUu djukA ;kstukvksa dks lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk uohu LFkkuksa dk p;u] izLrkoksa dk ladyu fd;k x;kA yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk esa dk;Z jktLFkku esa f'k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k gsrq yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dks o"kZ 3- bu dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dks cPpksa ds lkFk tksMk x;kA 1992 ls izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lsok eafnj ds lg;ksx ls bls mn;iqj ftys esa >kMksy 4- efgyk f'k{kk dks ckMksy] cMxkao] CykWd esa fd;k ftlesa f'k{kk Hkou lkslkbVh dh lgk;rk π o"kZ 1998&99 esa dksVM+k CykWd ds ekesj ladqy esa dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k x;kA yh xbZA lkFk gh 'kSf{kd fo/kk esa Hkh uohurk ykus gsrq iz;kl fd;s x, lkFk gh ,slh 'kSf{kd lgk;d lkexzh ds fuekZ.k [kkldj ekWMy fuekZ.k ij /;ku fn;k x;k tks π ckyokM+h rFkk vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, lk{kjrk dsEi gsrq leUo; xzkeh.k {kS= ds cPpksa gsrq Qk;nseUn gksA ml gsrq t;iqj dh laLFkk ^lEHko* ls Hkh lg LFkkfir fd;k x;kA lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k rFkk fxokZ esa 10 vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh bu vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa gsrq f'k{kdksa dk p;u LFkkuh; Lrj ij xzke rFkk bl gsrq jaxeap fo/kk dk iz;ksx fd;kA ftlls ns[kdj tYnh lh[k ldsA lkFk gh lfefr }kjk U;wure vkBoh d{kk mŸkh.kZ dhA2 fo|kHkou lkslkbVh ls lglEcU/k LFkkiuk lsok eafnj laLFkk gsrq fgrdj jgkA blls o"kZ 1999&2000 esa lsok eafnj us 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy, laLFkk ds dk;Zÿeksa dh ubZ fn'kk r; gqbZ rFkk vuqdwy ifj.kke izkIr gq,A lkFk gh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 647 332 fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij uohu laLFkkxr uhfr r; gqbZA lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dks dsUnzksa dks lapkfyr djus gsrq uohu lanHkZ lkexzh iznku dh xbZA bl o"kZ laLFkk us cPpks ds fy, 21 cky esyksa dk vk;kstu fd;kA ftlesa e# {ks= dh ijEijkxr gLrdyk&vtj[k % cPps vkil esa ,d nwljs ls ifjfpr gq, rFkk vU; lg 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa tSls M™kbZax] ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u isfUVx] leL;k lek/kku] fDot dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;kA fxokZ ,oa >kMksy CykWd ds cPpksa ds fy, if'peh lkaLd`frd dsUnz us ,d cMk jaxkjax lekjksg MkW- lqjs'k dqekj vk;ksftr fd;kA4 LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku egkRek xka/kh ds funsZ'kkuqlkj ftl izdkj iztke.My if'peh jktLFkku ds Fkkj e#LFky dk ,d fo'kky Hkw&Hkkx ckM+esj ftysa ds ,oa futh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa fo|k Hkou] fo|kihB efgyk e.My] efgyk ifj"kn vkfn vUrxZr vkrk gSA ckM+esj dh 270 fdyksehVj lhek ikfdLRkku ls tqM+h gSA bl uxj us f'k{kk dk izlkj dj vkUnksyu dks ubZ fn'kk nhA LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr lsok dh LFkkiuk 13 oha 'krkCnh esa cgkMkjko (c<+jko) }kjk dh xbZ FkhA cgkM+kjko eafnj us vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk izlkj ,oa fodkl gsrq uohu ;kstuk,a viukdj dk;Z (ck tkrk gSA bldh iqf"V fla/kh tkurs FksA loZizFke dikl dh [ksrh flU/kqokfl;ksa us izkjEHk dhA [kqnkbZ esa izkIr drkbZ yksd&xhrksa esa gksrh gSA cqukbZ ds midj.kkas (;Fkk rdyh lqbZ vkfn) ls irk pyrk gS fd flU/kqokfl;ksa dk fla/kh yksd xhr diM+k cquuk ,d izeq[k m|ksx jgk gksxkA flU/kq?kkVh ls izkIr jaxs gq, crZuksa ls Kkr gksrk th;s fla/kq th;s] flU/k okjk th;uA gS fd flU/kqoklh ouLifr jaxksa ls ifjfpr FksA12 ;FkklEHko fla/kqoklh us diMs ij fla/kh Vksih] vtj[k okjk th;uAA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 651 334 652 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bl yksd&xhr esa fla/kh eqlyekuksa ds eq[; igukosa ds :Ik esa vtj[k dk 5- ekFkqj deys'k] gLrf'kYi ds fofo/k vk;ke] tSu ifCy'klZ t;iqj] 1996 ftÿ fd;k x;k vtj[k mudh lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd thou dk eq[; vax jgk 6- tSu HkwjpUn] ckyksrjk uxj ikfydk Lekfjdk] izdk'ku 1999] i`- 9&20 gSA20 7- j?koa'ke~] ;q/kkftrJ lans'kkRl ns'k fla/kqukede~ lu~ 1947 bZ- esa Hkkjr ikd foHkktu ds le; dbZ [k=h ,oa fla/kh eqlyeku n nkS nRr izHkkok;% Hkjrk; Hk`rizt%AA i`- 15] 87 8- jktLFkku esa oL= NikbZ oL=ks|ksx&,d v/;;u] jk"V™h; oL= NikbZ gLrdyk laLFkku] ifjokj fla/k ls iyk;u dj ckM+esj] pkSgVu] jkelj] xM+jk] lhekorhZ bykds esa vkdj ubZ fnYyh] Hkkx&4 i`- 17 cl x;s FksA ml le; foLFkkfirksa dh vkthfodk ds lEcU/k esa eq[; leL;k FkhA 9- n V™hQ vkWQ ÿkQ~V] xkFkk] fgLV™h vkWQ vtjd] 20 ebZ 2013 [k=h ifjokjksa us viuk ikjEifjd gLrdyk vtj[k fizaV dk dk;Z ckM+esaj esa izkjEHk 10- [k=h mnkjke] [kf=;ksa dk fupyk okl ckM+esj% ekSf[kd tkudkjh fd;kA /khjs&/khjs vtj[k fizUV us ;gkWa dh yksd dgkorksa esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk 11- ds-lh- JhokLro] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr] i`- 43 fy;kA ckMesaj dk pkSgVu dLck tks fd Hkkjr&ikfdLrku dk lhekorhZ {ks= gSa /kkV n;kjke lkguh dks pkWanh ds dy'k esa diM+s dk VqdM+k feyk] ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kkV dh yksd&dgkorksa ds vuqlkj& eSds us vusd oLrqvksa esa fyiVs /kkxs izkIr fd;sA /kkV jks vtj[k] eu[kka jh euqgkjA 12- ogh] i`- 42 esg ojls u ojls] bZ;k nks vk jks ugh nqadkjAA 13- iqtkjh jktk dh ewfrZ] us'kuy E;wft;e vkWQ ikfdLrku&djkph vFkZ & ckfj'k gks ;k u gks /kkV {ks= esa yksxksa dh vkoHkxr ,oa vtj[k dh 14- Mk- fcyxkeh uwjtgkWa] fla/k tks vtj[k (fMiksZVesUV vkWQ dYpjy ,aM V~;wfjTe dksbZ deh ugh gksrh gSA21 xojesaUV fla/k 1990) i`-177 15- ds-lh- okLro] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr] i`- 44 vkt ckM+esjh vtj[k NikbZ dk dk;Z viuh fof'k"V igpku fy;s gq, gSA 16- Mk- fcyxkeh uwjtgkWa] fla/k tks vtj[k (fMiksZVesUV vkWQ dYpjy ,aM V~;wfjTe orZeku esa vtj[k NikbZ dh nks 'kSfy;ka izpyu esa gS& vtj[k ,oa eyhjA vtj[k esa xojesaUV fla/k 1990)] i`-177 ouLifr jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tks 'kjhj ds fy, gkfu jfgr gksrs gSA bldks /kksuss ls 17- lh-,e-,l-oh-,l E;wft;e] eqEcbZ bldk jax vf/kd f[kyrk gS ,oa diM+k vkSj vf/kd eksVk gksrk gSA eqy :Ik ls vtj[k 18- n V™hQ vkWQ ÿkQ~V% xkFkk] fgLV™h vkWQ vtjd] 20 ebZ 2013 esa yky ,oa uhys jax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy diM+sa dh lqUnjrk c<+kus ds 19- [k=h ukscsy rLohj] [k=h ukscsy vkVZ ,.M xSysjh fy, gjk] ihyk] dslfj;k] dkys jax dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu jaxksa dks cukus ds 20- ekSykuk ehj eksgEen] fla/kh yksd&xhr] th;s fla/kq th;s] flU/k okjk th;u fy, gYnh dslwyk] lkQwM+ nkfM+e ds fNyds] yksgs dh tax] beyh] jrutksr] ethB] 21- MkW-,e-vkj x

1727 bZ- dks ftl t;iqj dk f'kykU;kl fd;k Fkk] mldh ukS pkSdfM+;ksa esa ls ,d Hkkjr ij eqxy ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc ds vkÿe.kksa ,oa ckj&ckj ejkBkvksa ds gLr{ksi ds vkt Hkh iqjkuh cLrh dgykrh gSA vc rks vkesj (mŸkj esa) vkSj lkaxkusj (nf{k.k esa) dkj.k vusd f'kYidkj (oL= NikbZ ,oa jaxkbZ) jktLFkku ds iM+kSlh jkT; xqtjkr ls bl uxj dh iqjkuh cfLr;k° dgh tk ldrh gSA t;iqj rks 18oha lnh esa cuk&clk vkdj ;gk° cl x;sA22 dbZ oL= f'kYih jktLFkku o mŸkj if'peh Hkkjr ds vU; fdarq lkaxkusj 16oha lnh ds vfUre pj.k esa gh vkckn gks x;k vkSj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjs fgLlksa esa O;ofLFkr jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa fudy x;sA23 vkesj dh rqyuk esa ;g vf/kd lqfo/kktud cLrh Fkh] ;g unh ds fdukjs clk gqvk lkaxkusj dk {ks= gh ,d ek= ,slk LFkku tks vusd ty Lkzksrksa ls f?kjk gqvk Fkk] {ks= FkkA t;iqj ds mŸkj&if'pe dh igkfM+;ksa esa ls fudydj vkus okyk vekuh'kkg ;Fkk k: i=dkj ds :i esa O;fDrRo ,oa frRo dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA ia- vfHkUugfj dk tUe 27 flrEcj lu~ 1905 bZ- dks ekaxjksy ftyk ckjk° (ufugky) esa gqvkA firk Jh jkexksiky of'k"B ,d lk/kkj.k fdlku ,oa ekrk Jherh iUuh ckbZ /keZijk;.k x`fg.kh FkhA vkidk cpiu dk uke cnzhyky Fkk] ftls vkius 1930&31 bZ- esa ued lR;kxzg ds nkSjku vtesj esa ^fo;ksxhgfj* ls izsfjr gksdj ^vfHkUugfj* j[k fy;kA bUgksaus fefMy (vkBoha) rd dh i<+kbZ ekaxjksy dLcs esa jgdj gh iwjh dhA i<+kbZ iwjh djrs gh lu~ 1920 bZ- eas vkidks v/;kid dh ukSdjh fey xbZA rRi'pkr~ dksVk ds ukeZy fo|ky; ls vkius ch-Vh-lh- dh ijh{kk mŸkh.kZ dhA v/;kiu ds lkFk&lkFk vkius iz;kx fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dh ^lEiknu dyk fo'kkjn ,oa lkfgR; jRu* dh ijh{kk,sa mŸkh.kZ dhA blds ckn vkius dsoy vaxzsth fo"k; ls eSfV™d ijh{kk ikl dhA vtesj ,oa bykgkckn esa LdkmfVax dk fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dj LdkmfVax dh izfrKk ,oa fu;eksa ls jk"V™izse dh nh{kk yh] rFkkfi yksdekU; cky xaxk/kj fryd ds ?kks"k ^LojkT;* esjk tUeflº vf/kdkj gS] ls izsj.kk izkIr dhA fefMy Ldwy esa lSd.M ekLVj ds :i esa tc vkidh fu;qfDr ekaxjksy esa gqbZ] rc vkius ^lsok lfefr* ds dk;ks± dks foLrkj fn;kA xzke lq/kkj ,oa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, LdkmV ny dks lfÿ; fd;kA csxkj izFkk lekIr ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 663 340 664 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 djus] f'kdkj&gkadk esa tcju idM+dj csxkj ds fy, ys tkus okyksa dks NqM+kus vkSj Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds fy, ;qokvksa eas tks'k Hkjus dk dk;Z fd;kA tkus okys dks eqvkotk fnykus] lekt&lq/kkj ,oa :f<+oknh ijEijkvksa dks nwj djus ds tc 1930 bZ- esa xk°/kh th dk lfou; voKk vkUnksyu izkjEHk gqvk] rc vki fy, vkUnksyu fd,] ;|fi Nk= thou ls gh vki ^lsok lfefr* ds lnL; cu x, Hkh ns'k eas ued dkuwu rksM+dj ued cukus vkSj vkUnksyu esa fxjrkj gksus ds fy, FksA LdkmfVax ds ek/;e ls Hkh Nk=ksa esa jk"V™lsok ds Hkko txkus dk dk;Z vki djrs [k.Mok igq°ps] ogk° ij vki if.Mr ek[kuyky prqosZnh vkSj ukxj th ls feysA jgsA v/;kiudky ls gh vki jkT; deZpkfj;ksa ds tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds fo#º vius vkidh fxj∂rkjh gqbZ] fdUrq iksLV ekLVj xksfoUn ckcw rFkk ukxj th us vkidks NqM+k laokn fofHkUu lekpkj i=ksa esa fHktokrs jgs] vkidh dk;Ziºfr dh f'kdk;rksa dks fy;kA ;gk° ls vki ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk }kjk vk;ksftr dfo lEesyu dh v/;{krk ysdj vkids rcknys Hkh gksrs jgsA lu~ 1927 bZ- esa firk ds LoxZokl gksus ij vkius djus vtesj x;sA dksVk vkdj vki jk"V™h; fopkj/kkjk ds mRlkfgr ;qodksa dk ,d LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; :i ls Hkkx ysus ds fy, lu~ 1928 bZ- eas duokl ^lR;kxzgh tRFkk* rS;kj dj vtesj ys x;sA ogk° vtesj eas vkidk lEidZ izflº Ldwy ds iz/kkuk/;kid in ls R;kxi= ns fn;k vkSj lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus ds fy, ÿkfUrdkjh fot;flag ifFkd ls gqvkA vkids tRFks dks fxj∂rkj dj ckn eas lhdj esa mTtSu pys x, ,oa ogk° ls ^ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu* ds fy, vtesj esa Hkkx yssus NksM+ fn;k x;kA dksVk esa lu~ 1934 bZ- eas fot; n"keh ds fnu if.Mr u;uwjke 'kekZ x,A vkids rhu fookg gq,A igyk fookg jsykou dh uV~VhckbZ ls gqvk ftlls rhu ds lkFk feydj vkius gkM+kSrh iztke.My dh LFkkiuk dhA iztke.My ds fy, csfV;k° gqbZ] ij ,d Hkh thfor u cphA nwljk fookg egkjk"V™ ds ÿkfUrdkjh txUukFk yxkrkj dk;Z djrs gq, cSBdas cqyokrs] ;kstuk,sa cuokrs jgsA 19 ebZ 1939 bZ- dks dh cfgu y{ehckbZ ls fd;kA Vk;QkbM chekjh ls tw>rs gq, nwljh iRuh dk fu/ku iztke.My dk vf/kos'ku vkius reke lkft"kksa vkSj gFkd.Mks dks njfdukj dj gks x;k] lu~ 1950 bZ- esa vkidh igyh iRuh dk Hkh LoxZokl gks x;kA lu~ 1953 bZ- ekaxjksy dLcs eas lEiUu fd;kA turk dh vf/kd ls vf/kd Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, esa lR;orh ls vkius rhljk fookg fd;k] ftlls ,d iq= dh izkfIr gqbZA vfHkUugfj xk°o&xk°o esa lEidZ djus ds fy, iSny ;k=k dhA bl vf/kos'ku esa Lo;alsodksa vkSj us mldk uke ^euqgfjof'k"B* j[kkA cpiu ls gh jk"V™h; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gksdj efgykvksa dk ny laxfBr fd;kA dksVk jkT; esa vuqŸkjnk;h 'kklu iz.kkyh vkSj LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrs gq, dHkh vkius vius ifjokfjd thou ukSdj'kkgh dh [kqyh vkykspuk dhA bl vf/kos'ku dh ppkZ Jh eksrhyky tSu us Hkh dh rjQ /;ku ugh fn;k] ftlds pyrs vkidh viuh tehu Hkh vkids gkFk ls tkrh vius Lej.kksa esa dh gSA2 jghA LorU=rk izkfIr dh yyd fy, vki viuh ys[kuh ls vkSj dHkh ,d lsukuh ds vki lu~ 1941 bZ- esa dksVk jkT; iztke.My ds v/;{k cusA3 vkidh :i esa vktknh dh ykS tykrs jgsA v/;{krk esa >kyk gkml dksVk ds lkeus jke rykbZ esa ,d fojkV lEesyu gqvkA bl ;qokoLFkk esa lkfgR;d lEesyuksa ds nkSjku x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ] ckyœ".k 'kekZ vf/kos'ku esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd] mTtSu ds Jh f'ko 'kadj jkoy ,oa Jh enueksgu (uohu)] cyoUrflag uke/kkjh rFkk Hkxrflag ls lEidZ ls vkids ÿkfUrdkjh fopkjksa 'kekZ Lokxrk/;{k ds :i esa 'kkfey gq, FksA vkius vius v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa vkadM+ksa dks cy feyrk jgkA vki fot;flag ifFkd ,oa if.Mr u;uwjke 'kekZ ds lg;ksxh lfgr dksVk jkT; dh fLFkfr dh ppkZ dh ,oa lkeUrh 'kklu dh cqjkbZ dj ukSdj'kkgksa jgsA vki eFkqjkyky 'kekZ dks viuk jktuhfrd xq# ekurs FksA jktLFkku ds Lok/khurk ds dqpÿ dh fuUnk dhA iztke.My ds v/;{k jgrs gq, Hkh vkidks dksVk ls NcM+k la?k"kZ eas i=dkfjrk dk tks ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku jgk gS] mlesa ia- vfHkUugfj tSls tkrs le; LVs'ku ij fxjrkj fd;k x;k vkSj rhu fnu rd xwxksj ds fdys esa cUn j[kk jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ] LorU=rk lsukuh] tq>k: i=dkj ,oa lEiknd ds œfrRo ds x;kA ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa dk 28 Qjojh 1942 bZ- dks vtesj esa ,d xqIr lEesyu gqvk :i eas ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kkldh; lsok ds nkSjku gh vkius lu~ 1925 bZ- esa dkuiqj ftlesa vkius Hkkx fy;k FkkA dkykUrj esa 8&9 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks eqEcbZ ds esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku ,oa ns'kh jkT; iztkifj"kn dh cSBd eas Hkkx fy;kA tgk° Xokfy;k VSad eSnku esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'ku esa dksVk ls 'kkfey gksus okys vkidk ifjp; vtqZuyky lsBh] fot;flag ifFkd ckck u`flagnkl] jk/kkeksgu xksdqy vki ,d ek= izfrfuf/k FksA 9 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu us dksVk 'kgj ,oa lR;HkDr ls gqvkA vf/kos'ku eas gq, lHkk&lEesyuksa ,oa Hkk"k.kksa ls izsfjr gksdj esa Hkh xfr idM+ yhA tuekul jkeiqjk dksrokyh vkSj xk°/kh pkSd esa tek gksus yxkA ekaxjksy esa vius Nk=ksa ,oa LdkmVksa ls bZ'ojhizlkn 'kekZ }kjk fyf[kr ^'kd nqnZ'kk* lSykc c<+rk ns[kdj fugRFks tu lewg ij ?kksM+s nkSM+k;s] Hkh"k.k ykBh pktZ fd;kA uked ukVd dk eapu djk;k] ftlds QyLo:i vkidk rcknyk dksVk dj vcks/k ckyd&ckfydkvksa] ;qodks] efgykvksa vkSj o`ºksa rd dks ugha NksM+kA if.Mr fn;k x;kA dksVk esa vkius ^frydny* cukdj Nk=ks eas jk"V™Hkkouk tkx`r djus ,oa vfHkUugfj vLirky esa ?kk;yks ds fy, fpfdRlk O;oLFkk dk cUnkscLr djk jgs Fks ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 665 341 666 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fd ogk° ls vkidks Hkh fxjrkj dj jkeiqjk dksrokyh esa yk;k x;kA4 ;gk° ij vkbZ-th- vtesj tsy dh dky dksBjh esa Mky fn;k vkSj ;kruk,sa nh xbZA vtesj izokl ds us if.Mr th dks HkhM+ dks le>kus rFkk okfil ?kj ykSVus dk ncko cukdj gFkdM+h nkSjku gh vkius fot;flag ifFkd ds ekxZn'kZu esa ^jktLFkku lans'k* i= eas lg&lEiknu Mkydj ckgj yk;sA if.Mr th us vPNk volj ns[kdj iwjs tks'k ds lkFk dgk&;g ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k vkSj ;gha ij ^foIyo* lekpkj i= ds fy, Hkh vkosnu fd;kA vktknh dh vk[kjh yM+kbZ gSA dksbZ dlj er NksM+uk] djks ;k ejksA ;gh ns'k dks fxClu ce dk.M eas uketn gksus ls vki nks o"kZ (1932&34) vKkrokl eas jgs] ij xk°/kh th dk lans'k gSA ;gk° ls jkf= 2-00 cts vfHkUugfj] os.khek/ko] 'kEHkwn;ky fQj Hkh vkius viuh ys[kuh cUn ugha dh vkSj fofHkUu lekpkj i=ksa esa] uoy] lDlsuk] tksjkoj flag tSu dks dksrokyh ds ihNs ds jkLrs ls lsUV™y tsy Hkst fn;k vfHkUu] izy;adj jktLFkkuh ;qod vkfn Nn~e ukeksa ls ys[k] dfork,sa ,oa x;kA 14 vxLr ls vkius tsy esa vkej.k vu"ku 'kq: dj fn;kA 24 vxLr dks tsy tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds lekpkj fHktokrs jgsA ls fjgk dj dksVk njckj us vfHkUugfj th ds lkeus odhy jkeukjk;.k }kjk crkbZ xbZ lu~ 1934&35 esa vkxjk esa Bkdqj ns'kjkt ds lkFk jgdj ^x.ks'k* uked 'krks± dks ekuus dk vk'oklu fn;kA mYys[kuh; ;g gS fd Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds lekpkj i= esa lg lEiknd ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA bl i= esa dksVk dh xfrfof/k;ksa nkSjku 14&15 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks dksVk 'kgj ij turk dk jkT; jgkA ij vk/kkfjr gkL;&ifjgkl vkSj O;X; iz/kku jpuk,sa izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA rRdkyhu LorU=rk la?k"kZ eas tu&tkxj.k ,oa tutkx`fr dk dk;Z i=dkjksa us c[kwch dksVk jkT; ds f"k{kk funs"kd }kjk ekugkfu dk eqdnek pyk;k x;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k fuHkk;kA vius ys[ku ls jk"V™h; fopkj/kkjk dks u dsoy tu&tu esa izokfgr fd;k] i= dks 'kklu ds dksi dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+k5] rFkkfi x.ks'k ij cwUnh fj;klr esa izos"k cfYd turk dks LorU=rk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, m}sfyr Hkh fd;kA ml le; ij Hkh jksd yxk nh FkhA6 rRi"pkr~ lu~ 1936&38 rd fnYyh eas izdkf"kr ^nSfud i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z djuk dfBu Fkk] ok.kh o ys[ku vfHkO;fDr ij cU/ku Fkk] lapkj fgUnqLrku* ds la;qDr lEiknd jgsA vkius LorU= :i ls fnYyh ls lkIrkfgd ek/;eksa dk vHkko Fkk] izsl ij rjg&rjg ds cU/ku Fks fQj Hkh n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr vkSj ^vxzlj* i= dk izdk"ku fd;kA7 ftlds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ^loZrU= LorU= lkIrkfgd muds tq>k:iu us LorU=rk vkUnksyu dks tu vkUnksyu cukus esa egrh Hkwfedk vnk vxzlj* vafdr jgrk FkkA