General Account of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition

Home , Cape Fournier, Chatham Island, Chatham Islands, Hanson Bay, Owenga, Pitt Island

ISSN 2538-1016; 2

NEW ZEALAND

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

BULLETIN 122

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS 1954 EXPEDITION

G. A. KNOX

1957

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

BULLETIN 122

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS 1954 EXPEDITION

G. A. KNOX Biology Department, Canterbury University College, Christchurch

� If§

Price: 12s. 6d.

1957

Pate INTRODUCTION 7 Objectives of the Expedition ...... 7 Acknowledgments ...... 7 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 8 AREA INVESTIGATED 9

Bottom Topography 9 Geology 9 Hydrology 11 Marine Flora and Fauna 12 ORGANISATION 12 Expedition Members 12 Ship and Scientific Equipment 13 Techniques 13 NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE 14 STATION LIST preceding p. 15 RESULTS 16 Summary of Observations 16 Collections 16 Reports 16 REFERENCES 16, 30 APPENDICES 1 Papers published, or in press, from the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition ...... 17 2 Hydrology of Chatham Rise, by D. M. Gamer 18 3 Marine Geology of the Chatham Islands Area, by J. W. Brodie . 28 4 Report on the Mollusca, by R. K. Delt 31 5 Report on the Echinoderms, by H. Barraclough Fell ...... 33 6 Report on the Fishes, by J. Moreland 34 INDEX 35

INTRODUCTION

Up to 1949 very little oceanographic research Islands. The Chatham Rise is a well defined sea apart from marine biological studies had been floor feature whose crest lies mostly in less than carried out in New Zealand. In that year the 300 fathoms and from which few dredgings had Department of Scientific and Industrial Research been obtained. What little was known of the set up a small unit to work in physical oceano marine fauna of the Chatham Islands indicated graphy, and following the arrival of H.M.N.Z.S. that it was an interesting mixture of northern and Lachlan to commence survey operations in New southern species together with a strong endemic Zealand waters in late 1949 there arose an in element. creasing interest in oceanographic problems. This The expedition's work was planned to throw increase in oceanographic research was stimulated some light on the distribution of benthic and by the offer of the Commanding Officer of the pelagic animals between the New Zealand coast Lachlan, Commander J. M. Sharpey-Shafer, R.N., and the Chatham Islands and to trace the transi to undertake the collection of scientific data and tion from a typical "southern" fauna to the mixed material for New Zealand workers. At first an faunas of the Islands. interdepartmental committee in Wellington The following programme was defined when arranged for the distribution of the material ob application for a grant-in-aid was made: tained by the Lachlan, but in October 1950 a more 1. To occupy a series of stations between Banks widely representative National Committee on Peninsula and the Chatham Islands to obtain Oceanography was set up under the auspices of the dredgings of bottom fauna, sediment samples, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. plankton tows, temperatures, and water One of the functions of this committee was to co samples. ordinate, correlate, and assist oceanographic work 2. To spend about fourteen days dredging and in New Zealand, and to sponsor the publication of bottom sampling the shelf round the islands. results. 3. To obtain continuous echo soundings on the The present expedition arose directly from the route followed. stimulus given to oceanographic research in New 4. To investigate the intertidal region of the Zealand by this committee. In October 1951 the Chatham Islands and collect intertidal plants committee de.fined several research areas to which and animals. priority should be given as facilities and finance 5. To observe the sea birds of the Chatham became available. One of these was the Chatham Islands. Rise between Banks Peninsula and the Chatham It was later decided to make general inverte Islands. In November 1953 a grant of £800 to brate land collections, particularly on the outlying wards the cost of an oceanographic expedition to islands, as these had not previously been visited this area was received from the Department of by a scientific party. Scientific and Industrial Research through the New Zealand National Committee on Oceano graphy. Acknowledgments Objectives of the Expedition As the leader of the expedition the author thanks all members of the expedition for their hard and The expedition's main objectives were to explore enthusiastic work, often under trying conditions. the area of the Chatham Rise and the Chatham Special thanks are due to Mr A. J. Black, the

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owner and master of M.V. Alert, who did not Shipping Co.) generously provided much-needed spare himself to ensure the success of the expedi fresh water on two occasions. tion. The satisfactory results obtained were largely due to his skill in handling the boat and equip PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ment, and his trawling experience was invaluable in the deep-sea work. Apart from the efforts of the individual collectors The expedition is greatly indebted to the Coun mentioned below, there has been little in the way of cil of Scientific and Industrial Research, through organised marine research in the area covered the New Zealand National Committee on Oceano by the expedition. The graphy, for the financial support afforded, and first recorded investigator was Ernst Dief also to Canterbury University College, Canterbury fenbach ( 18-1-3), who visited the Chatham Islands Museum, the Dominion Museum, and the Can and made collections in 1840. In 1868 H. L. terbury and Southland branches of the Royal Travers, during a short stay at the Chatham Society of New Zealand for additional financial Islands, collected plants and animals, particularly assistance. Thanks are also extended to the many Mollusca. The most comprehensive of the early institutions that lent equipment, to the Director, collections was made by Dr Schauinsland who Canterbury Museum, for providing facilities for visited New Zealand and the Chatham Islands the handling and storage of the collections and to in 1896-97, partly for the purpose of collecting the Director, Dominion Laboratory, for salinity specimens for the museums of Bremen and Berlin. determinations. Material collected by Schauinsland at the Chat hams is listed in many of the early accounts of Reversing water bottles and thermometers were the New Zealand fauna. Other early collectors lent by the Fisheries Division, C.S.I.R.O., Cro mentioned in the literature include A. Shand and nulla, Australia; without this equipment hydro Miss S. D. Shand of the Chatham Islands, Pro logical work in deep water would not have been fessor H. B. Kirk, and Dr A. Dendy. possible. The New Zealand Government Trawling Ex Valued assistance was received on many occa pedition in the Nora Niven visited the Chatham sions from the people of the 9hatham Islands. In Islands in 1907 (Waite, 1909). During their stay particular the Commissioner, Mr J. Patterson, was at the islands several stations were worked in very helpful, arranging transport to Titirangi to depths from 16 to 50 fathoms, but the· greater part collect fossils, and a boat to trawl on Te Whanga of the time was spent in line fishing. The Nora Lagoon. The master of the Port Waikato (Holm Niven stations are listed below.

Depth in No. Position Fathoms Bottom 64 2 miles north-west of Waitangi 16-24 sand, shell 65 3 miles south-east of Port Hutt 24-33 yellow sand 66 5 miles west of Clatchie Point 33--42 fine yellow sand 67 5 miles north-west of Durham Point 42-50 yellow sand 68 3½ miles north-west of Soames Point 45 coarse shell sand 69 Hanson Bay 16-25 sand, shell 70 Hanson Bay, 8 miles north-east of Cape Fournier 33--45 fine sand.

At all the above stations a commercial fishing Young made general collections of marine fauna, trawl only was used and no dredging was carried especially fishes, on th6 western and northern out. coasts of Chatham Island. In the summer of 1924 a scientific party spon In November 1936 the N.Z.G.S. Matai investi sored by the Otago Institute visited Chatham gated the Mernoo Bank, the position of which had Island and Pitt Island. The members of the party, been roughly reported by S.S. Mernoo in June R. S. Allan, W. Martin, J. Marwick, and M. W. 1935. In the course of sounding operations three Young, were concerned· primarily with the struc bottom samples in 43, 52, and 57 fathoms were tural geology of the Chathams and the collection obtained. of fossils. Recent Mollusca were also collected and A. W. B. Powell spent three weeks at Chatham

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Island during February 1933, collecting intertidal culminates in two ridges at a depth of 28 fathoms, and shallow-water Mollusca. He made a single and shallow channels cross.its summit and sides. dredging in 10 fathoms off Owenga. C. A. Flem The available information on the bottom topo ing, during a stay of several months in 1933, made graphy of the shelf round the Chatham Islands a survey of the bird life of the islands ( Fleming, is summarised in the Admiralty Chart of the 1939) and collected Mollusca. islands (No. 1417). This chart is based on sound In February 1950, H.M.N.Z.S. Lachlan under ings made by Lieut. Fournier of the French Navy the command of Commander J. M. Sharpey in 1840 with some additions by Mr Charles Shafer, R.N., surveyed the Mernoo Bank at the Heaphy in 1840 and subsequent minor additions request of the Fisheries Branch of the Marine in 1927, 1929, and 1932. The area is very inade Department (Dell, 1951; Fleming and Reed, quately charted, particularly on the northern and 1951). eastern coasts. Rock, sand, and shell sand are In November 1950, the R.R.S. Discovery II, at recorded on the chart, but no mud. Rough rocky the request of the New Zealand National Commit bottoms with numerous shoals are common around tee on Oceanography, obtained a continuous echo the islands. Many of these shoals and reefs have sounding profile across the Chatham Rise, about not been charted. Extensive areas of sandy bot 80 miles west of the Chathams. A bottom sample tom, down to 100 fathoms, are to be found in with a conical dredge in 157 to 202 fathoms and Petre Bay and Hanson Bay. a dredging in 194 fathoms, 45°48' S., 178°58' W., (Discovery II Station 2733) were obtained. Reed Geology and Hornibrook ( 1952) have described the sedi Fleming and Reed ( 1951) discussed the signifi ments and microfauna, Dell ( 1953) the molluscs, cance of the Chatham Rise as an anticlinal struc and Fell ( 1952) the echinoderms from this ture with an axis trending westward to meet the station. north-east trending folds of the South Island. Banks Peninsula is apparently part of the west end THE AREA INVESTIGATED of this broad geanticline, which occupies the posi tion of a nucleus around which the arcuate folds Bottom Topography of the central South Island are disposed. Fleming The bottom topography between Banks Peninsula suggested that the Mernoo Bank is probably a tec and the Chatham Islands is shown on Chart 1. tonic dome. Reed studied sediment samples from The broad features of the sea bottom east of the the Mernoo Bank and found them to include South Island have been discussed by Fleming and pebbles of indurated sandstone and argillite similar Reed (1951). East of Banks Peninsula the conti to the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic rocks of nental shelf slopes gently for about 30 miles, the New Zealand. The absence of volcanic constitu margin of the shelf being marked by a steepening ents in the sediment samples makes it unlikely that between .50 and 200 fathoms. From 200 fathoms the bank is of volcanic origin, while the absence the continental slope gradually falls to about 315 of quartz pebbles shows that it is not composed of fathoms and then rises to the Mernoo Bank, which schist such as constitutes the undermass of the lies some 90 miles -east-north-east of Banks Penin Chatham Islands. sula. Mernoo Bank rises from the west end of the Reed (1952) has analysed the sediment sample Chatham Rise which extends from the Chatham obtained by Discovery II from the Chatham Rise Islands towards New Zealand. in 157 to 170 fathoms. It was a well sorted Available soundings show depths of 160 to 200 gravelly sand consisting of rock fragments, phos fathoms along the crest of the rise, deepening to phorite nodules, mineral grains, and Foraminifera. over 300 fathoms in the central portion. South and The rock fragments and pebbles were composed north of the Chatham Rise the bottom falls rapidly of schist which can be correlated with the schists. to depths in excess of 1,000 fathoms. The northern on the Chatham Islands, and petrographically deep is the Kermadec Trench and the southern, were identical with quartz-feldspathic schists from the Bounty Basin. the chlorite zone of metamorphism in Otago, New Fleming and Reed ( 1951) have described the Zealand, Volcanic material was absent, in marked topography and three sediment samples from the contrast with the abundance of volcanic rocks on Mernoo Bank. The bank (Fig. 1) rises to a nearly the Chatham Islands. Hornibrook ( 1952) found flat summit occupying about 800 square miles of that the abundant phosphatic nodules present in sea bottom shallower than 100 fathoms. The bank the sediment contained Miocene Foraminifera. He

