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Women Journalists in the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars: Case Studies of Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Larisa Reisner, 1917–1926

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Women Journalists in the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars: Case Studies of Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Larisa Reisner, 1917–1926 Women Journalists in the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars: Case Studies of Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Larisa Reisner, 1917–1926 Katherine McElvanney School of Languages, Linguistics and Film School of History Queen Mary University of London Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Statement of Originality I, Katherine McElvanney, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: Details of collaboration and publications: This research was funded through an Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Collaborative Doctoral Partnership between Queen Mary University of London and the British Library. My research has generated two publications, one current and one forthcoming. The first, entitled ‘Women Reporting the Russian Revolution and Civil War: The Frontline Journalism of Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Larisa Reisner’, was 2 published by the peer-reviewed journal Revolutionary Russia in late 2017.1 The second, on women and the early Soviet press, will form a chapter in the edited and peer- reviewed volume Women and Gender in Russia’s Great War and Revolution.2 1 Katherine McElvanney, ‘Women Reporting the Russian Revolution and Civil War: The Frontline Journalism of Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Larisa Reisner’, Revolutionary Russia, 30:2 (2017), pp. 228–246. 2 The volume, which is due for publication in 2020, is part of the series Russia’s Great War and Revolution (published by Slavica). 3 Abstract This thesis examines the work and experience of women journalists in the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars, 1917–1926. Adopting a comparative approach, it focuses on case studies of the Russian writer, journalist and liberal politician Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova-Williams (1869–1962) and the young Bolshevik writer Larisa Mikhailovna Reisner (1895–1926) in order to examine and compare how women from opposing sides of the revolutions and civil wars used the press to shape the outcome of these conflicts. While women in Russia had contributed to the press in a range of roles, including as editors and publishers, since at least the eighteenth century and had long used journalism as a tool for social and political change, the revolutions and civil wars presented new opportunities for women to use journalism as a form of activism and, in some cases, to combine it with military and/or policy-making roles. At a time when the task of describing and participating in war, or indeed journalism in general, was predominantly viewed as a male pursuit in the West, the work of these women was particularly ground-breaking and unique in the context of journalism and women’s history. However, despite their seemingly emancipated position and the vital roles they played during this period, many Russian women working in the press (as well as in other historically male wartime roles) were nevertheless viewed by their contemporaries along traditional gender lines. By examining how and why women became, or continued to be, involved in journalism during the revolutions and civil wars, the opportunities and challenges they experienced, and how they were perceived by their contemporaries, this study provides a fresh perspective on the relationship between gender, activism and journalism during this period of conflict. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... 7 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 9 Abbreviations and Notes ............................................................................................... 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 Historiographical Overview ........................................................................................ 15 Scholarship on Russian journalism during the October Revolution and civil wars 21 War and gender in Russia ....................................................................................... 28 Research Questions and Methodology ........................................................................ 32 Chronology and Scope ................................................................................................ 36 Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 38 Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams ..................................................................................... 39 Larisa Reisner .......................................................................................................... 46 Sources ........................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................... 55 Chapter One: Women and Journalism Before the October Revolution .................. 58 Entry into Journalism .................................................................................................. 59 The Illegal Press .......................................................................................................... 67 The Kadet Party Press ................................................................................................. 72 The Women’s Liberation Movement .......................................................................... 75 Networks, War and Revolution ................................................................................... 79 Chapter Two: Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams: From Liberalism to Anti-Bolshevism 82 Journalism as Resistance ............................................................................................. 85 Entering the International Press .................................................................................. 91 The Christian Science Monitor ................................................................................. 104 Working Methods ...................................................................................................... 115 The Russian Liberation Committee .......................................................................... 118 Return to Russia in 1919 ........................................................................................... 128 Reporting from the frontline ................................................................................. 136 Humanitarian Press Activities ................................................................................... 142 Beyond the Civil Wars .............................................................................................. 146 5 Chapter Three: Women and the Early Soviet Press, 1917–1926 ............................ 149 Women and the Party Press after the October Revolution ........................................ 152 Challenges and issues affecting women in the early Soviet press ........................ 155 Representation of Women in Journalism Organisations, 1918–1919 ....................... 161 The Moscow Union of Soviet Journalists ............................................................. 161 The First All-Russian Congress of Soviet Journalists ........................................... 166 Overview of Other Women Union and Congress Members ..................................... 174 The non-Bolshevik revolutionaries ....................................................................... 175 A new generation of women journalists ................................................................ 176 From writer to party journalist .............................................................................. 180 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 187 Chapter Four: Larisa Reisner: The First Soviet Woman Journalist? ................... 190 Entry into Bolshevik Journalism ............................................................................... 192 The Civil Wars .......................................................................................................... 197 Themes in Reisner’s frontline journalism ............................................................. 203 Reception of Reisner’s frontline role and journalism ........................................... 211 An Official Correspondent ........................................................................................ 217 Professional Criticism and Disputes,
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