bl i= esa MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkœ".ku] ia- vouhUnz dqekj dhA gkM+kSrh eas bl dk;Z ds vxqok Fks ia- vfHkUugfjA Nk=thou esa gh vkius fofHkUu fo|kyadkj] cafdepUnz pVthZ lfgr ns'k ds 'kh"kZ usrkvksa vkSj LorU=rk lsukfu;ksa ds lekpkj i=ksa esa (caxoklh] vH;qn;] izrki] drZO;] iz.kohj) ns'kizse] jk"V™HkfDr ,oa ys[k] dfork,sa izdkf'kr gksrs FksA vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k v[kckjksa dk cUn gksuk ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ys[k i<+s] ftlls ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx`r gqbZA vkius vius laokn rRdkyhu le; dh ,d csgn nk#.k dgkuh ml le; izdkf'kr gksus okys vf/kdrj fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa esa HkstsA dHkh&dHkh Nn~euke ls Hkh jkT; deZpkfj;ksa mudh v[kckj dgrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k v[kckjksa dks chp eas gh cUn djuk iM+k ;k dqN fnuksa tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds f[kykQ vius laokn fHktok,aA izsl vkSj i=dkfjrk dk izf'k{k.k ds fy, fojke nsuk iM+k ;k fQj dtkZ ysuk iM+k] vkSj blh nk#.k dgkuh dk fgLlk mTtSu] [k.Mok] vkxjk] iz;kx] dkuiqj] cEcbZ vkSj fnYyh ls izkIr fd;kA ljdkjh ^vxzlj* Hkh cukA ftlds izdk'ku dk 'kqYd 25 gtkj tek djkus ds fy, vkidks lsok ls lu~ 1928 eas R;kx i= nsus ds i'pkr~ vkius i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls LorU=rk viuh iSr`d X;kjg ch?kk Hkwfe cspuh iM+h vkSj v[kckj cUn djuk iM+k] rRi'pkr~ la?k"kZ esa tu psruk ykus dk oh.kk mBk;kA mTtSu esa Jh nqxkZ'kadj ukxj th ds vki dkuiqj esa x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds i= ^izrki* esa lEiknu dk;Z djus yxsA ^dYio`{k* lekpkj i= esa ,oa Jh ek[kuyky prqoZsnh ds ^deZohj* ([k.Mok) esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu dh rS;kjh rFkk egkRek xk°/kh ds funsZ'k ij vki lu~ lEiknu dk dk;Z fd;kA lu~ 1930 bZ- lfou; voKk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku Hkh vkius 1941 esa dksVk ykSV vk,A 21 ekpZ 1942 ls ^yksdlsod* lkIrkfgd i= dk izdk'ku vtesj ls ^of'k"B Ωf"k* (Nn~euke) uke ls ^j.kHksjh* dk izdk'ku fd;kA ;g 'kq: fd;k8 ;|fi bl i= ds izdk'ku ls iwoZ tu lk/kkj.k dks lekpkj i= ds izdk'ku nSfud lkbDyksLVkby lekpkj i= Fkk] ftls jkr ds le; iq"dj dh ?kkfV;ksa esa e'kky dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, ^FkksM+k bUrtkj djas* uked 'kh"kZd ls ,d ipkZ Nkidj vkSj fn;ksa dh jks'kuh esa rS;kj dj lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ gh lR;kxzg f'kfoj ds lkfFk;ksa esa tkudkjh nh] rFkkfi ^yksdlsod* ds izdk'ku ds la?k"kZ dh dgkuh ,d o"kZ rd (30 caVok fn;k tkrk FkkA uoEcj 1940&13 uoEcj 1941) pyrh jgh] yxkrkj vfHkUugfj th vkSj jkT; ds bl i= esa turk vkSj lR;kxzfg;ksa dk eukscy c<+kus] ekr`Hkwfe dks LorU= }kjk i=ksa dk vknku iznku pyrk jgk] rc tkdj egdek [kkl us fgUnh lkIrkfgd djkus vkSj ns'k ij ej feVus ds Hkko tkx`r djus ds fy, xhr] vkys[k rFkk yksd lsod ,oa blh uke dh izsl pykus dh Lohd`fr ykxw dj ^dksVk izsl ,DV* ds ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lekpkj gksrs FksA bl i= ds flyflys esa vkidks fxj∂rkj dj fu;eksa dh ikyuk dh 'krks± ij ns nhA9 yksd lsod dk izFke vad nks i`"Bkas dk FkkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 667 342 668 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij xksLokeh rqylhnkl dh izflº pkSikbZ ^ijfgr lfjl /keZ ugha HkkbZ] ls] {kh.k Loj ls gh lgh] vkt dh Hk;adj egaxkbZ eas Hkh tulsok eas fujUrj dfVcº ijihM+k le ugha v/kekbZ* Nkik Fkk ,oa lekpkj dh izlkj la[;k 500 Hkh vafdr dh j[kk vkSj vc\ vc yksdlsod ?kj ckgj cs[kVds vk tk ldsxkA lqLi"V Loj esa xbZA nwljk vad 8 i`"Bkas dk Fkk ,oa pkSikbZ lEikndh; i`"B ij izdkf'kr gksus yxhA vius ijk;s ds vU;k; vuhfr dks yydkj ldsxkA tu cy gh bldk vk/kkj gSA bl i= ds rhljs vad 9 vizsy 1942 ds lEikndh; eas vfHkUugfj th us fy[kk Fkk fd rjg dh ekfeZd fVIi.kh vfHkUugfj 24 ebZ 1942 bZ- o"kZ 2 vad 2 eas nsrs gSaA 15 ^yksdlsod* blh vVy fo'okl dks ysdj tUek gSA og euq";&euq"; ds chp vxLr dks Lok/khurk fnol vk;kstu dh lwpuk yksdlsod ns'k dh vktknh ls iwoZ gh lkekftd ,drk vkSj Lora=rk dk izpkj djsxkA yksdthou dks gj rjg mUur cukus vius 6 vxLr 1945 o"kZ 4 vad 13 esa nsrk gSA dh fujUrj izsj.kk nsxkA ------'kkUr ÿkfUr gh mldk 'okl gksxk vkSj lR; rFkk U;k; 18 fnlEcj 1950 vad 8 eas yksdlsod vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh i=dkj o lk/kuA lalkj dh dksbZ 'kfDr ;k ladV mls yksd lsok ds] ifCyd dh HkykbZ ds] lkfgR; lEesyu dh foKfIr dqN bl izdkj ls izdkf'kr djrk gS10 vf[ky Hkkjrh; nhughuksa dk lkFk nsus ds lUekxZ ls fopfyr ugha dj ldasxsA vkius vkOgku fd;k i=dkj o lkfgR; lEesyuA dksVk esa blh 26-12-1950 ls 29-12-1950 rd Jh fd& t;pUn fo|kyadkj (v[kckj esa eqnz.k =qVh ls pUnzxqIr fo|kyadkj Ni x;k gS) dh vkt tkxj.k dh csyk ;g] v/;{krk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dk 38oka° okf"kZd vf/kos'ku vkSj ^lsod*! mBks] c<+ks yydkj] ,d lqizflº i=dkj dh v/;{krk esa 29&30 fnlEcj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh uo fuekZ.k fo"o dk djds] i=dkj lEesyu gksus tk jgk gSA blds fy, lc rS;kfj;k° dh tk jgh gSA blh i= esa cuks fo'odekZ lkdkjA turk vc u lgsxh] vkcw jksM+ dk tuvkUnksyu] pksj cktkjh cUn djks uked ys[k yksdlsod ds fofHkUu vadks esa ^gkM+kSrh eas lR;kxzg dk fcxqy ctsxk* cs[kk°i izdkf'kr djuk vfHkUugfj th dh i=dkfjrk /keZ ,oa laosnu 'khyrk dks fj;klrksa esa Hkh vkUnksyu gksxk] dkaxzsl lkewfgd vkUnksyu djsxh] Lojkt gekjk js[kkafdr djrh gSA yksdlsod ds vadks eas dfo lq/khUnz] uUn prqosZnh] ckyd`".k tUefl/k vf/kdkj gS] xk°/kh th dh vk°/kh jkT;ksa esa Hkh pysxh] djks ;k ejks] vaxzstksa 'kekZ] Jh Tokyk izlkn T;ksr"kh] csfjLVj Jh vklQvyh] e/kqozr] izgykn ik.Ms] Hkkjr NksM+ks tSls ys[k ,oa lEikndh; turk dks tkxzr djus ds fy, izdkf'kr fd;s if.Mr vouhUnzdqekj fo|kyadkj ,oa cafde pUnz pVthZ tSls ys[kdksa] dfo;ksa ,oa tkrs jgsA ^iqfyl dh T;knrh* ,oa ^egkjko lkgc* (17 vxLr 1942 vad 21) i=dkjksa ds ys[k ,oa dfork,° izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA 'kh"kZd ls lekpkj eas dksVk esa gqbZ tuÿkfUr dk foLr`r fooj.k bl vad eas izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA ;g nksuks lekpkj vfHkUugfj th dh fuHkhZd ,oa lVhd i=dkfjrk ds gkM+kSrh ds tq>k: fuHkhZd i=dkj] LorU=rk lsukuh] LorU=rk la?k"kZ ds mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ks tk ldrs gaSA i= us csokd] LorU= ,oa fuHkhZdrk ls jkT; lw=/kkj] lekt lq/kkjd ,oa vkstLoh dfo vkn'kks± ij vfMx deZ;ksºk if.Mr ljdkj dh Hkh vkykspuk dhA yksdlsod dks cUn djkus ds fy, rjg&rjg ds vfHkUugfj vius thou ds vfUre o"kks± esa la?k"kZe; thou ,oa vkfFkZd foiUurk ls gFkd.Ms viuk;s tkus yxs] laoknnkrkvksa dks ekjk&ihVk tkus yxk] >wBs eqdneksa esa tw>rs gq, 14 ebZ 1999 dks e/;kUg djhc 1-00 cts dksVk ds egkjko Hkheflag Qlkus dh /kedh nh tkus yxhA fpfdRlky; eas yxHkx 95 o"kZ dh vk;q esa la?k"kZ djrs&djrs U;k; dh vk'kk esa 22 ekpZ 1943 dks i= dk nwljk o"kZ 'kq: gqvk ftlesa fo'ks"k mYys[k ds :i viuk gd ikus dh jk; ns[krs&ns[krs bl yksd ls lnk loZnk ds fy, fonk gks x;sA eas izdkf'kr fd;k x;k fd ^vc rd lkyHkj eas yksdlsod us viuh vksj ls ,d Hkh LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk ds iqjks/kk Jh vfHkUugfj vkSj muds vad dh NqV~Vh ugha dhA vxys lIrkg gksyh ds miy{; esa vad ugha fudysxk*A ;g yksdlsod lekpkj i= ds la?k"kZ us ;gk° i=dkfjrk ds fodkl dk] tks Qyd rS;kj fVIi.kh lekpkj i= dh fu;ferrk ,oa ikBdkas ds fo'okl dk ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k fd;k] ml ij ukFkwyky tSu }kjk lEikfnr ^nhucU/kq*] f'kon;ky jktkor dk ^fdlku gSA yksdlsod vc jftLVMZ gks x;k gSA lok lky ls bl eqlhcr dk tks fgeky; lans'k* ^pEcy*] ghjkyky tSu rFkk egkohj izlkn 'kekZ dk ^t;fgUn*] cnzhukjk;.k [kM+k gqvk Fkk og lkeus ls gV x;k] vc rd geus f'k'kq yksdlsod dks utjksa ls 'kkL=h ^ns'kHkDr*] Qrgflag }kjk ^fodkl* guqeku izlkn lDlsuk ^HkkjrsUnq* (=Sekfld cpkus ds fy, gkM+kSrh dh pgkj nhokj ls ckgj uk gksus fn;kA tkucw>dj cnjax cuk;s lkfgfR;d i=)] jktsUnz lDlsuk ^dkeuk* ukFkwyky tSu vkSj ghjkyky dk tSu j[kk vkSj pkgdks ds I;kj&nqykj ls eu elksl dj oafpr j[kkA gj rjg ds [kpsZ] ^t;fgUn* ckcwyky bUnq dk ^fuHkhZd* ^/kjrh ds yky*] ';keukjk;.k lDlsuk dk uqdlku vkSj ijs'kkfu;k° lgha] ljdkjh utj ls mHkkjk] yM+[kM+krs ik°oksa ls] Qwyrs ne ^tkx`fr* f'koizrki JhokLro dk ^yksdfuekZ.k*] ljnkj vthrflag dk ^vkx*] MkW- ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 669 343 670 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 cks/kjkt dk ^turk dh vkokt*] lhrk'kj.k nsofy;k dk ^lks'kfyLV lekpkj*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`- 1011 egsUnzukFk prqosZnh dk ^loksZn;* vkSj vkt dk Hkkjr] foey dqekj datksfy;k dk 8- fot;nŸk Jh/kj (la-)] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k (1901&1947)] [k.M&2] ok.kh ^;qx/keZ*] d`".kpUnz prqosZnh dk ^ekr`nwr*] vatuh dqekj Hkkj}kt dk ^;qxiq#"k*] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`- 1062 gfjdqekj vkSnhP; dk ^jk"V™'kf‰] vkn'kZ jktLFkku (1946) tSls i=&if=dkvksa dk 9- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj 'kk[kk dksVk] dksVk egdek [kkl] cLrk ua- 15 AA] mn; gks ldkA bl dky dh i=&if=dkvksa us rjg&rjg ds neu nckoksa ds ckotwn Qkby ua- 6@18] 6@33] 6@59 vius iz;kl tkjh j[ks11 ,oa i=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA blfy, 10- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] yksdlsod (1948) cLrk ua- 1] ÿe la- 22 Jh vfHkUugfj dks LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk dk iqjks/kk dguk bl Qkby esa dsoy nks i= gS& 26 tuojh 1950 vad 27 rFkk 18 fnlEcj 1950 vad&8 lkFkZd izrhr gks jgk gSA 11- MkW- izdk'k iqjksfgr] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzkedkyhu i=dkfjrk] jktLFkku fgUnh lUnHkZ xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2007] i`- 151 1- MkW- fo".kq iadt] Hkk"kk;h i=dkfjrk vkSj tu lapkj] foosd ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj 1991 (izFke laLdj.k)] i`- 0&178 ij jkeLo:i tks'kh dk ys[k&gkM+kSrh {ks= eas i=dkfjrkA 2- MkW- egsUnz flag [kM+xkor (la-)] jktLFkku Lok/khurk laxzke ds lk{kh] tu&vkUnksyu xzUFkekyk] prqFkZ iq"i xzUFkkad&44] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 2007] i`- 13 3- MkW- fouhrk ifjgkj] jktLFkku esa iztke.My vkUnksyu] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2010] i`- 126 4- ch-,y- ikuxfM+;k] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzke] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2015] i`- 78 5- (v) MkW- euksgj izHkkdj] jktLFkku eas fgUnh i=dkfjrk] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj 1981] i`- 122 (c) egsUnz e/kqi] t;iqj jkT; dh i=&if=dk,sa (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzUFk) (l) jktLFkku Jethoh i=dkj la?k ifjp; iqqfLrdk] 1956] i`- 61 6- x.ks'k vkxjk] 9 vxLr 1935 7- (v) jke Lo:i tkss'kh] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk if.Mr vfHkUugfj] jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;Urh lekjksg lfefr] t;iqj 2001] i`- 28 (c) LokrU=; Lo.kZ t;fUrdk] dksVk ftyk iz'kklu] 1997 ds i`- 74&77 ij Jh ?ku';ke oekZ dk ys[k&gkM+kSrh eas LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds vxznwr] ia- vfHkUugfjA (l) Jh egsUnz e/kqi] jktLFkku dh lkfgR;d i=&if=dk,sa uked 'kks/kxzUFk rFkk t;iqj jkT; dh i=&if=dk,sa uked xzUFk esa ^vxzlj* ds dksVk ls izdkf'kr gksus dh tkudkjh nsrs gaSA tks mfpr izrhr ugha gks jgk gS D;kasfd dksVk fj;klr eas ^yksd lsod* ls igys ^dksVk izsl ,DV* ugh Fkk tcfd vxzlj dk izdk'ku lu~ 1938 eas fnYyh ls izkjEHk gks pqdk FkkA (n) fot;nŸk Jh/kj (la-)] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k (1901&1947)] [k.M&2] 344 672 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 It can be said that, the trial was very much important episode in the history of the uprising. To prove Bahadur Shah Zafar was lkjka'k@Summary important for their stable and longer future ruole. For eradicating him, Hakim Ashanullah Khan and Ghulam Abbas were considered important approvers because of having rich past. Undoubtedly, Bahadur Shah The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar - Re- Zafar remained alive in the writing as well as imagination of the post examining of Colonial Judicial 'Frameworks : 1857 generation. His picture was constantly depicted as humble and loving person. Howerver, trial resolved the issue of political legitimacy Witnesses, Guarantees and Privileges' or the question of soverignty by elimination him from India to Rangoon, Shaheen Islamuddin a place which was unknown to him and he was unknown to it. But, it left a psychological impact on him where people closed to him before the uprising were intentionally and in a very calculative manner was It will be sobvious to state that the 'trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar' stood in front of him to speak against him. Likewise, the approvers after the suppression of the uprising nothing but a farce created by were also not under pressure of British that had turned their life too. the colonial authorities as by any stretch of imagination the Mughal British decided to collect evidences from them to full fill their interest king could never have been charged with treason or still ridiculous and give authenticity to their 'legal drama'. allegation of waging a war against his own nation. But these  constitutional and legal niceties seem to have been haughty and ruthless of the military officers who have destroyed the Mughal capital beyond Social Evils and Evolution of Social Reform recognition and have perpetuated atrocities on the royal families in the in Rajputana during Nineteenth Century most gruesome manner. They wanted a farce of trial for the British audience which was turning extremely hostile to the aggressive policies Pratyusha Dasgupta of the East India Company and its Directors. But the trial could not have proceeded without creating, planniong and buying the witnesses. The eighteenth century was very important in history of These witnesses have to be from the close circle of the King and his Rajputana for the treaty with the British. But as per the social history household. The confident servants of the Mughal King had coerced, was concerned, there were many severe social problems which had first by acting as a spies and later on deposing themselves against risen at that time. They believed in the various social evils like witch- their erstwhile master. These unfortunate souls had no other option craft and vodooism which were popularly known as Dakin or Dakan but to toe British line, because their entire things including their lives pratha, sati system, female infanticide, Samadhi, traffic in slavery and livelihood depended on these very British officials. We find that etc. could be evolved till 1832. When the British came to Rajputana, after the conclusion of the trial that British officers filled some of they tried to eradicate these social evils from the civil society. In their promises provided livelihood and guarantees to the unfortunate 1832, Lord William Bentinck, then viceroy of India instructed the victims of circumstances to live their life with meager pension and political officers stationed at the states of Rajputana to seek the co- public humiliation. The paper attempts to examine some of the instances operation of the rulers within their own territories in a friendly and from the trial proceeding of Bahadur Shah Zafar as to see how the confidential manner to take drastic steps in eradicating the social evils witnesses were made to depose before the King and to toe the official prevalent in the area overcame this crisis. Through this research paper line of the colonial masters. By screwing the net and bold of the events it will be discussed the social evils of Rajputana and how the society belonged to the witnesses' part and highlighting the two important overcome it. witnesses named Hakim Ahsanullah Khan and Ghulam Abbas who wer This paper highlighted the most inhuman practices of Rajputana. the royal servants and had served Mughal emperor's from generations. When the British people came to India they tried to eradicate such ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 673 345 674 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 social evils and custom of our society. The rulers of Rajputana were significantly towards the state's overall socio-economic development, not happy due to the arbitrary character of the social policy. After that the same has yet to fully realized. Recognizing this, the state they established the Walterkrit Hitakarni Sabha (The council of help government has formulated a comprehensive tourism policy and taken and support) in 1889 with its headquarters at Ajmer. It implements the up several initiatives to harness the untapped potential of tourism. rules framed by the Sabha, its branches were established in every Under tourism promotion policy strategically tourism has emerged as state by the rulers themselves and tried to abolish the social evils from growth engine promoting socio-econims development of the state. the society. The British interference in Rajputana resulted in turning Tourism as conserving and augmenting the core that is heritage and point to progressive social reforms. culture expressed through legends, buildings, events, art, music and  dance. Tourism will be made more participative involving local communities in developing and maintaining their tourism assets and Tourism in Rajasthan : An Overview more responsible by ensuring tourist well-being and increasing tourist Dr. Suman Dhanaka responsibility towards the host community. Also the sate is striving hard in creating a green channel for tourist investment.  