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43°00'5

43° 30'5 43° 3d5

175° 30'E

Fig. 1: The topography of the Mernoo Bank (after Fleming and Reed, 1951). (Depths in fathoms.)

concluded that the nodules were the residue of It is roughly T-shaped, extending some 30 miles in Miocene sediments that have been eroded since the each direction. The southern portion of the island uplift of the Chatham Rise. expands to a roughly rectangular block, the much Allan ( 1925, 1929) has given an excellent dissected remnant of a plateau area which reaches account of the physical features and structure of a height of nearly 1_,000 ft. along the southern the Chatham Islands, which lie at the other end of coast. This plateau is composed almost entirely of the geanticline. These islands lie between the a succession of horizontal basaltic lavas, post parallels 43°31' and 44°30' S. and the meridians Oligocene and pre-Pleistocene in age. 175°40' and 177° 15'W. The largest member of the In strong contrast to the southern block, the group, Chatham Island, is about 350 square miles central and northern areas are low-lying. Over in area, but of this about 70 square miles is occu most of the central area horizontal Oligocene pied by the shallow salt-water Te Whanga Lagoon. bryozoan limestone either crops out or immediately

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underlies the surface deposits. In the northern area this latter branch impinges on a tongue of warm a central volcanic region of limburgite flows and subtropical water, passing southwards from East tuffs separates schist areas to the east and west. In Cape, described by Fleming ( 1952) as the East the main, the schist strikes in an east-west direc Cape Current. Where the two water masses meet tion. This schist forms the undermass of the Chat there is an area of intermingling, the Subtropical ham Islands, and Reed ( 1952) concluded that it Convergence. Immediately east of New Zealand extends westwards for a distance of at least 80 the convergence is clearly defined at times, ill miles. defined at others, and varies considerably in posi There is little of the surface of the island that tion seasonally and from year to year (Gamer, has not at least a superficial covering of peat, 1953, 1954). Subtropical water offshore may reach which is over 40 ft. thick in places. Originally the latitude of Dunedin in February and Kaikoura much of the surface was in forest, but little of this in August. Much work remains to be done before remains except on the southern plateau. the details of the circulation, particularly that of the deeper water, can be worked out. Fourteen miles to the south-east of Chatham Island lies a group of volcanic islands and rocks The Chatham Islands lie near this Subtropical of which Pitt Island, with an area of about 24 Convergence zone and are subject to both sub square miles, is the largest. Of the others, tropical and subantarctic influences in varying Mangere, lying off the north-west coast of Pitt, degrees. This has an important bearing on the and South East Island (Fig. 2), 2 miles off the composition of the flora and fauna of the Chat east coast, are the most important. Smaller rocky ham Islands, which show both subtropical and sub islands such at Little Mangere, Round Rock, and antarctic affinities. Published maps of surface tem perature isotherms show the group lying approxi The Pyramid (Fig. 3) abound, and numerous ° stacks are scattered throughout the group. Two mately in the 50 F. isotherm in winter and the ° other groups of rocky islets, The Sisters (Fig. 4) 59 F. isotherm in summer. During the 1954 cruise, and the Forty Fours 5) lie respectively 26 surface temperatures round the islands varied from (Fig. ° ° miles to the north-east and 20 miles to the east of 57 F. to 59 F. Chatham Island. The following weather data for the Chatham Islands are taken from the New Zealand Pilot, For its si"ze the Chatham Islands group has a great extent of coastline, with a great variety of 1946. coastal profile. On the north there are rugged broken coasts cut in quartz-mica schists. Sedi mentary and tuffaceous rocks crop out on the MEAN DAILY AIR TEMPERATURES (°F.)

central north coast, near Waitangi and Owenga, Highest in Lowest in Daily Max. Daily Min. Month Month various places on Pitt Island, and on the north and east coasts of South East Island. South of Jan. 64 52 70 42 Waitangi, wide, flat, regular wave-cut platforms Feb. 63 52 69 41 are beautifully developed. Sand dunes form large Mar. 62 51 67 41 stretches of the coastline, especially on the north Apr. 59 48 65 38 ern and eastern coasts. May 55 45 61 36 June 51 42 58 Hydrology 34 July 50 41 56 33 The broad pattern of the circulation off the east Aug. 51 41 57 32 coast of the South Island has been described by' Sept. 53 43 58 34 Deacon ( 193 7) and related to the general pattern Oct. 56 45 62 35 of southern oceanic circulation. In the south Tas . Nov. 58 man Sea the Subantarctic Surface Water of the 47 64 37 West Wind Drift meets the subtropical East Aus Dec. 61 50 68 40 tralian Current and gives rise to a belt of mixed The highest recorded temperature is 76°F. and water near southern New Zealand. Here the cur the lowest 28°F. The monthly mean relative rent divides, part flowing north along the west humidity varies from 76 per cent to 84 per cent. coast of the South Island, the rest round the Throughout the year the amount of cloud averages southern end of the South Island and north-east 8 on a 0-10 scale. The average annual rainfall is towards the Chathams. The northern boundary of 33·4 in., falling on 181 days. Wind frequencies

Chatham Island,-3

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show a predominance of south-westerlies and the New Zealand· origin. Thus the total number of number of calm days averages 3 per year. The marine animal species recorded from the Chatham main features of the weather are overcast skies Islands is 408 and of these, five-eighths are Mol and south-westerly winds alternating with north lusca. erly conditions which often bring fog and rain. Moore ( 1949) noted that 190 species of Algae are recorded from the Chathams. Of these, 10 are Marine Flora and Fauna not otherwise known from the New Zealand region and the rest are a mixture of northern and Very little was previously known about the bottom southern Algae. fauna of the Chatham Rise. Dell ( 1951) has The Chatham Islands are recognised as a listed 73 species of Mollusca from the Matai separate fauna! province of the New Zealand dredgings on the Memoo Bank. Six of these were region, the Moriorian Province. The affinities of new species and the fauna was a central New the marine flora and fauna lie with the northern Zealand shallow-water fauna showing little rela and southern parts of New Zealand rather than tionship with the Chatham Islands. with the central region. The findings of the present Of the deep-water bottom fauna of the Chat expedition support this conclusion. ham Rise the only previous information was from the Discovery II dredging in 194 fathoms some 80 miles to the east of the Chathams. From this ORGANISATION dredging Dell has listed 23 species of Mollusca of which 10 were new, and Fell ( 1952) five new E edition Me�bers species of ophiuroids. xp On the shelf round the Chatham Islands there Scientific Staff: had previously been no dredging apart from the G. A. Knox, Canterbury University College; single 10-fathom dredging made by Powell ( 1933). leader. A number of surface dwellers were obtained by the E. J. Batham, Portobello Marine Biological Nora Niven and others have been obtained from Station. fish stomachs. Shelf Mollusca are also represented E. W. Dawson, Canterbury University Col- in the records by cast-up shells obtained from lege. beaches by various collectors. R. K. Dell, Dominion Museum. Young ( 1929) has listed the marine fauna of R. R. Forster, Canterbury Museum. the Chatham Islands, apart from the Mollusca. D. M. Gamer, Oceanographic Institute, This list was based on material collected by Young D.S.I.R. when a member of the Otago Institute party of J. R. MacIntyre, Canterbury University Col 1924. He also studied every paper procurable and lege. .appealed to all authorities and museums for speci J. M. Moreland, Dominion Museum . mens and records. The number of species in differ ent groups in Young's list are as follows: Ship's Staff: Pisces 50 species A. J. Black, Dunedin; master and owner. D. Marshall, Otago University; photographer. Coelenterata 3 " J. C. Yaldwyn, Victoria University College. Crustacea 47 " Echinodermata 18 " D. M. Garner was r_esponsible for the collection Polychaeta 25 of hydrological data with the assistance of the ...... " other expedition members. E. W. Dawson col Tunicata 12 " lected information on the bird life of the islands. Powell ( 1933) has published a revised list of the The following were specially concerned with par Chatham Islands Mollusca, based on the summary ticular groups: R. K. Dell, molluscs; J. Moreland, published by Finlay in 1928, with the addition of fishes; J. C. Yaldwyn, crustaceans; R. R. Forster, material collected by himself in 1933. In this terrestrial invertebrates; G. A. Knox, polychaetes. revised list 2'.:i6 species are recorded, of which 4 7 All members assisted with the dredging and trawl were endemic. He also stated that there is an ing, the bulk of the sorting and preservation being .approximate equality in numbers of marine species done by R. K. Dell, J. M. Moreland, E. J. that definitely show either a northern or southern Batham, and G. A. Knox.

