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© MINISTRY OF TOURISM Israel and the . Land the and Israel ofPeople the between bond iron-clad the establishes and “ there wegot “how and we” “who are us tells that literature Jewish this exactly is it tradition, Jewish religious in or the in question this to answer the seek to today correct politically not is it While bill? the fit fiction and past of homelands Jewish purported these Jewish a do and homeland these make would what However, posited be Alaska. might in one even fictional a or Birobidzhan, , Uganda, in established or planned be might homeland Jewish a Thus, homelands. might theoretically, so, thus, and geography. identity and, change Perceptions national of perceptions modern to mostly relate and modern are People” and even ofState however,Theseconcepts, Israel. Jewish the for Home “National People,” “Homeland Jewish the of State,” “Jewish with synonymous often is term the homeland”: “Jewish of today think usually wehow is This born? was identity national its which in origin” of “country its perhaps group, ethnic that with association a group together, possessing long ethnic a entity geographic Is binds that an it a the territory “homeland”? makes What Schwartz Professor by Written Days HomelandThe Jewish From Biblical Israel earlier, renewed. years was 2,000 lost independence, Jewish 1948, in Israel of State the of establishment With the Land. the with bond its forgot nor severed never people Jewish was majority forced into exile. During the many years of the dispersion, the after even centuries, the through maintained been has presence physical its there, and formed; was identity national and religious, cultural, it’s there, Bible; the in recorded are years thousand first the There, a significantpart ofthe ’s long was history enacted, of which of The the Jewish birthplace people is the Yisrael). of Land (Eretz Israel Re-Birth of aNation History: of Abraham, “from the River of as far as the great 18-21).renewed great 15: God (Genesis the ” as the far river as Egypt of River the “from descendants Abraham, the of to possession everlasting an as promised (Genesis Israel 12:1-5). of Land,” the land “Promised became This Land the , was land this and you,” will show I which land the “to go to Abram instructed then 27-32).11:God (Genesis northern in Haran as far as family his took Terah Mesopotamia. Abraham), southern in (later son Urofin Terah, of Chaldeans the began Abram Patriarch the of saga the details: Israel of more Land provides Genesis the of Book The 24:2-4). (Joshua Canaan, to come to out us however, called Himself, God (Euphrates). River” the “beyond Thestory of notIsrael begins in Israel butin Mesopotamia consider the years of many years the consider Remember the days of old, of old, days the Remember (Deuteronomy 32:7)(Deuteronomy From Modest Modest From generations... generations... B eginnings to a a to eginnings background. the in seen be can of Mt. of cemetery Jewish Valley. The Kidron the in burials ancient other Tomb and Zachariah’s contains Old above: above: www.israntique.org.il Authority: Antiquities Israel R W ES EB Jersualem’s Jersualem’s O URC V Es ibrant State State ibrant :

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history ISRAEL parts of southern , the Golan and parts of of parts and Golan the Lebanon, southern of parts including north-northeast runs line the there From Acre. to north runs boundary the Ascalon) readings; (other Raphia modern-day From territory. of expanse great a contain they land”, “promised the of those than modest more are boundaries these While Shean. Beth modern-day of south Rehov, at inscription Sheviit inTosefta 4:11 (and and were in an ancient parallels) copied in full defined carefully are boundaries These . the for homeland” “halakhic the year, Sabbatical the of restrictions the or tithing as such regulations agricultural observe to required were which in areas those delineate to order in necessary are boundaries Halakhic period. messianic the for matter a were , the to promised boundaries extensive the i.e. boundaries, two latter from the period Similarly, messianic times. kingdom, Herodian or state Hasmonean period that or this the from times, of from Biblical sovereignty, whether Jewish boundaries historical in interest little had Rabbis The (halakhah). law into Rabbis the by translated were perceptions and reality Biblical of ” 5:5). (1 days the all Kings Beer-Sheba, to even from tree, fig his and vine his under man every safety, in lived Israel and “Judah and 14:2) Samuel (2 Beer-Sheba to Dan from ruled (47:15-20). effectively in and Joshua in (1:7, 11:24), Deuteronomy in mentioned are boundaries 31:1-3).(Deuteronomy south Other the in Zoar as far as , of Valley the in Plain the and , the Judah, Manasseh, Ephraim, Naphtali, of (future)lands the north, the in Dan as far as him showed he , the across Nebo Mount from Israel of Land the Moses showed God When time. to “homeland” time from changed facto de the thus and developments military or political of result a as changed often boundaries the although limited, more somewhat was afterwards the People ofwhich Israel in entity geographic resided actual the extensive, during were quite land Biblical “promised” the times of and borders the while However, forefathers. Biblical by our to the with coincides or trodden territory legitimate or proper their and nation a constitute Jews and Moses (Exodus 6:4). isThethe that basicperception (Genesis with pact 26:3),this (Genesis 28:13) AT 60 Many would answer: “timing is everything”. everything”. is “timing answer: would Many no. a blanket Few would respond with homeland? Jewish the of Israel, Land the in to settle not. Are Jews obligated Some have imperatives. done so; practical many more have into translated be should aspirations when and how to as agreement not is there but People, Jewish the for be may Israel today.Theuntil tension continues “Homeland” the homeland. for messianic the and wait to view, their in Better, with. begin to exiled been had Jews the which for punishment” “Divine the violated homeland” “Jewish the to return precipitous a that claimed even some and ” “make to need the about enthusiastic less sometimes were problems, internal own their of face the in often Rabbis, Diaspora circumstances. special under except of spite in leave, to and transgression a became It difficulties. difficulties these of face the in even Israel, in living and in remaining of importance religious the emphasized Israel in law, Rabbinic challenges. religious times, at and, economic political, of face the in homeland people ancestral their on hold their Jewish the maintain to of struggle the represents afterwards The of history the Jews in Israel and from times Roman Temple. and land to rebuild BCE) when (536 some to of to Israel returned those Babylonia exiled of Israel of Restoration the of period boundaries the the during be to perceived mistakenly to its point of origin. Ironically, this is what the Rabbis westward returning Sea, Dead the of south the to way the the eastern all Transjordan, especially ◆

neighbors” (I Kings, 4:24). Kings, (I neighbors” atwas peace allwith his he Gaza; to Tiphsah from River Euphrates the of all west the kingdoms Solomon “ruled over power.and military political of peak the to it brought and kingdom David his enlarged BCE. him until ruled 928 after Solomon son his and BCE; from BCE to 990 968 King David ruled Israel BCE. 1077 -997 and Solomon: ofKingdoms David Ramat-Gan, Israel. Ramat-Gan, University, Bar-Ilan Studies, for Center Rennert Ingeborg Director, and Studies Jewish Basic for Center Schulman Director Israel, Ancient of Historical-Geography of Professor is Schwartz Joshua S Joshua below: below: www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/ Bar-Ilan University: for Jerusalem Studies, Center Rennert Ingeborg chwartz chwartz Maps of Maps the

