INDEX: the Story of Israel
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OBITUARIES Picked up at a Comer in New York City
SUMMER 2004 - THE AVI NEWSLETTER OBITUARIES picked up at a comer in New York City. gev until his jeep was blown up on a land He was then taken to a camp in upper New mine and his injuries forced him to return York State for training. home one week before the final truce. He returned with a personal letter nom Lou After the training, he sailed to Harris to Teddy Kollek commending him Marseilles and was put into a DP camp on his service. and told to pretend to be mute-since he spoke no language other than English. Back in Brooklyn Al worked While there he helped equip the Italian several jobs until he decided to move to fishing boat that was to take them to Is- Texas in 1953. Before going there he took rael. They left in the dead of night from Le time for a vacation in Miami Beach. This Havre with 150 DPs and a small crew. The latter decision was to determine the rest of passengers were carried on shelves, just his life. It was in Miami Beach that he met as we many years later saw reproduced in his wife--to-be, Betty. After a whirlwind the Museum of Clandestine Immigration courtship they were married and decided in Haifa. Al was the cook. On the way out to raise their family in Miami. He went the boat hit something that caused a hole into the uniform rental business, eventu- Al Wank, in the ship which necessitated bailing wa- ally owning his own business, BonMark Israel Navy and Palmach ter the entire trip. -
Palestinian Forces
Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775 -3270 • Fax : 1 (202) 457 -8746 Email: [email protected] Palestinian Forces Palestinian Authority and Militant Forces Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies [email protected] Rough Working Draft: Revised February 9, 2006 Copyright, Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. May not be reproduced, referenced, quote d, or excerpted without the written permission of the author. Cordesman: Palestinian Forces 2/9/06 Page 2 ROUGH WORKING DRAFT: REVISED FEBRUARY 9, 2006 ................................ ................................ ............ 1 THE MILITARY FORCES OF PALESTINE ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 THE OSLO ACCORDS AND THE NEW ISRAELI -PALESTINIAN WAR ................................ ................................ .............. 3 THE DEATH OF ARAFAT AND THE VICTORY OF HAMAS : REDEFINING PALESTINIAN POLITICS AND THE ARAB - ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY FORC ES ................................ ................................ .......... 5 Palestinian Authority Forces During the Peace Process ................................ ................................ ..................... 6 The -
Palestine About the Author
PALESTINE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor Nur Masalha is a Palestinian historian and a member of the Centre for Palestine Studies, SOAS, University of London. He is also editor of the Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. His books include Expulsion of the Palestinians (1992); A Land Without a People (1997); The Politics of Denial (2003); The Bible and Zionism (Zed 2007) and The Pales- tine Nakba (Zed 2012). PALESTINE A FOUR THOUSAND YEAR HISTORY NUR MASALHA Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History was first published in 2018 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK. www.zedbooks.net Copyright © Nur Masalha 2018. The right of Nur Masalha to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro by seagulls.net Index by Nur Masalha Cover design © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑272‑7 hb ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑274‑1 pdf ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑275‑8 epub ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑276‑5 mobi CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1. The Philistines and Philistia as a distinct geo‑political entity: 55 Late Bronze Age to 500 BC 2. The conception of Palestine in Classical Antiquity and 71 during the Hellenistic Empires (500‒135 BC) 3. -
Arbel – National Park and Nature Reserve
Arbel Rules of Behavior National Park Use marked trails only. The trail to the scenic lookout is comfortable and accessible to and Nature Reserve all walkers. The other trails are for experienced hikers only and require use of hand-holds and cables installed at the site. The ‘red’ trail is recommended for descent to the fortress. The ‘black’ trail is recommended for ascent from the fortress. A recent trail map is recommended (Lower Galilee, the Valleys and the Gilboa). Do not go near the edge of the cliff. Beware of falling and rolling stones. On rainy days the trail is wet and slippery. Do not descend the cliff! Do not remain in or traverse the national park and nature reserve after dark. Rappelling and cliff-climbing is prohibited. Do not climb walls and ancient structures. Carry 3 liters of water per day per person. Do not