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Ship and Scientific Equipment Nansen reversing water bottles and thermo meters (6) M.V. Alert (Frontispiece) is a 72-ft. modified harbour-defence motor launch, with a draught of Geological 5 ft. There is sleeping accommodation for fourteen. Worzel bottom samplers (2) One drawback was the lack of a sizable hold. Kelvin-Hughes recording echo sounder, M.S. However, the gear was stowed and lashed on the 22, 0-120 fathoms range deck without interfering with the operation of the ship or scientific equipment. Biological The proved to be an admirable vessel for Alert Dredge, 3 ft. X 1 ft. and two smaller natural- the type of work carried out by the expedition. . ' 1st' s dredges Her shallow draught and extremely good "Salpa'' pattern dredge, width 1 ft. 10 in. manoeuvrability enabled work to be carried out in Anchor dredge, 2 ft. X 1 ft. difficult sea conditions and in shallow, dangerous Young-fish trawl (stramin) waters where a larger or smaller vessel would have Beam trawl, width 5 ft. been at a disadvantage. Otter trawls (2) The main winch was designed and constructed Metre nets, circular mouth, 3 m. long, with by Mr A. J. Black and with the 4½ h.p. petrol graded mesh ( 2) motor forms a compact unit that could be mounted Plankton nets, 50 cm. diameter, circular mouth, on any vessel temporarily used for scientific work. fine silk The drum carries 580 fathoms of ¾-in. diameter wire rope with 30 ft. of heavy chain at the end. With modification the drum could take 1,000 Techniques fathoms of wire. 1 The wire was led over a wide block suspended Hydrological equipment from a pair of sheerlegs fitted to the stern. These This was operated mainly from the Kelvin hand were of 6 in. X 6 in. hardwood, well braced, with driven sounding machine fixed on the port side the block suspended over the stern about 12 ft. about 15 ft. from the stern. The wire was led over from the deck. a block on the end of a boom extending about Before the expedition, four days were spent � ft. over the side. This arrangement made it pos testing the winch and other equipment in depths sible to operate the bathythermograph and water down to 250 fathoms. In the light of this experi bottles while the dredge was being hauled. The ence some modifications were made and it was bathythermograph could also be operated while possible to commence the voyage with the know dredging or trawling at low speeds. ledge that the equipment was adequate for the Water samples and temperatures were taken at proposed work. The winch proved very satisfac the surface and at depth at the stations round the tory, working easily and smoothly under all con islands, and a series of stations at 40-mile intervals ditions. It handled large hauls in heavy seas and was occupied on the return trip to New Zealand. stood up to the strain when the dredge stuck fast on the bottom. A full station in deep water took 2 Biological equipment about three hours. (a) Dredges. A 3 ft. X 1 ft. dredge constructed by The main winch was used primarily for bio M� Black was used chiefly and proved highly logical work; a hand winch with 500 fathoms of satisfactory. The frame of the dredge was f«-in. ;i\ -in. stainless-steel wire and a Kelvin sounding steel plate in the form of a box section with the machine with 300 fathoms of wire were used for bottom plate twice the area of the top one. Its hydrological work. strong construction enabled dredging to be carried e The following were the main items of collecting out on rough bottoms, and rock samples wer and recording equipment used: secured on several occasions. On sandy, muddy, and shell-sand bottoms it usually secured a full bag. Hydrological (b) Trawls. Both the beam trawl and the otter Surface thermographs (2) trawl were fished with success down to 330 Bathythermographs (200 ft. and 450 ft.) (2) fathoms. They rarely came up empty and secured Nansen-Pettersen insulated water bottle ( 1) exceptional hauls on many occasions.

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(c) Handling the catch (Figs. 6 to 9). A sedi At the 220-fathom station an exceptionally rich ment sample was taken immediately the dredge beam-trawl haul was obtained (Figs. 6, 9). This came on board. The catch was emptied directly haul has yielded a large number of species not on to the coarse sieve of the sorting table. This previously known in the New Zealand fauna, and was of solid construction with three movable sieves, a starfish (Hippasteria sp.; Fig. 9), previously 4 ft. X 2 ft. 6 in. The sieve meshes were 2, 5, and known only from a single fossil specimen from the 12 meshes to the inch respectively. Large speci late Cretaceous of North Canterbury. mens were picked out from the top tray and the 25 January. Heavy seas. Sighted the Pyramid sediment washed through the sieves with a low (Fig. 3) at 1155 and passed within 30 yards in 30 pressure hose. Specimens retained in the sieves fathoms of water. Anchorage at Waipawa on the were sorted into flat enamel or plastic trays for east of Pitt Island. 1730, shore collecting. Party of finer sorting and preservation later. The sorting three landed to. spend the night ashore for land table proved invaluable. Four or five people could collecting. Light station at night. work round it and the material suffered little damage. 26 January. Heavy seas. Collected shore party and sailed for Owenga. 1700, shore collecting at ( d) Preservation of the catch. The degree of Owenga. Light station at night. sorting depended on the time available, but an endeavour was made to sort into at least the fol 27 January. To Kaingaroa, stations 13, 14, and lowing groups : fish, molluscs, echinoderms, 15 on the way. 1500, shore collecting at Kaingaroa. sponges, crustaceans, and worms and other soft Light station at night. bodied animals. Soft-bodied animals were anaes 28 January. 0500, further intertidal collecting. thetised in chlorbutol and this proved excellent for Party of five ashore for the day. Others went to all groups. Animals were preserved either in for Waitangi West in Alert to take on fresh water from malin neutralised with hexamine or in 75 per cent Port Waikato. On return trip to Kaingaroa, alcohol. Sponges were preserved in 96 per cent stations 18 to 21 worked. alcohol and colonial ascidians in special fixatives 29 January. Kaingaroa to The Sisters (Fig. 4), provided by Miss B. Brewin, University of Otago. where a very profitable day was spent ashore on Special specimens were preserved in Bouins. Speci one of the islands making general collections and mens too large for jars, and bulk collections of observations on birds. Stations 23 and 24 worked. echinoderms, etc., were wrapped in cheesecloth To Waitangi, arriving 2000. and stowed in 10:gallon cans in neutral formalin. The prolific bird life on The Sisters included Any large amount of shell left in the trays was breeding royal albatrosses (Fig. 10) and Buller's kept, and the contents of the bottom fine-meshtray mollymawks, nellies, skuas, and pipits. A census were preserved if worms and small crustaceans was made of the royal albatrosses and 44 Buller's were present. , mollymawks and 17 juvenile nellies were ringed. ( e) Plankton. No systematic collection of plank A census was made of a seal colony. ton was attempted. Several tows were made and preserved in bulk by the addition of neutral 30 January. 0800, shore collecting at Waitangi. formalin. Party ashore while stations 26 and 27 worked in Petre Bay. Light station at night. (f) Colour notes. Dr Batham was responsible for 31 January. 0600 further intertidal collecting at all colour notes, Munsell's standard colour charts , being used. Waitangi. Sailed 0930 for dredging and trawling in Petre Bay, stations 29 to 32. Party ashore col lected fossils at Titirangi and trawled and collected in Te Whanga Lagoon. Light station and collection NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE off wharf piles in the evening. 22 January. Left Lyttelton at 1705 for Mernoo l February. Left Waitangi 0400 for Forty Fours Bank. (Fig. 5). Two of the party. went ashore and made 23 January. Mernoo Bank was reached at general shore collections and observations on birds. 0705, and stations 1, 2, and 3 worked in 100, 61, Station worked in 130 fathoms to the east of the and 41 fathoms on the bank. Station 4 was worked Forty Fours. Anchorage in Waihere Bay, Pitt in 200 fathoms to the east of Mernoo Bank. Island. 24 January. Stations 5, 6, and 7 were worked in On the Forty Fours were found 2,000 pairs of 300, 220, and 280 fathoms. breeding royal albatrosses (Figs. 11 to 14) ; 400

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fig. 2: The intertidal zone on the north coast of South East Island wi.th a well developed band of Durvillea antarctica. This shore platform is the haunt of the rare shore plover Thinomis novaeseelaniae, which is now confined to this island.

Fig. 3: The Pyramid (height 566 ft.). This rock 1s the sole nesting place of the Chatham Island mollymawk.

Chatham hlands-4

Fig. 5: The Forty Fours. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fig. 6: A beam trawl dominated by the polychae'.e, H;alinoecia tubicola, from sta:ion 6 in 220 fathoms.

Fig. 7: A beam trawl haul from station 7 in 280 fathoms dominated by the echinoid Spatangus multispinus, with a large unknown species of holothurian in the centre.

Fig. 9: A portion of 1he trawl haul from station 6 in 220 fathom5, The large starfish in the upper left 1s Hippasteria sp., previously known from a single fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous.

Fig. 11: Royal albatrosses, nesting on the Forty Fours. Note the large size of the plants ( Cotula renwicki) compared with those on The Sisters.

o Wint! Swell Hydrologic:i.l Obscrvatioru Uiol giol Obscr.·;uion., Pos.ition D:uc lxp1h Air N:icurc or Rcm:ar:r;., Temp, Oouom T,mc (1'.z. s:r.) F·orcc Forcc Cc.."'r tion on 1954 o;rcc-1ti Shot I il:mk7•7 g 29 177'08' Petre Day 9+ 172 53·8 3+·85 O.T. 1318 1358 D.T. 1403 Bl9 11..1.'l'. 1�3 1+19 Nc1 lost 0 57·4 (.gn.s. D.T. 163-0 16+5 Net tom ° Sl.i 70 128 s. s. 57-2 0 30 4)•56' 176 53' Petre B:,.y 70 128 55·7 �:: B. 0 51·0 3-1-•00 f.gn.s. O.L. 1815 1825 o. ° 31.i 22 7·2 0 31 43• 56·5' 176 31' Petre D:iy 22 .ii · l9·9 D.S. 1400 HOS :USO N.P. at 0-2 (01. s-1 i\'.W. 5 N.W. 58·5 0 0 1-118 1425 0 o\\cns:3 6.ii 3-4 Y.F.T. O.L. 1122 1132 0. s. 50·3 0 0 SB·O 3S· 14 f.gnJ.m. ° 7.ii 120-125 220-229 O.T. 1215 1230 +I 43• 35' 176 03·5' N. 30• e. of K.aing:uo:t. 120 220 S2·5 3HH 0.T. 1305 1325 11<>,, 50· I l7·9 35-07 f.gn.t.m. ° KW. S.\\'. 1"45 13!>� .. ° 7.ii 155 204 3!'>·01 O.L. J_,. +5 43• 34' 176 02' N. 30 I;.. of Kaing:uo:i 155 28+ �1·9 \. O.L. 1645 1650 58·5 0 0 59·4 f.g')'.S, 7.ii N.il. Light t...11. 46 K2ingaro:,. 57·9 0 0 51·9 7,ii N.H. Light LII. 47 Kaingaro:i 51·1 0 0 58·3 8.ii Sh. Coll. 48 Port Hult AUO KP. frvm O I f::1 8.ii 50:5 r.gy.s. Y.f.T. 49 Port Hull 50:3 0 0 00',!6 ()(HI n. 9.ii 3--+ 5-7 l7·9 34·18 (.gn.s. N.P. 50 Port llutt • . 57·9 0 0 O.L. 0026 0038 N.P. fr om0-1 fm. 10.ii 125 229 50·2 35·00 51 +1'02' Ch:uh:un RUc 125 229 D.T. 0043 0059