© KORET PRODUCTIONS, COURTESY OF ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Guardians_BostonHannah.pdf 5/28/08 5:05:55 PM GUARDIANSGUARDIANS OFOF ISRAELISRAEL Throughout Israel’s history, has served her people as the mandated ambulance and emergency medical first response service, providing disaster relief and blood services. MDA is “behind every headline,” always vigilant, responding to every call and dispatching its fleet of more than 700 emergency vehicles to care for hundreds of thousands of patients every year. On this, Israel’s 60th anniversary, American Friends of Magen David Adom also C marks our 68th year of supporting the heroic men and women of Magen David Adom. M For 78 years, MDA has been there for Israel’s people, in good times and bad, 24 hours a Y day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. CM With your support, American Friends of Magen David Adom builds and renovates MY MDA Stations and contributes urgently needed vehicles, paramedic training,

CY communications equipment, medications and medical equipment, as well as flak jackets, helmets and security for our facilities. CMY

K Yesterday, today and tomorrow, American Friends of Magen David Adom is there to “Save Lives in Israel.”

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successor and son, King Solomon, built the First Temple eli hertz Jerusalem there, according to the Bible, as a holy place to worship the Eli Hertz, a recognized Almighty. Unfortunately, history would not be kind to the ’s Capital Throughout History pioneer in the Jewish people. Four hundred ten years after King Solomon personal computer Written by Eli Hertz completed construction of Jerusalem, the Babylonians industry, was the (early ancestors to today’s Iraqis) seized and destroyed Founder, CEO and Jerusalem and the Jewish people are so intertwined that the city, forcing the Jews into exile. Fifty years later, the President of Hertz telling the history of one is telling the history of the other. Jews, or as they were called, were permitted to Technology Group. For more than 3,000 years, Jerusalem has played a central return after Persia (present-day Iran) conquered Babylon. Hertz has been role in the history of the Jews, culturally, politically, and The Jews’ first order of business was to reclaim Jerusalem cited in the United State Congressional spiritually, a role first documented in the Scriptures. All as their capital and rebuild the Holy Temple, recorded in Record by many through the 2,000 years of the Diaspora, Jews have called history as the Second Temple. Representatives. He Jerusalem their ancestral home. This sharply contrasts the is also the publisher relationship between Jerusalem and the new Islamists who Jerusalem was more than the Jewish kingdom’s political and sponsor of books artificially inflate ’s links to Jerusalem. capital. It was a spiritual beacon. During the First and and articles regarding Second Temple periods, Jews throughout the kingdom Israel and the Arab- The Arab rulers who controlled Jerusalem through the would travel to Jerusalem three times yearly for the conflict. A 1950s and 1960s demonstrated no religious tolerance of the Jewish holy days of , , new volume on the in a city that gave birth and , until the Arab-Israeli Conflict: to two major Western “Pray for the peace of destroyed Negotiating Over religions. That changed Jerusalem; they that love the Second Temple in Quicksand – A Realistic after the Six-Day War in 70 CE and ended Jewish Look at the Arab-Israeli Conflict, is scheduled 1967, when Israel regained thee shall prosper...” sovereignty over Jerusalem for release shortly. control of the whole city. Psalm 122:6 for the next 2,000 years. Symbolically, one of Despite that fate, Jews never Israel’s first steps was to officially recognize and respect relinquished their bond to Jerusalem or, for that matter, all religious interests in Jerusalem. But the war for control to Eretz Yisrael, the Land of Israel. of Jerusalem and its religious sites is not over. No matter where Jews lived throughout the world for Palestinian terrorism has targeted Jerusalem particularly those two millennia, their thoughts and prayers were in an attempt to regain control of the city from Israel. directed toward Jerusalem. Even today, whether in Israel, The result is that they have turned Jerusalem, literally the the or anywhere else, Jewish ritual practice, left: The tomb of King City of Peace, into a bloody battleground and have thus holiday celebration and lifecycle events include recognition David is now located on forfeited their claim to share in the city’s destiny. of Jerusalem as a core element of the Jewish experience. in Jerusalem.

opposite page: Jerusalem’s Jewish Link: Historic, Religious, Political Jerusalem, wrote historian Sir Martin Gilbert, is not a left: Present day Jerusalem at night. It ‘mere’ city. “It holds the central spiritual and physical place is the Capital of Israel in the history of the Jews as a people.” and the holy city for the three monotheistic religions: , For more than 3,000 years, the Jewish people have looked to Jerusalem as their spiritual, political, and historical and Islam. capital, even when they did not physically rule over the right: Jewish Quarter city. Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has served, in the of and still serves, as the political capital of only one nation Jerusalem. Tourists – the one belonging to the Jews. Its prominence in Jewish stroll through Hurva Square near the Hurva history began in 1004 BCE, when King David declared Synagogue before ISRAEL MINISTRY OF TOURISM

history the city the capital of the first Jewish kingdom. David’s reconstruction. ©

18 From Modest Beginnings to a Vibrant State

Consider the Following: JERUSALEM’S POPULATION • Jews in prayer always turn toward Jerusalem. • Arks (the chests) that hold scrolls Year Jews Christians Total in throughout the world face Jerusalem. 1844 7,120 5,000 3,390 15,510 • Jews end Passover Seders each year with the words: “Next year in Jerusalem”; the same words are pronounced at the 1876 12,000 7,560 5,470 25,030 end of , the most solemn day of the Jewish year. 1896 28 ,112 8,560 8,748 45,420 • A three-week moratorium on weddings in the summer recalls the breaching of the walls of Jerusalem by the 1922 33,971 13,411 4,699 52,081 Babylonian army in 586 BCE. That period culminates 1931 51,222 19,894 19,335 90,451 in a special day of mourning – Tisha B’Av (the 9th day of the Hebrew month Av) – commemorating the 1948 100,000 40,000 25,000 165,000 destruction of both the First and Second Temples. • Jewish wedding ceremonies – joyous occasions, are 1967 195,700 54,963 12,646 263,309 marked by sorrow over the loss of Jerusalem. The groom 1987 340,000 121,000 14,000 475,000 recites a biblical verse from the Babylonian Exile: “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her 1990 378,200 131,800 14,400 524,000 cunning,”4 and breaks a glass in commemoration of the 2005 582,700 240,900 15,700 839,300 destruction of the Temples.