Tourism in an economic and industrial activity in which many individuals, firms, corporations, organisations and associations are jktLFkku fj;klr esa lkekftd tkx`fr engaged it is economically important as it provide employment, it brings infrastrucrural improvement and it may help regional development. It esa lekpkj i=ksa dk izHkko can flourish best best when it fits into the context of general economic policies and programs designed to lead to the optimum growth of the MkW- jk/kkfd'ku economy of a country as a whole. It is a sun rise industry of the 21st century of India. jktiqrkuk esa chloha 'krkCnh esa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ i=&if=dkvksa dk jktiqrkuk ds Rajasthan - a culturally strong state of India is a natural choice jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLœfrd {ks= esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk FkkA chloha of tourism. It has a flourishing tourism industry. Its historic forts, 'krkCnh esa vaxzsth] fgUnh] ejkBh] iatkch] xqtjkrh Hkk"kh lekpkj i=ksa ds i'pkr~ mnwZ palaces, art and culture attracts the domestic and international tourists. lekpkj i=ksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA tgka rd jktiqrkuk ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u Department of tourism of Rajasthan Government organizes multiple djrs gSa rks ge ikrs gS fd Vksad] t;iqj] vtesj ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ls le;≤ ij fairs and festivals during the year for our tourists. Tourism in Rajasthan plays a positive role in enhancing its economy to a great level along vusd i=&if=dkvksa dk lapkyu gqvkA ;g lekpkj i= T;knkrj ;gka ds jktkvksa] with shedding light on its rich and splendid heritage. uokcksa] fczfV'k jsthMsalh] ,tsafl;ka] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] ukSdj'kkgh] lkekftd ,oa Nine tourist circuits have been developed by Rajasthan le&lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa lelkef;d ys[k fy[krs FksA izsl ds gh ek/;e ls Department of Tourism namely - Desert Circuit (Jodhpur-Jaisalmer- fofHkUu lekt lq/kkjd] jktuhfrd usrkvksa us vius fopkjksa dks vke yksxksa rd QSykus Bikaner-Barmer), Mewar Circuit (Udaipur-Rajsamand-Chhittorgarh- esa lQyrk izkIr dhA ljdkj dh okLrfod uhfr dks] mldh nksgjh pkyksa dh dVq Bhilwara), Dundhar Circuit (Jaipur-Dausa-Tonk), Godwar Circuit vkykspuk dks turk rd igqapkus okyk izsl gh FkkA izsl dks ,d egRoiw.kZ laLFkk ekuk (Sirohi-Pali-Jalore), Merwara-Marwar Circuit (Ajemr-Nagaur), Brit- x;k gSA lekpkj i= turk ds e/; jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA 19&20oha 'krkCnh Mewat Circuit (Alwar-Bharatpur-Karauli-Dholpur-Sawai Madhopur), esa izsl dk eq[; mÌs'; tu&tkxj.k FkkA bl mÌs'; dh izkfIr esa lfÿ; Hkwfedk rFkk Shekhawati Circuit (Sikar-Jhunjhunu-Churu), Hadoti Circuit (Kota- Bundi-Jhalawar), Vagad Circuit (Dungarpur-Banswara) as tourist mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd,A ^R;kxHkwfe* ds izdk'ku ds le; jktLFkkuh lekt esa fL=;ksa destinations. dh fLFkfr cM+h n;uh; FkhA cky fookg o vuesy fookg] inkZ&izFkk] fuj{kjrk] Tourism has come to play a significant role in Rajasthan's cgqiRuhRo izFkk] yM+fd;ksa dk ÿ;&foÿ;] fL=;ksa ds lkaifrd vf/kdkjska dk vHkko economy. Although the sector has huge potential to contibute ,oa fo/kokvksa dh d:.k n'kk vkfn dqjhfr;ksa ls L=h lekt dqafBr FkkA ^R;kxHkwfe* us ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 675 346 676 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 bl nkSj esa tgka ,d rjQ lekpkjksa] fVIif.k;ksa ,oa laikndh; ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls ukjh jgL;e;h LFky Hkh dgk x;k gS] tks fd uxj fu;kstu dŸkkvksa dh lw>cw> o mRihM+u dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks ;Fkkle; mtkxj dj muds izfr tu Hkkoukvksa dks nwjnf'kZrk dk izrhd gSA bl nqxZ dks ^jktiwrkuk dk 'kkS;Z* dgk tkrk gSA ;wa rks jktLFkku m}sfyr fd;k] nwljh rjQ vius ldkjkRed :[k ds }kjk L=h&Lok/khurk] mudh ds lHkh nqxZ viuh vts;rk o [kwfc;ksa ds fy;s izflº gS] ysfdu t;x<+ lkgl ,oa f'k{kk ,oa iqufoZokg vkfn ds izfr tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa viuk leFkZu izdV dj ukjh ohjrk ds bfrgkl esa vR;ar izflº jgk gSA tkxj.k ds bl dk;Z dks fn'kk nhA vkesj uke ysrs gh eqxydkyhu bfrgkl dk Lej.k gksrk pyk tkrk gS] t;x<+  nqxZ dk fuekZ.k ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka ds ledkyhu fetkZ jktk t;flag us 'kq: djok;k FkkA t;x<+ nqxZ ds ijdksVs dk fuekZ.k t;flag us djok;k fdarq nqxZ dk laiw.kZ dk;Z t;x<+ nqxZ ,d Lof.kZe fojklr lokbZ t;flag ds le; djok;k x;kA vr% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd t;x<+ nqxZ dk v'kksd dqekj ;kno fuekZ.k fetkZ jktk t;flag ,oa lokbZ t;flag nksuksa ds dk;Zdky esa iw.kZ gqvkA t;x<+ ds Hkhrj tgka hy fuf'pr :i ls cfg;k° ;k oa'kkofy;k° ,d U;kf;d nLrkost gSA Hkkjrh; ds ikl cus m|ku esa ?kweus tk;k djrh Fkh] ogka ls nqxZ ds fiNys Hkkx ls ns[ks rks vkesj lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 ds vuqlkj oa'kkofy;ksa] cfg;ksa bR;kfn dks lqlaxr U;kf;d dLcs dh vksj lkxj vkSj vkFkwuh dk dq.M fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] nqxZ dh cukoV ,slh gS] tSls rF; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA oa'kkoyh ys[kdksa dks yksd bfrgkldkj Hkh igkM+h ds nqxZ ij rkt j[kk gks] vR;ar vkd"kZd bl nqxZ dks t;iqj jkt?kjkus dk dg ldrs gSaA iqjkru ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku esa oa'kkofy;k° lokZf/kd ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 677 347 678 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 egRoiw.kZ L=ksr jgh gSA oa'kkofy;ksa esa izR;sd tkfr o izR;sd O;fDr ds bfrgkl dk mPp dksfV ds x| ys[kd i=dkj ,oa leh{kd FksA muesa dfo vkSj deZ;ksxh dk ys[ku gqvk gSA muds oa'kkuqÿe dh tkudkjh gesa oa'kkofy;ksa esa feyrh gSA oa'kkoyh vHkwriwoZ feJ.k FkkA mUgksaus ,-th-th- duZy okYVj }kjk LFkkfir ^^jktiwr fgrdkfj.kh ys[ku ijEijk dh 'kq:vkr oSfnd Ωf"k;ksa }kjk lekt dks lqlaxfBr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr lHkk** dks viuk eap cuk;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd uo;qodksa dks ,slh f'k{kk nh tkuh djus dh n`f"V esa dh xbZ Fkh tks gtkjksa o"kks± ls vkt Hkh vuojr tkjh gSA oa'kkoyh pkfg, ftlls muesa LokfHkeku vkSj ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkxzr dh tk ldsaA ys[ku ds dk;Z esa yxs leqnk;ksa dks vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk dsljhflag bl le; xka/khth ds fopkjksa ds lEidZ esa vk;sA os teukyky gSA buesa eq[; :i ls jko] cM+ok] HkkV] cL= HkV~V] ckjksV] tkxk] ;kfKd] rhFkZ ctkt o lsBhth ds vkea=.k ij o/kkZ igqapsA ogka ij mudk jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh] iqjksfgr] i.Ms] jkuheaxk] gsyok iathdkj ,oa jktoa'k vkfn uke izeq[k gSaA buds ikl dUgS;kyky] fot;flg ifFkd ls feyuk gqvkA mUgksaus 1920 ds dkaxzsl ds dydŸkk vkt Hkh yksxksa ds gtkjksa lky iqjkuh oa'kkoyh dk fjdkWMZ ekStwn gS rFkk dbZ ys[kdksa ds vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx fy;kA os vc vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds i{k/kj cu x;sA 1927 bZ esa ikl rks yxHkx 1500 lky iqjkuk ys[kk&tks[kk ekStwn gSA mudh /keZiRuh] 1938 bZ- esa vuqt fd'kksjflag vkSj 1939 bZ- esa tksjkojflag py clsA oa'kkoyh ijEijk ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa ls vusd ,sfrgkfld iq:"kksa dk ifjp; mudk 'kjhj ttZfjr o vLoLFk gks x;k Fkk fdUrq mudh fu"Bk] xka/khth] vfgalk vkSj izkIr gksrk gSA oa'kkoyh ys[kd ,d fuf'pr le; rd O;fDr ds vkokl ij gh vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa izcy FkhA 14 vxLr 1941 bZ- dks dsljhflag dk nsgkUr gks fuokl djds bldk ys[ku djrk Fkk] blfy, blesa lekurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkt Hkh x;kA os vktUe la?k"kZjr jgsA oa'kkoyh ys[kd ?kj&?kj tkdj bldk okpu rks djrs gh gSa blds vykok oa'kkoyh esa iSnk gq, u, lnL;ksa ds uke Hkh tksM+rs gSaA iwtk o deZdk.M djokus okys czk„.k yksxksa  dh oa'kkoyh fyf[kr :i ls O;ofLFkr j[krs gSaA ;s oa'kkofy;k° dHkh&dHkh eqdneksa chdkusj jkT; esa ukjh fo#º vijk/k rFkk n.M ds fuiVku esa Hkh lgk;d jgh gSA (1700&1950 bZ-)& ,d v/;;u  dsljhflag ckjgB % ,d ÿkfUrdkjh O;fDrRo jkeyky ifjgkj MkW- lqesj izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa dk lEeku vkSj vknj vkn'kkZRed vkSj e;kZnk;qDr jgk gSA oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh cqfº vkSj Kku esa izoh.k ekuh tkrh FkhA dsljhflag ckjgB dk tUe 'kkgiqjk ds xzke nsoiqjk esa 23 uoEcj 1873 dks lqyHkk] xkxhZ] eS=s;h tSlh fonwf"k;ksa ds uke xoZ ls fy;s tkrs FksA lkFk gh bl dky œ".kflag ds ?kj ij gqvkA budh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk mn;iqj esa gqbZ mlds i'pkr~ os esa dqN if.Mr dof;f=;ka Hkh izflº Fkha tSls jkse'kk] moZ'kh] fo'ookjk] ?kks"kk] egkjkuk Qrsgflag dh lsok esa 1891 bZ- rd dk;Z djrs jgsaA budh izfrHkk ls izHkkfor yksik&eqnzk vkfnA izkphu Hkkjr esa L=h dks osnk/;;u o ;K&lEiknu djus dk iw.kZ gksdj dksVk egkjko mEesnflag us bUgsa dksVk cqyk fy;k rFkk Hkkjrh; tkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj lkekftd /kkfeZd dk;ks± esa mldh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z FkhA ysfdu lwpuk ,df=r djus dk dk;Z lkSaik ftls os 1907 bZ- rd djrs jgsA2 mŸkj oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh dh fLFkfr esa Hksnijd fodkl izkjEHk gqvkA oSfnd deZdk.M dksVk esa jgrs gq, muds fopkjksa esa ifjorZu vkus yxk vkSj mUgsa vaxzstksa dh dh tfVyrk c<+us rFkk ;kfKd dk;ks± esa vkMEcj c<+us ds QyLo:i fL=;ksa dks dqfRlr uhfr rFkk ukSdj'kkgh ds f'kadts ls mUgsa ?k`.kk gksus yxhA mUgsa Hkkjrh; lekt ;kfKd dk;ks± ls vyx j[kus dk iz;kl izkjEHk gqvk vkSj ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu dh xbZ dh gkykr o nklrk ij {kksHk gksus yxk D;ksafd mUgsa vius jk"V™h; xkSjo ij cM+k xoZ fd mUgsa osnksa ds v/;;u ;k ea=ksPpkj.k ds mi;qDr ugha le>k x;kA /khjs&/khjs ukjh FkkA bldh iwfrZ ds fy, muds fopkjksa esa mxzrk vkus yxh mudh bPNk Fkh fd Hkkjrh; dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkSj oS;fDrd lHkh fLFkfr;ksa ij ujs'kksa dh lgk;rk ls ÿkfUr dh tk;A tc mudk lEidZ vtqZuyky lsBh] xksikyflag izfrca/k yx x,A okLro esa ÿe'k xkS.k fLFkfr izkIr djrs gq, og firk vFkok [kjok] jklfcgkjh cksl vkSj 'kphUnz lkU;ky ls gqvk rks os ^l'kL= ÿkfUrdkjh rFkk vfHkHkkod ds fy, ,d leL;k curh xbZA dU;k dk tUe ,d iki le>k tkus fczfV'k fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lfÿ; lnL; cu x;saA dsljhflag jktLFkku ds uo;qx yxkA e/;dky vkrs&vkrs ukjh dks Hkksx vkSj ÿ;&foÿ; dh oLrq le>k tkus ds izFke dfo FksA muds izR;sd 'kCn esa ns'kHkfDr dk Hkko FkkA dfo ds vfrfjDr os yxkA ftlls lekt esa ukjh ij rjg&rjg ds vR;kpkj vkjEHk gq, vkSj mldk 'kks"k.k ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 679 348 680 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 fd;k tkus yxkA e/;dkyhu jktiwrkuk vkSj fo'ks"kdj chdkusj tSls jkT; esa tgka gq,A ;s tu&vkUnksyu vkt Hkh ogka ds tu&ekul dh Le`fr esa ^vyoj rgjhd* o thfodksiktZu gsrq vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh cgqr deh Fkh rFkk thou thuk dfBu Fkk] ^Hkjriqj rgjhd* ds uke ls cls gq, gSaA vyoj dk izfrjks/k ,d vksj tgka jkT; ds ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ukjh dks foÿ; ;ksX; oLrq ekuk x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i mlds fo:º 'kks"k.k ds fo:º vke yksxksa dk fojks/k FkkA ogha] Hkjriqj dk fojks/k iztk izfj"kn ds vusd vijk/kksa us tUe fy;kA vUrxZr f'kf{kr LFkkuh; yksxksa ds usr`Ro esa jktk ds f[kykQ fojks/k FkkA vyoj esa ;s ;g lR; gh dgk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh lekt ds laxBu dk D;k Lo:i gS tu izfrjks/k jtokMksa ds fdlkuksa }kjk 1932&33 bZ- esa egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ds vkSj mlesa lkekftd ewY; D;k gS\ ;g ekin.M ml lekt esa fo|eku efgykvksa dh f[kykQ ml le; pykbZ xbZ] rc mlus ekyxqtkjh vpkud dbZ xq.kk c<+k nh rFkk fLFkfr ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k ls vf/ œ"kdksa ij vU; dj yxk fn;sA blds f[kykQ la?k"kZ gqvkA kd vyx ugha FkkA D;ksafd jkT; us Hkh blds fo:º vijk/kksa ij vf/kdrj mnkjrk ls pkS- ;klhu [kka us bl izfrjks/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ o bl izfrjks/k dks gh fopkj fd;kA ijUrq ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ igyw gS fd ukjh ds ikl bu vijk/kksa ds lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls usr`Ro iznku fd;kA og bl ls igys gh ^vkWy bafM;k eso fo:º D;k lkekftd vkSj fof/kd fodYi [kqys Fks rFkk iq:"k iz/kku lekt esa fdlh iapk;r* dk xBu dj pqds FksA bl {ks= esa vkt Hkh ehjklh ^^ckr lkfgR; (Baat rjg ds vijk/k fd, x, ,oa ukjh }kjk fdl rjg dk fojks/k fd;k x;kA fdlh Hkh Literature) esa yksd xhrksa ds ek/;e ls ;klhu [kka ds thou ds igyw o vyoj ds dky esa lekt esa ukjh fo#º gksus okys vijk/kksa ls ge rRdkyhu lekt esa ukjh&iq:"k egkjktk ds fo:º la?k"kZ dks iznf'kZr djrs gSA ;s esokrh yksd xhr vkt Hkh bl {ks= lEcU/kksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dks le> ldrs gSaA ukjh dh lekt esa fuEuxkeh fLFkfr ds ds tu&ekul ds Le`fr esa jps&cls gSa%& ifj.kkLo:i gh cykRdkj] vigj.k] iqufoZokg] pkepksjh] xHkZR;kx] oS';ko`fŸk] ;kdk ekrk&firk /kuoar] dqaoj th can i<+k;ksA ÿ;&foÿ; tSls vijk/k tUe ysrs gq, n`f"Vxr gksrs gSaA chdkusj jkT; ds fofHkUu i<+xks lkjk 'kkL=] ikl ,y-,y-ch-ik;ksA ,sfrgkfld fjdkWM~lZ ds v/;;u ls efgykvksa ds fo:º gq, vijk/kksa dk fooj.k ckn esa ;s la?k"kZ /khjs&/khjs dkaxzsl }kjk pyk;s tk jgs vkanksyu dk fgLlk cu feyrk gS ftlls rRdkyhu lekt esa ukjh fo:º vijk/k vkSj rRlEcU/kh n.M ds dj] Hkjriqj jtokM+s esa dkaxzsl ds izos'k o izlkj dk ek/;e cuk] tSlk fd xka/kh th ds izko/kkuksa dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA lR;kxzg vkanksyu ds flyflys esa dka›sUl dk vk;kstu txg&txg ij gqvkA ckn esa  1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa bl la?k"kZ ls tqM+s usrkvksa us Hkkx fy;kA okLro essa Hkjriqj vkUnksyu i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa dk vkUnksyu Fkk] ftlesa jtokM+s ds yksxksa dh vyoj o Hkjriqj jtokM+ksa esa tu vkUnksyu HkykbZ o fodkl ds fy, ekax dh xbZ Fkh] tcfd vyoj vkUnksyu ,d fdlku (1930&1940 bZloh) vkanksyu Fkk] tks egkjktk vyoj dh xyr uhfr;ksa] voS/k VSDlksa }kjk fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k FkkA ;s bu nksuksa jtokM+ksa dh fLFkfr dk ,d vU; igyw Fkk] ftlds lkeus bu eks- olhe nksuksa gh jtokM+ksa dh lŸkk dks vke tu&ekul ds lkeus >qduk iM+kA  nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa jtokM+s ,oa NksVs jkT; dk vk[;ku ges'kk gkf'k;s ij jgk gSA vke rkSj ij fczfV'k Hkkjr ij fd;s x;s v/;;uksa dks gh Hkkjrh; vtesj dh ,sfrgkfldrk ds HkkSxksfyd vk;ke jtokM+ksa ds ≈ij vkjksfir dj lkeU;kdj.k dj fn;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lHkh cuokjh yky ;kno bu v/;;uksa vkerkSj ij leLr Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/k eku fy;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks ghjkflag Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh ^^mifuo'koknh iºfr** bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy dk vUrlZEcU/k bl ckr ls lqLi"V gksrk gS fd bfrgkl ds dgrs gSaA vusd 'kks/k dk;ks± dk izFke v/;k; HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSaA jktokM+ksa esa tu&vkUnksyuksa dh 'kq:vkr vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds ckn ns[kus HkkSxksfyd dkjdksa dh bfrgkl dh n'kk ,oa fn'kk ds fu/kkZj.k esa vukfn dky ls gh dks feyrh gSA jktLFkku ds jktokM+s jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyuksa dk izeq[k dkj.k œ"kdksa dk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA ik"kk.k dky esa ekuo esa unh ?kkfV;ksa ds fdukjs ,oa xqQkvksa 'kks"k.k FkkA bl le; esa jktLFkku ds nks fj;klrksa] vyoj o Hkjriqj esa tu&vkUnksyu esa vkJ; fy;kA blfy, Hkwxksy ,oa bfrgkl dks vUrlZEcfU/kr djrs gq, v/;;u ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 681 349 682 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA oLrqr% bfrgkl dk v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k fcuk Hkwxksy ds v{kka'k vkSj 26041* ,oa 73047*30** vkSj 75027*7** iwohZ ns'kkUrj ij fLFkr gSA ;gka lEHko ugha gSA blh dkj.k Hkwxksy dks bfrgkl dh vka[k ekuk tkrk gSA HkkSxksfyd Kku dk vtesj uxj vgenkckn ls 490 fdyksehVj] cEcbZ ls 982 fdyksehVj] vkxjk ls ds fcuk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds jktuhfrd ,oa lSU; bfrgkl dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk 378 fdyksehVj] rFkk fnYyh ls Hkh 378 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA vjkoyh ioZrekyk vlaHko gSA ,d bfrgkldkj vius v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k ds ftu Hkw nLrkostksa dk tks xqtjkr ds bZMj jkT; ls 'kq: gksdj fnYyh lYrur ds dsUnz ij lekIr gksrh Fkh] vuqiz;ksx djrs gq, bfrgkl ys[ku djrk gSA mu nLrkostksa dk lh/kk lEcU/k Hkwxksy ls dh rygVh esa nksuksa vksj fLFkr vtesj esjokM+k {ks= viuh lkefjd vko';drk] gh gksrk gSA tc bfrgkl ys[ku esa ,d v/;srk fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k dh izkœfrd lajpuk jktuhfrd lŸkk dsUnz o /kkfeZd uxjh gksus ds dkj.k vkfndky ls orZeku dky rd ds ckjs esa fy[krk gS tks fd ewyr% Hkwxksy dk gh fo"k; gS fdUrq bu HkkSxksfyd dkjdksa egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA lkefjd f=dks.k ij vofLFkr jgus ds dkj.k ;g {ks= jktuSfrd dk bfrgkl ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA jktLFkku ds vtesj {ks= dk bfrgkl Hkh laLFkkvksa dk dsUnz gksus ds dkj.k blls fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds jktuSfrd dsUnzksa dks Hkh xgjkbZ HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ls f?kjk jgk gSA vtesj ftys dk ukedj.k ftyk eq[;ky; ls izHkkfor fd;k gS o fnYyh dh lŸkk dks Hkh pqukSrh nhA i;ZVu ds fygkt ls blesa vtesj ds uke ij gqvk gSA vtesj uxj dk iqjkuk uke vt;es: gSA vt; dk vFkZ vtesj] iq"dj] esM+rk o ukxkSj dks esjokM+k lfdZV ds uke ls 