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The Cartographic Steppe: Mapping Environment and Ethnicity in Japan's Imperial Borderlands
The Cartographic Steppe: Mapping Environment and Ethnicity in Japan's Imperial Borderlands The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Christmas, Sakura. 2016. The Cartographic Steppe: Mapping Environment and Ethnicity in Japan's Imperial Borderlands. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840708 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Cartographic Steppe: Mapping Environment and Ethnicity in Japan’s Imperial Borderlands A dissertation presented by Sakura Marcelle Christmas to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 Sakura Marcelle Christmas All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Ian Jared Miller Sakura Marcelle Christmas The Cartographic Steppe: Mapping Environment and Ethnicity in Japan’s Imperial Borderlands ABSTRACT This dissertation traces one of the origins of the autonomous region system in the People’s Republic of China to the Japanese imperial project by focusing on Inner Mongolia in the 1930s. Here, Japanese technocrats demarcated the borderlands through categories of ethnicity and livelihood. At the center of this endeavor was the perceived problem of nomadic decline: the loss of the region’s deep history of transhumance to Chinese agricultural expansion and capitalist extraction. -
Research on the Time When Ping Split Into Yin and Yang in Chinese Northern Dialect
Chinese Studies 2014. Vol.3, No.1, 19-23 Published Online February 2014 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/chnstd) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/chnstd.2014.31005 Research on the Time When Ping Split into Yin and Yang in Chinese Northern Dialect Ma Chuandong1*, Tan Lunhua2 1College of Fundamental Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China 2Sichuan Science and Technology University for Employees, Chengdu, China Email: *[email protected] Received January 7th, 2014; revised February 8th, 2014; accepted February 18th, 2014 Copyright © 2014 Ma Chuandong, Tan Lunhua. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Ma Chuandong, Tan Lun- hua. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian. The phonetic phenomenon “ping split into yin and yang” 平分阴阳 is one of the most important changes of Chinese tones in the early modern Chinese, which is reflected clearly in Zhongyuan Yinyun 中原音韵 by Zhou Deqing 周德清 (1277-1356) in the Yuan Dynasty. The authors of this paper think the phe- nomenon “ping split into yin and yang” should not have occurred so late as in the Yuan Dynasty, based on previous research results and modern Chinese dialects, making use of historical comparative method and rhyming books. The changes of tones have close relationship with the voiced and voiceless initials in Chinese, and the voiced initials have turned into voiceless in Song Dynasty, so it could not be in the Yuan Dynasty that ping split into yin and yang, but no later than the Song Dynasty. -
The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries. -
Differences in the Intelligence of Children Across Thirty-One Provinces and Municipalities of China and Their Economic and Social Correlates
Intelligence 58 (2016) 10–13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Intelligence Differences in the intelligence of children across thirty-one provinces and municipalities of China and their economic and social correlates Richard Lynn a,⁎, Helen Cheng b, Mingrui Wang c a University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK b University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK c Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102200, China article info abstract Article history: This study reports the associations between the intelligence of children aged 8–10 years across thirty-one prov- Received 2 June 2016 inces and municipalities of the People's Republic of China and their economic and social correlates. It was found Accepted 20 June 2016 that regional IQs were significantly correlated at the p b 0.001 significant level with the percentage of Han in the Available online xxxx population (r = 0.75), GDP per capita (r = 0.73), and years of education (r = 0.76). Results of a multiple regres- sion analysis showed that regional IQs were the only significant predictor of regional differences in the GDP per Keywords: capita accounting for 56% of the variance. Intelligence China © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chinese provinces and municipalities Per capita income Han 1. Introduction This study showed that regional IQs were significantly associat- ed with the percentage of Han in the population (r = 0.59), GDP per The first study of regional differences in intelligence within countries capita (r = 0.42), the percentage of those with higher education and their economic and social correlates was reported for the United (r = 0.38, p b 0.05), and non-significantly with years of education States by Davenport and Remmers (1950), who gave a correlation of (r = 0.32). -