Even body language, often said to volumes about Even when others controlled Jerusalem, Jews maintained Editor’s Note: Myths a person, reflects the importance of Jerusalem to Jews a physical presence in the city, despite being persecuted and Facts, Inc. is devoted to research as a people and, arguably, the lower priority the city and impoverished. Before the advent of modern and publication of holds for Muslims: in the 1880s, Jews were moved by a form of religious information regarding Zionism to live in the , settling particularly U.S. interests in the world and particularly in • When Jews pray they face Jerusalem; in in four holy : , , , and most the . Point of Jerusalem pray facing the . importantly – Jerusalem. ◆ clarification: This Web • When Muslims pray, they face ; in site is not related to Jerusalem Muslims pray with their backs to the city. the publication “Myths ISRAEL MINISTRY OF TOURISM and Facts” referred to • Even at burial, a Muslim face, is turned toward Mecca. after the following chart, which is a separate Finally, consider the number of times ‘Jerusalem’ is and independent hard copy and web-based mentioned in the two religions’ holy books: publication written by Dr. Mitchell Bard as part VOJTECH/SHUTTERSTOCK; © • The Old Testament mentions ‘Jerusalem’ 349 times. of the site. Zion, another name for ‘Jerusalem,’ is mentioned 108 times. • The Quran never mentions Jerusalem – not even once.

WEB

RESOURCEs: re - The complete a nation of birth version of this article (including footnotes) can be found at: www.mythsandfacts. com/Conflict/3/ Jerusalem.pdf DR. MITCHELL BARD, COURTESY OF MYTHS & FACTS ONLINE, 2008; © ©

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history ISRAEL A the center and written “Again will I build thee, and thou thou and thee, build I “Againwill written and center the In 1925, a at with the symbol was city designed lighthouse by 1925. to 34,000 1920 in 2,000 from TelAvivof population the TelAviv,increasing for In murdered. the ofwake many Jews violence, Jaffa this left That year, Jaffa’sArabs rioted in theand city 47Jews were pace. startling a at developed 1921,city in the Beginning return. Aviv Tel war. the of after continued city on the Progress residents the did began Mandate British the 1917 and in land the conquered Britain Great when Only residents. Jewish Jaffa’s with together residents its expelled temporarily authorities Turkish the as curtailed only 140 houses and during the war its development was WorldWar, had TelFirst Aviv the of outbreak the At Israel. Erez in modern city Jewish first the for name the inspired thus and spring), meaning aviv and ruins, of hill a Tel-Aviv title meaning (tel symbolic the under Hebrew into (“Old-NewLand”) Altneuland Zionist novelNachum Sokolov,Herzl’s translated Zionist Aviv.Tel called was neighborhood new The continued. center urban this of weso don’tso, growth And on others.” have to depend need and trade a industry Hebrew to city villages centralize villages, and settlements Jewish needs city the as “just that intheir defense Theclaimed residents neighborhood work, nor communality. on agricultural neither of based neighborhood an bourgeois urban establishment the to objected They pioneers. agriculturally-inspired these by condemnation even and criticism with met was neighborhood urban new a of construction the imagine, can one As kibbutzim. of establishment the by mainly and pioneers by country the in established settlements by the agricultural famous made Aliyah-- Second Israel’s called is what into led development early of period This T 60 along the southern and eastern borders of the city. They They city. the of borders eastern and southern the along and Jews between 1947, In brokeagain out battles residents. 100,000 more than numbering country the in city Jewish only the was Aviv Tel Israel, of State the of establishment the With base. their as city the used movements underground the and city, the in established was industry arms underground the immigrants, illegal carrying ships many for landing the was city The 1940s. the in authorities Mandate the against battle the and to Israel immigration illegal of period the during part Telcrucial a Aviv played was it port to shore. by boat people and Jaffa goods the to bring the necessary like and anchor couldn’t Ships modernity: impetus an as of lack and size spite of in small its development city’s to the served It 1938. in built was Jaffa of port independent local a rioting, Arab 1936–39 the of wake the In center. services cultural and economic public, settlement’s the also Jewish was city and Theworkshops. industry light for as well as marketing, and trade, produce, agricultural for center the country, the in city largest the become had Tel1936,Aviv By years. Tel Aviv’s early in life cultural to andThesignificantly contributed casino life. theater movie night city’s the strengthen to established seashore the on café a rather was but gambling, for not was “casino” The Tel Aviv hosted the andfirst movietheater in “casino” Israel. its develop to character. vivant –bon bourgeois began city the that period this during was It city. of the ofTel to development vast Aviv and immigrants influx an saw , in power to rose Nazis the Aliyah (1924 and Fifth -1939),The Fourth which during merry.” make that of them dances thou be and adorned thy with go shalt in tablets, forth the and thee, ofthou shalt be shalt O built, Israel; again virgin “Again I be from shalt passage: the built” build will Biblical can be found in the city. the in found be can population entire Israel’s of day, 20% given any On 400,000. under just of apopulation Tel has Aviv bottom: top: in the evening. the in shore Mediterranean the and hotels on on hotels and Park Present-day Present-day

© ISRAEL MINISTRY OF TOURISM; © LOPATINSKY VLADISLAV/SHUTTERSTOCK From Modest Beginnings to a Vibrant State

