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AH4 / F394 – Roman History Option 2. the Invention of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 96

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AH4 / F394 – Roman History Option 2. the Invention of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 96 JACT Teachers’ Notes AH4 / F394 – Roman History Option 2. The Invention of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 96 Teachers’ notes by Melvin Cooley, Penelope J. Goodman and Zahra Newby Note: These notes should used alongside the lesson plan provided by OCR: http://www.ocr.org.uk/Data/publications/support_materials/A2_Level_Ancient_Hist ory_SM_Booklet_Unit_F394.docv. Note that some sections are fuller than others – this should not be taken as indicating the various importance of the themes! In particular, sections 4.2 and the Appendix include original source material which is to be included in a future LACTOR by M.G.L.Cooley. Contents 1. BOOKS AND RESOURCES 2 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOURCES 3 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 7 4. THEMATIC NOTES 9 4.1 issues of succession and the establishment of dynasties 9 4.2 The Imperial Cult 10 4.3 Art and Architecture: Creating Imperial Rome 20 4.4 Panem et Circenses 21 4.5 Administration 28 4.6 The changing face of Rome 29 APPENDIX: PANEGYRIC AND INVECTIVE 30 - 1 - JACT Teachers’ Notes 1. BOOKS AND RESOURCES General works: Goodman, M. The Roman World 44BC-AD180 (Routledge, 1997) A good, solid overview of the Roman empire during the core period covered in this module. This book is explicitly aimed at new-comers to the subject, and does a good job of covering the material from the ground up. The emphasis is on the operations of the Roman state and the individuals involved in the government of the empire, and it includes both events in Rome and around the empire. Section II on elite politics covers the history of individual emperors, but chs 9 (mechanics of goevernment in Rome), 12 (image of the emperor), 17 and 18 (City of Rome society and culture) and 29 (religion) will also be useful. Much of the book is available on Google books here: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MZ37ALMZZakC. Others: H.H. Scullard From the Gracchi to Nero gives a narrative account of the history of the period (ch.s 11, 13-14) J.R. Patterson: Political Life in the city of Rome (BCP) (ch.6 is relevant) P. Bradley: Ancient Rome: using evidence contain numerous charts, maps and sources E. Salmon History of The Roman World 30 BC – AD 138 C. Wells, The Roman Empire (Fontana) D. Shotter : Augustus; Tiberius Caesar; Nero A. Wallace-Hadrill Augustan Rome (BCP) The World of Rome (CUP) Alston, R. Aspects of Roman History AD 14-117 (Taylor and Francis, 1998) On specific issues: Beard, M. North, J. and Price, S. Religions of Rome 1998, Cambridge University Press. Coulston, J. & Dodge, H. (eds.) Ancient Rome: The Archaeology of the Eternal City 2000, Oxford University Press – the articles by DeLaine on construction; Mattingley & Aldrete on the food supply; Walker on Augustus’ building programme and Coleman on entertainments are especially useful. On the ways the physical appearance of Rome changed under the emperors see the books below, esp useful for 4.3 below: Zanker, P. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus 1998. University Michigan Press. Favro, D. The Urban Image of Augustan Rome 1996, Cambridge University Press. Hannestad, N. Roman art and Imperial Policy 1986, Aarhus University Press Kleiner, D. E. E. Roman Sculpture 1992, Yale University Press. (good as a reference work for details of individual monuments) - 2 - JACT Teachers’ Notes 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOURCES Collections of source material can be found in the following, which often have bief introductions to the types of material presented. More detailed notes on individual sources follow below: Cooley, M. and others The Age of Augustus 2003, LACTOR 17 Dio Cassius, The Roman History: the Age of Augustus (trans.) Scott-Kilvert, I. 1987, Penguin. Edmondson, J. Dio: the Julio-Claudians 1992, LACTOR 15. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (trans.) Graves, R. 1979, Penguin. Tacitus, Annals (Trans. Grant, M. 1971. Penguin – not on the specified reading but essential for a narrative account of the events from the accession of Tiberius until AD 66 (the final part of the account is lost as well as a period covering the reign of Gaius and early years of Claudius). Another collection of source material which might be useful: Lewis and Rheinold: Roman Civilisation Vol. 1 and 2 Details of the Sources: Students need to be aware of the contexts of the different sources. The main literary sources for the period are the accounts by Suetonius, Tacitus and Cassius Dio. All were written later than the period they describe (Suetonius and Tacitus early second century AD, Dio early third) and are affected both by their literary genres (biography or history) and by the experiences of the writers themselves. For details of some of the lost sources for this period, see the Appendix. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (aka Lives of the Caesars) Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (born c. AD 69, died after AD 130), was an equestrian who worked as imperial secretary for the emperors Trajan (AD 98-117) and Hadrian (AD 17-138). Suetonius was a friend of the senator Pliny the Younger, and may have served on Pliny’s staff while Pliny was governor in Bithynia. He certainly worked directly for the emperors Trajan and Hadrian in the AD 110s. The posts which he held during this period were secretarial ones, involving him in administrative tasks such as helping to handle the emperor’s correspondence. Thus Suetonius had direct access to the imperial archives, including documents such as personal letters from the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus. He drew on this material as he began working on his Lives of the Caesars, sometimes quoting it directly in his biographies. However, in AD 122, he seems to have been dismissed by Hadrian from the imperial staff for behaving disrespectfully towards Hadrian’s wife, Sabina. He continued to publish his Lives, but had now lost his privileged access to the archives, so that from Nero onwards it is clear that he was - 3 - JACT Teachers’ Notes restricted to using publicly-available source material. This material (which he also used in the earlier Lives) would include senatorial decrees, narrative histories already written by earlier authors and oral reports. Suetonius is a member of the same generation as Pliny and Tacitus, and all three very much share a similar perspective on the principate. As young men, they had lived through the tyrannical reign of Domitian (AD 81-96), who had executed large numbers of senators, encouraged people to report one another for treason, and generally made the extent of his power and his willingness to abuse it very clear to the Roman aristocracy. This means that all three authors were very aware of how the institution of the principate could be abused. On the other hand, all were born a century after the end of the Republic. The principate was well-established, and it would not have seemed a realistic or even desirable option to them to dispense with rule by an emperor. Instead, as adults they are keen to encourage and collaborate with Trajan in his efforts to create a better relationship between the emperor and the senators / equestrians, in which the emperor is careful to show respect for these groups, and to allow them to feel that they are playing a meaningful role in the running of the empire. In Suetonius’ writing (as in Tacitus’), all this translates into two noticeable traits: 1) a tendency to categorise emperors into ‘good’ sorts (like Trajan) and ‘bad’ sorts (like Domitian), and 2) a degree to which he is writing his Lives of previous emperors as a sort of ‘blueprint’ for the current emperor (Trajan) showing how he should and should not behave. The perspective is very much that of the educated elite, so that emperors who held treason trials and executed senators / equestrians (Tiberius, Gaius / Caligula, Claudius, Nero and Domitian) are heavily criticised in all areas of their lives, even if other evidence suggests that they were popular with the ordinary people, or managed the provinces successfully. By contrast, those who treated the senatorial and equestrian orders with respect get a much better deal – e.g. Augustus and Vespasian. Because Suetonius, Pliny and Tacitus dominate our written record for the emperors covered on this module, it can be very difficult to escape from their ‘good emperors, bad emperors’ perspective in order to get a more rounded view. It is also important to be aware that Suetonius is writing biography, not history. The structure of the Lives is very broadly chronological, in that Suetonius usually begins with his subject’s early life, and ends with their death. But the bulk of each biography is usually thematic, grouping the emperor’s activity under headings such as building activity, administration of justice, sexual activities, attitudes towards the games etc (see Suet, Aug. 9). Suetonius also places greater emphasis on the private lives and personalities of the emperors than narrative historians like Tacitus and Cassius Dio, but often from a very ‘gossipy’ perspective – he is quite happy to draw freely on scurrilous rumours here, especially when it helps to support his portrayal of a ‘bad’ emperor. Suetonius’ Lives are available in Penguin translation by Robert Graves, revised in 1979. An early 20th-century Loeb translation is also available online here: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/home.html Tacitus - 4 - JACT Teachers’ Notes P. Cornelius Tacitus was born c. AD 56 probably in Gaul. He came to Rome by AD 75 and had a senatorial career under the Flavian emperors Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. He was praetor in 88, consul in 97 and proconsul of Asia in 112-13.
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