N.P. 0632 06+7 D. 55·0 0 O ll ·9 34 ·69 f.gn,.m. 476 W. S.W. 0.1.. 0632 OG-15 N.P. from 0-2 fm. ° ° JO.ii 260 +3·5 3<·91 52 +l D-1' 178 04' 260 476 D.T. 0716 0736

f.gn.s. O.L. 1300 1318 D. 55·9 0 0 57·5 34·18 ° 160 293 N.W. s.w. D.T. 1331 1346 53 +l' 07' 179 02' Chatham RiJ.c 10.ii 160 293 +5·8 3<·02 N.P. 1915 1930 8. N.P. from 0-2 fm. l7·2 34·83 300+ 5-f?+ N.W. 1 · S.W. 51·9 0 0 0.1.. 1915 1930 Empl)' did not rach bouorn +1' 09' 119• 59' JO.ii 300 5<9 H·I 3-HO 3+·41 s. E. W. S.W. 50·1 0 0 57·3 55 ... ° Chatham RUC II.ii 580 710 3<·<0 . 11' 179 11' 188 710 +2· 1 O.L. 0630 Dredge did not rach bouom 0 57·1 3+·45 II.ii 360 650 w. S.W. 50·3 0 56 ... 14' 178" 23' O12.tham Rise 360 650 +2· I 34·+1 < ·65 l. gn.m. N.P. 1220 1235 B. 51·7 0 0 57·3 3 1220 1232 A little mud only 7 & 58 ,13• 40' 177• 59' Chat.ham Rise II.ii 320 507 N.W. W. 5 34·45 0.1.. 320 507 <3·2 D.T. 1245 1300 N.P, from 0-1 fm.

O.L. 173-0 17+2 B. 51·1 0 O 57.7 3+·17 f.gn,.m. 59 43• 38' 177' 19' Cha.tl10.m lli1c JI.ii 290 531 w. w. 8 B.T. 1750 1807 290 531 45·5 3+ ·< D. 34·81 59.-. 43• 37' 176' 20· Ch.\tham Ri1e 12.ii 230 421 w. W. 57·0 0 0 60· 1 7 34.59 230 421 <5· . D.T. 0630 0650 8, 60 34 ·81 f.gn, 43• 3G' 175' 31' Ch�th:t.m RUc 12.ii 205 375 W. w. 55·4 0 0 61·0 205 375 47·3 3+·10

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pairs of breeding Buller·s mollymawks; 150 The times given are New Zealand standard juvenile nellies; 30 pairs of pipits; 3 pairs of time. The entry under "shot" gives the time when skuas; gulls, shags, and starlings. all the wire had been paid out and towing actually 2 February. Weather rough. Left Waihere Bay commenced; that in "hauled", the time when 0800 for South East Island. Conditions too rough hauling had actually commenced. An entry B in for landing. Stations 37 and 38 worked before the remarks column indicates that the bathy anchoring on east side of Pitt Island. thermograph was used. 3 February. 0700, left for South East Island All station depths under 120 fathoms were ob (Fig. 2). Landed 0900 for general shore collecting. tained by the echo sounder ; those over 120 Left party of three to spend night ashore and set fathoms are wire soundings taken with the Kelvin off at 1200 to work stations 40 and 41, in 155 and sounding machine. 330 fathoms. The otter-trawl haul from station 41 Abbreviations used in denoting the nature of the took two hours to get on board, owing to the bottom are : heavy catch. Anchorage on east side of Pitt Island br. brown. gn. green s. sand at 2120. bry. bryozoan gy. grey sft. soft 4 February. 0800, left for South East Island. c. coarse h. hard sh. shell Picked up shore party and moved round to f. fine m. mud st. stones Whalers Bay on the north-cast end of South East g. gravel r. rock Island. Spent rest of day sorting and packing the The directions of wind and swell are true bear- catch. ings and the strengths are expressed in terms of 5 February. Heavy seas. 0800, set off for the Beaufort's scales. The air temperatures were Pyramid but forced to turn back. Set course for recorded in the shade with a mercury-in-glass Star Keys, approached within 50 yards but con thermometer protected from direct wind; sea ditions were too rough for landing. To Owenga, temperatures were measured variously with mer arriving at 1320. Shore collecting in the afternoon. cury-in-glass thermometer, mercury-in-steel sur Light station at night. face-recording thermograph, bathythermograph, 6 February. 0800, anchorage untenable so shifted and reversing thermometer. All thermometers used out into the bay. Station 43 in 3 to 5 fathoms. Set were intercompared and the readings reduced to off for Waitangi to collect stores from Port Wai correspond to a common standard. Water samples kato, turned back on learning she was going to were collected in 250-ml. glass-stoppered, narrow Kaingaroa, and anchored in Hanson Bay north of mouth reagent bottles and were subsequently Owenga. analysed for salinity by the Dominion Laboratory, 7 February. 0-1-15, to Kaingaroa, where we re D.S.I.R., Wellington, using the standard Knudsen ceived fresh water from Port Waikato. Stations 44 method. Subsurface values of temperature and and +5 in 125 and 150 fathoms. Station 46 in 2 salinity quoted in the station list refer to bottom fathoms at Kaingaroa. Light station at night. values only. Vertical profiles of these quantities, 8 February. 0745, Left Kaingaroa for Port Hutt where measured, are discussed in Appendix 2. where the rest of the day was spent stowing gear. The following symbols denote the type of gear Shore collecting in the afternoon. Light station at med : night. B.T. beam trawl 9 February. Most of day spent in preparation D.A. anchor dredge for the passage to Lyttelton. Further shore col D.L. large dredge, 3 ft. X 1 ft. lecting; young-fish trawl and plankton net towed D.N. naturalist's dredge, 2 ft. X 9 in. from the dinghy. Sailed 2100. D.S. Salpa-pattern dredge JO February. Stations 51 to 54; Chatham Rise. L.H. hand lines 11 February. Stations 55 to 59, Chatham Rise. N.P. plankton net /':.! February. Station 60, Chatham Rise. Reached N.M. metre net Lyttelton 2100. N.H. hand nets O.T. otter trawl STATION LIST P.S. pile scraper Details of the marine stations worked by the Sh. coll. shore collecting expedition are given in Table 1. Y.F.T. young-fish trawl

Chatham hlandJ-5

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RESULTS ings are proving particularly informative and serve to indicate how meagre our knowledge of the Summary of Observations deep-water fauna has been. During the voyage a distance of about 1,700 Material collected by the expedition will be nautical miles was covered, about 700 of these deposited as follows: rock specimens and micro being round the Chatham Islands, during which faunal preparations extracted from the sediments, continuous echo-sounding records were made. in the New Zealand Geological Survey, Welling ton; fish and molluscan type material and bulk col In the three weeks the expedition collected at lections, in the Dominion Museum, with paratypes 58 marine stations and 11 terrestrial localities and and duplicate collections in the Canterbury occupied 36 hydrological stations. Only marine Museum; all other type material and bulk collec localities have been allocated station numbers. tions will be deposited in the Canterbury Museum, Bottom-sediment samples were obtained from with paratypes and duplicate collections in the 35 localities and rock samples from a number of Dominion Museum. The hydrological records, stations, including the top of Mernoo Bank and sediment samples, and echo-�ounding traces are east of the Chathams in 135 fathoms. held by the New Zealand Oceanographic Insti Dredging and trawling were carried out in tute, Wellington. depths up to 330 fathoms on a variety of bottoms. Down to 100 fathoms 23 stations were occupied, Reports from 100 to 200 fathoms 8 stations, and from 200 The results of studies of the expedition material to 300 fathoms 10 stations. The dredge was used will be published m various journals. Up to the on 39 occasions, the otter trawl on 12, and the present, six papers have appeared (Yaldwyn, 1954; beam trawl on 11. Knox, 195'+ ; Dawson, 1955; Russell, 1955; Brewin, 1956; Dell, 1956). Collections Brief accounts of the hydrology and bottom The collections brought back by the expedition topography, and of the echinoderm, mollusc, and have been sorted and are now being studied by fish collections are appended to this general specialists. The deep-water dredgings and trawl- account.

REFERENCES

ALLAN, R. s. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. 1925 : Preliminary Account of the Geology of the Chatham Islands. 7: 290-4. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 59: BREWIN,-- 1929:B. Chatham Islands. The Physical Features and Structure. Trans. roy. Soc.824-9. N.Z. I. 1956: Ascidians84(1): from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. CHILTON, c. 121-37. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 38 : DAWSON, E. 1905: List of Crustacea from the Chatham Islands. Notornis, 6(3)269-76.: DEACON, G. E.w. R. 1955: The Birds of the Chatham Islands Discouery1954 Expedition. Rep. 15: 78-82. DELL, R. 1937: Hydrology of the Southern Ocean. 1-124.N.Z. f. Sci. Tech. B33(1): K. 1951: A Molluscan Fauna from the Mernoo Bank, New Zealand. 15-18. 1952: Ocean Currents N.Z.Affecting J. Sci. New Tech Zealand:. B34(2) :Deductions from the Drift Bottle Records of H. C. Russell. 86-91. Ree. Dom. Mus. 2(1) : 1953: A Molluscan Fauna from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. 37-50. Bull. Dom. Mus. N.Z. 18. --DIEFFENB1956:ACH, The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand. E. 1843: "Travels in New Zealand; with ContributionsJ. to the Geography, Geology, Botany, and FELL, H. B. Natural History of that Country." Murray,Zool. London. Publ. Viet. Uniu. Coll. [N.Z.]. FINLAY, H. J.1952: Echinoderms from Southern New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 18. FLEMING, c. A.1928: The Recent Mollusca of the ChathamI. Emu, Islands. 38: Ibid.59: 38: 232-86. Pt. 3. 1939: BirdsIbid. of 39:the Chatham Islands. Pt. 380-413. Pt. 2. 492-509; 1-15. -- 1952: The Seas Between. In : Simpson (Ed.) "The Antarctic Today" pp: 102-26. New Zealand Antarctic Society and A. H. :md A. W. Reed, Wellington.