ended close to the declaration of the State of Israel with Tel Aviv is the country’s cultural capital and a center of the conquering of Jaffa by the and Etzel forces. music, theater and the arts. Most of Israel’s major centers In 1998, Ron Huldai Most of Jaffa’s Arab citizens fled. for the performing arts are there, including five out of the was voted the ninth country’s nine large theaters. elected Mayor of Tel Not only was May 14, 1948 a date to remember for Aviv-Jaffa, the first all of Israel, but on this day of independence, the The city houses the country’s leading educational institutions, city, declaration was made in the old Tel Aviv museum and through its modern and centralized transportation, founded in 1909. He on Rothschild , which was originally the allows for easy access to the city from all of Israel. was reelected for his private home of Mayor Dizingoff, and today is the second consecutive Independence Hall museum. Tel Aviv’s beaches, hotels, cafes, upscale shopping and five year term in 2003 and is running for re- secular lifestyle have made it a recognized international election in 2008 (the At the same time, Jerusalem was under siege and cut popular tourist destination. It also allows for a diverse number of terms for off from the rest of the country. As a result, Tel Aviv composition of residents, young and old, religious and mayor are unlimited). served as the capital of the State where the government secular, students and business figures – the city has He served since 1965 offices sat and the first meetings took place in something for everyone. as a combat pilot and the old Opera House on Herbert Samuel Street. Only was recognized as a at the end of 1949 was Jerusalem declared the capital of In 2003, UNESCO declared Tel Aviv the “” - a legendary combat pilot Israel and the country’s government institutions moved world heritage site. The White City is the nickname for during the Six-Day and from Tel Aviv. the historic urban fabric of Tel Aviv. Many of the city’s Yom Kippur Wars. He structures were built in the international style characterized retired from the Israeli A number of Arab villages adjacent to the city were by its most prominent feature – the color white. Air Force after twenty- abandoned during the War of Independence in 1948. six years with the rank of Brigadier General. A short time later the buildings and areas were annexed The White City is an urban fabric unique in the world and Huldai’s vision for to Tel Aviv. In , after the war, Jaffa was therefore possesses great historical importance. World Tel Aviv is to further united with Tel Aviv and became part of the city recognition of this importance is a result of the city’s more solidify the city as the municipality. Today 20,000 Israeli Arabs live in Jaffa. than 4,000 buildings that were built in the modernistic, epicenter of pluralism Most are descendents of the Arabs who remained in the eclectic and styles. and liberalism, higher city in spite of the war. In the initial years of the country education, commerce, Jaffa absorbed many new immigrants and today most of Today, we celebrate 60 years since the establishment of entertainment, tourism, the city’s residents are Jewish. The building in Tel Aviv the state of Israel. Next year, Tel Aviv will mark 100 scientific achievement, had spread in all directions until a common border with years since her birth. Tel Aviv has played a crucial role quality of life and the neighboring cities was formed. in the evolution of our homeland, from the place of the focal point of Israeli announcement of our independence to the central role art and culture. Since the establishment of the State of Israel 60 years ago, she plays in economic, political and social life today. We Mayor Ron Huldai serves as international both the city of Tel Aviv and the country have grown in stand on the threshold of a very significant milestone chairman of the directions no one thought possible back then. in our history ... 100 years to Tel Aviv, 100 years to the Tel Aviv Foundation. fulfillment of the Zionist vision. Today Tel Aviv’s residents number just under 400,000, yet on any given day, 20 percent of Israel’s entire population As I reflect over our successes and even our failures, I am r can be found in the city. proud to have played a role in this journey of the Jewish e- people and am proud of all my fellow Jews around the world o birth Tel Aviv is Israel’s economic hub, home of the Tel Aviv who have done the same. My vision and heart belong to a WEB and many corporate offices and research better Israel, to continued growth and prosperity through RESOURCEs: f a n and development centers. Economic activities in the our collective efforts. Tel Aviv-Yafo city account for 15 percent of national employment. Home Page: Furthermore, 40 percent of national employment in I truly believe that if Herzl were to see his city of Tel Aviv www.tel-aviv.gov.il/ ati finance and 25 percent of national employment in business within the of Israel, he would certainly agree english/ on services is in Tel Aviv. that his dream has become reality. ◆

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history ISRAEL are a people -one people.” apeople are We ... idea. slumbering the have awakened outcries these and Jews, the against outcries with resounds world “The State. Jewish of the restoration the old it one: is “The idea which Ihave isin developed this pamphlet a very potency. of marvelous force a with people our attract would of name ever-memorableour The home. is very historic “Palestine we haveas gone through. and sufferings such struggles has survived nation on earth No us. “Oppression exterminate cannot and persecution writings: his from learned be can vision and 1897. insights in Herzl’s Switzerland, Basel, in Congress Zionist first the assembled he end, Tothis Palestine. in Home National Jewish a establishing of goal the with world, felt to movement Herzl compelled a create political the around of anti-Semitism spread the witnessing After Ze’evBenjamin Herzl (Theodor) Zionism: The Founding of Modern I. Home: National Jewish of the Creation to the Leading History Modern in Events Significant Most The Two country.” that home in national their reconstituting for grounds the to and Palestine with people Jewish the of connection to given the been historical has recognition “Whereas 1922: 24, July on declared unanimously - of League entire the - countries member one Fifty- law. international in unaltered entitlement an Sea, Mediterranean the and River Jordan the between Palestine, in western anywhere to right settle legal Jewish the down laid document, Nations of League historic an for Thethere. “Mandate was Palestine,” established being people Jewish the for home national future a that heard the world homes their left and moved they to because Palestine throughout Jews of thousands 1947, and 1917 Between Hertz Eli by Written Rights of Jewish The Legal Aspects Palestine for Mandate A T 60 it should know that it is in Palestine as of of as sufferance.” on not and right Palestine in is it that that know should essential it is it capacities, its display people to Jewish the for opportunity full a provide and development free of best prospect the have should community this that order in But and apride. and interest an race, religion of grounds on take, may whole a as people Jewish the which in a centre become may it that order in the of world, parts other in Jews of the assistance with community, Jewish existing of the development further the but whole, a as Palestine of inhabitants the upon nationality Jewish a of imposition the not is it that answered be may it Home Palestine, in National Jewish the of development by the meant is what asked is it “When N Pal “In o t on S on esti uffer n e a - Winston Churchill, 1922 Churchill, - Winston an s o ce f R ... ” ... i g and and ht to the Jewish Home National Jewish the to b t boundary between the two mandates. two the between boundary the delineating agreement Franco-British a under of Mandate French the to Palestine Mandatory from Heights Golan the transferred Britain Great 1923, In homeland. Jewish designated the of part as included therefore and Mandate British the of part still was Heights 1922, In Golan the Note: Editor’s Home National Jewish the to o o www.mythsandfacts.com visit please maps with To article complete see RES WEB tt p : 1920, original territory assigned assigned territory original 1920, o m : 1922, final territory assigned assigned territory final 1922, O e page 18. page bio in Jerusalem article, Please see previous ab Polish immigrant. Polish a for Mandate British the during issued Palestine, URCE l ove i hertz : A permit to enter enter to Apermit s :

