DOCSLIB.ORG

Bogota Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bogota Manual Standardisation of Indicators of Technological Innovation in Latin American and Caribbean Countries BOGOTA MANUAL RICYT / OAS / CYTED COLCIENCIAS/OCYT March 2001 Standardisation of Indicators of Technological Innovation in Latin American and Caribbean Countries BOGOTA MANUAL Iberoamerican Network of Science and Technology Indicators (RICYT) Organisation of American States (OAS) / CYTED PROGRAM COLCIENCIAS/OCYT This Manual was prepared by Hernán Jaramillo* Gustavo Lugones** and Mónica Salazar***. March 2001 * /. Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Economía, Colombia. ** /. Universidad de Quilmes, Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Argentina. *** /. Independent consultant, RICYT researcher, Colombia TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESENTATION....................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................3 FIRST PART...........................................................................................................................7 CONCEPTUAL CONCERNS .................................................................................................7 1. THE REGIONAL MANUAL’S AIMS..............................................................................8 1.1 WHY MEASURE INNOVATIVE PROCESSES? ............................................................8 1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF STANDARDIZING INDICATOR CONSTRUCTION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN................................................................................... 11 1.3 THE NEED FOR A REGION-SPECIFIC MANUAL ..................................................... 11 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: SOME CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ELEMENTS FOR ADAPTING THE OSLO MANUAL* ......................................................15 2.1 APPROACH ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 The Oslo Manual’s approach.................................................................................. 16 2.1.2 Analyzing Technical Change: Contributions to and reflections on the Regional Manual’s approach.......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1 The Oslo Manual definitions................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Contributions to and reflections on the definitions to be adopted by the Latin American Manual. Technical change in developing countries and innovative activities......................... 28 2.2.2.1 Local capabilities and absorption ............................................................................ 28 2.3 MEASUREMENT CONCERNS ................................................................................... 32 2.3.1 Measurement reference framework:........................................................................ 32 2.3.2 Innovation indicators ................................................................................................ 33 2.3.3 Contributions to and reflections on the creation of a Latin American Manual: conditions and impact. ...................................................................................................................... 36 3 WHAT SHOULD LATIN AMERICAN INDICATORS BE MEASURING? ..................40 3.1 The Concept of Technological Capabilities..................................................................... 40 3.2 Innovation as a social and interactive process ................................................................. 41 3.3 External Sources and Endogenous Technological Effort .................................................. 43 3.4 Organizational Innovations ............................................................................................ 44 3.5 Training ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.6 Quality management, environmental management and innovation capabilities .................. 45 4 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................46 4.1 The Coordination of Innovation and Business Strategies ................................................. 46 4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the Oslo Manual.......................................................... 46 SECOND PART: ...................................................................................................................48 OPERATIONAL CONCERNS..............................................................................................48 5 HOW TO MEASURE: CONSTRUCTING THE INDICATORS ...................................49 5.1 Procedures ................................................................................................................... 49 5.2 Samples ....................................................................................................................... 51 5.3 Indicators ..................................................................................................................... 53 5.4 Classification according to specificities by kind of firm................................................... 53 5.5 Period comprised by the survey and frequency of surveys ............................................... 56 5.6 Validation and information debugging criteria ................................................................ 56 6 A SET OF INDICATORS...............................................................................................57 6.1 FIRM IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................ 57 6.2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE .................................................................................... 57 6.3 INNOVATION ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................... 58 6.3.1 R&D .................................................................................................................... 58 6.3.2 Innovation effort.................................................................................................... 58 6.4 INNOVATION RESULTS............................................................................................ 59 6.5 INNOVATION GOALS ............................................................................................... 60 6.6 SOURCES OF INNOVATION INFORMATION ........................................................... 60 6.7 INNOVATION FUNDING........................................................................................... 