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA gksrk gS ftls thrk uk tk ldsA es: dk vFkZ gksrk gS ioZrA vtesj dk izkphu nqxZ vtesj esjkokM+k {ks= mŸkj eqxydky esa mŸkj esa chdkusj fj;klr] if'pe esa ekjokM+ rkjkx<+ rFkk chByh nqxZ ds uke ls izflº gSA ;g ,d ≈aps ioZr ij fLFkr gS ftls fj;klr o iwoZ esa Vksad fj;klr dh lhek ij ifjcº jgk gSA thrk tkuk okLro esa cgqr nq"dj dk;Z FkkA blh ioZr ds dkj.k bl uxj dk uke  vt;es: gqvkA dqN bfrgkldkj 12oha 'krh ds pkSgku jktk vt;jkt }kjk vtesj uxj dh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus ds dkj.k bl uxj dk uke vtesj crkrs gSaA rkjkx<+ esa 12 okxM+ ds lar ekoth dk vkfnokfl;kas ds mRFkku oha 'krh ls iwoZ ds vusd fuekZ.k dk;Z ns[kus dks feyrs gSa vr% bl uxj dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku% ,d fo'ys"k.k vt;jkt us ugha dhA dqN bfrgkldkj ekurs gSa fd pkSgku iwoZ ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh jktk t;jkt vFkok t;iky us lkroha 'krkCnh esa vtesj uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA Lora=rk fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ izkfIr ls iwoZ vtesj rFkk esjokM+k uked nks ftys fczfV'k jkT; ds v/khu lh/ks dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k ds :i esa fo|eku FksA bZ- 1956 rd Hkh vtejs esjokM+k dsUnz 'kkflr jktLFkku ds fMaxy lkfgR; esa lar&lqjekvksa dh thou T;ksfr dk mtZLoh izns'k ds :i esa jgk fdUrq blds ckn vtesj ds vyx ftyk cukdj mls jktLFkku Lo:i fo'ks"k :i ls vafdr gSA okLro esa 'kwjohj ,oa lar nksuksa gh lR; ds iqtkjh izns'k esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA t;iqj ftys dk fd'kux<+ Hkh bl uohu ftys esa yksdfgrdkjh vkSj tueugkjh gksrs gSA ftu mnkjpsrkvksa dk thou blh mnkŸk h tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ,oa ifrrk eqxyksa ds eulcnkj FksA jkT; esa dqy 70 fBdkusnkj Fks ftlesa 64 jkBkSM+ FksA ukjh ds le{k HkfDr dk ljy] lqxe vkSj lqyHk vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;kA fnYyh&vgenkckn ds jktekxZ 8 ij vofLFkr vtesj esjokM+k ds {ks= jktLFkku dh ekoth dk tUe orZeku Mwaxjiqj ftys dh vkliqj rglhy ds lkcykxzke esa ‚n;LFkyh jgk gSA vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh ls f?kjk gqvk vtesj esjokM+k 250 23*30** gqvk FkkA budh izekf.kd tUefrfFk laor~ 1781 ek?k 'kqDyk 5 cq/kokj FkhA lke lkxj ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 683 350 684 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 esa ekoth ds ekrk firk dk uke ÿe'k% dslj ckbZ ,oa nkye Ωf"k of.kZr gSA buds ds ckn ml ijkbZ yM+dh dks nq%[k ugha nsukA iRuh dks ifr ozr vkSj ifr dks ifRuozr firk vf'kf{kr Fks] fdUrq lk/kkj.k [ksrh ,oa czk„.k o`fr ls vkthfodk pykrs FksA jguk pkfg,A ekoth us vkRefu;a=.k ij cy fn;k gSA fo/kok ;k fo/kqj dks Loa; ij mudk ifjokj vkSnhp czk„.k tkfr dk Fkk] vr% ikfjokfjd laLdkj /kkfeZd gksuk fu;a=.k j[kuk pkfg,A O;fDr dks viuk drZO; ikyu djuk pkfg,A dHkh lqLrh ugha LoHkkfod FkkA ekoth ds laLdkj ds ckn esa tkdj mlh izdkj ds cus vkSj mUgksaus j[kuh pkfg,A tks ges'kk fu;e la;e esa jgrs gSaA os nh?kkZ;q jgrs gSaA le; dh xfr ds Hkxoku fu"dayd dh iwtk djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA vuqlkj jguk [kku&iku vius ;ksX; gksA pkSiM+ksa ds vykok buds }kjk jfpr xzUFkksa esa vkxy okf.k;k°] Hkwxksy iqjk.k] e;kZnk dk dHkh mYy?kau ugha djuk] pksjh ugh djuk] en&ekal] vQhe] dkyaxk gj.k] Kku jRuekyk] "kV dey] lqjkuan ok.kh izeq[k gSA lkFk gh bUgksaus rEckdw ,oa vU; vusdkusd vHk{; oLrqvksa dk lsou ugha djuk] vkil esa yM+kbZ fofHkUu vkjrh;k°] lyks[kk L=ksr] in bR;kfn dh jpuk dh gSA bu lHkh jpukvksa esa >xM+s ugha djuk] tks vk°[kksa ns[kk gS ogh dguk] cukoVh ckr ugha dguhA ik[k.M budk lkekftd n'kZu fufgr gS rFkk ml le; dh lkekftd tdM+cfUn;k° ,oa muds vkMEcj ls nwj jguk nwljs ds nq%[k dks le>uk] dHkh ekax dj ugha [kkuk vkfnA f[kykQ buds iz;kl mYysf[kr gSA ekoth dh ok.kh esa lektokn dh >yd oLrqr% ekoth dk izknqHkkZo okxM+ izns'k ds fiNM+siu dks nwj djus ds fy, ekuoh; n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA muds vuqlkj gj O;fDr ds ikl vko';d oLrq gks rFkk edku lekt dh LFkkiuk gsrq gqvk FkkA okLrfod lR; dks foLe`r dj iFk Hkz"V gq, vo'; gh gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus vko';d le>k fd lekt esa vkil esa lg;ksx dh tuekul dh yEch lq"kqfIr ls tkx`rkoLFkk esa ykdj mfpr ekxZ ij vxzlj gksus dks Hkkouk fujUrj] iqf"ir ,oa Qfyr gksrh jgsA vkilh lg;ksx ds fcuk lekt dh izsfjr djuk dksbZ ljy dk;Z ugha Fkk] fdUrq lR; dh Bksl Hkwfe ij [ksM+s gksdj ekoth mUufr dfBu gSA vkfnoklh oxZ rHkh ≈ij mB ldrk gS] tc lHkh vkil esa tSls egkiq:"kksa us blh lR; 'kfDr ds cy ij brus vkRefo'okliw.kZ bl dŸkZO; dk lfg".kqrk ,oa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ls dke djsaA vkt Hkh Hkhyksa esa vkilh lg;ksx dh fuoZgu fd;k fd rRdkyhu lekt rks bu ;qx psrukvksa ds lEeq[k ureLrd gqvk gh] Hkkouk Qfyr gks jgh gSA os edku cukus] dqvka [kksnus o vU; lq[k&nq%[k esa fey lkFk gh vkus okyk izR;sd ;qx mudk Ω.kh gks x;kA ekoth lekt lq/kkjd Fks ftudh lkekftd lq/kkj dh psruk /kkjk,° vkt Hkh izokfgr gksdj uothou dk lans'k ns jgh >qy dj dk;Z djrs gSA ekoth ds vuqlkj fdlh x`gLFkh ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd gSA ekoth us okxM+ dh Hkhy tutkfr esa psruk dk lapkj fd;kA bUgksaus os.ks'oj/kke mlds ikl edku] oL=] xk;] ?kksM+k] ≈°V] Hkwfe] cSy gksA dks viuk lk/kuk LFky cuk;k vkSj ogha ij Hkhyksa dks mins'k fn;kA bUgha dh HkfDr dk ekoth ds le; lkear'kkgh 'kklu O;oLFkk fo|eku Fkh vkSj xjhc ,oa fiNM+h izHkko Fkk fd Hkhyksa us viuh lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj fd;k vkSj os lekt dh eq[; iztk dk vR;f/kd 'kks"k.k gks jgk FkkA mUgksaus 'kkld oxZ dks iztkfgr dk;Z djus dk /kkjk ds fudV igqap ldsA vkt Hkh lar ekoth dks dfYd Hkxoku dk vorkj mins'k fn;kA muds vuqlkj jktk dks gla U;k; djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ jktk dk fu.kZ; ekudj Hkhy tutkfr bUgsa viuk vkjk/; nso Lohdkj djrh gSA budh Le`fr esa lcds fgr esa gksuk pkfg,A jktk dks fj'or ugha ysuh pkfg,A iztk dks lq[k nsuk os.ks'oj /kke esa izfro"kZ esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS] ftls ^vkfnokfl;ksa dk pkfg,A dj U;k; laxr ysuk pkfg,A czk„.k] lk/kq dh lsok djuh pkfg,A dksbZ uxj dqEHk* dgk tkrk gSA Hkax ugha djuk pkfg,A vksNs 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A  ekoth ds dky esa 'kqnz oxZ dh n'kk vR;Ur 'kkspuh; FkhA vLokLF;dj vkSj ?k`f.kr le>s tkus okys lsok dk;ks± dh y{e.k js[kk us muds ckSfºd vkSj 'kkjhfjd nsoyh rglhy ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u lkeF;Z dks cka/k fn;k FkkA ,slh xEHkhj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mUgksaus izse o lfg".kqrk] fo'kky dkafV;k ekuoh; vfHkxe rFkk loZ /keZ leUo; dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, fu"dyad lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus gj :f<+] gj vkMacj] gj ijEijkxr vuqi;ksx jhfr ij nsoyh rglhy ds uxj QksVZ dLcs ds lehu gh [ksM+k uked LFkku ij 5000 fuHkZ;rkiwoZd fueZe vk?kkr fd;kA mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd vkpkj] vR;kpkj gksdj o"kZ izkphu ^[ksM+k lH;rk* ds iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSa [ksM+k uked bl LFkku ugha fuHksxkA /ku laxzg ugha djukA t:jr ls T;knk oLrq dk laxzg ugha djukA 'kqº ij gtkjksa o"kZ iwoZ ik"kk.k ;qxhu vkfne cLrh FkhA [ksM+k lH;rk ds :i esa fc[kjs fVyksa vkpj.k ls thukA ru]eu ,oa ok.kh ls fdlh dks nq%[k nsus dh ps"Vk ugha djukA ds xHkZ esa vkt Hkh dykRed ewfrZ;k°] fofHkUu jaxksa ds iRFkj o pwfM+;k o vU; oLrq, fdlh dh ijk/khurk Lohdkjuh ughaA fdlh ds izfr bZ";kZ ugha djuhA dU;k ls 'kknh vo'ks"k ds :i esa vkt Hkh nch iM+h gSA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 685 351 686 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izflº iqjkrRoosrk tujy dfu?kae ds lgk;d iqjkrkfRod fo}ku dkykbZu us ftuesa xksdwy yky vlkok] xksoZ/ku ey xks;y] jkeLo:i dkafV;k] o jkeyky lsu] [ksM+k lH;rk dk loZs{k.k fd;k tgka mUgsa 6000 pkanh ds flDds izkIr gq, gSaA bu jkepUnz xqtZj gSa ftUgksaus jktLFkkuh Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa viuk ;ksxnku nsdj nsoyh uxj flDdksa ij czkgeh fyfi esa ekyokuky;** ^^t; ekyo x.kjkT;** o dbZ ekyo dk xkSjo Hkh c<+k;k gSA lkjk{kr% nsoyh rglhy vius ,sfrgkfld o iqjkrkfRod / 'kkldksa ds uke vafdr gSA flDdksa dh bruh vf/kd ek=k feyus ls ;g vuqeku kkfeZy o lkaLœfrd egRo ds LFkyksa dh otg ls egRoiw.kZ gS fdUrq rglhy {ks= dh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd izkphu dky esa [ksM+k ekyoksa dh Vdlky jgh gksxhA ;gka ij ;s lkaLœfrd ,sfrgkfld] o dykRed /kjksgj laj{k.k ds vHkko esa viuk vfLrRo [kks 8oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr izkphu dykRed ewfrZ;ka Hkh cgqla[;d ek=k esa izkIr gqbZ gSA jgh gSA vr% bUgsa laj{k.k iznku dj buds vfLrRo dks fpjdky rd lqjf{kr cuk;s buesa ls vf/kdka'k ewfrZ;ka [kf.Mr gSa izkphu [ksM+k LFky ds fo"k; esa ekU;rk gSa fd j[kk tk ldrk gSA fons'k vkÿe.kdkfj;ksa o vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh ccZjrk ds dkj.k ;g izkphu uxj  mtM+ dj feV~Vh esa nc x;kA orZeku esa bl LFky dks iqjkrRo LFky vf/kfu;e 1958 ds vUrxZr jk"V™h; egRo dk LFkku ?kksf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA ekjokM+ esa 'kdqu ijEijk nsoyh rglhy dk izkphu xkao nsoyh xkao tks ekS;Z dkyhu clk gqvk gSA blh fu'kk nsoyh xkao esa nsoys (f'kyksy[k) vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k bl xkao dk uke nsoyh iM+kA vkSj nsoyh uxj dk ukedj.k Hkh blh nsoyh xkao ds uke ds vk/kkj ij gqvk gSa 'kdqu D;k gS rFkk e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ ds jkBkSM+ jktkvksa esa budk D;k jktiwrksa ds bfrgkl oa'k HkkLdj o ohj fouksn esa bl izkphu xkao dk o.kZu feyrk gSA lEcU/k gS\ 'kdqu ijEijk ds lEiks"kd dkSu Fks rFkk jkBkSM+ bfrgkl ,oa jktuhfr ij nsoyh rglhy dk jktegy xzke Hkh ,sfrgkfld gS jktegy xkao nsoyh ls budk izHkko iM+k Fkk] vkfn lekt xgu 'kks/k dk fo"k; gSA vr% eSus bUgha lokyksa dks 12 fd-eh- nwj cukl unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gSa bl xkao esa ,d izkphu fdyk gS ftldk /;ku esa j[kdj e/;dkyhu 'kkgh jkBkSM+ thou] jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu ij 'kdqu izHkko fuekZ.k lksyadh jktiwr 'kkldksa }kjk djok;k x;k FkkA 16oha 'krkCnh esa VksMkjk;flag dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA esjk ;g 'kks/k i= ekjokM+ esa jkBkSM+ jkT; ladYiuk ds jktk jk;flag dk Hkh jktegy xkao ij dbZ o"kks± rd 'kklu jgkA jktegy xkao ds laLFkkid jko pw.Mk (1383&1423 bZ-) ls vkjEHk gksdj egkjktk ekuflag (1803&43 ikl gh cukl MkbZ o [kkjh ufn;ksa dk laxe gksrk gSA f=os.kh ufn;ksa ds blh laxe ij bZ-) ij tkdj lekIr gksrk gSA izkphu xksd.ksZ'oj chlysno dk izkphu efUnj gSA xksd.ksZ'oj efUnj izkphu Hkkjrh; ekjokM+h tuekul esa 'kdqu ns[kus dh ijEijk bruh T;knk izpfyr gS] fd os okLrqdyk dh ukxj 'kSyh dk loksZœ"V mnkgj.k gSA bl izkphu efUnj ds fo"k; esa ?kj ls ckgj fudyrs le;] vPNk dk;Z] œf"k] fookg] tUe&e`R;q vkfn lHkh dk;ks± fdonUrh gS fd yadkf/kifr n'kkuu (jko.k) us ;gka ij f'kofyax dh LFkkiuk dh ij i'kq&if{k;ksa ls ysdj vk°[k ds QM+dus rd ls 'kdqu ;k ?kVuk dk vans'kk yxkrs vkSj iRuh eUnksnjh ds lkFk f'ko vjk/kuk dh FkhA oS'kk[k ,oa dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks ;gka gSA tSls iq:"k dh nkfguh vkSj L=h dh ck°;h vk°[k QM+duk 'kqHk le>k tkrk FkkA bl izfr o"kZ esys dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA ftlesa gtkjksa Jºkyq Luku djus vkrs gSA ftldk izdkj ekjokM+h tulekt izR;sd R;kSgkj ij vnk dh tkus okyh vusd&fof/k;ksa ds vyx gh /kkfeZd egRo gSA izkœfrd lq"kek;qDr ;g LFkku i;ZVdksa ,oa izkœfrd ek/;e ls 'kdqu fudkyrs FksA 'kdqu ekjokM+h tulekt ds nSfud thou dk vax cu izsfe;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k dk izeq[k dsUnz gSA x, FksA ftldh ifjikVh vkt rd ekjokM+h tu lekt esa izpfyr gSaA lu~ 1942 esa ;gka vUrZjk"V™h; dSfn;ksa dks Hkh j[kk x;k Fkk bu dSfn;ksa esa vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd] 'kdqu jkBkSM+ jktkvksa ds thou dk vg~e vax cu teZuh] tkiku] bVsfy;u] o tkokuht eq[; FksA 1-1-1948 dks ;gka flU/kh 'kj.kkFkhZ x, FksA jkBkSM+ jktkvksa us 'kdqu ds Kkrk vkSj laj{kd cudj budks egRo iznku fd;k dSEi o lu~ 1962 esa phuh dSEi [kksyk x;k ftlesa 3000 phuh;ksa dks j[kk x;kA FkkA jkBkSM+ jktk 'kdqu fudyokdj izR;sd dk;Z djrs Fks] ftlds dkj.k dk;Z ds nsoyh uxj esa lu~ 1965 esa 15 ikfdLrkuh dSfn;ksa dks Hkh j[kk x;kA lu~ 28-5- 'kqHk&v'kqHk ifj.kkeksa dk vanktk yxk;k tkrk FkkA 'kdquksa ds c<+rs jkt'kh izpyu 1959 dks fcuksok Hkkos tc nsoyh vk;s rks mUgksaus nsoyh uxj dks ^^t;izdk'k uxjh** dkj.k tu&lekt rd us budks viuk fy;k FkkA jktkvksa ds rjg ekjokM+h yksx Hkh dgk FkkA R;kSgkj ls ysdj nSfud dk;ks± rd dk 'kdqu fudkyrs FksA Hkkjr esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa nsoyh ds ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh jgk gSaA  ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 687 352 688 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 uhedkFkkuk esa fuEckdZ lEiznk; dh yoktes gkFkh] ?kksM+ksa] ≈aV] cSyxkM+h] cfXx;ksa] inkfr;ksa ds lkFk fpf=r dh x;h gSA lsuk esa nsorkvksa dks vius okguksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;gka nsojkt bUnz dks NŸkjh ds fHkfŸk fp= vius okgu rhu lw.M okys ,sjkor gkFkh ij cSBs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA 'kfunso dks euh"kk oekZ gkFkh ij fojkteku n'kkZ;k x;k gSA buds ,d gkFk esa pÿ fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA guqeku dks mM+rs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA buds ,d gkFk esa da/ks ds lgkjs j[kh gqbZ xnk o nwljs gkFk esa ,d NksVk eafnj fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ftl ij irkdk ygjk jgh lhdj ftys dh uhedkFkkuk rglhy ds Nkouh dLcs esa fLFkr NksVh tekr jk/kkoYyHkh; fuEckdZ lEiznk; ds lk/kq lU;kfl;ksa }kjk clk;k x;k FkkA ;g fuEckdZ gSA x.ks'k dks cXxh ij] dkfrZds; dks vius okgu e;wj ij] egknso ds uanh ij lEiznk; dk izeq[k dsUnz FkkA fuEckdZ lEiznk; ds uke ls gh uhedkFkkuk dLcs dk fojkteku n'kkZ;k x;k gS] egknso ds ,d gkFk esa f='kwy fn[kk;h xbZ gSA nqxkZ dks ck?k uke uhedkFkkuk iM+kA blh lEiznk; dh ,sfrgkfld Nrjh NksVh tekr esa fLFkr gSA ij] cz„k dks gal ij] d`".k dks jFk ij cSBs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA d`".k ds ,d gkFk esa bl Nrjh dk fuekZ.k dk;Z fo-la- 1846] ekg Hkknzin lqfn nkst] eaxyokj dks fueksn lqn'kZu pÿ n'kkZ;k x;k gSA xkao ds dkjhxjksa }kjk fd;k x;kA Nrjh dk fuekZ.k ,d v"VHkqtdkj pcwrjs ij 8 d`".k jklyhyk dk fp=.k & Nrjh ds Hkhrj e/; Hkkx esa lQsn jax dh LrEHkksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k gSA pcwrjs ds ≈ij laxejej ds vk;rkdkj iRFkj ds i`"BHkwfe ij ,d cM+s vkdkj ds Qwy fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA blds pkjksa vksj o`Ÿkkdkj infpUg (ixY;s) LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSA Nrjh ds xqEcn ds 'kh"kZ ij ihry dk ?ksjs esa d`".k dks xksfi;ksa ds lkFk jkl jpkrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl ?ksjs esa vkeyd dy'k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA Nrjh ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa ij lqUnj fp=.k fd;k ÿekuqlkj d`".k] xksfi;ksa dks ,d ds ckn ,d] gkFk idM+ dj ?ksjk cukdj u`R; djrs x;k gSA fp= jkek;.k o egkHkkjr ds egkdkO;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA xksfi;ksa dks ?ksjnkj ygaxk] vks<+uh] dkapyh igus gq, fpf=r jkek;.k o egkHkkjr dh fofHkUu dFkkvksa dks jkspdrk o lqUnjrk ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa xys esa gkj] yEch ekyk] dkuksa eas >qeds] gkFkksa esa cktwcan o gSA eq[; :i ls ;gka ;qº dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA pwfM+;ka] iSjksa esa ik;y igus gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA d`".k dks yEch vkLrhu dk yEck jke vkSj jko.k dks ;qº ds eSnku esa vkeus&lkeus viuh&viuh lsuk ds lkFk ?ksjnkj tkek igus] da/kksa ij nqiÍk Mkys gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa flj ij eqdqV] ;qºjr fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jke dh lsuk esa Lo;a jke] y{e.k] vaxn] lqxzho] xys esa yEch ekyk] gkFkksa esa cktwcan] iSjksa esa ik;y igus gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA tkeoar dks jko.k dh lsuk ij rhj pykrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jke] y{e.k ds dkfy;k enZu & bl n`'; esa unh dks n'kkZus ds fy;s uhys jax dh i`"BHkwfe lehi guqeku dks gkFkksa esa ,d /otk ysdj ,d ?kqVus ds cy uhps cSBs gq, fpf=r fpf=r dh x;h gSA dkys o lQsn jax ls ikap Quksa okys ukx dkfy;k dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA lsuk esa vfxze iafDr esa iSny okuj lSfudksa dks ;qº yM+rs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl ukx ds Quksa ds ≈ij [kM+s gksdj d`".k dks ckalqjh ctkrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gS rFkk buds ihNs jke] y{e.k] vaxn dks rhj pykrs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fd;k x;k gSA d`".k dk fp=.k vis{kkd`r NksVs :i esa fd;k x;k gSA bl ukx ds nksuksa dqN okuj lSfudksa dks euq"; :i esa xnk ysdj ;qº djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA vksj nks&nks ukfxuksa dks gkFk tksM+dj d`".k ls ukx dks {kek djus dh fourh djrs gq, cgqr ls okuj lSfudksa dks fugRFks nq'euksa ij geyk djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA buds 'kjhj dk dej ls ≈ij dk Hkkx L=h ds :i esa o uhps d`".k&f'k'kqiky ;qº n`';&bl n`'; esa ,d HkO; pkj eaftys egy dk fp=.k dk Hkkx ukx ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh dks iwaN ds cy [kM+s gq, fd;k x;k gSA egy esa dqN efgykvksa dks lsuk dh vksj ns[krs gq, bl rjg ls fpf=r fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA dfYd vorkj] ojkg vorkj] y{eh&fo".kq dk fp=.k] ujflag fd;k x;k gS ekuks fdlh dk bartkj dj jgh gksA bl egy ds ≈ij dq.kuiqj fy[kk vorkj] jke njckj] k ls lEcfU/kr fp= fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA L=h&iq#"kksa