© MYTHS & FACTS ONLINE, 2008; PINN HANS, © GPO-ISRAEL NATIONAL PHOTO COLLECTION © GPO-ISRAEL NATIONAL PHOTO COLLECTION; © KORET PRODUCTIONS, COURTESY OF ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS of these educated Westerners. The “one-state solution,” “one-state The Westerners. educated these of the Jewish state has become a cause célèbre among manyof elimination actual the so, or decade past the During West. the in opinion advanced of segments by but enemies Arab its by only not challenged and debated constantly is exist to right and whose community; by the international condemned and blood whose libels; and are policies actions obsessively theories conspiracy outlandish most the of outpouring constant a to subjected is that world the in state only the remains Israel self-determination, of act recognized internationally an by establishment its after years Sixty 2008 May Magazine, Commentary of permission with printed Excerpt Karsh Efraim by Written andIsrael the 1948: Affairs Foreign for State of Secretary Balfour, James Arthur Signed, Federation. Zionist of the knowledge the to if you I declaration would this should bring be grateful country.” other any in Jews by enjoyed status political and rights the or Palestine, in communities non-Jewish existing of rights religious and civil the prejudice may which done be shall nothing that understood clearly being it object, this of achievement the to best endeavours facilitate use their and people, will in theof Palestine establishment a home national for the Jewish favour with view Government Majesty’s “His by, Cabinet. the approved and to, submitted been has which aspirations Zionist Jewish with sympathy of declaration following the Government, Majesty’s His of behalf on conveying you, in to pleasure much have I Rothschild, Lord Dear 2nd, Office, Foreign British The T II. he he Balfour ◆ “design” to displace the Palestinian Arabs. Palestinian the to displace “design” no was there that stipulated grudgingly sin,” “original Israel’s for case the establish to way his of out went who one and historians,” “new revisionist Israel’s of influential most the Morris, Benny Even writers. and scholars of generations later by confirmed abundantly were findings historian refutation,[1]a systematic J.C. undertook Hurewitz and his American eminent the mid-1950’s, the as early As gone hardly Itsupporters. has that undisputed. a is charge Western their and victims alleged Israel’s by pressed particulars of bill the in plank central the indeed, forms, problem” “refugee Palestinian longstanding of the creation and thedispossession ofThis claim consequent premeditated population. native of its dispossession aggressive and deliberate the through achieved and Palestine” Arab of ruins the “on critic) one of words the (in built act an itsin” the of is expiate “original can said, founding, Israel’s minority. Only this, to ofreduced the a status permanent be will Jews which in Palestine, historic of whole the comprising theoretically state, a by Israel of replacement the proposing formula euphemistic a is called, is it as F rom Modest Beginnings to a Vibrant State State Vibrant a to Beginnings Modest rom Hebron fled. fled. Hebron of community Jewish the of 1947, remnant the of end the at out broke Independence of War the when addition, In army. Egyptian the by captured was Gaza, near Darom, Kfar Jerusalem. of City Old the in Quarter Jewish the and Jerusalem, of north Yaakov Neve and , of west Etzion Gush of kibbutzim four the Sea, Dead the of north and Ha-arava Beit – army Jordanian the by mostly captured, were communities Jewish of Independence, a number of War the During Independence. War Of The In Lost entering. from Jews prevent and Palestine from British the drive to order in Regime Nazi Hitler’s with himself allied who Jerusalem of mufti the Husseini, be l e ft: low: Jewish Communities Communities Jewish Haj Amin al- Amin Haj

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history ISRAEL to foster Arab-Jewish coexistence. In January 1919, In January to coexistence. Chaim Arab-Jewish foster way its of out went but state Jewish future the in minority Arab the of equality full the granted for took only not Zionism mainstream movement, national Jewish the of faction “militant” more the of position the was this If vice-versa.” and Arab an to offered be shall vice-premiership the , a is minister prime the where cabinet every “in and standing, legal same the enjoy to Hebrew and were service. and civil notably military most including statehood, of duties the and prerogatives the both share to were Jews and Arabs provisions, its to According Palestine. Jewish for a of drafting the over presided Jabotinsky later, years Eleven anyone.” to eject try never we shall that and rights, equal of principle the to contrary anything do never shall we that descendants our and ourselves binding oath an take “to readiness his voiced Jabotinsky 1923 article, a In famous party. of today’s forebear the was that Zionism of branch the of father founding the Ze’ev Jabotinsky, of those are words The life.” public country’s the of sectors all “throughout footing equal an on participate would that minority Arab substantial a of state Jewish future the in existence the to amenable been always had movement Zionist the that is fact simple The been have place. first the in would no dislocation and no war there resolution, UN the accepted states, Arab neighboring the in counterparts their and leaders, these Had Palestine. in states two of establishment the for called 1947, 29,which November of resolution UN the abort to attempt violent the in culminated campaign This revival. national Jewish the obliterate to campaign relentless a launched constituents, own their of wishes the 1920’smuch against early onward, very and the from who leaders Arab Palestinian was it assault, Zionist of a predatory objects hapless the being Far from unreported. hitherto data and facts many contain which documents, these into research fresh on based is follows What truth. the of inverse the but unfounded completely only not is dispossession of claim the that reveal They a paint much more ofrecord. picture thedefinitive historical historians,” “new the by distorted or ignored and writers of generations earlier by untapped documents days, early Israel’s and (1920-1948) Mandate British the of period the from documents of millions of declassification recent The AT 60 Zionist hope: that the material progress resulting from from resulting progress material the that hope: Zionist age-old an lay proposition this Behind development.” and cooperation of policies active “from benefit greatly energies would Jews and Arabs best both that and the League,” Arab the of absorbing uselessly “was conflict Palestine the that secretary-general, League’s Arab the Azzam, Rahman Abdel convince to seeking still were envoys Zionist senior two resolution, of partition the UN passing the before months 1947,two 15, September as late As hues. of all elites Arab Palestinian Arabia), and of Saudi ibnof Abdul Aziz Iraq, Saud advisers senior King (founder and Egypt, Lebanon, in Syria, and prime former ministers Jordan),of incumbent kingdom the (later Transjordan of elder brother and offounder Faisal’s Hussein, the emirate ibn Abdullah included These levels. with all at leaders Arab meetings of hundreds held spokesmen Zionist 1948, 14, May on Israel of state the of proclamation the until then From movement. pan-Arab nascent the of leader ibn the Faisal effective Hussein, emir the with Hashemite agreement peace-and-cooperation a reached movement, Zionist the of leader upcoming the then Weizmann, left: left: History a : Islamic of author the and , of University College, King’s at Studies Mediterranean of head is Karsh Efraim karsh efraim frontlines. the to corresponded closely Jordan and Syria with lines armistice The line. armistice the became which borderline, mandatory the to cases both in withdrew Israel and hostilities, of cessation the during existed they as frontlines battle the to correspond not did lines two These it. overlapped and period, Mandate British the during existed that border international the to close was Lebanon with line armistice The Egypt. and Israel between line armistice the became Egypt and Palestine Mandatory between border international the of Much borders. permanent by years few a within replaced be would and temporary, be would they that assumption the on , drawn were lines These Strip. Gaza the of area surrounding the and region, and the of exception the with it, to close were they or period, Mandate British the during Palestine of borderline the overlapped lines these extent, some To lines. armistice Israel’s establishing neighbors its and Israel between signed were agreements 1949, of summer and spring the In 1967. Armistice Lines 1949- Lines Armistice (Yale).

