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KINSHIP and COINS Ancestors and Family on Roman Imperial Coinage Under the Principate

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KINSHIP and COINS Ancestors and Family on Roman Imperial Coinage Under the Principate PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/116140 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-10 and may be subject to change. LIESBETH CLAES KINSHIP AND COINS Ancestors and Family on Roman Imperial Coinage under the Principate m m Nijmegen, 201 3 Kinship and Coins Ancestors and Family on Roman Imperial Coinage iinder the Principate Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.CJJ. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 7 oktober 2013 om 16.30 uur precies door Liesbeth Maria Gabriëlla Frans Edmond Claes geboren op 23 april 1985 te Rumst, België Promotor: Prof. dr. O.J. Hekster Copromotor: dr. J. van Heesch (Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België en Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. E. Moormann Prof. dr. C.F. Norena (University of Califomia, Berkeley) Prof. dr. F. Kemmers (Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt am Main) Liesbeth Claes, 2013. Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers B.V. Images on cover: RIC 181b of Julia Domna witli her sons Caracalla and Geta: Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 33, Lot. 526 (06.04.2006) = Auction 52, Lot. 509 (07.10.2009); RIC 152 of tüvus Caesar: Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 59, Lot. 960 (04.04.2011); RIC 418a of diva Sabina: Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 49, Lot 232 (21.10.2008); RIC 462b of Carinus and Numerian: Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 52, Lot. 580 (07.10.2009). Website NAC AG: arsclassicacoins.com. ISBN: 978-90-9027773-8 2 Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations g Chapter 1: Theoretical and methodological framework 12 1. The Roman emperor and tais fam ily 12 1.1. Roman emperorship 12 1.2. Imperial kinship j 3 2. The creation and communication of imperial messages 17 2.1. Creating imperial messages 17 2.2. Communicaling imperial messages 19 3. Research method 29 3.1. Coin database 29 3.2. Chronological demarcation 33 3.3. Structure of the book 34 PART 1: RETROSPECTIVE KINSHIP MESSAGES Chapter 2: Messages of ancestry 3g 1. Introduction 33 2. The general picture 43 3. Creating and communicating ancestry through coin legends 49 3.1. The kinship tenmfilius, nepos andpronepos 49 3.2. References to gentes and familial titulature 56 3.3. Having nobilitas: propagating your noble ancestry 60 4. Creating and communicating visual messages of ancestry 63 4.1. Images of male ancestors 63 4.1.1. Emperors propagating their biological ancestors 64 1. Julio-Claudian ancestral experiments 65 2. The display of non-imperial fathers on Vitellins’ and Trajan’s coinage 67 3. Patemal advertisement by imperial sons: Titus, Domitian, Commodus, and Caracalla 70 4. The reappearance of the biological father at the end of the third century 74 3 4.1.2. Emperors propagating their imperial adoptive fathers 77 1. The adoptive fathers on the Julio-Claudian coins 80 2. The so-caUed adoptive emperors and their ancestral messages 87 3. Propagating adoptive fathers in the third century 92 4.2. Images of female ancestors 93 4.2.1. Julio-Claudian and Flavian mothers’ advertisement on coins 94 4.2.2. Advertising your adoptive mother: the case of Plotina 102 4.2.3. Severan mothers and grandmothers 103 4.2.4. Matemal absence in the third century 110 4.3. Invented ancestries 113 4.3.1. Livia, the benefactress of Galba 114 4.3.2. D ivus Pertinax P ater and Commodus, two invented ancestors for Septimius Severus 114 4.3.3. Caracalla, a preferred Severan ancestor 116 4.3.4. Claudius II Gothicus, a preferred late third-century ancestor 117 4.4. Restoring one’s predecessor’s coins 120 4.5. Celebrating the empress’ ancestry 125 5. Condusion ^ PART 2 : PROSPECTTVE KINSHIP MESSAGES Chapter 3: Representing the emperors’ successors 134 1. Introduction 134 2. The general picture 140 3. Representing adopted (grand)sons 144 3.1: Representing the adopted (grand)sons of the Julio-Claudian house 145 3.2. The coin absence of adopted sons after the Julio-Claudians 149 3.3. Representing the adopted sons of the second century 151 3.4. Representing the adopted sons of the third century 154 4. The propagation of biological (grand)sons 158 4.1. Two Julio-Claudian biological sons: Drusus Iunior and Britannicus 159 4.2. The year 69 and the increased representation of biological successors 163 4.3. Representing Commodus, flrst-bom in purple 166 4.4. Representing biological (grand)sons of the third century 170 4.5. A deity in the family: coin types for sons who passed away 178 5. Caesares who were not (adopted) sons of the emperor: three cases 180 6 . Conclusion 1®^ 4 Chapter 4: Imperial women on imperial coins 