lar leqnk; ij iz'u fpUg mB jgs gSa tks fuanuh; gSA lar leqnk; ds yksxksa dks gh vius ds oL= o vkHkw"k.kksa ij LFkkuh; o vk/kqfud izHkko fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;gka vºZpUnzkdkj lekt esa vk jgs nks"kksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh pkfg, rkfd dkykarj esa lekt ,oa esgjkcksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu dbZ txg eqxy 'kSyh ls izHkkfor jks[ks Hkh cuok;s x;s gSaA xHkZx`g ds izos'k }kj nwljs ijEijkxr izrhdA dks xqtjkrh dyk 'kSyh ds izLrj ls cuok;k x;k gSA bl izos'k }kj ij tSu rhFk±djksa ds esokM+ dh dykd`fr;ksa esa dykdkj us thou dks vuUr lq[k dh lk/kuk ds vykok ;{k&;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh cuk;h x;h gSA izos'k }kj ij cgqr ckjhd dke :i esa Lohdkj dj mls la;fer lk/ku ds :i esa th;k Hkh gSA Qyr% mlls ^HkfDr* fd;k x;k gS] eafnj ds xqEcn ds Hkhrj Hkxoku egkohj ds thou ls lEcfU/kr 16 ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 693 355 694 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 lqUnj fp= cuk;s x;s gSaA ftuesa egkohj Lokeh ds tUe ls fuokZ.k rd dh ;k=k lkaHkj uxjh dk orZeku Lo:i izkphu dky ls ysdj bfrgkl dh ÿfed crk;h x;h gSA eafnj dk eq[; }kj iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA blds vykok nks vU; }kj Hkh gS voLFkkvksa esa prqFkZ ÿe dk |ksrd gS vFkkZr~ nsoklqj laxzke ds le; ikSjkf.kd dky esa tks ÿe'k% mŸkj ,oa nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj [kqyrs gSaA eafnj ds Hkhrj iRFkj ds [kEHkksa ij ;g uxj ^nsouxj* Fkk tgka vlqjxq: 'kqÿkpk;Z dk vkJe FkkA mlds i'pkr~ ;g cgqr gh cf<+;k dykdkjh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA eafnj esa Hkksfe;k th dh ewfrZ Hkh gS] ^ufy;klj* rRi'pkr~ ^'kkdEHkj* vkSj fQj ^lkaHkj* ds uke ls izflº gqvkA fctksfy;k bl ewfrZ ds ihNs ekU;rk gS fd ;g Lo;a deZflag cPNkor dh ewfrZ gS] tks ;gka izf'kfLr ds vuqlkj& fo-la- 1226 fctkSfy;k iz'kfLr esa pgekuksa ds vkfniq:"k dk Hkksfe;k th cudj eafnj dh j{kk djrs gSaA bl eafnj ds ikl gh izkphu HkkaMk'kkg uke ^oklqnso* feyrk gSA ;g lkaHkj >hy dk izoZŸkd FkkA blds oa'k esa lkeUr uked eafnj] y{ehukjk;.k eafnj ,oa chdkth dh Vsdjh (lekf/k LFky) vofLFkr gSA jktk lkaHkj dk 'kkludŸkkZ gqvk FkkA HkkaMk'kkg eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z la- 1525 esa 'kq: gqvk Fkk] bldk fuekZ.k dk;Z la-  1571 esa iw.kZ gqvk] bls f=yksD;nhid izklkn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g eafnj ufeukFk eafnj ls Hkh izkphu gSA blds vykok y{ehukjk;.k Hkxoku dk eafnj Hkh ikl gh i;ZVu ds {ks= esa ukxkSj ds esyksa ,oa fLFkr gS tks fd jko chdk us cuok;k FkkA ;s eafnj Hkh ufeukFk eafnj ls izkphu gSA n'kZuh; LFkyksa dk ;ksxnku jkrh?kkVh ds uhps dh rjQ chdkth dh Vsdjh gS] tgka ij chdkusj ds izkjfEHkd pkj jktkvksa dh lekf/k;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA la- 1598 esa ekynso ds lSfudksa us bls iqu% larks"k dqekj {kfrxzLr fd;k] ijUrq blesa ewyuk;d izfrek dks dksbZ gkfu ugha igqaphA eafnj dk eq[; }kjk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSaA blds vykok nks vU; }kj Hkh gSa tks ÿe'k% mŸkj ,oa nf{k.k HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls ;g jkT; izkœfrd lEink ls ifjiw.KZ ,oa izœfr ds fn'kk dh vksj [kqys gSaA eafnj esa ;{k&;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ;ksa ds vykok 'kqHk ,oa ykHk migkjksa ls lqlfTtr jgk gS] fdUrq bruk gksrs gq, Hkh tc Hkkjr ds fodflr jkT;ksa dh iznku djus ds fy, ladsr :id dbZ ewfrZ;ka ns[kus dh feyrh gSaA ftuesa vktkuckgq x.kuk dh tkrh gS] rc jktLFkku dk uke dgha ihNs NwV tkrk gSA bl jkT; us dbZ ;{k ewfrZ izeq[k gSA ?kVukvksa dk ns[kk gSA ;g {ks= i;ZVdksa ds fy, LoxZ gSA ;gk° vusd gosfy;k° vkSj egy gSA lkFk gh eSys&R;kSgkj o mRlo euk;s tkrs gSA  ukxkSj ftys ds izeq[k LFky ;Fkk&cz„.kh ekrk] ca'khokys dk eafnj] yksgkjiqjk lkaHkj ds laLœr L=ksr cM+sihj dh njxkg] lqYrkuqŸkkjdhu dh njxkg] [khaolj ewfUn;kM] tk;y] ew.Mok] fjadw tSu yk[kksyko rkykc] ew.Mok] Msxkuk] MhMokuk] ikMkekrk (MhMokuk) vkfn gSaA Hkkjr esa esyksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa dh izkphu ijEijk jgh gSA fons'kh i;ZVd bUgsa jktLFkku esa lkaHkj dk iqjkrkfRod n`f"V ls jktLFkku dk gh ugha iwjs ns'k dk ns[kus dks ykykf;r jgrs gSaA vUrjkZ"V™h; i;ZVu o"kZ esa budk vk;kstu i;ZVdksa ds :i izkphu ,oa cstksM+ dLck gSA lkaHkj dk bfrgkl o"kks± dk gS D;ksafd ;g cgqr izkphu esa vkd"kZd jgk gSA turk dk vkfFkR; vkSj f'k"Vrk i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSA LFkku gS }kij ,oa =srk ;qx ls iwoZ vlqjdqyxq: 'kqÿkpk;Z dh ;g ri%LFkyh Hkh jg bl izdkj Hkkjr esa i;ZVu dk egRo cgqr gS ,oa fodkl Hkh cgqr gks jgk gSA fdlh Hkh pqdh gSA lkaroh&vkBoha 'krkCnh esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds yxHkx vkB ih<+h iwoZ ds jkT; ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa i;ZVu dh egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA i;ZVu ds ml {ks= ekf.kD;yky uked pkSgku oa'kh; jktk us 'kkdEHkjh nsoh ds vkns'k ls bl uxjh dh dh dyk ,oa ijEijkvksa dk lEiw.kZ fo'o esa izpkj gksrk gSA ;gka lkekftd rFkk /kkfeZd ^'kkdEHkj* uke ls uhao j[kh mldk gh viHkza'k :i lkaHkj orZeku esa izpfyr gSA ftls LFky ;Fkk fdys] efLtn] njxkg] eafnj] >hys o ckofM+;k° gSa tks LFkkiR; dyk ds ohjiqaxo ^i`Fohjkt pkSgku* dh jkt/kkuh izkIr gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA lkaHkj ds 5 egRo dks crkrs gSA esys ,oa R;kSgkj gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks txkrs gSa vkSj thou esa meax fdyksehVj mŸkj esa lkaHkj nwnw lM+d ij ufy;klj ds HkwxHkZ ls izkIr izkphu flDdksa] esa mRlkg dk lapkj djrs gSaA fo'o esa esyksa ,oa R;kSgkjksa dk vfHkizk; ,d gh gSA izfrekvksa rFkk vo'ks"kksa ls tks fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS] mlds vuqlkj ;g LFky ^rhljh lkewfgd :i ls thou dh meax vkSj mYykl dh vfHkO;fDrA esyksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa ls 'krkCnh* esa iwjh rjg O;ofLFkr FkkA ml le; Hkh ;g ?kuh vkcknh dk dLck Fkk vkSj lkaLœfrd ,drk] lkekftd ln~Hkko dks c<+kok feyrk gSA O;kikfjd ysu&nsu] dyk&dkS'ky rFkk pgy&igy ds fy, fo[;kr FkkA  ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 695 356 696 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkhy vkfnoklh ds eq[; ioZ ,oa ewY;kadu jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk % dkywjke eh.kk ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u vthr flag pkS/kjh Hkkjr esa Hkhy tutkfr dk fuokl LFkku e/;izns'k] xqtjkr esa gksus ds lkFk&lkFk jktLFkku jkT; esa Hkh gSA tgka ds nf{k.kh jktLFkku esa QSyh gqbZ vjkoyh ioZrekykvksa duZy VkWM us jktLFkku dh lkeUrh O;oLFkk dh rqyuk e/;;qxhu ;wjksih; esa LFkkfir ou lEink vkt Hkh Hkhy laLœfr dks laj{k.k iznku dj jgh gSA eq[r;k lkeUr iºfr ls dh gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ us fy[kk gS fd ^^blesa dksbZ mn;iqj] ckalokM+k] Mwaxjiqj bR;kfn ftyksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA lUnsg ugha fd ;gka dh lkeUr iºfr vkSj ;wjksi dh lkeUr iz.kkyh esa dbZ lkE;rk gS] [ksrjiky dh iwtk & [ksr ds izgjh&nsork [ksrjiky dh iwtk ls Hkhyksa dh ijUrq jktLFkkuh lkeUr izFkk ,d izdkj dh lkekftd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk :i gS] nhokys dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gSA [ksr rFkk [ksr esa budh vkBksa izgj j{kk djus okys nsork ftlesa usrk ds :i esa ,d jktk jgrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk mlh ds oa'kt ;k vU; tkfr dks ;s ^[ksrjiky* dgdj cM+h Jºk vkSj vkLFkk ds lkFk iqdkjrs gSA ds oa'kt mlds lkFkh vkSj lg;ksxh cus jgrs gSaA ;wjksi esa ,d Lokeh ds lkFkh vkfJr eVdh QksM+uk & [ksrjiky dh vpZuk ds iwoZ fnokyh ds izR;;w"k izgj esa Hkhy ds :i esa jgrs Fks] ftudh Lora= dksbZ fLFkfr ugha FkhA ;gka ,d izdkj ls jktk ds veaxyksa ds ifjgkjs dh ,d [kkl jLe iwjh djrs gSA (yd Jsf.k;ka Fkh] ftuesa fljk;r izFke FksA fljk;r ljnkj nk;ha fely (j.key ds oa'kt) gSA bl lkaLœfrd lfEeJ.k ls mŸkj vkSj nf{k.k esa ,drk LFkkfir gqbZ gS rFkk ,d vkSj ck;ha fely (tks/kk ds oa'kt) esa foHkkftr FksA fljk;r ds ljnkjksa dks nksgjh izdkj ds thor rFkk mnkjoknh lkekftd lECU/kksa dh LFkkiuk lEHko gqbZ gSA Hkhyksa ds rkthe izkIr Fkh vFkkZr~ tc ljnkj jktk ds le{k mifLFkr gksrk Fkk rc mldh mRlo ,oa R;kSgkj budh vkLFkkvksa] fo'oklksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ds ifjpk;d gSA Hkhy mifLFkfr ds vkSj izLFkku djrs le; egkjktk [kM+s gksdj mldk vfHkoknu xzg.k djrs yksx buds ek/;e ls vius nsoh&nsorkvksa ds izfr vkLFkk o Jºk O;Dr djrs gq, FksA jkT; iz'kklu esa dk;Z djus ds ,ot esa izkIr tkxhj ds vf/kdkjh eqRlÌh lkeUr izlUurk dk vuqHko djrs gSA Hkhyksa dk /kkfeZd thou budh vkLFkk ,oa fo'oklksa ls FksA xuk;r jkBkSM+ksa dk jkT; LFkkfir gksus ls igys ls gh ekjokM+ ds fdlh {ks= ds Lokeh Fks] ftUgksaus jktk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yh FkhA ,sls fBdkus HkkVh] dPNkok] izdV gksrk gS] buds nsojs cgqr dykRed gksrs gSA xkao ds ckgj Hkhy vius iwoZtksa dh gkM+k] pkSgku] fllksfn;k] raoj] tkM+spk] >kyk vkfn jktiwrksa ds FksA ekjokM+ esa u;s ewfrZ;k° LFkkfir djrs gSA ;s dkQh dykRed gksrh gSA lokZf/kd izpfyr :i feV~Vh jktk dk jktfryd djus dk vf/kdkj cxM+h ds tSrkor Bkdqj dks FkkA og vius ls cuh ewfr;ksa dk gSA vaxwBs dks ryokj ls phj dj jDr ls Vhdk djrk FkkA tks/kiqj esa ewaf/k;kM+ ds ckjB  Bkdqj dks jktfryd ds le; oa'kkoyh dh mn~?kks"k.kk djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr FkkA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 697 357 698 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk vkilh HkkbZpkjs dh O;oLFkk Fkh vkSj mldk liksVjk] vejx<+] jkeBjk] nkSyriqjk] rkyh] tewjk] [kwMk] buk;rh] ukjksyh] Qrsgiqj] Lo:i ,d izdkj ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr FkkA dkpjksank ,oa NksVh xf<+;k tSls ≈ejh] ikpkSyh] fiijkuh] dkVjh] eksfB;kiqjk] gjuxj] 'kkld vkSj lkeUr dk lEcU/k iw.kZ :i ls vkfJrksa dk u gksdj led{k vkKkdkjh [kksgjh] [kwxuxj] xksykjk] ohyksuh] uhan vkfn izeq[k gSA lg;ksfx;ksa dk FkkA jkT; ij ladV ds le; 'kkld ds fy, ej feVus dks m|r jgrs  rFkk okf"kZd dj ds :i esa /kujkf'k dk Hkqxrku djds jkT; dh foŸkh; fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djrs FksA lkeUr 'kkfUr dky esa mRloksa vkSj R;ksgkjksa esa lfEefyr gksdj njckj vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr dh 'kksHkk c<+krs FksA ;s fo'ks"krk,a gh lkeUrh O;oLFkk ds fpj&LFkkf;Ro dk izeq[k dk /kkfeZd&lkaLœfrd thou dkj.k jghA eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ  nqxZ LFkkiR; dk /kuh % djkSyh jkT; t;iqj fj;klr esa l=goha ls mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; dh le;kof/k ds MkW- xksfoUn iqjh nkSjku ;gka ds 'kkldksa }kjk 'krkCnh ds e/; dh le;kof/k ds nkSjku eafnj fuekZ.k lEcU/kh dk;Z djok;s tkus ds izek.k feys gSaA pkewa esa izkphu x<+ ds lkeus fLFkr nqxZ fuekZ.k esa jktLFkku dh LFkkiR; dyk dk pje mRd"kZ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lhrkjketh ds eafnj f'kykys[k laor~ 1803 (1746 bZ-) ls fofnr gksrk gS fd pkSewa ds lqn`<+ izkphj] fo'kky ijdksVk] vHks| cqtZs] fdys ds pkjksa rjQ xgjh ugj ;k ifj{kk Bkdqj tks/kflag ukFkkor ds le; [kaMsyoky egktuksa }kjk bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdys ds Hkhrj flyg[kkuk ('kgL=kxkj) tyk'k; vFkok ikuh ds Vkads] vU; HkaMkj] djok;kA lkeksn ds lehi egkj fLFkr y{ehukFkth ds eafnj ds LrEHk ys[k laor~ fdys dk xqIr izos'k }kj rFkk lqjax] jktizklkn rFkk lSfudksa ds vkokl&x`g ;gka ds 1713 (1656 bZ-) ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd egkj ds izrkih o lkglh 'kkld izk;% lHkh fdyksa esa fo|eku gSaA fdlh Hkh jkT; dh ;qxhu izxfr dk leqfpr jkor v[kSjke vkSj muds iq= dqaoj gjnSjke us laHkor% bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k vFkok v/;;u fcuk LFkkiR; dh fofo/k ijrksa rFkk [k.Mgjksa dk v/;;u ugha gks ldrk] th.kksZºkj djok;k gksA t;iqj ds dk.kkSrk ds utnhd fLFkr lkaHkfj;k xkao esa lhrkjketh D;ksafd muesa jkT; dh okLrfod vkRek izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA mUgha ds ek/;e ls dyk ds eafnj f'kykys[k laor~ 1792 (1735 bZ-) ls Kkr gksrk gS ;gka ds Bkdqj pkanflag ds vkSj thou dk lkeatL; ,d fnO; izdk'k ds :i esa izLQqfVr gksrk jgk gSA bl jkT; esa gjukFkflag }kjk 1735 bZ- esa lhrkjketh ds bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k LFkkiR; dh vfHkO;;fDr xkaoksa] uxjksa] eafnjksa] jktHkouksa] nqxks±] tyk'k;ksa] ckofM+;ksa] FkkA teqokjkex<+ fLFkr izkphu x.ks'k eafnj ds f'kykys[k laor~ 1819 (1762 bZ-) ls m|kuksa rFkk lekf/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k }kjk izekf.kr gksrh gSA jktiwrkus ds LFkkiR; dk ;g egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd t;iqj ds egkjktk lokbZ ek/kksflag izFke ds bfrgkl mruk gh izkphu gS ftruk ekuo bfrgkl dk ;qxA jktLFkku x<+ksa vkSj nqxks± dk 'kklu dky esa muds lsod dksroky xqykc jk; fllksfn;k rFkk uk;c HkS∏;k nwYgjk; izns'k gSA ;gka dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ tuin ;k vapy ,slk gks tgka dksbZ NksVk&cM+k nqxZ ;k }kjk x.ks'k th bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA blh ifjis{; esa djkSyh ds 'kgj esa x<+&x<+h u gks rFkk ftls ysdj dHkh u dHkh fdlh u fdlh yM+kbZ&>xM+s dk rkykc ds fdukjs fLFkr f'ko eafnj ds f'kykys[k laor~ 1824 (1767 bZ-) ls Kkr vuq"Bku u gqvk gksA nqxZ&fuekZ.k dh ijEijk gekjs ;gka cgqr izkphu dky ls gh pyh gksrk gS fd bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k xqekuflag ds iq= c[rkojflag dh cMkj.k (nklh) vk jgh gSA 'kqÿuhfr ds vuqlkj jkT; ds lkr vax ekus x;s gSa] ftuesa nqxZ Hkh ,d gSA v.klh uxksgj us djok;k FkkA euksgiqj ('kkgiqjk) fLFkr Jh prqHkqZtth ds eafnj dk djkSyh dh pkSM+h] lM+dsa] lkoZtfud ukfy;k°] NksVs&cM+s lVs gq, edku] f'kykys[k laor~ 1674 (1617 bZ-) ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd bl eafnj dh uhao osfn;k° vkfn ml ;qx ds LFkkiR; ds lk{kh gSA izkphu dky ds ys[kd e.Mu ,oa i`Fohpan ds le; yxh FkhA bl izdkj vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr ds / lnkf'ko us fdyks dks jkT; dk vfuok;Z vax crk;k gSaA blfy, fdyksa ;k nqxks± dh kkfeZd&lkaLd`frd thou dh >kadh fofo/k :iksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g vfHkys[k vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k vius&vius vf/kdkj esa j[kuk ,d egRo dh ckr ekuh 'kkldh; gS tks gesa rRdkyhu /kkfeZd&lkaLd`frd O;oLFkk ls voxr djokrs gSaA tkrh FkhA djkSyh jkT; esa oSls rks dbZ fdys o NksVh x<+h;k° dkQh la[;k esa gSa ysfdu budh iqf"V lelkef;d lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls Lor% gh gks tkrh gSA izeq[k :i ls c;kuk] freu x<+] eaMjk;y] nsofxfj] ≈Vfxfj] cgknqjiqj] loyx<+]  ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 699 358 700 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 gkM+kSrh % cwanh Ldwy ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa cwanh dh fp=dyk jktLFkku dh fp=dyk dh ,d yksdfiz; 'kSyh ds :i esa fodflr gqbZ gSA vr% ftu ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe;ksa esa fp=dyk us viuk cpiu vkSj MkW- T;ksRluk JhokLro ;kSou latks;k] mudk fnXn'kZu djuk Hkh U;k;ksfpr tku iM+rk gSA cwanh fp= 'kSyh ij esokM+] eqxy vkSj nf{k.kh 'kSfy;ksa dk izHkko ifjyf{kr ek/kksflag }kjk dksVk jkT; dh LFkkiuk fo-la- 1688 esa dh x;hA os cwanh ds gksrk gSA esokM+ 'kSyh dk jax vkSj vkd`fr;ksa esa izHkko jgkA eqxy izHkko ls Nk;k vkSj jktk jruflag jko ds f}rh; iq= FksA vr,o cwanh o dksVk ds 'kkld ifjokjksa dks ,d izdk'k dk lekos'k gqvkA nf{k.k 'kSyh ds izHkko ds dkj.k jkf= ds n`'; fVe&fVekrs gh ifjokj ekuk tk ldrk gSA gkykafd dksVk cwanh ds dkQh fudV gS ijUrq ;gka dh lQsn rkjs] iqf"ir ikS/ks] {kh.k pUnzek cuk;s x;sA ;qº ds fp=ksa esa ohjrk izn'kZu izeq[k fp=dyk iºfr viuh fof'k"Vrk fy;s gq, gSA dksVk dh fp=dyk esa u rks cwanh dh gSA cwanh 'kSyh viuh fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k jktLFkkuh fp=dyk esa gh ugha fp=dyk tSlk dYiukRed foLrkj gS vkSj uk gh ogka dh tSlh ifj"d`r 'kSyhA dksVk dh fp=dyk cwanh dh fp=dyk dh udy ;k Nk;k dgh tk ldrh gSA dYiukRed cfYd Hkkjrh; fp=dyk esa Hkh viuk izeq[k egRo j[krh gSA bl 'kSyh ds fp= vkt n`f"V ls Hkh gkM+kSrh Ldwy mrus gh mRd`"V Fks ftrus lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls FksA pkSgku Hkh fp=dyk] dfri; izkphu gosfy;ka] edkuksa vkSj ljLorh Hk.Mkj (jktdh; oa'kh; gkM+kvksa dk izlkj vkSj izrki cwanh] dksVk] >kykokM+ {ks= esa jgk] blfy, ;g iqLrdky;) esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ds dbZ ljdkjh ,oa vºZ&ljdkjh laxzgky;ksa {ks= gkM+kSrh dgyk;kA cwanh 'kSyh] dksVk 'kSyh rFkk >kykokM+ 'kSyh rFkk vU; fBdkuksa esa Hkh laxzfgr gSA izeq[k laxzgky;ksa ds uke bl izdkj gS&bykgkckn] fiazl vkWQ oSYl] dh dyk dks ge gkM+kSrh Ldwy ds vUrxZr j[k ldrs gSaA E;wft;e] cEcbZ vkSj y[ku≈ laxzgky;] fcpsLVj laxzgky;] lwjr] lkykjtax laxzgky;] cwanh 'kSyh 18oha 'krkCnh ds izFke lksiku esa ykydfo us jktk cqfºflag gSnjkckn bR;kfnA fons'kksa ds dbZ laxzgky; Hkh buls Hkjs iM+s gSaA bl 'kSyh ds izeq[k (1695&1731 bZ-) ds fy;s ^vyadkj xzUFk* dh jpuk dhA blesa esokM+ dk izHkko fp=dkj Fks&eUuk] jkeyky] euksgj] lqjru] vgen vyh] Jh fd'ku vkSj lk/kqjkeA >ydrk gSA fp=ksa esa Hkkoukvksa dh ljyrk izd`fr dh fofo/krk] i'kq&if{k;ksa rFkk  lrjaxs cknyksa] tyk'k;ksa dk fp=.k] izsekyki es 'osr&';ke fp= ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA egkjktk t;flag % vk/kqfud vyoj ds fuekZrk mEesnflagth (1748&1771) ,d fp= esa JhukFkth dh iwtk djrs gq, vafdr fd;s x;s gSaA nwljs fp= esa fc'kuflag th u`R; dk vkuUn ys jgs gSaA mEesnflagth fp= esa galjkt lksuh ,oa ekuflag eh.kk fopkj foe'kZ dj jgs gSaA ukFk}kjk 'kSyh dk izHkko Hkh ns[kus dks ;=&r= feyrk gSA fiNokbZ ds fp= diM+s ij JhukFkth dh fp=dkjh] JhukFkth ds ihNs diM+s dh t;flag dk tUe 14 twu] 1882 dks vyoj ds fou; foykl esa gqvkA 23 fp=dkjh] fiNokbZ 'kSyh ds ifjpk;d gSA fo".kqflag (1773&1821) Lo;a dyk ebZ 1892 dks os jktxÌh ij fojkteku gq,A egkjktk ds vYio;Ld gksus ds dkj.k eeZK Fks muds Lo;a ds }kjk jfpr J`axkj ,oa