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FLl!.MINO, RnD, J. J. C. A. ; N.Z. J. Sci. T11ch. B32(6): GARNER,1951: M. Mernoo Bank East of Canterbury, New Zealand. 17-30. D. 1953: Physical Characteristics of N.Z.Inshore ]. Sci.Surface Tech. Waters B35(3) Between : Cook Strait and Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. 239--46. N.Z. J. -- 1954: SeaSci. Surface Tech. TemperatureB36(3) : in the South-west Pacific Ocean from 1949 to 1952. HoRNIBROOK, N. DE B. 285-303. N.Z. J. Sci. 1952: SedimentsTech. B3 from4(3): the Chatham Rise, Pt. 2. Recent and Fossil Microfaunas. KNOX, G. A. 184-88. Nature, 174: MOORE, L. B.w. 1954: The Intertidal Flora and Fauna of the ChathamTrans. Islands. roy. Soc. N.Z. 77(5)871-: 3. POWELL, 1949: The Marine Algal Provinces of New Zealand. Ree. Auck. Inst. Mus.178-9 4(. 1): A. B. 1933: The Marine Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. [N.Z.] REED, J. 181-208. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. B34: RUSSELL,J. C. 1952: Sediments from the Chatham Rise, Pt. 1. Petrology. Ree. Cant. Mus.173-84. 7(1): R. 1955: Some Additions to the Rotifers of the Chatham Islands. [N.Z.] THOMSON, G. M. 51-3. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. WAITE, E. R. 1922 : Study of Marine Currents. 5: 155. 1909: Scientific ResultsRee. Canterbury of the New ZealandMus. Government1 (2) : Trawling Expedition 1907: Intro YALDWYN, Nephropsduction. challengeri fN.Z.] 45-64. J, C. 1954: Balss, 1914Trans. (Crustacea, roy. Soc. Decapoda, N.Z. 82(3) Reptantia): from New Zealand YouNo, M. W. and Chatham Island Waters. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 60: 721-32. 1929: Marine Fauna of the Chatham Islands. 136-66.

APPENDIX 1

Papers published, or in press, from the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition.

BREWIN, B. I. 1956: Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z. 84(1) : 121-37. DAWSON, E. w. 1955 : The Birds of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. Notornis, 6(3) : 78-82. K. 1956: The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand. Bull. Dom. Mus. N.Z. 18. KNOX,DELL, R. A. 1954: The Intertidal Flora and Fauna of the Chatham Islands. Nature, 174: G. 871-3. 1955 : Some Additions to the Rotifers of the Chatham Islands. Ree. Cant. [N.Z.] RUSSELL, C. R. Mus. 7(1) : 51-3. YALDWYN, J. C. 1954: Nephrops challengeri Balss, 1914 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Reptantia) from New Zealand and Chatham Island Waters. Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z. 82(3) : 721-32. YALDWYN, J. c. (in press) : The Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia, of the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedi tion. Pt. 1 : The Deep-water Fauna of the Chatham Rise. Pt. 2: The Littoral Fauna of the Chatham Islands. Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z.

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APPENDIX 2

HYDROLOGY OF CHATHAM RISE

by D. M. Garner, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute; Wellington

Introduction The occurrence of relatively warm and saline water around the south of Pitt Island is difficult Observations of temperature and salinity were to explain except as an isolated pocket of water recorded during the course of the Chatham left from some previous intrusion from the north. Islands 1954 Expedition, primarily to provide a It might be noted here that in mid December description of the hydrological environment at the 1953, M.V. Port Waikato (Holm Shipping Co.) dredging and trawling stations. Apparatus and colle7t d a surface sample from Pitt Strait giving methods used have been described by Mr Knox � a sahmty of 35·0" / suggesting that such an in on p. 13 of this bulletin. Reference should also be 00, trusion may have taken place. made to Charts 1 and 2 for the position of stations and the route followed. The expedition station list (Table 1) gives temperature and salinity for the Subsurface Conditions Around the Islands surface and bottom at each station where observa North Coast A vertical temperature section con tions were made. structed from observations taken between Cape Pattison and Kaingaroa (see ships track between Surface Conditions Around the Islands stations 18 and 21, Chart 1), is shown in Fig. 16. Surface temperature was measured continuously This section crosses the colder area off the north by recording thermograph and numerous water coast (Fig. 15) and shows how the temperature samples collected for salinity analysis. The range contrast between the colder mass and its warmer in both temperature and salinity was small, 57 °F. surroundings increases with depth, suggesting an to 59°F ., and 34·6° / oo to 35· 1 ° /oo, with no pro upward movement in the cold water. nounced gradients. Surface isotherms and iso Stations 22 and 23, near The Sisters and appar halines drawn from the observations are shown in ently close to the centre of the cooler area, were Fig. 15. The extent to which contouring is con worked in fairly shallow water, and their tempera trolled is evident from the track of the observing ture and salinity characteristics (see station list) vessel. No significant changes in surface conditions were similar to those of the water column to the were evident when the same route was traversed same depth over the cold core to the west of on different days. station 19 (Fig. 16) . The stations nearest to this An area of relatively colder and less saline in deeper water were 44 and 45 (Fig. 17) at the water was found over the shallower area north shelf edge north-east of Kaingaroa. At these west of Cape Young, off the northern coast of stations, water with the characteristics of the cold Chatham Island. core was found at about 120 ft. in the deeper The warmest and least saline water was found water, and about 260 ft. on the shelf. The colder around Waitangi, its presence probably being due water off Cape Young is probably derived from to the sheltering effect of Petre Bay and the out deeper waters off the shelf. fall of the Nairn River. Hanson Bay The surface plots of Fig. 15 suggest There appears to be a marked intrusion from a deflection of water into Hanson Bay from the the north of relatively warm and saline water north. Stations 13, 14, and 15 occupied in the towards Hanson Bay on the east coast of Chatham bay were isothermal and practically isohaline. A Island, although observations are lacking north plot of surface temperature and salinity against wards from the Forty Fours which are necessary depth at station 34, worked on the seaward side to substantiate fully this interpretation. of the shelf edge east of the Forty Fours, is shown

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57.5 58·0

57•0

TEMPE RATURE O F ______..,. ,- --- 57·5

·I

35·0

------·8 -----

SALi N ITV ·9 .%0 ---- ° It.::\G)@€)] This work is licensedFig. under 15: the CreativeEstimated Commons distribution Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs of surface temperature 3.0 Unported (License.F.) and salinity (0/oo) around the Chatham Islands To view a copy of this license, visitduring http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ the period of the expedition. The track of the observing vessel is shown as broken lines. �A =MltW::- 20

• I 57•0 50 .q w,_ w u. z

:I: a..,_ w 0

100

ISO

Fig. 16: Vertical temperature cross section (°F.) constructed from five bathythennograph soundings offthe north coast of Chatham Island between Cape Pattison and Kaingaroa, 28 January 1954. The arrow near Station 19 shows where a marked change in course was made (see Chart 3).

in Fig·. 18. The salinity shows a weakly defined worthy that below about 400 ft., the water at each minimum at about 200 ft. similar to that observed of the deep stations 34, 40, and 44 was isohaline at at station 44 (Fig. 17). This is perhaps due to practically the same salinity. At station 41, on the the presence of a shallow layer of subtropical seaward· side of the shelf edge, the temperature water of higher salinity overlying a water mass and salinity showed essentially the same variation whose salinity increased slowly with depth. with depth as given in Fig. 19 for station 40. Pitt Island Isothermal and almost isohaline con Below 900 ft. the only observations made at this ditions were found in the shallow-water stations 37 station were at 1,500 ft. and 1,650 ft. at which and 38 close to Pitt Island. depths temperature and salinity were, respectively, ° 0 ° 0 The curves of Fig. 18 describe conditions close 49·8 F. and 34·7 fo0 and 47·5 F. and 34·7 fo0 to the shelf edge south of Pitt Island. A subsurface (much higher values, incidentally, than were salinity minimum is still just evident. It is note- found at comparable depths on the Chatham Rise).

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STN 45 44 45 44

·15

•10 100

·0$ 200 200 35•00 57

.q 300 300

400 400 w 0"Q w ... LI... ::c z SOO SOO ::c: I- m... m w 0 ... 600 600

700 700

52 800 800

SALINITY TEMPERA TU RE qoo 900 %0 Of

Fig. 17: Temperature and salinity as a function of depth for stations 44 and 45 at the shelf edge north-east of Kaingaroa, 7 February 1954.

Petre Bay The temperature section into Petre ing the return voyage to Lyttelton from the Bay from the east reproduced in Fig. 20 shows islands. Reference should be made to Chart 1 for how the warmer water in the bay noted on the a plot of the station positions. The course followed surface-temperature plot is distributed in depth. took the vessel from Petre Bay on to the southern There is no well marked thermocline over most flank of the Chatham Rise where the bottom of the section; this feature is traced approximately begins to fall away into the Bounty Basin. About by the 55 °F. isotherm, becoming evident at the midway between the Chathams and Banks Penin seaward end of the section, in depths greater than sula, a north-easterly course was followed back to about 500 ft. Perhaps the mixing effect of tidal the summit of the rise, and thence to Lyttelton. streams is felt inshore from this point. These changes in course should be kept in mind The Chatham Rise A series of full hydrological when examining the temperature and salinity sec stations was worked along the Chatham Rise dur- tions shown in Fig. 21. The total range in salinity

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Temperature °F

53 54 55 56 57

100

200

�q, "v 300 �(> �q, ..... '\

w -500 0

600

700

34.4 34·6 34·8 35·0 35·2

%,Salinity

Fig. 18: Temperature and salinity as a- function of depth fo.: station 34, east of the Forty Fours, 1 February 1954.