depend on natural water sources for drinking. Wear walking shoes and a hat. Do not harm flora, fauna or inanimate objects. Keep the area clean. Do not bury or burn trash. Please take you trash out with you and dispose of it in a trash bin. Mount Nitay, view from a cave in the Arbel Cliff 8.10 9.10 Mount Nitay and the Arbel, looking southwest Text: Yaacov Shkolnik Editor: Dr. Tsvika Tsuk Translation: Miriam Feinberg Vamosh Photos: Ze’ev Margalit, Yuval Artman, Itamar Grinberg and Tsvika Tsuk Consultants: Eti Koriat-Aharon, Abraham Izdarechet and Assaf Dori ENGLISH Arbel – National Park and Nature Reserve, Tel: 04-6732904 www.parks.org.il Map: Shalom Kveller and Yuval Artman Production: Adi Greenbaum The Arbel Cliff, the Ginnosar Valley and the northwestern Sea of Galilee Flora and Fauna the Hasmonean period as one of the conquests of the Seleucid ruler where Irbid Ruins now stand during the Middle Ages. -
About the War of Independence
About the War of Independence Israel's War of Independence is the first war between the State of Israel and the neighboring Arab countries. It started on the eve of the establishment of the state (May 14, 1948) and continued until January 1949. The war broke out following the rejection of the United Nation's Partition Plan, Resolution 181 of the General Assembly (November 29, 1947), by the Arab states and the Arab Higher Committee. The representatives of the Arab states threatened to use force in order to prevent the implementation of the resolution. Stage 1: November 29, 1947 - March 31, 1948 Arab violence erupted the day after the ratification of Resolution 181. Shots were fired on a Jewish bus close to Lod airport, and a general strike declared by the Arab Higher Committee resulted in the setting fire and the plundering of the Jewish commercial district near the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem. There were still 100,000 British troops stationed in Palestine, which were much stronger than both Arab and Israeli forces. Nevertheless, the British policy was not to intervene in the warfare between the two sides, except in order to safeguard the security of British forces and facilities. During this period, Arab military activities consisted of sniping and the hurling of bombs at Jewish transportation along main traffic arteries to isolated Jewish neighborhoods in ethnically mixed cites and at distant settlements. The Hagana, the military arm of the organized Yishuv, (the Jewish community of Palestine) put precedence on defensive means at first, while being careful to restrict itself to acts of retaliation against perpetrators directly responsible for the attacks. -
1948 Arab‒Israeli
1948 Arab–Israeli War 1 1948 Arab–Israeli War מלחמת or מלחמת העצמאות :The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known to Israelis as the War of Independence (Hebrew ,מלחמת השחרור :, Milkhemet Ha'atzma'ut or Milkhemet HA'sikhror) or War of Liberation (Hebrewהשחרור Milkhemet Hashikhrur) – was the first in a series of wars fought between the State of Israel and its Arab neighbours in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine and the Israeli declaration of independence on 15 May 1948, following a period of civil war in 1947–1948. The fighting took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon.[1] ., al-Nakba) occurred amidst this warﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ :Much of what Arabs refer to as The Catastrophe (Arabic The war concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Background Following World War II, on May 14, 1948, the British Mandate of Palestine came to an end. The surrounding Arab nations were also emerging from colonial rule. Transjordan, under the Hashemite ruler Abdullah I, gained independence from Britain in 1946 and was called Jordan, but it remained under heavy British influence. Egypt, while nominally independent, signed the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 that included provisions by which Britain would maintain a garrison of troops on the Suez Canal. From 1945 on, Egypt attempted to renegotiate the terms of this treaty, which was viewed as a humiliating vestige of colonialism. Lebanon became an independent state in 1943, but French troops would not withdraw until 1946, the same year that Syria won its independence from France. -
Israeli Settler-Colonialism and Apartheid Over Palestine