HkfDr ijd gtkjksa in vkt Hkh gLrys[kksa jkT; izca/k ds fy, ,d dkSafly cukbZ xbZ ftlus 1903 bZ- rd 'kklu izca/k dks ds :i esa miyC/k gSaA cwanh 'kSyh dk vf/kdka'k fo"k; d`".k pfj= dk fp=.k jgk gSA lapkfyr fd;kA 10 fnlEcj] 1903 bZ- dks ok;ljk; ykWMZ dtZu us mUgsa 'kklu ds LokHkkor% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dksVk dh 'kSyh vkSj cwanh dh 'kSyh esa iw.kZ vf/kdkj iw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr gq,A t;flag ,d dq'ky iz'kkld] U;k;fiz; vkSj dksbZ QdZ ugha gS ysfdu dksVk 'kSyh esa d`".kyhyk dks iq"VekxhZ; HkfDr Hkkouk ls ns'kHkDr FksA ebZ 1933 esa mUgsa ns'k fudkyk ns fn;k x;kA vius fuokZlu dh vof/k esa vksr izksr fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA Jhd`".k ds tUe fnol xgjkrh gqbZ ;equk unh vkSj 19 ebZ 1937 dks ›kal dh jkt/kkuh isfjl esa mudk fu/ku gks x;kA t;flag ds vkleku ij ?kqeM+rh ?kVk ds Hk;kog ckny] n'kkorkj dh >kadh] Xoky ckyksa dh izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo] muds lq/kkjoknh vkSj izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds dkj.k vkt Hkh yhyk;sa vkSj ek[ku pksjh n`'; dks vPNh rjg ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA Hkzej xhr xkrh vyoj dk tuekul mUgsa ;kn djrk gSA gqbZ xksfi;ka] mºo dk Kkuksins'k rFkk Jhd`".k o cyjke dk eFkqjk xeu cM+k vkd"kZd egkjktk t;flag dk le; vyoj fj;klr esa iz'kklfud vkfFkZd] lkekftd] gSA fi.Mkfj;ksa ds ÿks/k tfur psgjs] ;qºjr Hkkokos'k rFkk yksddFkkvksa dh laxhrkRed 'kS{kf.kd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dh n`f"V ls vfo'oluh; le; FkkA ;|fi muds /ofu;ksa dks fp=ksa esa cka/kus rFkk mUgsa jaxksa ls fpf=r djus dk dksVk 'kSyh ds fp=dkjksa 'kkludky esa Hkk"k.k] lekpkj i=ksa ,oa jktuSfrd lHkkvksa ij iw.kZ izfrca/k yxk gqvk us vPNk iz;kl fd;k gSA FkkA egkjktk ds lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds mijkar Hkh jkT; ds ,d fo'ks"k oxZ esa ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 701 359 702 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 vlarks"k ds QyLo:i uhewpk.kk ,oa eso vkUnksyu gqvk ijUrq egkjktk t;flag us er mu lHkh bfrgkldkjksa ds gSa ftUgksaus Hkh bUgsa ns[kk gSA lnSo iztkfgr dks loksZifj j[kkA vius 'kkludky esa mUgksaus lq/kkjoknh ,oa izxfr'khy fctkSfy;k ds eq[; eafnj&1- eankfduh ds eafnj] 2- frLoka dk fryLeh n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj vyoj dh 'kklu O;oLFkk dks vk/kqfudrk dh vksj ys tkus eafnj] 3- egkuky dk eafnj] 4- ik'oZukFk eafnj % riksilxZ dSoY;/kke] 5- fctklu dk ,d cgqr cM+k dk;Z fd;k] bl vk/kkj ij egkjktk t;flag dks vk/kqfud vyoj ekrk dk eafnj gSaA varr% ;g fy[kuk mfpr gksxk fd fctkSfy;k ds ;s eafnj vkus okys dk fuekZrk dguk loZFkk mfpr gksxkA le; esa bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrRo dh n`f"V ls bl lEiw.kZ {ks= dk ,d u;k v/;k;  fy[ksaxsA fctkSfy;k dh LFkkiR; dyk  eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa Hkjriqj dk xaxk eafnj & ,d ,sfrgkfld ,oa ;ksxjkt flag iaokj dykRed fo'ys"k.k MkW- fnyhi dqekj xxZ fctkSfy;k o bldk 140 oxZ ehy dk {ks= ,d iBkj gS tks leqnz rV ls djhc 2000 QhV dh ≈apkbZ ij fLFkr gS ,slk gksus ls bl iBkj ij jgus okyksa ij nwj Hkjriqj esa ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd] vk/;kfRed n`f"V ls eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk ls fdlh dh n`f"V ugha iM+rh gS vkSj u gh dksbZ lgt gh bl iBkj ij p<+dj vkus dk jgk gSA mu eafnjksa esa ,d cgqr gh lqUnj] uDdk'kh;qDr ,oa fo'kky eafnj gS&xaxk lkgl tqVk ikrk gSA eafnjA xaxk eafnj Hkjriqj esa ghjknkl jksMost cl LVs.M ls yxHkx 3 fdeh- rFkk vkt tgka fctkSfy;k dLck clk gqvk gS] blds lanHkZ esa ;g ekUr; gS fd jsyos LVs'ku ls fdys esa gksrs gq, 2 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;g eafnj HkkSxksfyd vxj dksbZ iBkj p<+dj ≈ij vk tk, rks Hkh mldks ;g dLck fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rk gS] n`f"V ls 27013 mŸkjh v{kka'k rFkk 77013 iwohZ ns'kkarj gSA Hkjriqj 'kgj ds e/; ,oa pwafd iwjk dLck NksVh&NksVh igkfM+;ksa ds chp clk gSA dgrs gSa fd vxj dksbZ O;fDr Hkjriqj ds yksgkx<+ fdys ds nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj xaxk eafnj fLFkr gSA ;g eafnj nwj [kM+k jg dj dLcs ij rhj pyk, rks oks rhj ≈ij ls gh fudy tk,xkA tks Hkh uDdk'kh o dykRedrk ls Hkjiwj gSA Hkjriqj ds tkV 'kkld Jh cyoarflag us viuh i;ZVd ;k bfrgklosŸkk fctkSfy;k vk;k] pkSads fcuk ugha jg ik;kA ckr gh dqN ,slh b"Vnsoh Jh xaxk ekrkth dh ewfrZ dh LFkkiukFkZ fo-la- 1902 (1845 bZ-) esa bl gSA ,d NksVk lk dLck vkSj brus HkO; eafnjA okg] mls ,d ckj rks yxrk gS fd dgha fo'kky vkSj lqUnj eafnj dh uhao MyokbZ ftldk fuekZ.k dk;Z mlh le; ls 90 o"kks± og dYiuk yksd esa rks ugha gSA ,slk dSls gks ldrk gS] brus NksVs ls dLcs esa ,sls rd pyrk jgkA cyoarflag ds ckn ikap ihf<+;ksa rd xaxk eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z dykRed vkSj HkO; eafnj] ysfdu ;g ,d lp gS vkt ge ftl fctkSft;k dks ,d pyrk jgk ;Fkk&egkjktk tloarflag] egkjktk jkeflag] egkjktk Jhd`".kflag ,oa NksVs ls xkao ds :i esa ns[k jgs gSa og Hkh ^foa/;koyh* ds uke ls cM+h uxjh FkhA vr% egkjktk c`tsUnzflagA egkjktk c`tsUnzflag ds le; bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iw.kZ gqvk dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS tks vxj ;gka brus dykRed eafnj gSaA HkhyokM+k ftys vkSj mUgksaus vius 'kklu dky esa ferh ek?k 'kqDyk 12 fo-la- 1993 rnuqlkj fnukad ds tulEidZ vf/kdkjh ';ke lqUnj tks'kh us bl lUnHkZ esa 3 ekpZ] 1991 dks jktLFkku 22 Qjojh 1937 bZ- dks Jh xaxkekrk dh euksgj ewfrZ dh LFkkiuk djok;hA eafnj if=dk esa izdkf'kr ys[k esa fy[kk gS&^^f'kYi lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw.kZ fctkSfy;k ds nsoky; fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd tkV jktk cyoarflag ds larku ugha Fkh vkSj bfrgkl] iqjkrRo] LFkkiR;] i;ZVu ,oa tu&eu esa jph clh /kkfeZd vkLFkk ds laxe ml le; vdky dh fLFkfr FkhA egkjktk dks lykg nh x;h fd vki viuh b"Vnsoh LFky gS ftUgsa igyh ckj ns[krs gh eu esa muds izfr vnE; vuqjkx meM+ iM+rk gSA** xaxk ekrk dh iwtk vpZuk dhft,A egkjktk dh bPNk Fkh fd eafnj HkO; ,oa fo'kky ,slk gh er izflº fo}ku enu yky rkaxM+ dk gS] 2 vDVwcj] 1987] cuuk pkfg, rFkk egy ls lh/ks n'kZu gksus pkfg,A egkjktk Lo;a lHkh /keks± esa fo'okl jktLFkku if=dk esa izdkf'kr ys[k ds vuqlkj ^^;s eafnj viuh cstksM+ dyk ds fy, djrs FksA njckfj;ksa o fo}ku iqjksfgrksa dh lykg ls eafnj cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA fo[;kr gS] izFke n`f"V esa gh vkdf"kZr djus dh iwjh {kerk j[krs gSaA LFkkiR; vkSj eafnj cukus ds fy, i;kZIr /ku u gksus dh leL;k Fkh ,slh fLFkfr esa fj;klr ds ewfrZ f'kYi nksuksa esa gh bUgsa Hkkjr ds vU; eafnjksa dh rqyuk esa j[k ldrs gSaA** ,sls gh deZpkfj;ksa us lg;ksx fn;k o vius ,d ekg ds osru dks"k esa tek djok;kA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 703 360 704 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 orZeku esa xaxk eafnj nsoLFkku foHkkx jktLFkku ljdkj dss vUrxZr vkrk gSA eks{k] vkRek&ijekRek vkfn dk leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ckck jkenso dk lEiw.kZ eafnj esa ,d iqtkjh dk;Zjr gS tks fnu esa ikap ckj vkjrh djrs gSaA n'kZukFkhZ ,oa Jºkyq lkfgR; ekSf[kd ijEijk dk iz/kku gSA ftlesa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vFkok ekjokM+h dh izfrfnu eafnj esa vkrs gSa vkSj n'kZuksa dk vkuUn ysrs gSaA eafnj ifjlj dkQh yack pkSM+k iz/kkurk gSA ;g lkfgR; x| ,oa i| nksuksa :i esa feyrk gSA gS] tgka ij Hkjriqj 'kgjoklh lqcg lk;a Vgyrs gSaA eafnj dh okLrqdyk ,oa ckck jkenso ds lkfgR; esa bu rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkRe&rRo dk foLr`r lkSUn;kZRedrk ds dkj.k LFkkuh; ns'kh fons'kh i;ZVd eafnj vkrs gSa] ftlls vkfFkZd Lo:i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mudh O;k[;k ds lkFk mldk foLr`r mYys[k vkxs fd;k xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA eafnj ds pkjksa vksj yxHkx 110 tk;sxkA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ckck jkenso dh okf.k;ksa esa 24 izek.k Lo;a ckck nqdkusa gSa] ftudk fdjk;k nsoLFkku foHkkx dks tek djok;k tkrk gSA gkykafd dbZ jkenso }kjk xk;s x;s FksA ml le; f'k{kk ds vHkko esa mudks ladfyr djuk eqf'dy LFkkuksa ls eafnj ifjlj ds dqN fgLls ejEer dh fLFkfr esa gSA bl izdkj Hkjriqj dk Fkk ijUrq ckn esa muds fiz; HkDr gjth HkkVh us tu ekul ds lkeus ekSf[kd :i ls xaxk eafnj ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd ,oa dykRed n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA eafnj o j[kkA ckck jkenso us dgk gS fd O;fDr N% n'kZu (U;k;] eheaklk] lka[;] vkfn) dk efLtn dh uhao ,d lkFk yxuk /kkfeZd lkSgknZ dk izrhd gSA xaxk eafnj dh mPpLrj Kku izkIr djys ijUrq tc rd vkRe Kku dks ugha igpkusxk lc dqN O;FkZ gSA blh dh okLrqdyk] ckjhd dkjhxjh] eafnj dh fo'kkyrk] lkFk gh cktkj gsrq nqdkuksa dk izdkj mUgksaus crk;k fd O;fDr fdruh Hkh dBksj riL;k djys ijUrq og Hkh O;FkZ gS fuekZ.k bR;kfn Hkjriqj ds tkV jktkvksa dh vfHk#fp o ;ksxnku dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g xaxk tc rd og vkRe Lo:i dks ugha igpku ysA ;fn vkRe Lo:i dks igpku fy;k eafnj gekjh ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd /kjksgj gS] ftls v{kq..k cuk, j[kuk ge lHkh dh og rks Lor% gh eks{k dk vf/kdkjh gksxkA ftEesnkjh gSA le; le; ij ejEer ,oa laj{k.k dh vko';drk gSA esjk ;g Hkh lq>ko gS fd eafnj ls lacaf/kr lHkh nLrkost eafnj vFkok nsoLFkku foHkkx ds ikl  gksus pkfg,A mudh miyC/krk lHkh ds fy, vklkuh ls gksuh pkfg,A eafnj esa Hkh vyoj dh yksd laLœfr ,oa yksd laxhr eafnj dk bfrgkl dykvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus okyk iksLVj gksuk pkfg, ftlls MkW- jkts'k vk;Z izR;sd n'kZukFkhZ bfrgkl o gekjh fojklr ls voxr gks ldsA  vyoj dh yksd laLœfr vius cgqvk;keh Lo:i ds dkj.k izkphu le; ls yksd nsork ckck jkenso ds lkfgR; fof'k"V jgh gSA esokr vkSj jkB vapy esa csVk vyoj jkT; viuh yksd&/kquksa esa ges'kk gh epyrk fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA ehjklh] tksxh] ihj&Qdhj] ukSVadh Vksfy;ksa us bl mQku esa vkRe rRo (vkRe Kku) dks vkSj vf/kd thoUr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA iyk'k ds ngdrs ouksa ds chp res?k iaokj vyxkstksa dh /kqu vkSj Hkiax ds Lojksa us ftl y;cºrk dks tUe fn;k] mlds vo'ks"k vkt Hkh fdLls dgkfu;ksa esa xk°o&xk°o xk;s tkrs gSaA ;gka ds izkœfrd okrkoj.k us jkensojk tSlyesj ftys esa iksdj.k rglhy esa iksdj.k ls 10 fdyksehVj mŸkj laLœfr fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bl n`f"V ls vyoj jkT; esa l?ku ou] fn'kk dh vksj fLFkr gSA lar Jh ckck jkensoth us Lo;a bl uxj dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh euksgjh lfjrkvksa] lqjE; vjkoyh dh ioZr J`a[kykvksa vkfn us Ωf"k eqfu;ksa ,oa vkSj ckn esa ;gka ij thfor lekf/k ys yh FkhA vkt ;g if'peh jktLFkku dk lcls ;ksfx;ksa dks riL;k ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k iznku fd;k gSA muds izHkko ls ;gka ds cM+k /kkfeZd LFky gSA yk[kksa yksx ;gka n'kZukFkhZ ds :i esa vkrs gSaA ;gka gj fnu uohu tu tu esa vk/;kfRedrk dk fodkl gqvk gSA laLd`fr;ksa dk feyu gksrk gSA lar Jh ckck jkensoth ,d flº iq#"k Fks ftUgksaus bl vyoj vapy izkphu le; ls gh lkaLœfrd LFkyksa dk dsUnz jgk gSA f=xrZ uxj dks vkckn fd;k ,oa vketu dks HkkbZpkjs o ln~Hkkouk dk lans'k fn;kA (frtkjk)] eRL; (ekapsM+h)] O;k?kzjkt (jktx<+)] vkHkkusjh] jktkSjx<+] Hkr`Zgfj] ik.Mqiksy] yksd nsork ckck jkenso dk foLr`r yksd lkfgR; ekSf[kd :i esa vkt Hkh rkyo`{k] jko.knsojk] dwy ds dq.M] lkgch unh dk dkaBk vkfn {ks= egRoiw.kZ xkao&xkao esa xk;k tkrk gSA muds lkfgR; esa gesa vusd :i fn[kkbZ nsrs gS tSls& cz„ lkaLœfrd dsUnz jgs gSaA eRL; izns'k dh ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa lkaLœfrd i`"BHkwfe dh dYiuk] vkRe rRo dh dYiuk] vorkjokn] xq: dh efgek] mifu"kn~ n'kZu] le`º ,oa oSHko'kkyh jgh gSA ;g izns'k izkphu le; ls gh ifjorZu ,oa fodkl dh ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 705 361 706 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgk gSA egkHkkjr dky esa eRL; vkSj fojkV uxj izeq[k lkaLœfrd fof'k"V igpku cukbZ gSA fofHkÈk HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh jktLFkku ds dsUnz FksA laxhr ,oa u`R; dykvksa esa vyoj jkT; dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ gSA fHkÈk&fHkÈk {ks=ksa ds uke FksA ekgh unh ds {ks= dks ^dkBy* dgk tkrk FkkA ;gka egkjktk f'konkuflag us laxhr iEijk dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k fn;kA muds izrkix<+&ck°lokM+k ds chp ds 56 xzke lewg dks ^NIiu* dk eSnku dgk tkus yxkA njckj esa laxhr esa n{k vusd dykdkj FksA Bqejh] nknjk vkSj xty tSlh laxhr ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk gh vusd tkfr;k° izkœfrd okrkoj.k ds lkFk ijEijkvksa dks mUgksaus fo'ks"k izksRlkfgr fd;kA laxhr dh 'kkL=h; ijEijk dks egkjktk lkeatL; j[krs gq,] muds LoPNUn vapyksa esa fuokl djrh jgh gSA ikjLifjd t;flag us izksRlkfgr fd;kA ;gka 'kkL=h; laxhr jktdh; laj{k.k esa iuik vkSj yksd gLrdyk,° tutkfr; {ks=ksa esa vf/kd iuih ftldk lh/kk laca/k i;kZoj.k ls rkyesy laxhr dks yksd dykdkjksa us lqjf{kr j[kk ogha ehjklh vkSj tksfx;ksa us yksdukV~; jguk jgk gSA jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k ds yksx cM+s iSekus ij viuh laLœfr ls tqM+s ijEijk dks vkxs c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vyhc['k ds [;ky] esokrh jrokbZ] gSaA lkaLœfrd fojklr ekgkSy esa cus ltkoVh lkeku vkSj iks'kkd] f'k"Vkpkj ds jk.ks&Mwe] ghj jk°>k] ?kqM+p<+h eso [kk° bR;kfn ;gka ds cgq izpfyr laxhr :id ikjaifjd rjhds ds fuckZ/k cus gq, gSaA ijaijkxr yksd gLrf'kYi us vn~Hkqr fMtkbuksa xkao&xkao esa yksdfiz; gSA xksihpUn Hkr`Zgfj ;gka ikjlh fFk;sVj ds i;kZ; cu x;s gSA :iksa vkSj jaxksa ds 'kkunkj izn'kZu izLrqr fd;k gSA gkykafd miHkks‰kokn dh laLœfr us tu ekul esa vyojr :i ls cgus okyh laxhr /kkjk us vyoj jkT; dh ?kkfV;ksa [ksrksa Lora=rk ds ckn ds o"kks± ds nkSjku ikajifjd uSfrd vkSj lkaLœfrd eqY;ksa vkSj xk°o ds ,oa xyh eqgYyksa dks ltho cuk, j[kk gSA vyoj jkT; esa laxhr dh /kkjk dks nks :iksa gLrf'kYiksa dks vufxur uqdlku igq°pk;k gSA dykRed vkSj mi;ksfxrkoknh xq.kksa ds esa izokfgr gqbZ gSA chp fojks/kkHkkl gekjs le; ds miHkksDrkoknh euksfoKku dk ifj.kke jgk gS] tks fd egkjktk t;flag us u`R; ,oa laxhr ds fy, cM+s&cM+s rhu dejs cuok;s cktkj laLœfr dks cuk, j[krk gSA bl dkj.k ge vius {ks= dh yksdfiz; laLœfr ftuesa vc jktdh; laxzgky; vofLFkr gSA muds le; laxhr dh vusd lHkk;sa jkT; vkSj iajijkvksa dh csgrj ckjhfd;ksa ds ckjs esa dkQh vKkuh gSaA blh mÌs'; dks /;ku esa dh vksj ls vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA ftuesa vusd fj;klrksa ds cM+s&cM+s dykdkj Hkkx j[k dj jktLFkku dh ikjEifjd gLrdykvksa dk v/;;u orZeku ifjizs{; esa vko';d ysrs FksA egkjktk t;flag }kjk 'kk;jksa dks Hkh njckj esa laj{k.k fn;k x;kA gSA 1943 esa vyoj esa ^yfyr dyk ifj"kn~* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA egkjktk rstflag  blds laj{kd FksA laxhr dh f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq mPpdksfV ds dykdkj v/ jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ ds lk{; ;kidksa dks laLFkk esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA MkW jkeizlkn 'kkL=h&ok;fyu] lksguyky xkaxkuh&rcyk o u`R;] vgen [kk°&rcyk] j?kqohj'kj.k&flrkj] dUgS;kyky MkW- txnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k ekjokM+h&flrkj bR;kfn laxhr ds {ks= esa n{k f'k{kd FksA xksiky vf/kdkjh dk uke /kzqoin ,oa /kEekj xk;u esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA iwoZ e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa tSu lwfj;ksa vkSj lk/kqvksa ds lrr~ iz;kl ds  QyLo:i tSu /keZ dk vR;f/kd izpkj&izlkj gqvkA c;kuk ls izkIr fo-l- 1100 ds ,d vfHkys[k esa tSu 'osrkEcj lwfj ekgs'oj dk mYys[k gsA fpŸkkSM+ ls izkIr fo-la- jktLFkku dk HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k 1207 ds ,d vfHkys[k esa fnxEcj lEiznk; ds izeq[k t;dhfrZ dk mYys[k gSa ;g ,oa ikjEifjd gLrdyk,° rF; vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ gS fd jktLFkku ds ujs'k vkSj inkf/kdkjh izeq[kr;k fgUnw FksA bl dky esa vusd xPNksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj bl {ks= ds vusd izeq[k uxjkfn tSu / vt; ;kno keZ ds egŸoiw.kZ dsUÊ cusA o"kkZokl ds volj ij bu dsUÊksa esa lHkkvksa vkSj xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu gksus yxkA tSu fo}ku gfjHkÊlwfj ds iz;klksa ls fpŸkkSM+ tSu /kEkZ ds eq[; jktLFkku ,d ,slk izns'k gS] tgk° Hkwxksy vkSj bfrgkl ,dkdkj gks x;k gS vkSj dsUÊ ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x;kA gfjHkÊlwfj us vusdkart; irkdk] /keZfcUnq izHk`fr ;g dguk vfr'k;ksf‰ u gksxk fd bl izns'k dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us u dsoy xzUFkksa dh jpuk dj muds ek/;e ls tSu flºkUrksa dks yksdfiz; cukus dk iz;kl ;gk° ds bfrgkl dks ,d fn'kk nh gS] vfirq ;gk° ds lkaLœfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fd;kA blds mijkUr fo-l- 835 esa m|;ksrulwfj us dqoy;ekyk vkSj flºgf"kZlwfj us ifjos'k dks fu;fU=r ,oa fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS vkSj u dsoy Hkkjr vfirq fo'o esa bldh fo-la- 962 esa mifefr Hkoiziap dFkk dh jpuk dhA ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 707 362 708 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 izfrgkj iz'kklu dkykUrxZr tSu /keZ dh izxfr gqbZA ukxHkÍ f}rh; dk tSu lk/kq ;{knso ls lEcU/k FkkA oRljkt ds 'kkludky esa vusd tSu mins'kdksa }kjk tSu /keZ dh izxfr ds fy, dke fd;k x;kA mlh le; vksfl;ka (tks/kiqj laHkkx) us egkohj Lokeh dk efUnj fufeZr gqvkA ukxHkV f}rh; ds dky esa cIiHkfÍ vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh tSu lwfj FksA mUgsa tSu lkfgR; esa ukxHkV f}rh; ds fe= vkSj vk/;kfRed xq: ds :i esa izfrf"B fd;k x;kA dDdqd ;|fi] czk„.k /kekZuq;k;h Fkk rFkkfi mlus jksfgldwi esa tSu efUnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj blds izcU/k dk mŸkjnkf;Ro xksf"Bdksa dks lkSaikA pkSyqD; 'kkldksa us Hkh tSu /keZ dks leqfpr laj{k.k iznku fd;kA jktLFkku