The Sino-Russian Trade and the Role of the Lifanyuan, 17Th–18Th Centuries
chapter 8 The Sino-Russian Trade and the Role of the Lifanyuan, 17th–18th Centuries Ye Baichuan and Yuan Jian In the discussion of Sino-Russian relations, scholars have long been either focusing on historical documentation1 or on the discussion of the tributary system and the closed-door policy.2 Taking the Lifanyuan regulation practices for the Sino-Russian trade in the 17th to 18th centuries as a point of depar- ture, this chapter will add a new perspective. In particular, it will be discussed how the Qing government combined treaty diplomacy with tributary diplo- matic thinking to realize a series of political objectives in its relationship with Russia.3 1 Zhang Weihua and Sun Xi, Qing qianqi zhong’e guanxi (Jinan: Shandong Education Press, 1997); Tong Dong, Sha’e yu dongbei (Changchun: Jilin Literature and History Press, 1985); Sha’e qinghuashi, ed. Yu Shengwu et al. (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1978–1990); Yiliubajiunian de zhong’e nibuchu tiaoyue 1689, ed. Dai Yi et al. (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1977); Wang Xilong, Zhong’e guanxishilue (Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1995); Liu Yuantu, Zaoqi zhong’e dongduan bianjie yanjiu (Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1993); Jiang Changbin, Zhonge guojiedongduan de yanbian (Beijing: Central Literary Contributions Publishing Bureau, 2007); Zhongsu maoyishi ziliao, ed. Meng Xianzhang (Beijing: China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Publishing House, 1991); Meng Xianzhang, Zhongsu jingji maoyishi (Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, 1992); Li Mingbin, Zhongguo yu esu wenhuajiaoliuzhi (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1998); Li Sheng, Xinjiang dui esu maoyishi (Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, 1993); Lin Yongkuang and Wang Xi, Qingdai xibei minzu maoyishi (Beijing: The Central University for Nationalities Publishing House, 1991); Mi Zhenbo, Qingdai xibeibianjingdiqu zhong’emaoyi: cong daoguang chao dao xuantong chao (Tianjin: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2005); Jianming qingshi, ed. -
Modern Dust Aerosol Availability in Northwestern China
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Modern dust aerosol availability in northwestern China Xunming Wang1,2, Hong Cheng3, Huizheng Che4, Jimin Sun5, Huayu Lu6, Mingrui Qiang7, Ting Hua8, Bingqi Zhu1, Hui Li8, Wenyong Ma1, Lili Lang1, Linlin Jiao1 & Danfeng Li1 Received: 11 May 2017 The sources of modern dust aerosols and their emission magnitudes are fundamental for linking Accepted: 26 July 2017 dust with climate and environment. Using feld sample data, wind tunnel experiments and statistical Published: xx xx xxxx analysis, we determined the contributions of wadis, gobi (stony desert), lakebeds, riverbeds, and interdunes to modern dust aerosol availability in the three important potential dust sources including the Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin, and Ala Shan Plateau of China. The results show that riverbeds are the dominant landscape for modern dust aerosol availabilities in the Qaidam Basin, while wadis, gobi, and interdunes are the main landscapes over the Ala Shan Plateau and Tarim Basin. The Ala Shan Plateau and Tarim Basin are potential dust sources in northwestern China, while the Qaidam Basin is not a major source of the modern dust aerosols nowadays, and it is not acting in a signifcant way to the Loess Plateau presently. Moreover, most of modern dust aerosol emissions from China originated from aeolian processes with low intensities rather than from major dust events. Modern dust aerosols generated by aeolian processes1 play important roles in climate and weather processes2, 3, provide nutrient and essential elements for terrestrial and marine ecosystems4–8, become dominant sources of loess9, 10 and marine sediments11–13, and thereby contribute signifcantly to global climate, carbon and biogeo- chemical cycles14, 15. -
Style, Wit and Word-Play