60 6.8 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION ...................... 60 6.9 FACTORS AFFECTING INNOVATION...................................................................... 61 6.10 ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES ON INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVENESS....................................................................... 61 7 STANDARD COMMON FORM ....................................................................................62 APPENDIX – SUGGESTED BASIC FORM .........................................................................74 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................81 PRESENTATION It is a great satisfaction to be able to present the Manual for the Standardization of Technological Innovation Indicators in Latin America or, as we call it, the Bogota Manual. This Manual can be considered a milestone in the conceptual formulation of technological development and innovation processes in Latin America. This is no overstatement given certain characteristics of the institutional context which enabled the initiative to be developed and the particular characteristics of the resulting text. Likewise, the working style that made the Bogota Manual possible deserves to be emphasized. In connection with these contextual elements, it should be stressed that this Regional Manual reveals the degree of maturity attained by the collective work of the groups and institutions forming Iberoamerican Network of Science and Technology Indicators (RICYT) in addressing the most complex problems involved in measuring science, technology, and innovation in Latin America. The Manual also shows that the theoretical and methodological debate on these issues is founded today on a high degree of awareness of the innovative processes taking place in the region. Only after the experience gained in three Regional Workshops on Innovation Indicators and numerous national surveys on innovation has it been possible to produce this Manual. The need for a Manual that establishes criteria for standardizing technological innovation indicators reflects the growing importance Latin American countries ascribe to measuring innovative processes in accordance with the major international trends. It reveals that our countries have begun to pay attention to the strategic role played by technological innovation as it affects their economic and social development. The fact that the Bogota Manual draws its inspiration from the Oslo Manual of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) demonstrates a concern that the indicators to be
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A MIXED-USE and WALKABLE BOGOTÁ: a Transit-Oriented Strategy for the City’S First Fixed-Rail Public Transit Corridor
    A MIXED-USE AND WALKABLE BOGOTÁ: A Transit-Oriented Strategy for the City’s First Fixed-Rail Public Transit Corridor Cristina Calderón Restrepo A capstone thesis paper submitted to the Executive Director of the Urban & Regional Planning Program at Georgetown University’s School of Continuing Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Professional Studies in Urban & Regional Planning. Faculty Advisor: Harriet Tregoning Academic Advisor: Uwe S. Brandes © Copyright 2018 by Cristina Calderón Restrepo All Rights Reserved 1 ABSTRACT This project explores the creation of an urban planning framework to improve land use near metro stations in Bogotá. This framework will make the new proposed metro stations in Bogotá vibrant community places that attract new investment in housing, office, and retail development. The research looks at lessons-learned from previous transit systems like TransMilenio and how cities like Medellín, Washington, D.C., and Hong Kong have created vibrant and sustainable transit-oriented development (TOD) that Bogotá can replicate in its own way. This research is based on the public proposals for Metro, studies made by the city and multilateral development banks, existing research in other cities, and interviews with leading experts in the field. Through this research I advance new urban development options for Metro stations and their areas of influence. The paper recommends TOD strategies to make transit more democratic and to avoid future gentrification and displacement in station areas. KEYWORDS Transit Oriented Development, Metro, Bogotá, Public Transit, Mixed-Use Development, Health, Pollution, Sustainable Development, Walkable Urbanism, Colombia, Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, Gentrification, Displacement, TransMilenio, Fixed-Rail RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • COLOMBIAN HEARTLANDS Bogota, Medellin, the Cafetera & Cartagena 12 Days Created On: 28 Sep, 2021
    Tour Code OACO COLOMBIAN HEARTLANDS Bogota, Medellin, the Cafetera & Cartagena 12 days Created on: 28 Sep, 2021 Day 1 Arrival in Bogota Today we arrive in Bogota, Colombia and transfer to our hotel. Also known as Santa Fe de Bogota, or the 'Athens of the Americas' (owing to Bogotanos' reputation for politeness and civility), Bogota is set at an altitude of over 2600m (8,600 feet) with high ranges of the Cordillera to the east. This captivating urban center has a rich cultural life and beautiful architecture. Like any self-respecting capital city, Bogotá is the country's capital of art, academia, history, culture and government. This is Colombia's beating heart. Overnight in Bogota. Meal Plan: Dinner, if required. Day 2 Bogota: Paloquemao Market, Cerro Monserrate & Gold Museum This morning we will visit the Plaza de Mercado de Paloquemao, the most famous flower and food market in Bogota. This is the focal point where the produce of the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, the fertile Andes and the tropical jungle meld together. The market is divided into sections: flowers; fruit, vegetables and aromatic herbs; and meat and fish. A visit here will engage all of your senses, and provides us with a great insight into Colombian customs and local living in Bogota. Next we take a cable car to Cerro Monserrate. Some amazing views can be had from this great vantage point (weather dependant). Monserrate is crowned with its easily recognizable church and is a place of pilgrimage due to its statue of Senor Caido, the fallen Christ. Cerro de Monserrate is sometimes called the 'mountain-guardian' of Bogota, and has been a place of religious pilgrimage since colonial times.