Metula Majdal Shams Abil al-Qamh ! Neve Ativ Misgav Am Yuval Nimrod ! Al-Sanbariyya Kfar Gil'adi ZZ Ma'ayan Baruch ! MM Ein Qiniyye ! Dan Sanir Israeli Settler-Colonialism and Apartheid over Palestine Al-Sanbariyya DD Al-Manshiyya ! Dafna ! Mas'ada ! Al-Khisas Khan Al-Duwayr ¥ Huneen Al-Zuq Al-tahtani ! ! ! HaGoshrim Al Mansoura Margaliot Kiryat !Shmona al-Madahel G GLazGzaGza!G G G ! Al Khalsa Buq'ata Ethnic Cleansing and Population Transfer (1948 – present) G GBeGit GHil!GlelG Gal-'A!bisiyya Menara G G G G G G G Odem Qaytiyya Kfar Szold In order to establish exclusive Jewish-Israeli control, Israel has carried out a policy of population transfer. By fostering Jewish G G G!G SG dGe NG ehemia G AGl-NGa'iGmaG G G immigration and settlements, and forcibly displacing indigenous Palestinians, Israel has changed the demographic composition of the ¥ G G G G G G G !Al-Dawwara El-Rom G G G G G GAmG ir country. Today, 70% of Palestinians are refugees and internally displaced persons and approximately one half of the people are in exile G G GKfGar GB!lGumG G G G G G G SGalihiya abroad. None of them are allowed to return. L e b a n o n Shamir U N D ii s e n g a g e m e n tt O b s e rr v a tt ii o n F o rr c e s Al Buwayziyya! NeoG t MG oGrdGecGhaGi G ! G G G!G G G G Al-Hamra G GAl-GZawG iyGa G G ! Khiyam Al Walid Forcible transfer of Palestinians continues until today, mainly in the Southern District (Beersheba Region), the historical, coastal G G G G GAl-GMuGftskhara ! G G G G G G G Lehavot HaBashan Palestinian towns ("mixed towns") and in the occupied West Bank, in particular in the Israeli-prolaimed “greater Jerusalem”, the Jordan G G G G G G G Merom Golan Yiftah G G G G G G G Valley and the southern Hebron District. -
ED057706.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 057 706 rt. 002 042 AWTMOR Moskowitz, Solomon TITLP Hebrew for 'c,econlAty Schools. INSTTTUTIOW Wew York State Education Dept., Albany. Pureau of Secondary Curriculum !Development. IMB DAT!!! 71 wOTE 143n. EDRS PRICE XF-30.65 HC-$6.56 DESCRIPTOPS Articulation (Program); Audiolingual skills; Sasic Skills; Bibliographies; Cultural Education: Hebrew; Language Instruction; Language Laboratories; Language Learning Levels; Language Programs; Language skills; Lesson Plans; Manuscript Writing (Handlettering); Pattern Drills (Language); Secondary Schools; *Semitic Languages; *Teaching Guides ABSTRACT This teacher's handbook for Hebrew instruction in secondary Schools, designed for use in public schools, is patterned after New York state Education Department handbooks for French, seanieho and German* Sections include:(1) teaching the four skills, (2) speaking,(3) audiolingual experiences,(4) suggested content and topics for audioLingual experiences, (15) patterns for drill,(6) the toxtbook in audiolingual presentation, (7) language laboratories, (0) reading and writing,(9) culture,(10) articulation, (11) vocabulary, (12) structures for four- and six-year sequences,(13) the Hebrew alphabet,(14) model lessons-- grades 10 and 11, and (15) student evaluation. A glossary, bibliography, and appendix illustrating Hebrew calligraphy are included. (m) HEBREW For Secondary Schools U DISPANTNENT Of NIA1.11N. wsurang EDUCATION OfFICE OF EDUCATION HOS DOCUNFOCI HAS SUN ExACTLy As mom MIA SKINSOOUCED onsouganoft ottroutkvotoYH PERsON op vim o OeusNONS STATEDsT mon or wows Nipasturfr Offs Cut.00 NOT NECES lumps+ Poo/no% OR PoucvOFFICE OF f DU The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development/Albany/1971 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University (with years when terms expire) 1984 Joseph W. -
Gospel Trail Brochure
Tabgha promenade – Capernaum (3 k.m.) k.m.) (3 Capernaum – promenade Tabgha Iksal Mount Tabor Beit Keshet forest /Forester Camping (0.5 – 2.0 k.m.) 2.0 – (0.5 Camping /Forester forest Keshet Beit Principal Sites Along the Gospel Trail: Iksal is a Muslim Arab community located at the foot of Mount Precipice, A magnificent mountain, Mount Tabor towers 400 meters above its summit (300 m.) (300 summit on the northern edge of the K'sulot Valley. The contemporary Arabic surroundings. Its beauty inspired the Psalmist to exclaim enthusiastically: Mount Precipice / From the parking area to the mountain mountain the to area parking the From / Precipice Mount Arbel Cliffs name derives from the biblical Hebrew name "Ksulot Tabor" mentioned "You created the north and the south; Tabor and Hermon sing for joy at The astounding Arbel Cliffs, with their ancient caves and the Arbel Valley segments are marked on the map with the following symbol: following the with map the on marked are segments From Nazareth to the Sea of Galilee in the Book of Joshua (19:12). Architectural remains from the Roman and your name" [Psalms 89:12]. slung on high between the heights of Hattin and Mount Arbel itself, are adapted to the needs of disabled people in wheelchairs; these these wheelchairs; in people disabled of needs the to adapted Byzantine eras as well as those of a castle from the Crusader era have steeped in history. In Jesus' time, this was the main route from Nazareth The Gospel Trail includes a number of segments that are especially especially are that segments of number a includes Trail Gospel The been found in the village, attesting to the antiquity of its origins. -
Israel a History