© KORET PRODUCTIONS, COURTESY OF ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS KLUGER ZOLTAN, © GPO-ISRAEL NATIONAL PHOTO COLLECTION was a decrease of 2percent. adecrease was there Gaza at 7, and only was it Hebron and as such towns Arab purely in 37,while Jerusalem in 62, Jaffa in 86, was in percent increase the ago, years six that, 1931shows and 1922 in returns the of comparison A development. Jewish by affected areas urban in marked most is population Arab the in increase the that fact the by illustrated is welfare Arab on immigration Jewish of effect beneficent general The Peel: by Lord headed of inquiry commission a by report 1937 a in much as acknowledged authorities well-being. to ThePalestine’s socioeconomic Mandate British only can be India, by explained the decisive Jewish contribution mention to not countries, Arab British-ruled neighboring the in place taking was this to akin remotely nothing That upward by athird. leapt increase natural of rate The Egypt). in 33 with (compared 1942-44 in 50 to 1926-27 37.5 in from years rose expectancy life Muslim and the sharply in dropped population rates mortality significantly, most Perhaps welfare. social in advances the were remarkable less No quadrupled. groves of number the while lands, as did vegetable-growing sixfold, grew plantations citrus Arab-owned wars, world the between decades two the In cultivation. Arab improve to much did how know-and byJewish thusthe obtained, capital financed largely was growing, citrus of field the in especially agriculture, and industry Arab of expansion The states. Arab neighboring the in that above well inhabitants Arab its of living of standard the raised and condition Worldafter War I static had revived Palestine’s hitherto capital and immigrants Jewish of inflow An grounds. On the face of it, Ben-Gurion’s hope rested on reasonable and subside alliance.” Jewish-Arab to aSemitic, built be will a bridge accordingly will distrust Arab then community, Jewish the of level cultural and social, economic, the reach to way dedicated and truthful a in him help will state the if . . . state, our in home at feel will citizen Arab the “If 1947: December in argued minister, prime first Israel’s soon As David to Ben-Gurion, become self-determination. not to positively well the disposed, project of national Jewish populacetobecomereconciled,Arab permanentlylocal if the for path the ease would Palestine of settlement Jewish meant the deterioration of the political situation.” situation.” political of the deterioration the meant [has] Palestine in situation economic the of betterment the precision mathematical almost with . . . contrary the On effect. conciliatory no had has this immigration, Jewish to owing country the of development the by benefited have Arabs the though that, found have “We Peel report: the of words the In Palestinians. the with was it So and educated of society. more classes moneyed better the among from vanguards militant rather but violence, of deeds worst the out carried or revolutions great the led have who oppressed the and In the world, modern moreover, it has not the been poor communities . to or hostile the liberal notions of society civil authoritarian in are rarely they as account, hopes people and of wishes were ordinary not into taken the however, Jews, and Arabs both for Unfortunately Arabs. Palestinian of fraction small a only of work the were latter the and eruptions, violent of those exceeded far coexistence peaceful of periods era, Mandate the throughout that, fact the by evidenced is This them. afforded opportunities ofthe advantage take to content their own devices, they would most probably have been to left been Arabs Palestinian of majority vast the Had From Modest Beginnings to a Vibrant State State Vibrant a to Beginnings Modest From ◆

be in the . Dead the in Factory Potash “Sdom” the to camp their from workers the taking train commentarymagazine.com www. visit: please footnotes annotated with article For the complete RESOURCEs WEB l ow : A miniature A miniature

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history ISRAEL AT 60 aspired toaspired come and live in the never homeland Jewish had who children the of all almost that clear is It Israel. of they of state the establishment the about display the in museum appear the of end the At Holocaust. Jewish the of before aspects life evokes that Rovner Michal by display art video a of part are they presentation first the Hope). In (The anthem, national Jewish the singing are Ukraine, of the apart today of Munkachevo, town the in somewhat clipfilm grainy A appears. grouplarge ofchildren black-and-white, a Museum, History Vashem Holocaust Yad renovated recently the of finish and start the At to Truman’s contributed stance. also electorate the in element pro-partition the Courting country. the controlled who British, the and Arabs Jews, between Palestine in conflict open forestall to desire America’s chiefly factors, decisive more and other included support his but aspirations, national Jewish for sympathy have to seemed personally Truman S. Harry President U.S. the war, after electorate hisof segment a significant Like purposes. own his for it use then and opposition, Arab a of sea amidst entity a Jewish in the region, of instability rested chiefly onbacking his hope an tointroduce element Stalin’s realpolitik. from purely derived Stalin, led imperiously by the notorious murderer and anti-Semite bloc, Soviet the by given support The motivations. such from derive not did Israel given support crucial most the extent, certain a to true be might this Although Holocaust. the of wake the in guilt of measure small a they felt toward sympathy because state, the Jews and not Jewish the for way the paving Jews, and Arabs between Palestine Mandatory British of partition the for voted world the of nations the that asserted is it Commonly inquiry. of historical scope the beyond well are conjectures Such connection. this for explanations eschatological even and expounded have theological Others murder. gargantuan the through suffering for Jews to prize consolation of kind a as Israel of of Some the later. state the see creation years just three about came latter the and 1945 in ended former the that is this for reasoning Israel. of the establishment from the to runs line straight a that said often is It Rozett Dr. by Robert Written of Israel Establishment the and The Holocaust unfolding events of the Holocaust brutally crushed this this crushed brutally Holocaust the of events unfolding The itself. war the into and 1930s the during of much in Jews for situation deteriorating generally the of light in especially alternative, an immigration considered move, a such make to ready yet not thousands although of more, hundreds Perhaps home. national Jewish the to opposition Arab appease to British the by set quotas immigration miserly by however, thwarted, were They enclave. Jewish vibrant the to move to opportunity an awaited more eagerly of thousands scores of Europe, face Across the Jews Palestine. resided in Mandatory 600,000 World Second the time by the War over out, broken had and century 20th the of dawn the at momentum gained enterprise Zionist The Israel. modern of founding the thetie and istheThis Holocaust between perhaps leading were they Holocaust. the in murdered families, ruthlessly their with along since, opportunity, the l Vashem, 2000 Vashem, File Holocaust the of Encyclopedia of co-editor and 2005 Questions Asked Frequently Holocaust The of editor co- was He 2005. Mitchell, by Vallentine Contexts and Texts Holocaust, the Approaching of author Yad Libraries, Vashem the of Director the is Rozett Dr. Robert r BY dr WRITTEN Remembrance . Heroes’ and Martyrs’ Holocaust on year every lit is it and Yadof Vashem, symbol is the candelabra The Holocaust. the in perished who Jews million six for the light is a memorial Candelabra e o f www.yadvashem.org.il/ : RES WEB : t: published by Yad published r bert The YadThe Vashem O , Yad Vashem, URCEs Facts on on , Facts , published , published oz . ett : .