    [Show full text]
  • The BUENOS AIRES DECLARATION
    The BUENOS AIRES DECLARATION The WTTC Travel & Tourism Declaration on Illegal Trade in Wildlife Introduction The scale of wildlife crime has drastically increased in recent years. The UN World Wildlife Crime Report shows that over 7,000 species of animals and plants from across all regions are impacted, and this illegal trade is estimated to be worth up to $20 billion annually. Flora and fauna are often key drivers of Travel & Tourism activity and as such it is in the interest of the sector to support initiatives to combat the illegal trade in them. While there are many initiatives taking place at ground level, until now there has been no co-ordinated, high profile engagement from the Travel & Tourism sector as a whole. Following a call to action by John Scanlon, Secretary General of the Convention on Illegal Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) at the 2017 WTTC Global Summit, WTTC has developed a Declaration for the Travel & Tourism sector worldwide to 01demonstrate co-ordinated commitment and action to combat the illegal trade in wildlife. The Declaration was launched at the 2018 WTTC Global Summit in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 19 April 2018. 02What is the declaration? The Declaration contains 12 actions which the Travel & Tourism sector can take to combat the illegal wildlife trade, grouped into 4 areas: 1. Expression and demonstration of agreement to tackle the illegal wildlife trade 2. Promotion of responsible wildlife-based tourism 3. Awareness raising among customers, staff and trade networks 4. Engaging with communities and investing locally Who can sign? WTTC Members and other Travel & Tourism related entities with an interest in and commitment to this issue – industry organisations, companies, tourist boards and NGOs – are all invited to sign 03the Declaration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colombian Transitional Process
    International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2017, 0, 1–18 doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijx033 Article The Colombian Transitional Process: Comparative Perspectives on Violence against Indigenous Women Mo´nica Acosta,* Angela Castaneda,~ † Daniela Garcı´a,** Fallon Herna´ndez,†† Dunen Muelas*** and Angela Santamaria††† ABSTRACT1 Colombia has a comprehensive system of truth, justice and reparation stemming from its history with the justice and peace process and its most recent peace agreement. Although indigenous women are the most affected before, during and after conflict, their participa- tion is marginalized within this political context. This article discusses how Colombian transitional justice can be reconfigured when indigenous women’s practices and knowl- edge travel ‘from the margins’ to the center. We seek to demonstrate how these practices legitimize gender and other types of violence in the name of tradition and also how indig- enous women’s experiences go beyond the gendered perspective of violence as a ‘weapon of war.’ Working within the context of the peace process, we gathered data through learn- ing and teaching techniques with indigenous women in three indigenous contexts (Sierra, Pan-Amazon region and Choco´). Our focus is on the interaction between local transi- tional justice practices and the violence against indigenous women, their resistance practi- ces and the peacebuilding agendas used to implement transitional justice in Colombia. KEYWORDS: indigenous women, intersectionality, transitional justice ‘from below,’ Colombia * PhD Candidate in Sociology of Law, Basque Country University, Spain; Member, Intercultural School of Indigenous Diplomacy (EIDI). Email: [email protected] † A. Edward Myers Dolan Professor of Anthropology, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Chair of Sociology and Anthropology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Entre São Paulo E Buenos Aires
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Cadernos Espinosanos (E-Journal) RESENHA ENTRE SÃO PAULO E BUENOS AIRES Natália Romanovskia Os ensaios de Vanguardas em retrocesso, de Sérgio Miceli (2012), procuram comparar o modernismo argentino e o brasileiro. A reunião desses textos em livro, originalmente apresentados e publicados entre 2006 e 2011, ressalta o valor dos parâmetros comparativos propostos, que passam por três linhas mestras, a fim de orientar a reflexão sobre os fenômenos em ambos os países, e se referem a relações objetivas fundamentais, as quais nortearam as realizações dessas vanguardas. Na primeira dessas linhas, encontra-se a posição do autor com relação à historiografia literária e artística, a qual construiu um relato triunfalista sobre as