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Crops of Kerala.Indb This book contains essays on the most important crops of Kerala State of India like rice, coconut, arecanut, pepper, cardamom, vanilla, coffee, tea, rubber and teak which have formulated the destinies of the people of Kerala from time to time, an essay on grain amaranths which are often referred to as the newly emerging food crops and another essay on dasamula group of medicinal plants which are familiar to any ker- alite as the source materials of the ayurvedic medicinal combination dasamula. CROPS OF KERALA AN OVERVIEW (Prof. K.V. Mohanan commemoration volume) Editors V.V. Radhakrishnan T.K. Hrideek A.V. Raghu K.T. Chandramohanan Gregor Mendel Foundation Department of Botany Calicut University, Kerala- 673635, India Crops of Kerala- An overview Editors V.V. Radhakrishnan T.K. Hrideek A.V. Raghu K.T. Chandramohanan ISBN 978-81-935133-0-9 © Gregor Mendel Foundation, Department of Botany, Calicut University, Kerala- 673635, India Published May 2018 Book design Ashok Kumar P.K. Cover Sandeep Prabhakara Printing Priya oset Thrissur, Ph : 9526265101 Publisher Gregor Mendel Foundation, Department of Botany, Calicut University, Kerala- 673635, India. Prof. K.V. Mohanan Born to Smt. K.V. Meenakshi and Sri. N.V. Sankunni of Mookkuthala village of the present Malappuram District of Kerala State of India in 1958, Prof. K.V. Mohanan had his lower primary education at Government Lower Primary School, Mookkuthala and upper primary and secondary education at Government High School, Mookkuthala. He completed his pre degree education at M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani and undergraduate education at Sreekrishna College, Guruvayur. His post graduate education was at Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Calicut and his pre-doctoral and doctoral education was at Department of Botany, University of Calicut. He secured his M.Sc. (Botany), M.Phil. (Genetics & Plant Breeding) and Ph.D. (Genetics & Plant Breeding) degrees from University of Calicut and worked under University of Calicut in various academic capacities from 1982 to 2018 which includes 17 years as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer and Selection Grade Lecturer in the PG Department of Botany of Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Calicut affiliated to University of Calicut and 8 years as Reader and more than 11 years as Professor at Department of Botany, University of Calicut. During his career at University of Calicut, he has held dierent academic positions, memberships in various academic associations and memberships in the editorial boards of some important international journals. During his academic career he officiated as member/chairman of UG and PG Boards of Studies of Botany, Plant Science and Plantation Development of dierent Universities. He was instrumental in starting a Centre for PG Studies in Plantation Development at University of Calicut and he officiated as its Coordinator from 1999 to 2009. He established the Interuniversity Centre for Plant Biotechnology at University of Calicut with funding from Government of Kerala and officiated as its Director from 2009 to 2018. He officiated as Head of the Department of Botany, University of Calicut from 2010 to 2012 and as Director, School of Biosciences, University of Calicut from 2015 to 2018. He has worked as a member of the official bodies of the University of Calicut like Planning Board, Faculty of Science, Academic Council and Senate during his academic career. He officiated as secretary of Gregor Mendel Foundation from 2006 to 2018 and during his tenure he reoriented its activities and organized several national seminars. He completed his tenure as secretary of Gregor Mendel Foundation in 2018 and has been inducted as Patron of the foundation from 2018. As on 01-05-2018 he has 175 research publications, 9 books, 3 book chapters, 30 popular science papers, 13 doctoral programmes guided, 5 M.Phil. projects guided and more than 50 PG projects guided. His major areas of interest include genetics, breeding and biotechnology of rice, spices, plantation crops and medicinal plants. His students are placed at academic positions in the universities and colleges of Kerala, scientic positions under Government of India, Government of Kerala and Non-Governmental Research Institutes, extension positions in various commodity boards of Government of India and scientic and technical positions abroad. His major research contributions include studies on tillering behavior, clonal propagation and ratoon cropping in rice, conservation of native rice cultivars, indigenous rice farming systems, salt tolerance in rice and conservation, genetics and breeding of cardamom, vanilla, coee, tea, medicinal plants and underutilized zingiberaceous tuber crops. He has carried out studies on the agroeconomic situations of the small and marginal farmers of Wayanad District of Kerala and come out with information on the fragility of the agricultural livelihoods of Wayanad. Contents Preface Foreword Biology and cultivation of rice Surekha Y. Pawar 1 Saline rice habitats- an overview with