Style, Wit and Word-Play Style, Wit and Word-Play: Essays in Translation Studies in Memory of David Hawkes Edited by Tao Tao Liu, Laurence K. P. Wong and Chan Sin-wai Style, Wit and Word-Play: Essays in Translation Studies in Memory of David Hawkes, Edited by Tao Tao Liu, Laurence K. P. Wong and Chan Sin-wai This book first published 2012 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2012 by Tao Tao Liu, Laurence K. P. Wong and Chan Sin-wai and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-3571-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-3571-8 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................... vii Tao Tao Liu, Laurence K. P. Wong and Chan Sin-wai INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ ix “STYLE, WIT AND WORD-PLAY” – REMEMBERING DAVID HAWKES (1923-2009) Tao Tao Liu A TRIBUTE TO BROTHER STONE ................................................................... 1 John Minford WHAT IS THE POINT OF MAKING TRANSLATIONS INTO ENGLISH OF CHINESE LITERATURE: RE-EXAMINING ARTHUR WALEY AND DAVID HAWKES ......... 15 Tao Tao Liu SURPRISING THE MUSES: DAVI D HAWKES’ A LITTLE PRIMER OF TU FU ...... 33 Laurence K. P. Wong MIND THE GAP: THE HAWKES-MINFORD TRANSITION IN THE STORY OF THE STONE ..................................................................... 115 Chloë Starr THE TRANSLATOR AS SCHOLAR AND EDITOR: ON PREPARING A NEW CHINESE TEXT FOR THE BILINGUAL THE STORY OF THE STONE ................ -
Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Zhong Yurou
Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Zhong Yurou Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Yurou Zhong All rights reserved ABSTRACT Script Crisis and Literary Modernity in China, 1916-1958 Yurou Zhong This dissertation examines the modern Chinese script crisis in twentieth-century China. It situates the Chinese script crisis within the modern phenomenon of phonocentrism – the systematic privileging of speech over writing. It depicts the Chinese experience as an integral part of a worldwide crisis of non-alphabetic scripts in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It places the crisis of Chinese characters at the center of the making of modern Chinese language, literature, and culture. It investigates how the script crisis and the ensuing script revolution intersect with significant historical processes such as the Chinese engagement in the two World Wars, national and international education movements, the Communist revolution, and national salvation. Since the late nineteenth century, the Chinese writing system began to be targeted as the roadblock to literacy, science and democracy. Chinese and foreign scholars took the abolition of Chinese script to be the condition of modernity. A script revolution was launched as the Chinese response to the script crisis. This dissertation traces the beginning of the crisis to 1916, when Chao Yuen Ren published his English article “The Problem of the Chinese Language,” sweeping away all theoretical oppositions to alphabetizing the Chinese script. This was followed by two major movements dedicated to the task of eradicating Chinese characters: First, the Chinese Romanization Movement spearheaded by a group of Chinese and international scholars which was quickly endorsed by the Guomingdang (GMD) Nationalist government in the 1920s; Second, the dissident Chinese Latinization Movement initiated in the Soviet Union and championed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the 1930s. -
ENCYCLOPEDIA of CHINESE LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 3 Men–Ser
Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Volume 3 Men–Ser For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV General Editor Rint Sybesma (Leiden University) Associate Editors Wolfgang Behr (University of Zurich) Yueguo Gu (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Zev Handel (University of Washington) C.-T. James Huang (Harvard University) James Myers (National Chung Cheng University) For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHINESE LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 3 Men–Ser General Editor Rint Sybesma Associate Editors Wolfgang Behr Yueguo Gu Zev Handel C.-T. James Huang James Myers LEIDEN • BOSTON 2017 For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISBN 978-90-04-18643-9 (hardback, set) ISBN 978-90-04-26227-0 (hardback, vol. 1) ISBN 978-90-04-26223-2 (hardback, vol. 2) ISBN 978-90-04-26224-9 (hardback, vol. 3) ISBN 978-90-04-26225-6 (hardback, vol. 4) ISBN 978-90-04-26226-3 (hardback, vol. 5) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhofff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
The Entire Issue As a *.PDF File