primeiras gerações modernistas nos dois países. Miceli pretende reconstituir as dimensões sociais do trabalho intelectual no período em questão e reavaliar as contribuições efetivas desses intelectuais, bem como explicitar as condições sociais que possibilitaram suas emergências. Em nenhum dos ensaios essa proposta fica mais clara do que naqueles dedicados a Jorge Luis Borges. A escolha desse autor é significativa, pois sua figura se tornou a do escritor puro e desistoricizado, uma façanha alcançada a partir da junção entre a lógica particular do campo literário, que tende a apagar as constrições sociais que determinam as práticas literárias, e os esforços do próprio Borges para ser identificado com o escritor puro, passando pelo apagamento deliberado dos
    [Show full text]
  • Buenos Aires to Lima By
    FH {SR--27 The Bolivar Hotel Lima, Peru August 31, 1942 Dear hr. <oer s It is surprising how simple and relatively unexciting it seems to fly. Saturday, August 22, I climbed aboard a seven-ton, two-motored anagra plane and took off for the first time in my.life on the first lap of a 6,000 mile air journey--Buenos Aires to iiami. We were off and away without a bump. In a few minutes we were roaring high above the pampa. There is no reason to get poetic about a bird's eye view of the rGentine plains. For two and a half hours, at seven thousand feet, we moved over the flat gra. in belt. I amused myself by looking at the edge of the ing and watching one field after another come into view. That way one 5or the feeling of mo- tion.. any of the fields, I knew, were as large as five hundred or a thousand acres. One could count the chacras below. Every primitive bin or two meant a chacra. One could look right down upon th yel'low ,aize in thcorntrojes, uncovered and unpro- tected from the elements. Estancias were umistakable too, for stately groves of trees numbered them. Trees stood out best of all. In two hours flyin time the .green of the green fields bec-ame lighter, ore delicate, and I kno: that C6rdoba could not be very far away. Surely enoush, 6rdoba came into view, restin in a natural de- pression at the foot of the sierras and at the edge of the pampa.
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Madero a Critique
    Puerto Madero A CRITIQUE © Alvaro Uribe The old port Alfredo Garay with Laura Wainer, district of Buenos Hayley Henderson, and Demian Rotbart Aires (above) is thriving again. Santiago ore than two decades have passed Calatrava’s since a government-led megaproject footbridge (inset), set out to transform Puerto Madero, Puente de la the oldest sector of the port district Mujer, spans the M © iStockphoto.com at the mouth of the River Plate in Buenos Aires, water at dock 3. Argentina. Once a center of decay that was has- tening decline in the adjacent downtown, Puerto Madero is now a tourist icon and hub of progress, drawing in residents and visitors alike to its park and cultural amenities, housing approximately Encompassing 170​​ hectares near the down- 5,000 new inhabitants, and generating 45,000 town presidential palace (Casa Rosada), Puerto service jobs. Home to a number of new architec- Madero was one of Latin America’s first urban tural landmarks—including Santiago Calatrava’s brownfield renewal projects of this scale and Woman’s Bridge (Puente de la Mujer) and César complexity. The project was conceived as part Pelli’s YPF headquarters—the redeveloped port of a wider strategy for city-center development has contributed to the reactivation of the city that also included changes in land use regulations, center, influencing development trends through- building refurbishments, and social housing in out the Argentinean capital. heritage areas. This article draws on two decades’ 2 LINCOLN INSTITUTE OF LAND POLICY • Land Lines • JULY 2013
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Madero the New Face of the City
    Year 2 / N° 5 El Observador Porteño March (The Observer of the City of Buenos Aires) Monthly Newspaper of the Cultural-Historical Heritage Observatory 2018 Puerto Madero The new face of the City Warehouses and grocery stores of Puerto Madero in the beginning of the 20th century. This electronic bulletin is aimed at promoting the activities carried out by the Juntas de Estudios Históricos (Historical Research Boards) and the Gerencia Operativa de Patrimo- nio (Heritage Operative Management) within the framework of Resolution 1534/GCABA/ MCGC/2011, which created the Observatorio del Patrimonio Histórico-Cultural (Cultur- al-Historical Heritage Observatory) of the City of Buenos Aires. We will publish infor- mation on every neighborhood of the city on a monthly basis, as well as relevant articles related to the aforementioned Board. Puerto