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Temperoturt °F

sr 52 53 54 55 56 57

100

200

300

800

34.4 34 ·6 34·8

Salinity %0

Fig. 19: Temperature and salinity a� a function of depth for station 40, south of Pitt Island, 3 February 1954. ° over the Chatham Rise was small ( 34·4 / 00 to between stations 55 and 56. Because of the rela ° 35·0 / 00 ) and tended to show small variation in tive steepness of the isotherms defining this feature, depth. Because of this, the density pattern will be it appears possible that it represents water with a closely similar to that of temperature, and the tem northward component of flow which has received perature section is used as a basis for a discussion an upward thrust at the southern flank of the of circulation over the rise. Chatham Rise. Based chiefly on a small minimum The most striking feature of the section is the in surface temperature recorded on the thermo "dome" of colder ( and less saline) water centred graph between stations 55 and 56, the upward

Chatham Islands---6

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200

I- w w u.. z 300

I I- n. w 400 0

500

600

Fig. 20: Vertical temperature cross section, constructed from ten bathythermograph soundings, extending from the west of Chatham Island into Petre Bay towards Waitangi (31 January 1954). The salinity of a few water samples taken on this line are entered at the appropriate depths. An inset map, lower right, shows the position of this line relative to the island. curvature has been continued in the isotherms so here there presumably existed an anticyclonic nearer the surface (where this feature would not eddy. Several small temperature inversions, repre otherwise have been suspected owing to the sented in the section by small kinks in the iso spacing of stations) although, necessarily, to a therms, were recorded on bathythermograph smaller degree. This suggests a retardation of traces at the base of the thermocline layer beneath upward movement because of the stability of the this feature. thermocline layer. This interpretation, then, places With these suggestions derived from a study of a cyclonic eddy between stations 55 and 56. the vertical section in mind, the probable general At the eastern end of the section, the isotherm form of the surface temperature and salinity pat slope, downwards to the east, suggests a relatively terns over the Chatham Rise was sketched in Fig. weak component of flow southwards normal to the 22, and the suggested main trend of the surface section, confirming the interpretation of hydro circulation is added. It was possible to extend the logical influence from the north about the island sketch of surface isotherms over a w ide area, group. through the timely receipt of thermograms from At the western end of the section, a pronounced T.E.V. HinemoC/! (Union Steam Ship Company, rise in surface temperature was recorded just to Lyttelton to Wellington) and H.M.N.Z.S. Lachlan the east of station 59A. Isotherms plotted in ver (on survey between Cape Kidnappers and Cape tical section suggest a relatively strong component Palliser) close to the period of the expedition's of flow normal to the section towards the north work on the Chatham Rise. (Considerable detail in this area, extending to a depth of about 150 ft. was apparent in the Lachlan data, but in essentials, The relatively high temperature and salinity of the surface pattern was as sketched in Fig. 22.) this water, however, labels it as of northern origin, The surface temperature plot of Fig. 22 ( c),

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200

� 800

Z 1000

•

1600

1800

2000 TEMPERATURE OF 2200

STN6Q 59A

·8 200

400

600

I- 800 w w u.1000

1200

t1400

1600

l&OO

2000

2200

Fig. 21: Vertical cross sections of temperature and salinity along the Chatham Rise between Chatham Island and Banks Peninsula (10-12 February 1954). The arrow between stations 56 and 57/58 shows where a marked change of course was made. See Chart I for a plot of station positions.

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•

Fig. 22: Surface temperature and salinity over the Chatham Rise:Port Waikato). (a) Salinity (0/oo), early Jimuary 1954 (from M.V. (b) Salinity (0/oo), early February 1954 (from expedition stations). Hinemoa(c) Temperatures Lachl an).(°F.), early February 1954 (from expedition stations extended by data from and Suggested flow patterns, in very general form only, are sketched as heavy broken lines, subtropical water to the north, subantarctic water to the south. Salinities plotted in circles on (a) and (b) represent the first two decimal places of the salinity of samples collected, all values lying between 34 and 350/o o.

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shows a tongue of subtropical water extending subtropical at the time of the expedition. It is southwards towards Banks Peninsula, the southern apparent, however, that the convergence region most portion of this tongue being crossed by the lay very close to the group and that the islands expedition section. The cold water in the middle must be subject to a great variety of hydrological of the section is shown as the northernmost tip of conditions near the surface. Near the bottom, however, conditions will an intrusion of subantarctic water. It appears that i the surface rate of change of salinity with tempera depend largely or depth, and the deeper water ture is greater in subantarctic water than in sub will be independent of seasonal changes in the tropical, details of the subtropical pattern being balance between subantarctic and subtropical more evident from the temperature distribution, water. and those of the subantarctic pattern more evi Plastic-covered drift cards, in bundles of ten, dent from salinity. Fig. 22 (a) shows the probable were released at each station across the Chatham pattern of surface salinity over the Chatham Rise Rise, and at intervals of five miles between early in January 1954, derived from samples col station 60 and Lyttelton Harbour. At the time of lected by M.V. Port Waikato; it is interesting to writing (August 1956) no cards had been re see that conditions were basically the same during covered from the Chatham Rise releases, con the month preceding the work of the expedition. sistent with the picture of a general eastward set The subtropical water near New Zealand extended in the surface circulation built up from the, hydro to a depth of about 150 ft. only, both near Bank1 logical data. From releases between a position Peninsula and off Cape Palliser ( from Lachlah marked on the course by the 62°F. surface iso data). therm (Fig. 22c) and Lyttelton, a large number The surface hydrological environment of the of recoveries have been made, all from the shores Chatham Islands appeared to be predominantly of Pegasus Bay, north of Banks Peninsula.

MARINE GEOLOGY OF THE CHATHAM ISLANDS AREA by J. W. Brodie, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Wellington

Introduction Foraminifera. Allan ( 1925, 1929) noted a wave The Chatham Islands are located on the eastern cut platform 10 to 15 ft. above sea level in the extremity of the Chatham Rise, the crest of which north-west corner of Petre Bay and a raised marine lies in depths less than 500 fathoms. The flanks terrace now 50 ft. above sea level in the Cape of the rise drop relatively steeply towards the Pattison area. South of Waitangi he observed Kermadec Trench in the north and to the Bounty wave-cut platforms that terminated seaward in a Basin in the south. The area discussed here is the vertical drop to six fathoms below sea level. Allan island shelf surrounding the group and the upper considered the group owes its present form to part of the island slope, and is roughly bounded "faulting that blocked out the main masses" and by the 150-fathom isobath, about 15 miles off to subsequent slight uplift and formation of the shore. extensive sand bars now linking three of the four former islands. The bathymetry shown on Chart 2 is based on continuous echo soundings taken by M.V. Alert during the expedition, along courses aggre Morphology of the Island Shelf gating approximately 300 nautical miles, and on the spot soundings on Admiralty Chart 1417. All the islands of the Chatham group are en closed within one continuous 60-fathom isobath. This chart shows only 130 soundings in the 5,000 square miles around the islands, 50 of these being Shoreward of this line, echo-traces show the bot tom in the 100 square miles of Petre Bay. to be irregular (Fig. 23) with a local relief The distribution of sediments is defined from averaging five fathoms. The north-western and larger part of the area (from which Chatham the descriptions shown on the Admiralty Chart and from shipboard descriptions of samples ob Island itself rises) is separated from the south tained by the expedition. eastern portion by a five-mile-wide passage 30 to 40 Available information on the rocks of the Chat fathoms deep. Though the land area rising ham Islands has been summarised by Reed and from this south-eastern inner shelf is small, much Hornibrook ( 1952). Three main areas, each with of the area is covered by water less than 30 fathoms deep. distinctive rock types, are distinguishable : the southern plateau is composed of post-Oligocene Six lines of echo soundings were taken across and pre-Pleistocene horizontal basalt flows, Oligo the outer shelf to depths of 100 to 135 fathoms cene byrozoan limestones make up the central ( Fig. 24). The main break in slope at the shelf low-lying area, and in the northern area east edge lies in 100 fathoms south-west of Petre Bay west striking schists in the eastern and western and Pitt Island. Echo soundings along four of portions are separated by a central area of lim these lines, off South East Island, the Forty Fours, burgite flows and tuffs, possibly Oligocene in age. and Kaingaroa, show that the break here occurs The submarine morphology of the Chatham in 80 to 85 fathoms. Rise has been figured and briefly discussed by The gradient of the shelf steepens abruptly Fleming and Reed (1951). A sample of sediment landward at an average depth of 65 fathoms. dredged by R.R.S. Discovery II from a point 80 Within the area bounded by the 60-fathom iso miles west of Chatham Island (station 2733) was bath the echo soundings record a succession of described by Reed and Hornibrook ( 1952) as a level surfaces at average depths of 52, 32, 21, 16, well sorted gravelly sand, consisting of schist 10, and 6 fathoms. The 32-, 21-, and 16-fathom fragments, pebbles of phosphatised Miocene levels are comparatively well documented around Globigerina ooze and Miocene sandstone, and Pitt Island and across Pitt Strait.

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PITT STRAIT. t t Old Mon Reef. 40 Off Pitt Id so bo 70 eo

1------15 nautical miles------1 Fathoms.

Fig. 23: Echo-sounding record across Pitt Strait.