© COURTESY OF YAD VASHEM THE HOLOCAUST MARTYRS’ AND HEROES’ REMEMBRANCE AUTHORITY © COURTESY OF YAD VASHEM THE HOLOCAUST MARTYRS’ AND HEROES’ REMEMBRANCE AUTHORITY its influence would be equally off target. target. off equally be would influence its into account Israel towithout taking attempt understand any but Holocaust, the of prism the through only Israel contemporary understand to try to wrong be would It consciousness. Israeli in role exclusive, from far although a pivotal, play Holocaust of the events the commemorate to Our ongoing measures study, immense. about teach and been has Israel on Holocaust the of impact the level, of field every On endeavor, a human imprint. different their In made they incalculable. is Israel to descendents their and survivors Holocaust of contribution The state. fledgling to the attached profoundly in butremained other places, still families their of fragments the join to more decided Tensofthousands into had Soviet –fled eastward Israel’sshore. reached or – territory European on murder and hegemony Nazi someJews 250,000 who had throughthe suffered years of the In 1948. independence, of Israeli declaration the until following decade camps internment in languish to to taken generally passengers their and intercepted were responsible for such the remained boats Mandate, British the as long as But Israel. of Land from the and for sail set there European to survivors Jewish of thousands of tens bring to sought movement (escape) The lives. shattered their rebuilding toward steps first the took they while Palestine, of shores the reach to desire a voiced many Holocaust, the survived who those Among wishes. their of fulfilling possibility the war the of end the at remnant surviving the only leaving option, ◆

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history ISRAEL AT 60 and the right to establish there its national home; 5. the the 5. home; national its there establish to right the and historical the of Palestine and people Jewish the between recognition connection international first the of 1917: Declaration Balfour 4. there; the path breaking in and for the the country independence longings settling the (immigration), 3. aliya of waves continuous homeland; actual, the its to return to nation the of hope incessant a the nation in 2. there; and Eretz-Israel its independence of formation the and Jews religious into cultural political, the 1. land: its with people the of relationship this of parts key eight the perhaps are what out singles section and a with strong of sense this Morelonging. specifically, and millennia, in factual terms, declaratory statements generations over Jews the of connections historical the terms concise in surveys declaration the of third first lengthy quite This enumerated. Eretz- are in (Palestine) own Israel its of state a to people Jewish the of claims in the section whichI. on factors Thethe whichhistorical following: the are sections These reasons). security for them of most ceremony, signing actual the at present be not could whom (12of signatories 37 its of list the plus lengths, respective their in unequal quite and clauses, sections of discernible eight canbeTheas composed seen being text of the declaration results. uncertain quite time, of moment that at with, countries, – distant more of as well as – neighboring Arab all of armies the by invasion imminent the and ofPalestine population Arab the with of its war adoption: civil a circumstances raging historical the the is if moreall document viewed against remarkable andgroundbreaking tone solemn yet ofthis Theexultant imaginable. is society free no which without norms and (almost) includes the that new state, basic values those all for principles guiding the become to were which rights, a brief list of the elements fundamental of human and civil but contains it also institutions, (temporary) governmental its of establishment the and the State the of declare independence formally it did only Not significance. unique of today even is Israel, of State created newly then the of document official first the declaration, This University Hebrew Gutmann, Emanuel Professor by Written 60 Years After Assessment An of Statehood of Independence Israel’s Declaration undoubtedly the most appropriate choice. appropriate most the undoubtedly was it yet surprising, even and innovative, quite time that at was Israel” name of text).This the in appear versions (both “State and/or “Israel” name, its by it named time first the for also section this state, the of existence into coming ofthe fact very ofthe announcement the Besides of part thethe most declaration. operationally, significant is, section one-sentence This Israel. of State the of the creation which proclaims section, TheIII. declaratory well. as appreciated, is support declaratory their although international organizations, of that or states other of willingness the on depending not as such as and right, “natural” a is this that asserts section This state. sovereign independent, its to of nations, other all right of that the like nation, Jewish claims the which section, normative The II. own. of its astate to establish nation Jewish the of right irrevocable the recognized that resolution U.N. 1947 November The 8. finally and Nations; established United the had which nations the to belong to right their created which contribution a Nazis, the against effort 7. survivors; the of contribution Jews in Eretz-Israel to war the Allied Holocaust of Eretz-Israel into illegal and immigration legal 6.the independence; Jewish renew to necessity the of Holocaust the from lesson unavoidable the Museum in Tel in Aviv. Museum the in Israel of Independence the of Declaration the reading Gurion b e low: David Ben Ben David