Madero: the new face This is how we reached 1880. There were of the City two options: the canal could be made deeper, and the installations of the Riachuelo could The port of Buenos Aires, a keystone in Ar- be improved or a new system near Plaza de gentinian history, was not created naturally. Mayo should be built. The interests related The nearest natural anchorage is located in to the first option were promoted by the en- Ensenada. For this reason, when the north- gineer Luis Huergo, the traders, the citizens ern channel of the Riachuelo was blocked of the south of the city, and the newspaper (mid 18th century), new anchoring spots La Prensa. The ones related to the second were needed. These were found throughout alternative were promoted by the trader the coast in places named by the sailors as Eduardo Madero, members of the national “potholes”, were the river was deeper.
    [Show full text]
  • Documento FINAL Nota Tecnica Heladas
    ACTUALIZACION NOTA TECNICA HELADAS 2012 REALIZADO POR Olga Cecilia González Gómez Carlos Felipe Torres Triana. Contrato N° 201/2012 Subdirección de Meteorología TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. MARCO TEÓRICO …………………………………………………………….……………………………….4 1.1 Definición del fenómeno de heladas ………………………………...............……………………………4 1.2 Clasificación de heladas ……………………………………………………………………………………..4 1.2.1 Helada por advección ………………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.2.2 Helada por evaporación ……………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.2.3 Helada por radiación ………………………………………………………………………………………….4 1.3 Aspectos físicos ………………………………………………………………………………………………5 1.3.1 Balance radiativo ……………………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.3.2 Transmisión de calor …………………………………………………………………………………………6 1.3.3 Variación de la temperatura …………………………………………………………………………………7 1.4. Factores que favorecen las heladas ……………………………………………………………………….8 1.4.1 El vapor de agua ………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.4.2 El suelo y la vegetación ……………………………………………………………………………………...8 1.4.3 El Viento ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...8 1.4.4 Topografía ………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.4.5 Nubosidad y la temperatura vespertina …………………………………………………………………..8 2. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS HELADAS EN COLOMBIA ………………………………………………9 2.1 Distribución espacial de las heladas ………………………………………………………………………9 2.2 Distribución temporal de las heladas ……………………………………...…………………….………11 3. REGISTROS HISTÓRICOS O ESTADÍSTICAS ……………………………………………………..…….11 3.1 Promedios de temperatura mínima y temperaturas mínimas absolutas
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Development and Sustainable Mobility: a Spatial Analysis in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area
    land Article Urban Development and Sustainable Mobility: A Spatial Analysis in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area Lorea Mendiola 1,*,† and Pilar González 2,† 1 Department of Applied Economics I, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain 2 Department of Quantitative Methods & Institute for Public Economics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48015 Bilbao, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-94-30-5844 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: This study provides empirical evidence on the links between urban development factors and the use of specific modes of transport in commuting in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The case study is of interest because quantitative research on developing countries is scarce and their rapid urban growth and high rates of inequality may generate different results compared to the US or Europe. This relationship was assessed on locality level using regression methods. Spatial econometric techniques were applied to avoid unreliable inferences generated by spatial dependence and to detect the existence of externalities. Furthermore, we include in the model the socio-economic profile of each locality identified using cluster analysis. The findings reveal that population density affects motorised transport, that diversity is relevant for public transport and non- motorised trips, and urban design characteristics affect all modes of transport. Spatial dependence is detected for motorised transport, which may imply the existence of externalities, suggesting the need for coordinated decision-making processes on a metropolitan level. Finally, modal split depends on the socio-economic profile of a locality, which may influence the response to public transport policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Are the Causes of Floods in Buenos Aires?