South of the Pyramid the gradient of the island crops, particularly in shallow water, is attested slope approaches the horizontal between 150 and by some of the chart descriptions and more par 160 fathoms and east of the Forty Fours a similar ticularly by the highly irregular nature of the flattening occurs between 120 and 130 fathoms. sea bottom shown on the echo soundings. It is on Other highs on the Chatham Rise itself and these irregularities that the succession of level near its western end exhibit similar forms. The surfaces is in part developed and it can reasonably summit of the Mernoo Bank has been ascribed be inferred that they were formed by wave by Fleming and Reed ( 1951) to partial truncation action at successive stands of sea level (Dietz and at a level about 60 fathoms below present sea Menard 1951). level. Urry ( 1949, p. 262) shows on a bathy Since the formation of the outer shelf edge, the metric chart a single sounding of 64 fathoms in south-western portion has been depressed 15 to Lat. 45 ° S., Long. 174° 14' E. in an area generally 20 fathoms relative to the eastern portion. This 400 fathoms deep. Another high, the Veryan Bank, warping took place prior to the cutting of the discovered by H.M.S. Veryan Bay in September 65-fathom level and shallower levels, for these do 1950, in Lat. 44° 16' S., Long. 176° 11' E. is trun not exhibit obvious distortion. cated at a depth of 80 fathoms. The main break The bathymetry shows that the coastal outline in slope at the shelf edge off the east coast of New of the group had the same general form at the Zealand lies in approximately 70 fathoms. time of the -65-fathom sea level as at present: Allan's ( 1929) "blocking-out by faulting" occurred before the cutting of the 65-fathom surface. Distribution of Sediments A more critical study of the coastal features Sediments described on the Admiralty Chart as would be required before the "10 to 15 ft. wave sand, gravel, stones, shell, and rock lie mainly cut platform" and "50 ft. raised terrace" could be shoreward of the 50-fathom line. One notable fitted into a late-Pleistocene chronology. However exception is the fine sand and gravel recorded at it is reasonable to suppose that the levels from station 34 in 130 fathoms. Fine sand occupies the -65 fathoms upward were cut during low and zone seaward of the 50-fathom line to depths as intermittently rising sea levels of the glacial phases great as 180 fathoms, though in Petre Bay fine of the Last Glaciation. The -65-fathom level sand extends close inshore. The three points from around the Chatham Islands may be correlated which mud was recorded lie in 120, 155, and 330 tentatively with that cut on the Mernoo Bank at fathoms. 60 fathoms. Acknowledgments Discussion Thanks are due to Mr P. C. Spence for the pro Though the chart suggests that the major portion duction of the bathymetric chart of the Chatham of the sea floor around the islands is covered with Islands area, and to Mr C. Webb for draughting sediment, the common occurrence of rocky out- the figures.

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N w�------..-=c Eo so

50 50

100 100

PYRAMID FOURTY FOURS

NW SE N 0 ------� O

50 50

100 100

SOUTHEAST ISLAND KAINGAROA

N_W______--,S E E 0

50 50

100 100 fathoms. SOUTHEAST ISLAND PETRE BAY

Scale 10, 15 fathoms. 0 5 20 25 Nautical Miles.

Fig. 24 : Echo-sounding profiles across the shelf edge. References N.Z. f. ALLAN, R. S. 1925: PreliminarySci. Tech. Account7(5) : of the Geology of the Chatham Islands. 290-4. Trans. N.Z. -- 1929: ChathamInst. Islands: The Physical Features and Structure. 59(4) : 824-39. DIETZ, R. S., and MENARD, H. W. 195 1: OriginBull. ofAmer. Abrupt Ass. Change Petrol. Geol.in Slope 35 (9): at Continental Shelf Margin. J. J. 1944-2016.N.Z. f. Sci. Tech. FLEMING, C. A., and REED, 1951: MernooB32 (6) Bank, : East of Canterbury, New Zealani:l. J. 17-30. REED, J., and HoRNIBROOK, N. DE B. N.Z. ]. Sci. Tech. B34(3) : 1952: Sediments from the Chatham Rise. 174-88. URRY, WILLIAM D. 1949 : Radioactivity of Ocean Sediments. VI, Concentrations of the Radio elementsAmer. ]. Sci.,in Marine247(4) : Sediments of the Southern Hemisphere. 257-75.

REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCA

By R. K. Dell, Dominion Museum, Wellington

The molluscan material collected by the expedi that obtained in comparable depths in the Cook tion is best considered under three heads : material Strait region. Below 100 fathoms the fauna began from the Mernoo Bank, the shallow-water and to be influenced by the deeper-water forms, a pro intertidal fauna from the Chathams, and the deep cess that will be mentioned later. At one station water species. (34) to the east of the Forty Fours in 130 fathoms a rich fauna was obtained, some of the species The Memoo Bank being previously known only from off the Snares. The three stations worked in depths of 100, 61, anmainland fauna! mixture are greatest where the shelf edge is species such as Mytilus canaliculus, Volsella neo steep. The archibenthal fauna appears to be com zelanica, Lzmetla smaragda, Notoacmea spp., posed of five elements: Neothais scalaris, Patelloidea spp., Benhamina obliquata, and Scutus breviculus. The extreme (a) A small number of shelf species which paucity of species living bet\¥een tide marks was extend downwards as far as investigations have noted in all areas examined. been carried out, e.g. Neilo australis, Cuspidaria fairchildi, Cadulus teliger, Haliris setosa, Nucinella Dredging and trawling in moderate depths maoriana, Monia zelandica, Maoricrater explorata. (down to 100 fathoms) added a larger number of species to the faunal lists. Complete analysis (b) A small group with affinities with deep has not, as yet, been carried out but the species water species off the south-east Australian coast, from the shelf do not appear to show the mixture e.g. Cymatona kampyla "Calliostoma" sp., Frigi of northern and southern elements to nearly the natica conjuncta, Ectorisma sp. same extent as do the intertidal forms, nor is the ( c) A small group with affinities with southern degree of endemism well marked. The general deep-water forms, e.g. Falsilunatia sp., Neacteo appearance of the dredged material is similar to nina sp.

Chatham lslands-i

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(d) The majority of the species belonging either laudandum, and this factor must be borne in mind to genera still living on the shelf, e.g. Fax, Penion, in any future discussions on m olluscan fauna! Tawera, Splendrillia, Micantapex, Comitas, Bary migrations. spira, Poirieria, Leporemax, Coluzea, Zeminolia, Material obtained by the Challenger expedition, Aeneator, but represented by new species, or t o by Galathea, and by subsequent trawling opera genera which were well represented in the New tions off the Otago coast have shown that part at Zealand Tertiary but have been considered extinct, least of this archibenthal fauna is widely distri e.g. Waipaoa, Parvamussium, Teremelon, Scap buted in New Zealand seas in comparable depths hander, Galeodea, Ellicea, Iredalina. and is not confined to the periphery of the Bounty ( e) A small element representing genera that Basin. have not been known in the New Zealand area previously and which have no particular affinity Additional work is required to show how widely with any one specific deep-sea area, e.g. Euciroa, distributed this ·distinctive archibenthal molluscan Stilif er, Volvulella. fauna may be. One important fact that stems from the find The value of the results of the present expedi ings of the expedition is that a number of species tion d o not lie particularly in the new forms that have been found over recent years to o ccur obtained, important as these undoubtedly are, but sporadically on the shelf are almost certainly rather in showing that a specific archibenthal migrants from the archibenthal fauna, e.g. Coluzea fauna does occur in New Zealand, and in sup mariae, Galeodea triganceae, Iredalina mirabilis plying data to show the position of the boundary and /. aurantia, and Ellicea recens. Off the Chat between this fauna and that of the shelf. No com ham Islands, similar fauna! migrations were ob parable data appear to exist for any other area served in depths between 100 and 200 fathoms. It in the Southern Hemisphere and full analysis of is probable that some species that appear to be this material will give results useful not only to the common in places on the shelf have been earlier molluscan specialist but also to the paleontologist migrants from the deeper seas, e.g. Fusitriton and zoogeographer.

By H. Barraclough Fell, Zoology Department, Victoria University College

The collection comprises about 650 specimen� re�resenting at least 40 species of echinoderms. The distribution of species is indicated in the following list. Asteroidea Pseudechinus sp. nov. 2, 6, 28, 29, 30, Stations 37, 41, 52 Persephonaster neozelanicus 1, 2, 29, 40 Evechinus chloroticus 9, 18 Astropecten sp. 2, 6, 7, 34, 41 Phormosoma busarium 6, 41 M ediaster sladeni 51 Apatopygus recens 14, 20, 23, 37 Zoroaster macracantha 6, 7 Paramaretia multituberculata 7, 40, 52 Hippasteria sp. nov. 6 Spatangus multispinus 2, 6, 7, 41, 52, Peribolaster sp. nov. 34 59 Solaster aff.japo nicus 6, 7, 58 Brissopsis zelandiae 41, 52 Henricia cf. compacta 6, 7, 14, 16, 26, Identifications should be treated as provisional. 49 Some 350 specimens are referable to a single Echinaster sp. ( nov.?) 41, 59 species of sea-urchin, previously known only from Asterina regularis 11 the Pleistocene (Castl

REPORT ON THE FISHES

By J. Moreland, Dominion Museum, Wellington

Fishes were freely taken at every station at which Galaxias attenuatus Hemerocoetes acantho- beam and otter trawls were used. The material Centriscops obliquus rhynchus Coelorhynchus oliveri- H. waitei may conveniently be considered under three heads. anus Limnichthys fasciatus Mernoo Bank, intertidal and shallow-water Lepidorhynchus denticu Neophrynichthys latus material from the Chatham Islands, and the deep latus Hoplichthys haswelli Stigmatophora longiro- Scorpaena cruenta water material. stris Tripterygio11 tripen11e I chthyocampus filum Helcogramma medium Syngnathus blainvillianus Gastroscyphus hectorias Mernoo Bank Hemiramphus australis Mola mola Seriolella punctatus The only station (60 fathoms) worked with a net revealed the presence of widely distributed Deep Water and characteristic mainland species. Those taken With the exception of those from a few scattered were Kathetostoma giganteum, Hemerocoetes stations occupied by overseas expeditions, few acanthorhynchus, Limnichthys fasciatus, Physicu fishes have been described from New Zealand lus bachus, and Caulopsetta scapha. Some blue waters from depths greater than 100 fathoms. The cod, were taken at this station Parapercis colias, Chatham Islands Expedition was able to occupy on a hand line. eighteen stations below this depth and to obtain a picture of the change from shelf to deep-sea Chatham Islands faunas. A transitional zone containing elements Intensive shore collecting at two places and some from both the shelf and deep water was apparent shallow-water trawling round the coast produced between 150 and 270 fathoms. Macrurids first more detailed data on the composition of the appeared in the upper limits of the zone while fauna and yielded 26 species additional to the Hemer ocoetes, a shelf genus, was absent near the previously published lists of the fishes of the group. lower limits of the zone. There are no endemic marine species known. The Juvenile red cod, 4 to 5 in. long, were taken in whole fauna is exclusively New Zealand in charac enormous numbers in the middle and lower depths ter and probably continuously reinforced by drift of this zone. Virtually unknown in shelf waters at ing larval stages from the mainland. Northern and this size, they have since been taken in similar southern elements of the New Zealand fauna were depths off mainland coasts and may eventuallv represented by a dogfish, Squalus griffini, and serve as an indicator species of the middle and Notothenia microlepidota, the latter widespread lower transitional zone. in the subantarctic and southern mainland waters. Below 270 fathoms, the macrurid genera Coelo rhynchus, Lepidorhynchus and Lionurus were taken freely. Species new to the New Zealand List of Species not Previously Recorded region are the macrurids Coelorhynchus fasciatus, from the Chatham Islands C. mirus, and Lionurus nigromaculatus, a flatfish (Azygopus pinnifasciatus), an eel (Ariosoma longi S qualus griffini Arripis trutta cauda), and an apogonid resembling Hynnodus Gonorhynchus gonorhyn Pseudolabrus cinctus atherinoides and belonging to a family not pre chus Parapercis gilliesii Galaxias fasciatus Bovichtus variegatus viously known from New Zealand waters.