Index Compiled by the author Aaron: objects, 294 near, 45; an accidental death near, Aaronsohn family: spies, 33 209; a villager from, killed by a suicide Aaronsohn, Aaron: 33-4, 37 bomb, 614 Aaronsohn, Sarah: 33 Abu Jihad: assassinated, 528 Abadiah (Gulf of Suez): and the Abu Nidal: heads a 'Liberation October War, 458 Movement', 503 Abandoned Areas Ordinance (948): Abu Rudeis (Sinai): bombed, 441; 256 evacuated by Israel, 468 Abasan (Arab village): attacked, 244 Abu Zaid, Raid: killed, 632 Abbas, Doa: killed by a Hizballah Academy of the Hebrew Language: rocket, 641 established, 299-300 Abbas Mahmoud: becomes Palestinian Accra (Ghana): 332 Prime Minister (2003), 627; launches Acre: 3,80, 126, 172, 199, 205, 266, 344, Road Map, 628; succeeds Arafat 345; rocket deaths in (2006), 641 (2004), 630; meets Sharon, 632; Acre Prison: executions in, 143, 148 challenges Hamas, 638, 639; outlaws Adam Institute: 604 Hamas armed Executive Force, 644; Adamit: founded, 331-2 dissolves Hamas-led government, 647; Adan, Major-General Avraham: and the meets repeatedly with Olmert, 647, October War, 437 648,649,653; at Annapolis, 654; to Adar, Zvi: teaches, 91 continue to meet Olmert, 655 Adas, Shafiq: hanged, 225 Abdul Hamid, Sultan (of Turkey): Herzl Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): Jewish contacts, 10; his sovereignty to receive emigrants gather in, 537 'absolute respect', 17; Herzl appeals Aden: 154, 260 to, 20 Adenauer, Konrad: and reparations from Abdul Huda, Tawfiq: negotiates, 253 Abdullah, Emir: 52,87, 149-50, 172, Germany, 279-80, 283-4; and German 178-80,230, -
TITLE Remembering the Palestinian
https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/ TITLE Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory. AUTHOR Masalha, Nur JOURNAL Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal DATE DEPOSITED 27 April 2012 This version available at https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/27/ COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Archive makes this work available, in accordance with publisher policies, for research purposes. VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. For citation purposes, please consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication. [HLS 7.2 (2008) 123–156] DOI: 10.3366/E147494750800019X REMEMBERING THE PALESTINIAN NAKBA: COMMEMORATION,ORAL HISTORY AND NARRATIVES OF MEMORY Dr Nur Masalha Reader in Religion and Politics and Director of the Centre for Religion and History and the Holy Land Research Project School of Theology, Philosophy and History St Mary’s University College Strawberry Hill Twickenham TW1 4SX, England [email protected] ABSTRACT This year Palestinians commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Nakba – the most traumatic catastrophe that ever befell them. The rupture of 1948 and the ‘ethnic cleansing’ of the Nakba are central to both the Palestinian society of today and Palestinian social history and collective identity. This article explores ways of remembering and commemorating the Nakba. It deals with the issue within the context of Palestinian oral history, ‘social history from below’, narratives of memory and the formation of collective identity. With the history, rights and needs of the Palestinian refugees being excluded from recent Middle East peacemaking efforts and with the failure of both the Israeli state and the international community to acknowledge the Nakba, ‘1948’ as an ‘ethnic cleansing’ continues to underpin the Palestine-Israel conflict. -
History: Re-Birth of a Nation
From Modest Beginnings to a Vibrant State History: Re-Birth of a Nation The birthplace of the Jewish people is the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael). There, a significant part of the nation’s long history was enacted, of which the first thousand years are recorded in the Bible; there, it’s cultural, Remember the days of old, religious, and national identity was formed; and there, its physical consider the years of many presence has been maintained through the centuries, even after the generations... majority was forced into exile. During the many years of dispersion, the (Deuteronomy 32:7) Jewish people never severed nor forgot its bond with the Land. With the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Jewish independence, lost 2,000 years earlier, was renewed. Israel The Jewish Homeland From Biblical Days Written by Professor Joshua Schwartz What makes a “homeland”? Is it the territory that binds an ethnic group together, a geographic entity possessing a long association with that ethnic group, perhaps its “country of origin” in which its national identity was born? This is how we usually think today of “Jewish homeland”: the term is often synonymous with “Jewish State,” “Homeland of the Jewish People,” “National Home for the Jewish People” and even State of Israel. These concepts, however, are modern and relate mostly to modern perceptions of national identity and geography. Perceptions change and, The story of Israel begins not in Israel but in Mesopotamia ABOVE: Jersualem’s thus, so, theoretically, might homelands. Thus, a Jewish “beyond the River” (Euphrates). God Himself, however, Old City contains Zachariah’s Tomb and homeland might be planned or established in Uganda, called us out to come to Canaan, the Land of Israel other ancient burials in Argentina, Birobidzhan, or a fictional one might be posited (Joshua 24:2-4).