special reference to Kaippad system of rice cultivation K.T. Chandramohanan 15 Recent advances in rice biotechnology T.S. Jishinprakash and A. Yusuf 26 Biology and cultivation of coconut K. Samsudeen 38 Biology and cultivation of arecanut N.R. Nagaraja, K.S. Ananda and M.K. Rajesh 46 Biology and cultivation of black pepper, the king of spices B. Sasikumar 51 Biology and cultivation of cardamom, the queen of spices V.V. Radhakrishnan 64 Biology and cultivation of vanilla, the prince of spices V.V. Radhakrishnan 73 Biology and cultivation of grain amaranths V. Prajitha and J.E. Thoppil 78 Biology and cultivation of coee V.B. Sureshkumar 86 Biology and cultivation of tea V.V. Radhakrishnan 111 Biology and cultivation of natural rubber P. M. Priyadarshan 118 Biology and cultivation of teak T.K. Hrideek, Suby and M. Amruth 132 Conservation and propagation of dasamula group of medicinal plants A.V. Raghu 142 List of contributors Preface Professor K.V. Mohanan (Professor, Department of Botany; Director, School of Biosciences and Director, Interuniversity Centre for Plant Biotechnology, University of Calicut, Kerala) is retiring from active service of the University on 14th May 2018 after his academic and research career that spread over a period of more than thirty six years. As he used to say, it was hard work that helped him to grow to the position of a university professor from very humble beginnings. For the very same reason, throughout his life and career Prof. K.V. Mohanan has ardently tried to inculcate the culture of hard work, discipline and scientic temper not only in his students, but in his family members, colleagues and friends also. As a true humanist with a deep rooted working class identity he has always been insistent in delivering his duties and responsibilities and whatever administrative authority he held, upholding the principles of equity and natural justice. He is a good teacher with strong commitment to the academic improvement of his students and a researcher with uncompromised conviction to scientic temper and methodology providing no chance to any unhealthy practice debilitating the true pursuit of knowledge. Majority of his students both at the post graduate and doctoral levels have got placed at academic positions in the universities and colleges of Kerala, scientic positions under Government of India, Government of Kerala and Non-Governmental Research Institutes, extension positions in various commodity boards of Government of India and scientic and technical positions abroad. This book contains essays on the most important crops of Kerala State of India like rice, coconut, arecanut, pepper, cardamom, vanilla, coee, tea, rubber and teak which have formulated the destinies of the people of Kerala from time to time, an essay on grain amaranths which are often referred to as the food crop of future and another essay on dasamula group of medicinal plants which is familiar to any keralite as the source materials of the ayurvedic medicinal combination dasamula. The book is a compilation of review papers contributed by dierent authors and the authors have invariably depended on available literature to prepare the manuscripts. All such sources of information are hereby acknowledged with gratitude. We the students of Prof. K.V. Mohanan are proud to dedicate this commemorative volume to the farmers across the world and the students of natural science as a token of our affection to our beloved teacher and as the reaffirmation of our commitment to society. Crops of Kerala – An overview 1 Gregor Mendel Foundation, Calicut University, Kerala, India (2018). Biology and cultivation of rice Surekha Y. Pawar Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala- 673635, India. Rice is the staple cereal food of about Oryzoideae, Tribe Oryzeae and Genus Oryza 50% of the world’s human population. Rice L. The genus Oryza consists of 23 wild and is considered the second most important grain weedy and two cultivated species. The two crop in the world after wheat and it is widely cultivated species are the Asian rice known cultivated throughout the world. About 90% of as Oryza sativa L. and the African rice known the world’s rice is produced and consumed in as Oryza glaberrima Steud. Asian rice is cul- Asia, remaining 5% in America, 3% in Africa tivated in almost all the rice growing areas and 1% each in Europe and Oceania. Rice of the world and African rice is cultivated in has played an important role in ensuring food western tropical Africa. security of Asia. Rice is now largely cultivated in most of the tropical, subtropical and med- Species complex iterranean regions having characteristically The species of the genus Oryza are broadly warm and humid climatic conditions. classied into four complexes. They are the following: 1. Sativa; 2. Officinalis; 3. Taxonomy of rice Ridleyi; 4. Meyeriana. The Sativa complex Rice belongs to Kingdom Plantae, comprises the cultivated species O. sativa and Subkingdom Tracheobionta, Superdivision O. glaberrima and their wild ancestors that Spematophyta, Division Magnoliophyta, are perennial and rhizomatous: O.
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