    Globe Program Virtual Student Conference Which are the causes of floods in Buenos Aires? Colegio French – Banfield – Argentina Teachers: Emiliano Basic and Rafaela Capisciolto Contact e-mails: [email protected] – [email protected] Student: Britos, Sol María Year: 1st Secondary School School Address: Manuel Castro 1690 – Banfield – Buenos Aires – Argentina – CP 1828 Table of contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..page 1 Research questions and hypothesis……………………………page 2 Analysis and results……………………………………….pages 2, 3 and 4 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..page 5 References and bibliography……………………………………...page 6 ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to determine the causes of the severe flooding in Buenos Aires, the capital city of Argentina. In order to do that, I took into account the amount of precipitation fallen on April 2nd over the city, the historical average of precipitations for the same period and the urban conditions of the city as regards water drainage. My conclusion is that floods in Buenos aires are due to excessive population and lack of public works. Floods are usually very severe in the city of Buenos Aires due to several factors. Some years ago, the concept of climate change has become important, associated to an increase of precipitations. But the greatest floods are not only a secondary consequence of climate change, but to the action of men. My research question is: Why were the floods in Buenos Aires on April 2nd so severe? In order to answer that question, I have to find out this related data: -amount of precipitations over that certain period of time. -comparison with precipitations in previous years. My hypothesis is that, in the city of Buenos Aires, floods have to do with the underground piping of lowland streams and the fever of construction, which implies a loss of green spaces that allow the drainage of water.
    [Show full text]
  • Cronología De La Sabana De Bogotá [PDF]
    Comparative Archaeology Database University of Pittsburgh URL: http:www.cadb.pitt.edu Cronología de la Sabana de Bogotá Ana María Boada Rivas Investigadora Asociada Universidad de Pittsburgh Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff Fundación Pro-Calima 2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Un- ported License. Users of the dataset are requested to credit the source. Contenido Contentido . .ii Agradecimientos . iii 1. Introducción . .1 2. Cronologías del altiplano cundiboyacense . .5 3. Nueva cronología cerámica de la Sabana de Bogotá. 11 4. Periodo Herrera Temprano. 13 Mosquera Rojo Inciso (MRI) . 14 Mosquera Roca Triturada (MRT) . 21 Zipaquirá Desgrasante Tiestos Áspero (ZDTA) . 28 Funza Cuarzo Fino del Herrera Temprano (CF) . 37 5. Periodo Herrera Intermedio . 43 Funza Cuarzo Fino del periodo Herrera Intermedio . 44 Tunjuelo Laminar del periodo Herrera Intermedio (TL) . 58 6. Periodo Herrera Tardío . 61 Funza Cuarzo Fino del periodo Herrera Tardío . 61 Funza Cuarzo Abundante (CA) . 69 Tunjuelo Laminar del periodo Herrera Tardío (TL) . 74 Guatavita Desgrasante Gris del periodo Herrera Tardío (DG) . 88 Desgrasante de Tiestos Sal . 89 7. Periodo Muisca Temprano . 91 Funza Laminar Duro del periodo Muisca Temprano (LD) . 92 Guatavita Desgrasante Gris del periodo Muisca Temprano . .102 Tunjuelo Laminar (TL) y Cuarzo Abundante (CA) del periodo Muisca Temprano . .121 Zipaquirá Desgrasante de Arcillolita Triturada (ZAT) . .123 Guatavita Desgrasante Tiestos del periodo Muisca Temprano (GDT) . .129 Guatavita Desgrasante Tiestos Baño Blanco del periodo Muisca Temprano (GDTBB). .139 8. Periodo Muisca Tardío . .141 Guatavita Desgrasante Gris del periodo Muisca Tardío (GDG) . .142 Guatavita Desgrasante Tiestos del periodo Muisca Tardío (GDT) . .153 Guatavita Desgrasante Tiestos Baño Blanco del periodo Muisca Tardío (GDTBB) .
    [Show full text]