dk ,d foLr`r Hkkx pkSyqD;ksa ds v/khu FkkA t;flag dk mŸkjkf/kdkjh dqekjiky izflº tSu vkpk;Z gsepUÊ lwfj ds izHkko esa tSu /keZ dk vR;Ur mRlkgh vuq;k;h cu x;k FkkA mlus tSu /keZ ds izlkj ds fy, vusd dne mBk;sA ^};kJ;egkdkO;* ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ikyh {ks= esa czk„.kksa dks ;K esa /kku dh vkgqfr ls lUrq"V gksuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj lk/kqvksa ds fy, vfXu izkIr djuk dfBu gks x;k FkkA mlds dky esa vusd tSu /keZ'kkL= Hk.Mkjksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj tSu izklknksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA fo-la- 1200 ds ,d vfHkys[k ls fofnr gS fd mlus tkykSj esa Hkh ,d tSu efUnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA foosP;dkyhu vfHkys[kksa eas fofHkÈk tSu xPNksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA blls tSu /keZ dh yksdfiz;rk dk |ksrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA vkcw ls izkjEHk gq, cM+xPN dk mYys[k fo-la- 1140 vkSj fo-la- 1215 ds vfHkys[kksa eas gqvk gSA cM+xPN dk izHkko fljksgh vkSj ekjokM+ {ks= esa Hkh FkkA ;|fi [kjrjxPN dk izkjEHk xqtjkr ls gqvk Fkk rFkkfi jktLFkku esa Hkh bl xPN ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k mYys[kuh; FkhA jktLFkku ds vfHkys[kksa esa lkjFk&iwf.kZeh;] mids'k] ukxiqfj;k] dke;d] fiIlsy bR;kfn xPNksa dk mYys[k gSA  ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 709 363 710 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Jodhpur Prof. S.P.Vyas, Asop ki Pole, Near Juni Mandi, Jodhpur Dr. S.S. Bais, C-217, Krishna Nagar, Pali Road,Jodhpur List of Members Prof. Vinita Parihar, B-16, Shatri Nagar, Jodhpur Dr. Mrs. Digvijay Bhatnagar, E 27, University Qtrs., Durga Nursury Road, Udaipur Dr. Mrs. Usha Purohit, Lecturer In History, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur Founder Members Mr. C.S. Sharma, Lecturer In History, Govt. College, Sheoganj Late Dr. A.L. Srivastva Late Shri N.R. Khadgawat Mr. Dinesh Rathi, Hariom Bhawan, Bada Bas, Mathania, Jodhpur Late Dr. S.P. Srivastva Late Dr. Dasharatha Sharma Mr. F.K. Kapil, Secretary, Jaya Kapil Poort Nyas, Pakon Ka Bas, Jodhpur Late Shri R.S. Kapur Late Shri N.N. Acharya Dr. Raju Ram, V & P Rarod, Via Asop, Jodhpur Shri L.P. Vaisya Late Prof. G.N. Sharma Mrs. Kamla Jain, 26, Sharda Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, Udaipur Late Dr. M.S. Jain Late Dr. R.P. Vyas Mrs. Pawan Maru, C/O Manish Agency, Kala Khet, Mandsore, Mandsore (M.P.) Late Rao Narayan Singh Of Masooda Mrs. Shashi Kala, C-71, Dharam Narayan Ka Hatha, Paota, Jodhpur Prof. G.S.L. Devra, B-9, Flat No. 403, Saumya Enclave, Dhurva Marg, Tilak Nagar, Patrons Jaipur Prof. V.K. Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur Shri G.C.Kanungo, Managing Director, Alcobex Ltd., Jodhpur Prof. Nilima Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur Shri S.R. Mehta, Mehta Vanaspati Products, Chittorgarh Dr. Usha Shah, Govt. College Pali, Pali-Marwar Shri Hemendra Singh, Banera, District Bhilwara Dr. Shobhagya Goyal, C/O Ram Goyal, Advocate, H.M. Mohalla, Ghaseti Bazar, Dr. S.S. Bhandawat, Bhandawat Foundation, Manak Chowk, Jodhpur Ajmer Dr. Nagendra Singh, Justice, International Court Of Justice, The Hague Dr.Hukum Chand Jain, 19,Basant Vihar Special, Kota United Books Traders, Ratanada, Jodhpur Prof. K.G. Sharma, Deptt. Of History, University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur Mrs. Tara Jain, W/O U.C. Jain, G-34, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur Life Members Dr. Seema Garg, Opp. 107, Vallabhbari, Kota The Bank Of Rajasthan(Ltd.), Jaipur Dr. Usha Vyas, 1 Gha Sabarmati Clny., Kota Principal, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Govt. P.G. College, Nimbahera Mrs. Nidhi Sharma, D-299, Ktps, Sakatpura, Kota Shri K.K. Purohit, Jodhpur Mrs. Seema Gupta, A-9, Gayatri Vihar, Police Line, Kota Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Natnagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau Dr. Karuna Joshi, 150, Pwd Quarter, New Colony, Dungarpur Professor Mananori Sato, Faculty Of Economics, Asia University, Tokyo-Iso-(Japan) Dr. Shankar Goyal, 41, Sardar Club Scheme, Jodhpur Professor D.C.Shukla,'Parijat'c-38,Krishna Nagar,Pali Road, Jodhpur Dr.Anila Purohit, 'Kamla Kunj', 5th D/76, Hudgo, J.N.Vyas Colony, Bikaner Shri Om Prakash Mohta House, 29-Srand Road, Calcutta Dr. Meghna Sharma Paliwal, Asst.Prof. Deptt. Of History, Maharaja Ganga Singh Shri Mullapudi Timmragugaru,Tanuka{Andhra Pradesh} University, Bikaner Shri Prasanna Mal Mohnot, 67, Mahaveer Nagar, Pali Dr. Neelam Sharma, Near Water Works, Old City, Kishangarh Shri C.P. Mathur, E-27, Chanakya Place (I), Pankha Rad, New Delhi-110059 Dr. Satish Kumar Trigunayat, B 48 A, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur Shri Sajjan Singh Ranawat,Udaipur Dr. Pushpa Dullar, 52- Arvind Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Basasthali Dr. V.K.Trivedi, 26, Shanti Nagar, Sirohi Ms. Urmila Parihar D/O Shri Mool Chand, Behind Adarsh Vidya Mandir, Sheoganj, Dr. Arvind Parihar, Dept.Of History, JNV University, Jodhpur Sirohi Dr. B.L.Upmanyu, Mahavir Colony, Housing Board Road, Beawar Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta, Lecturer In History, R-398, Padam Vilas, Bharatpur-321001 Dr. Girish Nath Mathur,1 Gh 41,Gayatri Nagar, Hiran Magri, Sector-5,Udaipur Dr. Sharda Sharma, E-47, Khaturia Colony, Bikaner Dr. Ishwar Singh Ranawat, Research Officer,Pratapsodh Pratisthan,Udaipur Dr. Meenakshi Sharma, Shri Ram Swaroop Bohra, 12- Inder Nagar, Sunderwas, Udaipur Dr. J.K.Ojha,Near Post Office, Kanore, Udaipur Ms Iti Mograkaran Singh Mogra, C/O Phool Chand Mehta, 382/B, Ashok Nagar, Dr. M.R.Choudhary,Dept.Of History,JNV University, Jodhpur Moksh Marg, Udaipur Dr. Manoramaupadhyaya, 128, Nehru Park, E Road, Sardarpura, Jodhpur Dr. Neelam Gaur, Near Govt. Hospital, Von Girls College, Hanumangarh Town Prof. Meena Gaur,19-Gokul Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, Udaipur Dr. Anita Kavdia, 202, Kutumb, 17-C, Madhuban, Udaipur Dr.Mohabat Singh Rathore, Research Office,Pratap Sodh Pratisthan, Udaipur Ms Pratibha, A-342, Chandvardai Nagar, Ajmer Dr. Mrs. Shashi Arora, B-9, Flat No. 403, Saumya Enclave, Dhurva Marg, Tilak Dr.(Mrs.) Nirmal Kashyap, House No. 30, Type III, MD university, Rohtak Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Sushila Shaktawat, 21 Ghati magri, Penariyon ki Madri, Holi Chowk, Udaipur Dr. N.K. Upadhayay, Lecturer In History, Govt. College Ajmer, Ajmer Avinash Parek, Savitri Villa, Kishan Hostel, Sardarsaher, Churu Dr. Pramila Singhvi, Pranjal, Sector 3, Hiran Margi, Udaipur Dr. Aashish Chouhan, Aashish Sadan, Godon Ka Chowk, Jodhpur Dr. S.C. Agarwal, E-108, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer Ms Shikha Choudhary Charan Singh Girls Hostel, Tilak Nagar, Bikaner Prof. S.K. Purohit, Behind Bannath Temple, Sukhanand ki Bagechi, Siwanchi Gate, Dr. Anju Suthar, 3/46, New Officer's Colony, Opp. Police Line, Barmer ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 711 364 712 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Mahendra Chudhary, Stadium Road, Nehru Nagar, Barmer Mrs. Bindu Tiwari, Deptt. Of History, SD Govt. College, Beawar G.S. Gupta, 4/267,Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017 Dr. D.P. Goswami, 131, Shastri Nagar, Beawar Road, Ajmer Dr. Dinesh Bhargava, R-399,Padam Villa, 1 G.P. Office, Bharatpur-321001 Mrs. Minakshi Deviratam, 2, Virendra Nagar, Near Mandore, Jodhpur Sowrabh Sharma, 8-Bapuji Marg, opp.State Motor Garge, 22-Gogam, Jaipur Dr. Ravindra Tailor, 79-B, Munot Nagar, Out Side Nehru Gate, Beawar Kailash Songara, 2 Sa 35, UIT Colony, Pratap Nagar, Jodhpur Virendra Sharma, 54-A, Jawahar Nagar, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road, Jaipur Om Prakash Bhati, D-137, Kirti Nagar, P.Mandore Mandi, Jodhpur Dr. Anita Surana, D-19-B, Meera Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur-302016 Dr. Aruna Soni, 'Aashirwad', Near Ladnun Bus Stand, Naya Bas, Sujangarh Dr. Anuradha Mathur, H-619, Shalimar, Tijara Road, Alwar Dr.Mukesh Harsha, Harsho ka Chowk, Bikaner Dr. Smita Mishra, 284- Arya Nagar, Scheme No.1, Alwar-301001 Dr. Mahendra Purohit, Joshiwada, Bikaner Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma, E-327, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar-301001 Dr. V.N. Singh, South Extn. Pawanpuri, Bikaner Dr. Satyendra Sharma, H-30, Shastri Nagar, Meerut City(U.P.) Rajshekhar Purohit,3/18, Mukta Prasad Nagar, Bikaner Mrs. Meera Ambesh, D-79, Hasan Khan Mewat Nagar, Alwar-301001 Dr. Jagdish Narayan Ojha, Barah Guward Ka Chowk, Nahtaniyo ki Saray Ke Pas, Dr. Tafique Hussain, E-26, Civil Line, Shriganganagar-355001 Bikaner Surendra D.Soni, Lecturer in History, C/o Prem Khandelwal, Advocate, Shiv Mandir, Mrs. Champa Agarwal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh Naya Bas, Churu 331001 Dr. Prabhat Swami, N.M.P.G. College, Hanumangarh Dr. Jyotsana Vyas, Plot no. 150, Patrakar Colony, NPH Road, Jodhpur Gyarsi Swami, Vill.Tedi via Jaswantgarh, T.Ladanun, Nagaur Dr. B.N.Benjamin, 934, Faith Cottage, 9th D Road, Sardarpura, Jodhpur Ms. Nayna Acharya, 72-Amarnath Bhawan, opp. M.G. Hospital, Jodhpur Yogwati Pareek, 2243-A, Sec-3, Faridabad-121004 Mrs. Sonal Purohit, C/o Sunil Bora, Near Tapi Baori, Nathawaton Ki Gali, Jodhpur Dr. Alpanas Dubhashe, III, Ganga Nagar, AB Road, Dewas (M.P.) Dr. Nidhi Srivastava, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh Rajesh Panwar, C/o Ambica cosmetics, Shop No. 271, Ganpati Plaza, KEM Road, Dr. Vikram Singh Gundoj, 160, Teacher's Colony, Chopasani, Jodhpur Bikaner Mrs. Santosh Vyas, Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh Sushil Kumar Moyal, Near Ramdeo Temple, Otside Jassusar Gate, Bikaner Ms. Asha Bhargava, Vice-Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh Gopal Krishna Vyas, Near Samta Bhawan, Chabili Ghati, Bikaner Dr. Anju Jain, w/o Jatan Kumar Jain, Mertawari, Nagaur Dr. K.R. Motsara, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal Nagar, Mrs. Darshana Joshi, Rai Bahadur Gali, Daga Chowk, Bikaner Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria Dr. Pradeep Singh Rathore, Govt. College Dhorimanna, Barmer Dr. Tamanna Singh, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal Nagar, Ms Rashami Meena, Asst. Prof.,Department of History, JNV University, Jodhpur Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria Nand Kishore Bhutra, Jaiselmerion ki Gali, Navchowkiya, Jodhpur Dr. Shilpa Mehta, R-4, AbhayBagh, Sardarpura, Udaipur Dr. T.V.Vyas, Nathawaton ki Bari, Near Nyon-ka-Bar, Navchowkiya, Jodhpur Dr. Ambika Dhaka, H.No. 67, Bajrang Niwas, Near Durgapura Ral. Station, Jaipur Dr. O.N. Singh, Purohiton ka Bas, Samdari Rly. Station,-344021 Rakesh Kumar Yadava, VPO- Sirohe, The. Khetri, Jhunjunu Sh. K.R. Choudhary, Kolari Mohalla, Navchokiya, Jodhpur Dr. Pranay Dev, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar Dr. Deepa Kaushik, D-5, Mota Campus, Pilani Road, Rajgarh, Churu Sunita Sawmi, Swami Mohalla, Inside Jasussar Gate, Bikaner Dr. Anil Purohit, 21/143, Chopasni Housing Board, Jodhpur Sharmila Swami, 6 B 04, JNV Colony, Bikaner Dr. Sadhna Meghwal, W/o Dr. B.R. Meghwal, IPS, JH-7, Bhaghat ki Kothi Extn. Dr. Suman Dhakha, 224, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Nagar, Near Rani Sati Nagar, 200 Feet Scheme, Jodhpur Byepass, Ajmer Road, Jaipur Dr. Sajjan Poswal, 97-A, Gali No. 3, Krishna Nagar, Bajrang Nagar, Kota Dr. Archana Kalra, 56, Pratap Nagar Colony, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road Jaipur Vijesh Gandhi, Foz-ka-Bada, Dungarpur-314001 Shri Harphool Singh, H.No. 67, Bajrang Vihar, Near Durgapura Rly. Station, Jaipur Ms Anuradha Srivastava, Govt. Girls College Pali, Pali Dr. Rahul Tripathi, 94/4, Agarwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur Rajni Sharma, C-211, Gautam Marg, Hanuman Nagar, Jaipur Meena Bhaskar, VPO- Ghassu via Khudi Badi, Sikar Dr. Pushpa Sharma, 1262/12, Near Durga Temple, Shastri Nagar, Krukhshetra Sukharam, C/o H.R. Choudhary, 23, Lavkus Nagar 1st , Tonk Fatak, Jaipur Dr. Ramji Lal Kohli, Aman Vihar, Behind Gas Godam, Dausa Dr. Kulwant Singh Shekhawat, A-17, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, Jaipur Dr. Sunita Mehta, C/o Rakesh Mehta, C-3, Sir Pratap Colony, 5-Batti Circle, Ratanada, Mahendra Jalwaniya, 23/29, Chopasani Housing Board, Jodhpur Jodhpur Dr. Vishnu Prasad Sharma, Plot no.4, Patel Nagar, Gopalpura Byepass, Jaipur Ms Nirmala Meena, 64, Prem Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur Dr. Vidhi Sharma, 7, Janakpuri II Exetension, Imli Fhatak, Jaipur Savita Choudhary Smt. Rekha Jorwal, ARG-40, Near Collector Residence, Alwar Reenu Meena, 85, Bhagwati Nagar 1st ,Kartarpura, Jaipur Dr. Rakhi Yadav, B-2/493, Chitrakoot Scheme, Jaipur Dr. Preeti Sharma, 4, Vivekanand Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali Jayantilal Khandelwal, 634 B, Brkat Nagar, Tonk Fhatak, Jaipur Dr. Sulekha Shekhawat, opp. Khuchaman College, 13 Venkatesh Nagar, Kuchaman Dr. Sangeeta Sharma, B-141, Kirti Nagar, Near Gopalpura Byepass, Jaipur City Dr. Anuradha Rathore, A-5, Shastri Nagar, Opp. SBI, Jaipur Dr. Neekee Chaturvedi, 3-Da-14, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur-302004 Rajesh Arya, Plot no.-147, Shripuram Colony, Gurjar ki Thadi, New Sanganer Road, Dr. Manju Gupta, 24/59, Swarn Path, Mansarowar, Jaipur Jaipur Dr.(Mrs.) Vibha Upadhayaya, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur-04 Dr. Alok Kumar Chaturvedi, 82/139, Near Giri Marg, Mansarovar, Jaipur ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 713 365 714 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Dr. Gyaneshwar Meena, Ganesh Colony, Udai Mode, Gangapur City, Swaimadhopur- Dr. Suresh Kumar Sandu, Govt. girls College, Ajmer 322201 Dr. Rajendra Singh, Deptt of History, IASE, Deemed to be Universtiy, Sardarsahar Rajeshwari Devi Rathore, HH's Flat No. 5, C Scheme, Tilak Marg, Jaipur Dr.Mahesh Kumar, 11/MB/488, Indira Gandhi Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur Mrs. Sarika Kaul,408, Ground Floor Lane No. 2 Raja Park, Jaipur - 302004 Dr. Someshwar Kumar Singh, 35-36, Zadin Nagar-B, Durga pura, Jaipur Dr. Ankan Garg, 41/6 Near Varun Parth, Mansarovar, Jaipur - 302020 Dr. Yashveer Singh,Near Satyam Dharam Kanta, Old Jhajjar Road, Charhi Dadri- Dr. Geeta Singh, 44, Vardhaman Nagar-B, 200 Feet Byepass, Ajmer Road, Jaipur 127306 Ms Twinkle Sharma, Lecturer History, Govt. Lohiya College, Dr. Kanchan Lawaniya, CAS, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Kalpana Sharma, 2 CH 14, Sector 5, Shanti Nagar, Hiran Magri, Udaipur Dr. Pankaj Gaur, 9 V I T Quarter, Pratap Nagar, Mayo Link Rooad, Ajmer Kamal Singh Kothari, Kothari Sadan, Chacha Nehru Marg, Behind The Fort, Churu- Mrs. Praveen Choudhary, 170, Krishna Mandir, 2nd Street, Bhagat ki Kothi, Jodhpur 331001 Dr. Sammer Vyas, C-15, Staff Quarter, VBRIPG College, Udaipur Dr. Tarun Pratap Yadav, 307, Pragati Nagar, Nagla Battu Road, Meerut Dr. Amrita Choudhary, E-205, Shiv Park, Amba Bari, Jaipur Members Dr. Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 18, Prem Nagar, C Block, Near Arihant Vatike, Roop Falak Nawaz Khan, RCA Hostel Near MBA Department, AMU, Aligarh Sagar Road, Udaipur Dayaram Meena, V/T/P-Panchayat Samiti Road, Patti Kalan Bamanwas, Rahul Pareek, Ward No.13, Cheta Kheri, Chhapar, Churu Sawaimadhopur Dr. Madan Lal Meena, Bagwala Kuwan, P.Hasampur, T.Neem-ka-Thana, Sikar Ravina Meena, Room No. 211, Sabarmati Hostel, JNU, Near Vasant Kunj, South Dr. Vineet Godhal, Agrasena Colony, Opp. BPRV Mandir, Near Power House, Delhi Delhi, Delhi-67 Darwaja, Kotputli, Jaipur Dr.C.P.Pareek, Head Department of History, SRKP Govt. PG College, Kishangarh Bhagwan Singh Sekhawat, 70-71 Shiv Shakti Nagar, Out Side Mahamandir 3rd Pole, Shankar Singh Potila, V & P Shari Ramwala, T. Chohtan, Barmer Paota, Jodhpur Rajendra Kumar Shah, 'Arunodaya', 35 Dadhich Nagar, Mahamandir, Jodhpur Bhawani Singh Rajpurohit, In Side Siwanchi Gate, Jodhpur Dr. Prabhawati Malav, 11/17, Swami Vivekanand Nagar, Kota Dr. Suresh Kumar Choudhary, A-4, Krishna Nagar, New Pali Road, Jodhpur Deepali Kumari, Moh.Mathuriya (Kamra), P.O.Bihar Sarif, Nalanda-833101 Bharat Deora, III /B, Sector-2, University Staff Colony, Residency Road, Jodhpur Ms Nisha, House No. 708, Tikri Kalan, New Delhi-110041 Lalit Kumar Panwar, III/F-19, Sector-2, University Staff Colony, Residency Road, Surya Prakash vyas, Rawton ka Bas, Bihari Lal Temple, Indside Sojti Gate, Jodhpur Jodhpur Virendra Singh Inda, 70, Sultan Nagar, BJS Colony, Jodhpur Dr. Peeyus Bhadviya, D-16, Adarsh Nagar, University Road, Udaipur Smt. Roshan Gehlot, Chaturawta, Chainpura, Magra Punjala, Mandore Dr. Harish Chandra, 311, Ashapurna Valley, Near New High Court, Pali Road, Jodhpur Ramesh Nagora, Subhash Ghat, Pipar City Dr.T.C.Bairawa, 22 Mahaveer Nagar II, Durgapura, Jaipur Dr. Anshu Tyagi, 515, Gangori Bazar, Jaipur Dr. Archna Dwivedi, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar Prof. Daljeet Singh, Punjabi university, Patiala Dr. Kalpana Malik, Sector - 4, Dwarka, New Delhi, New Delhi-110075 Dr. Jaspal Kaur Dhanju, Punjabi University, Patiala Shri Pankaj Chandak,Opp. Soni Building,Nehru Nagar, Barmer Dr.K.S. Dhanju, Punjabi University, Patiala Dr. Pooran Lal Meena,18-C, Pocket- B,Ashok Vihar II,Delhi-110052 Dr. Kulbeer Singh Badal, Punjabi University, Patiala Dr.Mamta Yadav,Plot No. A-58-59,Nandpuri Colony, 22 Godown,Hawa Sarak,Jaipur Dr. Shakuntala Vaish, D-246, Devi Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur Dr. Jagruti Upadhayaya,128, Madhukunj,Behind Nehrupark,Sardarpura E Road,Jodhpur Ajeet Singh Choudhary, 51, Mahaveer Extn. Colony, Kartarpura, Jaipur Shri Nitin Goyal,17-C Block, Near Muthagujari School,Rai Singh Nagar,Sriganganagar- Ravi, S K govt. girls College, Sikar 335051 Ashish Phogal, Govt. Arts College, Sikar Ms Kusum Rathore,76/II/I, Dak Bangalow Campaus,Sirohi Rahul Kumar Meena, V Narihalu, T. Kotputali, Jaipur Shri Achala Ram Choudhary,Vill & P. Luni Nadi Dudho,T. Dhorimanna, Disst. Barmer Manisha Verma, T- r 3 a, Rajastahn University Campus, Jaipur Dr.Manisha Parmar, 304 'A', Devnandan House, Near Nagar Palika Office, Chandkheda, Dr. Mohammad Farooq Chouhan, Jagmal Well Road, Inside Kasaiyon Ki Bari, Bikaner Ahmedabad-382424 Dr. Rajendra Kumar, 5-KH-18, Duplex Colony, Bikaner Shri Aidan Singh,310, Kesariya Ji Nagar, Falna-306116 Abdul Mohsin Sheikh, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Shilpi Gupta,702, ramanujan Niwas,Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali-304022 Mohd. Shahnawaz, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. N.S. Rao, Department of History, MGSU, Bikaner Syed Sumbul Arif, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Manjulata Parihar, 2A, Gayatri Nagar, Prabhat Niketan Street, Badgaon, Udaipur Dr. Sumeshtha, Project Fellow, ICHR, New Delhi Dr. Balberer Choudhary, 31-32, Vakil Colony, Paota 'C' Road, Behind RTO, Jodhpur Dr Jitendra Kumar Sharma, LBS Govt. PG College, Kotputali, Jaipur Dr. Sandeep Prajapat, D-188, Saraswati Nagar, Basni-I, Jodhpur Dr Mamta Purbia, 9 A, Shree Nagar, Gariyawas, Udaipur Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, VPP Bakara, Dostt. Jhunjhunun-333001 Dr Jaishree Rawal, 727, Bade Purohit Ji ki Haweli, Near Ganesh Ghati Sch. Udaipur Dr. Etee Bahadur, B-22, Dukadev Vihar, New Delhi-25 Ms Poonam, 64, Shiv Nagar II, Ramnagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur Dr. Hemendra Choudhary, 17-18, Madar Colony, Kalka Mata Road, Udaipur Harlal Singh, VPO Beri, The & Dist. Sikar Pramod Kumar, Village Bhagwan, Ward No. 1, T. Nohar, Hanumangarh Prof. Neelam Kausik, Udaipur Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Director JP&L, ICHR, 35 Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi Dr Kailash joshi, Udaipur ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 715 366 716 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Mahipal Yadav, VPO Shukhalawas, T. Kotputali, Jaipur-303105 Durga Dutt Sharma, Dr Kailash Chand Gujar, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur Reeta Raheja, Ms Priyanka, Plot No. 55, Shree Gopal Nagar, Gopal pura Bypass, Jaipur Dr. Gopiram Sharma, Dr..(Mrs.) Sumer, 7, Anjana Patel Nagar, Airforce, Jodhpur Dinesh Kumar, Dr. Virendra Singh Choudhary, AA-5, Jai Amseg Nagar, Jaipur Atme Ram, Dr. Suman Rathore, Govt. Girls College, Kherwada, Udaipur syed Shahid Arif, Satujaj Hostel, JNU, New Delhi Hemraj Chandel, Deptt. Of history, VMOU, Kota Ms Yusra Farooqui, H.No. 2880, Street Bulbule Khana, Kali Majjid, Delhi-110006 Vijay Kumar Yadav, V Bhojyara, P. Totuli, T. Chakshu, Jaipur Ms Shaheen, F-18, Flattukk Main Gate, Asaf Ali Road, Delhi-110006 Indra Kumar Meena, V Kandoli, T. Rajgarh, Alwar Prof. Yakub Ali Khan, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Vishal Katiya, C-14, Patel Nagar, Deori, Tonk Dr. Jibraiel, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Belkesh Kumari, C/o Shree Nath Book Depot, Nawal Garh Road, Sikar Prof. S. K. Bhanot, IB-25, JNV Colony, Bikaner Prabhat Kumar, B-148, Indira Nagar, Jhunjhunu Dr. Deva Ram, New Housing Board, Pali Bablee Ram Bairwa, Masuriya, Jodhpur Hans Raj, 15- Shastri Colony, Bansur, Alwar Naresh Kumar Patidar, VPO Chiri, T. Galiyakot Mansingh Meena, 5, Surya Nagar, Man Town, Sawaimadhopur Anil Kumar Dayma, 74, Kailashpuri, Jagatpura, Jaipur Vikash Choudhary, V & P Lalpura Pachar, Viyakalwari, Jaipur Ravindra Kumar, 74, Kailashpuri, Jagatpura, Jaipur Prof. M.K. Pundhir, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh Mahednra Kumar, VPO Gokulpura, Sikar Dr. Manu Jayas, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Ekta Vyas, B 3/23, Mahakaal Vanishya Kendra, Nanakheda, Ujjain Dhirendra Kumar, V & P Jarga Basari, Dholpur Bharat Arya, 508, Vinayak Vihar, Sikar Snehlata Sharma, Sanskar Bharti P G College, Bagru, Jaipur Ms Seema, 13 A , Matawali Gali, Dheerpur, Delhi Sudhir Sharma, Sanskar Bharti P G College, Bagru, Jaipur Manoj Kumar,13 A, Matawali Gali, Dheerpur, Delhi Dr. Fazila Shahnawaz, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh Ms Sunita, 41, Mohan Nagar, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur Khalid Ahmed, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh Sanjay Sain, Meera Marg, Kachari Road, Merta City Yograj Singh, 45, Lalghat, Jagdish Mandir, Udaipur Dr.Mahipal Singh, Dr. Rashmi Singh, 276, Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, Near MIG Colony, Indore Dr. Zafarullah Khan, Shekhawati Bhawan, 180 Feet Road, Udyog Nagar, Jhotwada, Diksha Singh, 6/17, Pandey Khedi Maxsi Road, Ujjain Jaipur Mahesh Kumar Kilaniya, S K College, Sikar Prince Kumar uttakal, Puratatva aur Sangrahalaya Vibhag, Jaipur Dr. Jalaluddin, S D Govt. College, Beawar Dr. Someshwar Kumar Singh, 35-36, Zadin Nagar-B, Durga pura, Jaipur Dr. Ramjilal Swami, Govt. College, Chimanpura Dr. Zahida Shabnam, C-257, Hans Marg, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Seema Verma, B-57, Jai Jawan Colony, Jaipur Dr. Dilip Kumar Garg, A-165, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur Dr. Indra Vishnoi, 25, Civil Lines, Bikaner Smt. Dipti Agarwal, A-165, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur Dr. Sunita Meena, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura Panchali Sharma, 2/480, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur Ekta Goswami, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura Gunjika Dubey, SR 48, Civil Lines,Man Town, Sawaimadhopur Mamta Tanwar, D-39, Bani Park, Jaipur Dr.Deepak Sharma, D-122, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur Sarita Bangh, C-204, Manu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur Ms Jasleen Sehgal, Student Fellow, National Museum, New Delhi Dr. Sarad Gaur, 185, Anand Nagar, Nankakheda, Indore Bhavya Sharma, Deptt of History, Kanodiya P G Mahavidyalaya, Jaipur Zakir Hussain, Govt. P G College, Tonk Dr. Daulat Singh Naruka, Maharishi Arvind University, Jaipur Pushkar Singh Bagariya, Govt. Girls College, Hod Ms Hemlata Minj, R S, Indeira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Prem Sonwal, Govt. College, Swaimadhopur Madya Pradesh Irshad Ahmed, Govt. College, Jhunjhunu Pratap Singh, Deptt of History, Rajasthan University, Jaipur Dr. P.D.Jangid, D 6/66, Chitrakut Yojna, Ajmer Road, Jaipur Dr. Vikram Singh Amrawat, M D Gram Sewa Mahavidyalaya, Gujrat Vidyapeeth, Kavita Choudhary, Govt. College, Jhunjhunu Sadra, Ahmedabad Shipra Sharma, Kanodiya P G College, Jaipur Dipti Mathur, A-3, Chitranjan Marg, C-Scheme, Jaipur Dr. A.P. Mahut, 66, Shree Vihar, Durgapura, Jaipur Dr. Parneet Jaggi, Shilpi Doodhwal, 23, Girwar Colony, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur Patel Ram Suthar Anjana Barhat, E-372, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer Vikram Singh Deol, Dr.Usha Lamlor, P-27, Gandhi Nagar, Patrakar Colony, Lalgarh, Bikaner Dr. Arvind Solania Bhawana Pareek, A-417, Vidhyut Nagar, Jaipur Chandra Pal Jandu, Dr.Jyotsana Srivastava, 1 F 34 A, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Rajednar Kumar, Poonam Yadav, Saraswati Hostel UOR, Jaipur Dr. Girish Kumar, Kalu Ram Meena, X-4020, Gali No. 16, Shanti Mohalla, Delhi Dr. Naveen Tewari, Pooja Patil, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 717 367 718 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Nikita Choudhary,Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Dr. Bhanwar Singh Bhati, Barmer Soniya Rawat, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Neelam Panwar, Deptt of History, New Campus, JNVU, Jodhpur Priyanka Choudhary, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Seema Meena, Deptt of History, New Campus, JNVU, Jodhpur Tripti Rathore, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Mrs. Dimple Prajapat, K-52, Balaji Colony, TV Tower Road, Jodhpur Namanjot Sodhi, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Neel Kamal Rathore, 231-B, Bhagat ki Kothi, Jodhpur Akshita Maheshwari, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Mrs. Nirmala Daiya, 6, Rajeev Nagar A, BJS, Jodhpur Presis Lotika Das, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer Dr. Lata Agrwal, Govt. College, Ajmer Chavi Saxena, Opp. ICICI Bank, Rani Sati Road, Chuna Chowk, Jhunjunu Jitendra Marothiya, Govt. College, Ajmer Rajshree Sethi, Govt. College Bhilwara Mukesh Yadav, 62 A Shanti Nagar, Jhotwara, Jaipur Dr Sudha Hetwal, A-2, Anand Deep Colony, Ujjain Ms Aarti Bhardwaj, 49, Raghu Vihar, Maharani Farm, Durgapura, Jaipur Rajesh Kumar Meena, V & P Nandari, T. Sichram, Dausa Dr. Sumit Daiya, Maharaja Mansingh Pustak Prakash, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur Rinku Jain, Near Govt. Senior Secondary School, Banasthali Dr. Suman Dhanaka, 91 A, Tareja block, Adarsh Nagar, Jaipur Ms Pratyusha Das Gupta, Shanta Nikunj Hostel, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali Dr. Pankaj Gupta, 111/211, Vijaypath, Mansarovar, Jaipur Poonam Kumari, E-Block, Narayan City, Kalwal Road, Jaipur Dr. Shakti Singh Shekhawat, 3, Lion Lane, Anjani Marg, Hanuman Nagar Extn. Sirsi Dr. Vikas Notiyal, 52/40, Mansarovar, Jaipur Road, Jaipur Dr. Chetna Mudgal, RDS Girls College, Rewadi, Haryana Dr. Tejsingh Mawai, H-1-A, Aanu Chaya Colony, Rawatbhata Dr. Girija Shankar Sharma, Alakh Sagar Kua, Bikaner Dr. Vijaysingh Mawai, Circuit House Road, Sawaimadhopur Yashwant Raj, 26 H, Vinoba Bhave Basti, Barkat Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Monika Garg, 11, Satpura, Kota Radha Kishan Meena, Govt. College Mahua Rajni Meena, Govt. College Rajgarh, Alwar Dharam Raj Meena, Room No. 20, Raman Hostel, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Dr. Vijay Khicher, Govt Engineering College, Bharatpur Dr. Jyoti Arun, 37, Patrakar Colony, Mansarovar, Jaipur Kantilal Ninama, MDS University, Ajmer Dr Anjana Srivastava, Govt. College, Sawaimadhopur Dr. pooja Choudhary, CAS, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr.Phool Singh Sahariya, E/195, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar Dr. Reena, Dronacharya Degree College, Kurukshetra, Haryana Dr. Nirmala Kumari Meena, L 7 B, University of Rajasthan Campur, Jaipur Dr.Mahaveer Gupta, 31/42/03, Varun Path, Mansarovar, Jaipur Vandana Agrawal, 13/51, Sector-1, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, Jaipur Dr. Mukesh Chand Sharma, -26 A, Jagatpura, Jaipur Jeegyasa Meena, L 4 C, University of Rajasthan Campur, Jaipur Dr. reetesh Jain, 91/120, Patel Marg, Jaipur Dr. Ritu Punia, 271, Mahaveer Nagar - I, Tonk Road, Jaipur Dr. rahis Khan, P.N. AA 20, Shastri Nagar, Jaipur Dr Shobha Singh, 5, Asha Vihar, Ajmer Road, Jaipur Dr. Shahid Ahmed, A-476, Sec. B, Jaipur Dr Asha Bagotiya, 32/46, HIG(RHB), Pratap Nagar, Snaganer, Jaipur Dr. Somesh Singh, 35-36, Jadon Nagar, Durgapura, Jaipur Dr Ashish Vyas, F 1, D-96, Maruti Tower, Sindhu Nagar, Murlipura, Jaipur Dr. Savita Goel, 14, Purohit Ji Ka Bagh, M I Road, Jaipur Dr Aruna Gogania, C-374, Mahesh Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Nidhi Jain, House No. 1341, Azayab Ghar Ka Rasta, Jaipur Ms Dolly Jain, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali Ajay Yadav, House No. 1198, Niwai Mahal Ka Rasta, Rambagh, Jaipur Om Pal Singh, Govt. College Salambher Muzammid Aayeed, Mohd. Wasim, V. Maluka, P. Uttawar, Dist. Palwal, Haryana-121103 Veerendra Singh, V & P Knenki Bugaj, The. Manwa, Dausa Ms Pratha Kalasua, Deptt of History, MLS University, Udaipur Dr. Rishikesh Gurjar, 41, Ganesh Nagar, Moti Dungari, Jaipur Ms Ruchi Solanki, Deptt of History, MLS University, Udaipur Suresh Kumar Meena, Department of History, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Ajay Mochi, Gogunda, Udaipur Rohan Mathur, 70/89, Patel Marg, Mansarovar, Jaipur Dr. Manoj Dadhich, Pecific University, Udaipur Mohib Kumar Meena, C V Raman Hostel, Room No. 30, UOR, Jaipur Binita Srivastava, Deptt of History, Delhi University, Delhi Dr. meenakshi Vijay, S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur Dr. Manisha Choudhary, Deptt of History, Delhi University, Delhi Neetu Singh, Dr.Babulal, Agrawal College, Jaipur Ekta, 94/4, Agrwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur Mukesh Kumar Sharma, Village Alisar, T. Chomu, Jaipur Shiv Prasad Kundariya, Plot No. 93 A, Barket Nagar, Tonk Fatak, Jaipur Sunil Dutt, Bhagwari Kalan, Behror, Alwar Dr. Anshul Sharma, D-2, Ganesh Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Govind Singh Solanki, VPO Jhilwara, T. Gadhbor, Rajsamand Dr. Rahul Kumar Dhabai, L-6-A, University Maharani College, Jaipur Dr. Kanehyalal Choudhary, Vill. Parmantpur, P. Gulabvari via Samod, Jaipur Dr. Tamegh Panwar, Teacher's Quarters, UOR, Jaipur Dr. Sandeep Kumar Pandey, Bhagwant University, Ajmer Sunita Fozdaar, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur Vijay Patel, 7 Aajna Patel Nagar, Jodhpur Swati Jain, Dr. Govind Puri, VPO Paota, T. Mahua, Dausa Dr. Rachana Mehta Rohitash Kumar, Govt. P G College Merta Mahesh Kumar Jakhar, Village Araniya, via Maharoli, Jaipur Dr. Aashutosh Pareek, Sanatam Dharam Govt. College, Beawar Dr. Radha Kishan, 55, barkat Nagar, tonk Fatak, Jaipur Saurabh Kumar Jain, C-22, Indrapuri, Lal Kothi, Jaipur Dr. Supriya Choudhary, ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 719 368 720 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288 Bhairu Shyam, A-12, Jai Ambe Nagar, Jaipur Dr. Sushil Kumar Bairwa, MDS University, Ajmer Dinesh Chand Sharma, 32, Mangal Vihar, Jaipur Dr. Aditi Sharma, B-176, Ram Nagar Extn. Hawa Sadak, Jaipur Dr. Suman Kanwar, 259, Jaswant Nagar, Khatipura, Jaipur Dr. Monika Gautam, 11, Sudama Nagar, Glass Factory, Jaipur Dr. Suman Yadav, L-5-A, University Quarters, UOR, Jaipur Dr. Veenu Pant, Central University Gangtok, Sikkim Dr. Auira P Lepcha, Central University Gangtok, Sikkim Deepika Yadav, B-2/421, Chitrakut, Jaipur Dr. Snajay Kumar, B-2/421, Chitrakut, Jaipur Dr. Manoj Sharma, Amity University, Jaipur Dr. Pooja Sirola, A-158, Mahesh Nagar, Jaipur OBITUARY Santosh Kumar Bhamu, E-170, katariya Colony, Ramnagar, Jaipur Dr. Anju Sharma Dr. Asha Kumari Singh, 111, ram Krishana Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali Dr. Padma Pandel, C-20, Staff Colony, JLN Marg, Jaipur We, the all members of Rajasthan Ankur Singh, Pariskar College of Global Exellence, Jaipur History Congress express our heartfelt Dr. Archana Tiwari, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur Dr. Rashmi chaTURVEDI, condolences and pay tribute to the eminent Dr. Rashmi Gurjar, L-6-A, University, Maharani College, Jaipur historians who are no more with us. The world Dr. Suman Rathore, Govt. Girls College, Kherwada, Udaipur Santosh Kumar, P-12, Mahima Nagar, Vihar of historian will be always highly indebted for Pushpa Yadav, Village Dantali Pahari, Post Hazipur, Alwar their contribution and will forever remember Parag Gupta, B-31, Bhagwat Bhawan, L N Puri, Jaipur Nishat Ahmed, 4/12, A G Colony, Bajaj Nagar, Jaipur their guidance. We express our grief for the Dr. Meena Kumari, 1522 A/13, 2nd Floor, Govindpuri Kalkaji, New Delhi Dr. Kanika Bhanot, F No G 2, Plot No. C-64, Satyam Housing, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur departed souls of: - Dr. Bela Bhanot, IR 25, JNV Colony, Bikaner Zeenat Jahan, 293, 3rd Floor, M Nagar, Delhi Prof. Satish Chandra Prof. R.P. Bahuguna, E-14, Greenwoods City, Sector-46, Gurgaon, Haryana Prof. Renu Bahuguna, E-14, Greenwoods City, Sector-46, Gurgaon, Haryana Prof. D.N. Asopa Dr. Suraj Bhan Bhardwaj, 948, Sector 31, Gurgaon Haryana Padma Meena, LBS Govt. College, Kotputli, Jaipur Ramlal Parihar, II D 85-86, JNV Colony, Bikaner Prof. (Mrs.) S. Bhattacharya Dr. Rashmi Upadhayaya, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Pankaj Gaur, 9 V I T Quarter, Pratap Nagar, Mayo Link Rooad, Ajmer Dr. Sunita Gupta, Govt. College Behror, Alwar Dr. Atul Yadav, Govt. P G College, Ambala Cante, Haryana Dr. Jagdish Prasad, D/20 A, Om Vihar, Sector III, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi All Members Dr. Sona Jain,LBS Govt P G College, Kotputali, Jaipur Krishna Yadav, D/20 A, Om Vihar, Sector III, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi Rajasthan History Congress Dr. Shyam Prasad sharma, Jaswanti Girls P G College, hanumangarh Prempal Yadav, Govt. College Behror Priyanka yadav, Govt College, Behror Prof. K L Mathur Ajeet Ram Chodhary, 6/A, Laxmi Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur Ritika Kumari Meena, Department of History, MLSU, Udaipur Jitendra Pathak, House No. 47, Shankar Vatika, Goliyavaas, Prithavi Nagar, Jaipur Banwari Lal Yadav, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur Ashok Kumar Yadav, Centre of Meusemology and coins