186 1. Introduction 186 2. The general picture 191 3. Representing empresses 194 3.1. The empresses of the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties 194 3.2. The increased representation of empresses in the second century 197 3.3. The limited representation of empresses in the early third century 210 3.4. The frequent representation of empresses in the second half o f the third century 214 4. Representing other female relatives of the emperor 221 4.1. General introduction 221 4.2. The representation of the Julio-Claudian daughters and sisters on coins 222 4.3. Representing daughters and nieces in the second half of the first century 224 4.4. The Ulpian women Marciana and Matidia Maior 228 4.5. Faustina Minor, Lucilla, Didia, and daughters in the third century 230 5. Conclusion 233 Conclusion 236 1. Representing the emperor’s family 236 2. From innovation to standardisation 242 3. The coins’ authority and targeting audiences 244 Samenvatting in het Nederlands 247 Appendices 257 A.1. Images 257 A.2. List of emperors from Augustus to Carinus 267 A.3. List of types propagating retrospective and prospective messages with corresponding RIC-numbers 269 A.4. Tables 281 A.5. Stemmata 287 Bibliography 291 Curriculum vitae 312 5 Acknowledgements My passion for the ancient world brought me back in the land of my matemal ancestors, who during the Second World War had to flee from the Netherlands to Belgium. It is almost ironie that in my family’s former homeland, I became part of the research project “Emperors and Ancestors”. First and foremost, I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisor Olivier Hekster, who was the best guide imaginable during these four years. His enthusiasm, encouragment, and trust in me have been stimulating beyond words. Next to him, I was blessed by a co-promotor, Johan van Heesch, who is a living numismatic encyclopaedia. During the course of the dissertation, I had the opportunity to spend considerable time abroad at several universities and institutions with excellent hbraries and coin collections, such as Oxford, Berkeley, and Rome. Moreover, during these stays I was privileged to meet and to debate with several scholars, which contributed to my research. During my research stay at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford (Michaelmas term 2009), I leamed much about ancient numismatics conversating with Christopher Howgego, Cathy King, and Luke Treadwell. Here, I also have meet Simon Day and Leen Van Broeck, who are still my historical partners in crime. At the University of Berkeley, I was welcomed by Carlos Norena, who read and commented some earlier drafts of this dissertation, and who agreed to be a member of my thesis committee. I am also grateful to Susanna Elm, who by vocally opposing the initial chronological demarcation of my dissertation shaped its methodological frame. At Berkeley, I was also warmly welcomed by David DeVore, to whom I am very indebted for checking and correcting my EngHsh in this dissertation, and whose wife Sandi Garcia’s excellent cooking skills introduced me into the world of Italian-American cooking. Finally, I experienced a very nice stay at the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome during the OIKOS masterclass under the auspices of Christopher Peiling. For the numismatic collections, I had two good places at my disposal: the Royal Library of Belgium in Brussels and the GeldMuseum in Utrecht where I was always welcomed respectively by Johan van Heesch, Franjois de Callatay, and Cécile Amould, and by Paul Belien, Jaco Zuijderduijn, Ans ter Woerds, and Thijs Verspagen. Much time I have spent at the Université catholique de Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve, where Jan Tavemier and Elynn Gorris shared their office desks with me. I cannot thank them enough for their support and gatherings around coffee and Iranian tea, making working from my Belgian home on 6 Mondays or Fridays a lot easier. I am also obliged to thank Elynn Gorris twice as our ftiendship has only strengthened being both in academics. I am very grateful for having found in her a kindred spirit Next to these, I was fortunate to have several scholarly guides on my joumey, including Richard Abdy, Diederik Burgersdijk, Curtis Clay, Dominique Hollard, Mariette Horster, Fleur Kemmers, and Clare Rowan, to whom I could always send emails with questions and who were so kind as to read earlier drafts of this dissertation. Warm thanks are given to all colleagues of the History departement and of Auxilia at the Radboud University Nijmegen, and special thanks are for my colleagues of Ancient History during these four years: Bemt Kerremans, Daniëlle Slootjes, Erika Manders, Gerda de Kleijn, Kor Bosch, Iien Foubert, Luuk de Blois, Nathalie de Haan, Martijn leks, Pamela Doms, Paul Stephenson, Rafael Hunsucker, Sanne van Poppel, and Ylva Klaassen.
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