KLUGER ZOLTAN, © COURTESY OF GPO-ISRAEL NATIONAL PHOTO COLLECTION KLUGER ZOLTAN, © COURTESY OF GPO-ISRAEL NATIONAL PHOTO COLLECTION below: below: above: of Israel on May 14, May 1948. on Israel of State the of Proclamation Gazette Atlit Reception camp. Reception Atlit the at arrival their after camps Nazi European the of survivors Official Official publishing the the publishing New immigrants, immigrants, New and peace in accordance with the visions of its prophets prophets its of visions the with accordance in peace and foresees liberty, on based be section will Israel this that Thus promises and behaviors. and situations wide- for ranging stands which of one each keywords, well-chosen in saying needs that all conveys and comprehensive most is it yet brief, quite is it Actually declaration. the of part point-of- important most the as seen be well may section this view normative and educational an From state. created newly the in norms public the for guidelines the become to earmarked are which principles, of section The VI. collective. and individual equality, legal and rights human unsuccessful, been primarily because have of serious disagreements over matters of efforts these far so but constitution, adoption full of a to to end over the final an bring the years made been have efforts Great power. review judicial or however, with minor exceptions, constitutional preference have, not do which laws,” now “basic by so-called have as enacted been constitution a in included ordinarily are which matters all, not certainly but most, Instead, constitution. (formal) no has Israel day, this to However, declaration. the of date the from months 3½ within say, to is that 1948, 1, October than later not effect into come should constitution the that stated It constitution. a of adoption speedy the promises which clause, constitutional V.The constitution. of a effect into coming the after organs by regular be superseded to were These executive. the i.e. Temporarythe and Government, legislature, the became which the Temporary Council, namely State announced, is government of independence, organs of central the of establishment the beginning the of hour and day exact the of IV. aafter Here, section. brief mentioning Theinstitutional country for the benefit of benefit the for country the of development the in engaged be actively will globe, the of corners all from immigrants Jewish for open be will state the Furthermore, culture. and education language, conscience, religion, of freedom promises and gender; and race religion, of regardless citizens its all for rights of equality political and social full of old; shall practice one. Most of the religious signatories were dissatisfied by by dissatisfied were signatories religious the of Most one. opened by this clause, which is had been signatures, itsthe most declaration, controversialthe of part last The Israel.” TheVIII. invocative with clause its appeal tothe “Rock of . national of age-oldthegoal achieve to effort its in nation-building and immigration of way by Israel upon in were the to Diaspora communities called support this was acted upon member-state; a onlyas Israel accept ato year UN, the to later. directed Finally was all call Jewish further A Palestine. then in community Jewish the against violence intense Arab-initiated of months six after and existence, into coming Israel’s prevent to part their on intention express the with started, Israel into armies Arab the of invasion the when time the at made were and collaboration for peace calls be these aware that share to the development of One should the East. Middle to and its contribute readiness include Israel’s inhabitants, their and states neighboring to all are addressed relations neighborly good and peace for Calls institutions. state in representation proportional foremost and first means which citizenship, equal and full of provision the to tied is state the of building the in participation and peace for call the and minority, Arab sizable a with state Jewish a is Israel that clear quite it makes them to appeal the and Arabs, Israeli the is factor domestic The ones. foreign of number a and factor domestic one to directed are calls These UN. the and abroad people Jewish the states, neighboringIsrael’s Arabs, Israeli the to collaboration and peace for calls containing section, appeals The VII. primarily had mind. in population Arab Israeli the declaration this of authors the regard this in as that such obvious be should It education. matters and in culture religion, rights collective safeguard and institute to made are provisions rights, individual to attention far-reaching besides that and prominent, most the are and freedom of which equality values, as well as universal on Jewish both based are promises and visions these that clear be should it here: warranted are Twoobservations resolution). that in an economic union in the whole of (as Palestine envisaged of creation the 1947,and 29, resolution November U.N. the of implementation the in Nations United the of be and ready representatives will to organs with cooperate be shall and religions loyal to the all principles of of the U.N. Places Charter. Likewise, Holy Israel the protect will all, From Modest Modest From B eginnings to a a to eginnings V ibrant State State ibrant

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history ISRAEL presentation, without of any presentation, attribution blame or accusation: factual as these, of few a only briefly mention declaration. we the Here of spirit and/or text the with accordance in fully or partially been not have critics these of eyes the in that developments of kinds others, all about than expressed been have severe more some criticisms, above, the of view with the admiration expressed by numerous and concurrently observers considerations these all inNotwithstanding this -- feat. inconsiderable be a not to seems of affairs state unavoidable democracy defensive of name the under subsumed make are nowadays which which – measures to recourse location its geopolitical precarious rather its as aswell difficulties, domestic some of Israel’s account into taking and anyway) comparison, acceptable no Israelis, most of eyes or the in closer presenting, (thelatter vicinity Israel’s wider in countries the all almost of speak to not in not a few around states the world years, these all during matters these in record dismal the of view in Altogether, of occupation.” “freedom other the and liberty” his and honor “Man’s entitled is which of one were laws, basic two of paragraphs state” opening the in used democratic and Jewish a as Israel of values “the later whenthe years phrase was omission obvious rectified this reason, the Whatever superfluous. be to drafters its to obvious so seemed it because perhaps “democratic”, or “democracy” is declaration, the of text the in appear not does reasons unaccountable for which term, crucial One land.” of the laws to the meaning give and interpret to are we when therein declared principles the heed to obligation our is it beliefs, its and vision nation’s the “expresses it as inasmuch law, constitutional a not is declaration the although that alia, inter stated, which Court, Supreme Israel’s of ruling early an in contained is this of proof significant quite yet and formal rather One practice. into them put to done been has much Indeed, independence. of declaration its in expressed ideals lofty the to extent considerable a to faithful been has Israel large and by that gainsaying no is there later, years Sixty letter. and spirit declaration’s the with dissatisfaction their declared after signatories ultra-orthodox that the signing the mentioned be should it Perhaps stated. as staying text the with prevailed, compromise a end, the At term. have not preferred to have any to reference him, by whatever would others while God, for synonym as “Rock” term the AT 60 can certainly be considered to be one of the better ones. ones. onebetter to be of the considered be certainly can it But observation. tothis no exception presents Israel and these ofdemocracy, type ideal the fulfills call one can ofwhat demands fully world the around state modern any hardly Yet obverse. the as well as equality, considerable without freedom achieve to likelihood little is There dependence. mutual their of also but Independence, of Declaration of in as promised the kinds freedom, and Israeli all equality of dimensions other and legal of observation meticulous only not demands state the of character democratic The exceptions. considerable but not without implemented largely indeed is religion, from freedom including as comprehended commonly is nowadays which religion, of freedom and law; same the by affairs family other some and divorce marriage, of matters in annulled is laws, first Israel’s of one by guaranteed although women’sequality, ; multi-cultural or multi-ethnic and bi- many in feature uncommon an not way,is one which than more in against discriminated being as considered be to still has years, many for show can it progress impressive the of spite in of Israel, population by Arab some groups; the of these achievements satisfactory widespread more expected have would one view, of points most from success considerable a been have immigrants of waves substantial very the of developed by although and other the ofcountries; large processes absorption most in than bigger poor, and differentiation rich income between ever-growing the to rise given also has average ofconsiderable rise standard the living consequential its with development economic remarkable quite Israel’s ◆ Day of the State of Israel. of State the of Day Independence 50th the of honor in Jerusalem, Ram, Givat at performance Hebrew University. Hebrew at Political of Emeritus Professor is Gutmann Emanuel gutmann emanuel above: Chimes The

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