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Institute of Oriental WRITTEN Manuscripts MONUMENTS OF THE ORIENT Founded in 2014 2015 (1) Issued biannually Editors Irina Popova, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg (Editor-in-Chief) Svetlana Anikeeva, Vostochnaya Literatura Publisher, Moscow Tatiana Pang, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Elena Tanonova, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Editorial Board Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, Turfanforschung, BBAW, Berlin Michael Friedrich, Universität Hamburg Yuly Ioannesyan, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Karashima Seishi, Soka University, Tokyo Aliy Kolesnikov, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Alexander Kudelin, Institute of World Literature, RAS, Moscow Karine Marandzhyan, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Nie Hongyin, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, CASS, Beijing Georges-Jean Pinault, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Stanislav Prozorov, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, St. Petersburg Rong Xinjiang, Peking University Nicholas Sims-Williams, University of London Takata Tokio, Kyoto University Stephen F. Teiser, Princeton University Hartmut Walravens, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Nauka Nataliya Yakhontova, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Vostochnaya Literatura RAS, St. Petersburg 2015 Peter Zieme, Freie Universität Berlin Irina Popova A Dunhuang Document on the Division of Property from the Serindia Fund of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS 4 Peter Zieme -
THE SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE FAMILY 汉藏语系 1. General Information – Has the 2Nd Largest Native Speaker Community (After
IntroChinLing ST/ 1 Bartos THE SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE FAMILY 汉藏语系 1. General information – has the 2nd largest native speaker community (after the Indo-European family): > 1.1 billion; acc. to some estimations: cca. 250–300 independent languages – many cases of uncertainty in relationships ( ← few of these lg’s have writing systems, and many of those are not phonetic + genetic vs. areal effects) – longer written tradition: Chinese (cca. 3500 yrs), Tibetan 藏语 (cca. 1300 yrs), Burmese 缅 甸语 (cca. 900 yrs) – cultural split: Indosphere – Sinosphere (acc. to the dominant culture) - synthetic/agglutinative - analytic/isolating - polisyllabic - monosyllabic - non-tonal - tonal 2. The basis of genetic affiliation 2.1. Cognate words, phonetic reconstruction – greatest obstacle: few written sources outside Chinese and Tibetan + non-phonetic Chinese script OLD CHINESE WRITTEN TIBETAN WRITTEN BURMESE MEANING *ngag 我 nga Na 'I' *s´m 三 gsum su^m 'three' *ngag 五 lnga Na^ 'five' *mj´k 目 mig mjak 'eye' *ngjag 鱼 nya Na^ 'fish' *khwin 犬 khyi khwe 'dog' *srat 杀 bsat sat 'kill' *sjin 薪 shing sac '(fire)wood' *mjing 名 ming ´-man) ’name’ *khag 苦 kha kha^ ’bitter’ 2.2. Typological similarities – but see the Indosphere ~ Sinosphere cut (above) – basic word order? TB: SOV, Sinitic: SVO – classifers? – looks like an areal feature (Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese: yes, many TB lgs: no) – reduplication? – not widespread in the Indosphere 3. Various views on the internal structure of the family 3.1. The ‘standard’ view (Benedict … Matisoff) IntroChinLing ST/ 2 Bartos Sino-Tibetan -
Beyond the White Dragon Mounds the Polities of the Tarim Basin in the First Three Centuries CE, Their Rise and Importance for Trade on the Silk Road
Beyond the White Dragon Mounds The polities of the Tarim Basin in the first three centuries CE, their rise and importance for trade on the Silk Road Tomas Larsen Høisæter Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitenskap Universitetet i Bergen A masterthesis in History Spring 2013 Table of contents Preface 1.0 Introduction p. 1 1.1 The literature and the research front on the Tarim Basin p. 3 1.2 Problems, definitions and parameters p. 7 1.3 The sources p. 8 1.3.1 The Chinese historians p. 8 1.3.2 Documents from the Tarim Basin p. 13 1.3.3 Archaeological sources p. 14 1.4 Disposition p.16 1.5 On names, transcriptions and measurements p.16 2.0 Geography and climate of the Tarim Basin p.17 2.1 Changes in Tarim Basin p. 17 2.2 Climate and precipitation p. 19 2.3 Surrounding mountains p. 20 2.4 Of deserts, rivers and oases p. 21 2.5 Infrastructure p. 24 2.6 Conclusion p. 25 3.0 Polities in and around the Tarim Basin p. 26 3.1 The Tarim Basin – The political situation p. 27 3.1.1 Size and resources p. 28 3.1.2 Centres and polity constellations p. 29 3.1.3 Issues of population figures p. 35 3.2 The Tarim Basin – “The walled cities” p. 36 3.2.1 Walls and warfare p. 36 3.2.2 The cities p. 39 3.2.3 Kings and governments p. 44 3.2.4 Sustenance and basic products p.