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Albatross, royal, 14, Figs. 10, 11, 12 Cotula re11wicki, Fig. 11 Alert, M.V., 7, 13, 14, 28, Frontispiece Crustacea, 12, 17 Algae, 12, Fig. 2 Cuspidaria fairchildi, 31 Allan, R. S., 8, 28, 29, 30 Cymatona kampyla "Calliostoma" sp., 31 Allostichaster insignis, 33 polyplax, 33 Amphi�ra, 33 alba, 33 magellanica, 33 Dawson, E. W., 17 ,, norae, 33 Deacon, G. E. R., 11 Aneator, 32 Dell, R. K., 12, 17 Antarctica, 33 Dendy, A., 8 Apatopygus recens, 33 Dieffenbach, E., 8, 16 Ariosoma longicauda, 34 Dietz, R. S., 29 Arripis trutta, 34 Discovery II,R.R.S., 9, 12, 28, 31, 33 Ascidians, 12, 14, 17 Dogfish, 34 Asterina regularis, 33 Dredging, 13, 31 Asteroidea, 33, Fig. 9 Drift Cards, 27 Astropecten, 33 Duruillea antarctica, Fig. 2 Astrothorax waitei, 33 Azygopus pinnifasciatus, 34

East Cape Current, 11 Echinaster, 33 Banks Peninsula, 9, 21, 25, 27 Echinodermata, 12, 33 32 Baryspira, Echinoidea, 33, 7 Batham, E. J., 12, 14 Echo �ouuding, 28, 29, 23, 24 31 Fig. Benhamina vbliquata, Ectorisma, 31 Figs. Birds, 14, 17, Figs. 2, 3, 10-14 31 Black, A. 7, 12, 13 Ellatriuia memorata, J., Ellicea, 32 Blue cod, 34 , 32 Bottom topography, 9, 28 , recens, Euciroa, 32 Bounty Basin, 9, 21, 28, 32 Eucominia, 31 Bouichtus uariegatus, 34 33 Brewin, B., 14, 17 Euechinus chloroticus, Brissopsis zelandiae, 33 Bryozoa, 15, 28 Buller's mollymawk, 14, Figs. 13, 14 Falsilunatia, 31 Fauna! provinces, 12 Fax, 32 Cadulus teliger, 31 Fell, H. B., 9, 12 Caluasterias suteri, 33 Finlay, H. J., 12 Canterbury Museum, 16_. 33 Fishes, 9, 12, 34 Cape Palliser, 24, 27 Fleming, C. A., 9-11, 17, 28-30 Cape Pattison, 18, 20, 28 Foraminifera, 28 Cape Young, 18 Forty Fours, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28-31, Figs. 5 ' 11-14 Caulopsetta scapha, 34 Fournier, Lieut., 9 Centriscops obliquus, 34 Friginatica conjuncta, 31 Challenger, H.M.S., 31, 32 Fusitriton laudandum, 32 Chatham Islands rnollymawk, Fig. 3 Chatham Rise, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18-29, 33 Chlamys dclicatu[a, 31 Circulation, water, 11, 18, 27 Climate, 11 Galathea, H.D.M.S., 31, 32 Coelenterata, 12 Galaxias attenuatus, 34 Coelorhynchus fasciatus, 34 ,, fasciatus, 34 mirus, 34 Galeodea, 32 oliuerianus, 34 ,, triganceae, 3 2 Coluze�, 32 Garner, D. M., 11 ,, mariae, 32 Gastroscyphus hectorias, 34 Comitas, 32 Geology, 9, 28-30 Continental shelf, 9, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 Globigerina ooze, 28 Cook Strait, 31 Goniocidaris, 33 Coscinasterias calarmaria, 33 Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus, 34 Cosmasterias dyscrita, 33 Gulls, 14

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Haliris setosa, 3 l Notoacmea, 31 Hanson Bay, 8, 9, 15, 18 Notothenia microlepidota, 34 Heaphy, C., 9 Nucinella maoriana, 31 Helcogramma medium, 34 Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus, 34 ,, waitei, 34 34 Hemirham lius australis, Ogmocidaris benhami, 33 Henricia c.f compacta, 33 cf. 33 24, 26 Ophiacantha vepratica, Hinemoa, T.S.S., Ophiactis profundi, 33 Hippasteria, 14, 33, Fig. 9 33 ,, 33 Ophioceres huttoni, antiqua, Ophiomisidium irene, 33 Holothurians, Fig. 7 Ophiomyxa, 33 Hoplichthys haswelli, 34 brevirima, 33 Hornibrook, N. de B., 9, 28 ,, duskiensis, 33 Hyalinoecia tubicola, Fig. 7 Ophionereis fasciata, 33 Hynnodus atherinoides, 34 Ophiura, 33 Ophiuroidea, 12, 33 Otago coast, 22 Otago Institute, 8, 12 Ichthyocampus filum, 34 Owenga, 9, 11, 14, 15 lredalina, 32 aurantia, 32 mirabilis, 32 Paremaretia, 33 ,, multituberculata, 33. Parapercis colias, 34 Kaingaroa, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, 30 ,, gilliesii, 34. Kathetostoma giganteum, 34 Parvamussium, 32 Kermadec Trench, 9, 28 Patelloidca, 31 Kirk, H. B., 8 Patterson, J., 8 Knox, G. A., 17 Pectinura gracilis, 33 ,, sp. aff. macu/ata, 33 Pegasus Bay, 27 Penion, 32 Lachlan, H.M.N.Z.S., 7, 9, 24, 26, 27 Peribolaster, 33 Leporemax, 32 ,, cf. biserialis, 33 Lepidorhyn.:hus denticulatus, 34 Persephonaster neozelanicus, 33 ,, lionurus, 34 Petre Bay, 9, 14, 18, 21, 24, 28, 29, Fig. 24 nigromaculatus, 34 Phormosoma busarium, 33 Limbu;gite, 28 Physiculus bachus, 34 Limnichthys fasciatus, 34 Pipits, 14 Little Mangere, 11 Pitt Is., 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, Fig. 15 Lunella smaragda, 31 Pitt Strait, 18, 28, 29, Fig. 23 Plankton, 14 Platforms, wave cut, 28 Pleistocene, 28, 29, 33 Mangere, 11 Poirieria, 32 Polychaeta, 12, Fig. 6 Maoricrater explorata, 31 Martin, W., 8 Port Hutt, 15 Marwick, J., 8 Port Waikato, S.S., 8, 14, 15, 18, 26, 27 N.Z.G.S., 8, 12 Powell, A. W. B., 9, 12, 27 Matai, Provinces, fauna!, 12 Mediaster sladeni, 33 Menard, H. W., 29 Pseudechiuus, 33 34 Mernoo, S.S., 8 Pseudolabrus cinctus, Mernoo Bank, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 29, 31, 34, Fig. 1 Pyramid, The, 11, 14, 15, 29, Fi-gs. 3, 24 Micantapex, 32 Mola mola, 34 Mollusca, 8, 9, 12, 17, 31, 32 Mollymawk, Buller's, 14, Fi�s. 13, 14 Rainfall, 11 ,, Chatham Is., Fig. 3 Reed, J. J., 9-11, 16, 28-30 Monia zelandicn, 31 Rocks, 9, 28 Moore, L. B., 12, 16 Rotifers, 17 Moriorian Province, 12 Round Rock, 11 Mytilus canaliculus, 31 Royal Albatross, 14, Figs. 10-12 Russell, C. R., 16, 17

Nairn River, 18 Neacteonina, 31 Salinity, 18-27, Figs. 15-22 Neilo australis, 31 Sand bars, 28 Nellies, 14 Scaphander, 32 Neophrynichthys latus, 34 Schauinsland, Dr, 8 Neothais scalaris, 31 Schists, 28 Nora Niven, S.T., 8, 12 Sclerasterias mollis, 33

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Scorpaena cruenta, 34 Thomson, G. M., 17 Scutus breuiculus, 3 l Titirangi, 8, 14 Seals, 14 Travers, H. L., 8 Sediments, 9, 16, 28, 29 Trawling, 13, 31, 32, 34, Figs. 6-9 Seriolella punctatus, 34 Trypterygion tripenne, 34 Shags, 14 Tunicata, 12, 14, 17 Shand, A., 8 Shand, Miss S. D., 8 Sharpey-Shafer, J. M., 7, 9 Shore Plover, Fig. 2 Urry, W. D., 29, 30 Sisters, The, 11, 14, 18, Figs. 4, 10 Skuas, 14 Snares, The, 31 So/aster aff. japonicus, 33 Veryan Bank, 29 South East Is., 11, 15, 28, Figs. 2, 24 Veryan Bay, H.M.S., 29 Spatangus multispinus, Fig. 7 V olsella neozelanica, 31 Spence, P. C., 29 Voluulella, 32 Sp/endr illia, 32 Sponges, 14 Squalus griffini, 34 Starlin•gs, 14 Waihere Bay, 14, 15 Star keys, 15 Waipaoa, 32 Stigmatophora longiros!ris, 34 Waipawa, 14, 15 Stilifer, 32 Waitangi, 11, 14, 15, 18, 28 Subantarctic Surface Water. 11, 27 Waitangi West, 14 Subtropical Convergence, 11, 27 Waite, E. R., 81 17 Subtropical Surface Water, 24, 27 West Wind Dnft, 11 Syngnathus blainuillianus, 34 Whalers Bay, 15

Tawera, 32 Yaldwyn, J. C., 17 Temperature, air, l l Young, M. W., 8, 12 ,, water, 13, 18-27, Figs. 15-22 Teremelon, 32 Terraces, raised marine, 28 Te Whanga, 8, 10, 14 Zeminolia, 32 Thinornis nouaeseelandiac, Fig. 2 Zoroa.

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