Carbon, biodiversity & ecosystem services:

exploring co-benefits

Jiangxi Province, China Part II UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road publication is printed on wood pulp Cambridge, CB3 0DL from sustainably managed forests (i.e. United Kingdom FSC-certified paper). Our printing and Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 distribution policy aims to reduce Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] UNEP’s carbon footprint. Website: www.unep-wcmc.org

UNEP-WCMC DISCLAIMER The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the WCMC) is the biodiversity assessment and policy views or policies of UNEP-WCMC, contributory implementation arm of the United Nations Environment organisations or editors. The designations employed and Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost the presentations do not imply the expression of any intergovernmental environmental organisation. The opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or centre has been in operation for nearly 30 years, contributory organisations, editors or publishers combining scientific research with practical policy advice. concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name of products and services to help decision-makers recognise allegiances. the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. Its core business is managing data about CONTRIBUTORS ecosystems and biodiversity, interpreting and analysing Xin LIN, Guo LI, Xiaopu WU, Junsheng LI that data to provide assessments and policy analysis, and Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences making the results available to international decision- 8 Dayangfang Bei Yuan Road makers and business. Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China E-mail: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre would like to Monika Bertzky, Valerie Kapos, Barney Dickson thank BMU, GTZ, and BfN for financial support. Special UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre thanks to CRAES, the Key Projects of Basic Scientific 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK Research Business for National Welfare Institutes (No: E-mail: [email protected] 2009KYYW12), and the Environmental Public Benefit Project in 2007: Studies on the monitoring and evaluation CITATION techniques of biodiversity at national level (No. Lin, X., Li, G., Bertzky, M., Kapos, V., Wu, X., Li, J., Dickson, 200709018). We are grateful to all those who provided B. (2010) Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: datasets and information: Dr. H. Fang and Dr. Z.G. Liu from Exploring co-benefits. Jiangxi Province, China. Part II. the Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences; S.B. Kuang UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. from the Jiangxi Academy of Forestry Inventory and Planning; the Department of Ecology, Peking University; Available online at: and Dr. Jörn P.W. Scharlemann, Dr. Lera Miles and Corinna http://www.unep-wcmc.org/climate/publications.aspx Ravilious for technical input. and www.carbon-biodiversity.net

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Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

Introduction

The maintenance and enhancement of natural The work presented here is the result of carbon stocks is now considered a key climate collaboration between UNEP-WCMC and CRAES change mitigation measure. Emissions from that aims, with support from GTZ, BMU and land use change, mainly tropical forest loss, BfN, to identify areas where intervention to contribute an estimated 6-17% of total secure carbon stocks may generate co-benefits. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (van In 2009, a first map of total carbon stocks for der Werf et al. 2009), equivalent to around 5.8 Jiangxi Province in China was generated and

Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per combined with data on areas of importance for year. biodiversity and protected areas in the province (Li et al. 2009). The aim was to highlight areas Depending on where actions are taken to where high carbon density coincides with areas maintain or enhance natural carbon, other of importance for biodiversity and to provide an natural assets, such as biodiversity, can benefit estimate for how much of this area is currently at the same time. There is the potential for protected, and how much is outside of the several such ‘co-benefits’ from a given protected area system of the province. In 2010, intervention or suite of actions. Simple mapping new data have become available and new tools can help identify how carbon, biodiversity methods have been applied to take this work and other ecosystem services are distributed further. Here we present the results of this across the landscape and relate to each other. second phase of the collaboration.

Jiangxi Province

Jiangxi Province, in the south-eastern part of of large-scale afforestation and reforestation the People’s Republic of China (Map 1), consists efforts initiated by the central and provincial of 91 administrative areas (Statistic Bureau of governments. Jiangxi Province 2005) covering 167 thousand km2. Jiangxi’s population is around 43 million.

Jiangxi borders the Yangtze River in the north and hosts Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of the country, in the northern lowlands. Towards the south, east and west of the province the landscape turns from hilly to mountainous, with Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains reaching 2 157 m altitude.

Jiangxi has a subtropical humid monsoon climate with a mean annual temperature of 16- 20°C and annual rainfall of 1400-1900 mm across the province. Forest cover in the province is comparatively high, and can be expected to increase further as a result Map 1: Location of Jiangxi Province in the People's Republic of China

1 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

The updated carbon map for Jiangxi Province

For the first carbon map of Jiangxi Province (Li According to this dataset, the total carbon stock et al. 2009), a national vegetation cover map in Jiangxi Province is 492 Mt, of which 128 Mt based on data gathered during the 1980s and are contained in needleleaf and broadleaf 1990s was used (EBVMC 2001). For the forests, which account for 45% and 26% of the generation of the updated biomass carbon map, total carbon of the province respectively (Table a Map of Forest Resources of Jiangxi Province 1). based on data from 2001 was used (EBFRC 2005). Non-forest areas were filled in using the same vegetation map that was used in Li et al. (2009). According to the resulting land cover map, there are 8 vegetation types besides non- vegetated areas, i.e. needleleaf forest, broadleaf forest, mixed forest, bamboo forest, shrublands, grasslands, lowland meadows and croplands (Map 2). Needleleaf forests cover the largest area, ca. 68 700 km2, accounting for about 41% of the total area of the province. Croplands and broadleaf forests cover 23% and 18% of Jiangxi respectively.

County level inventory datasets on carbon density for each vegetation type based on data gathered between 1999 and 2003 (Jiangxi Academy of Forestry Inventory and Planning 2004) were used to convert the land cover map into a biomass carbon density map. This map was then combined with an existing soil carbon Map 2: Land cover map of Jiangxi Province, China, in 9 map from Shi et al. (2004a; 2006) to produce a broad classes map of total carbon storage.

Table 1: Areas, average carbon densities and carbon stocks of land cover types in Jiangxi Province C density % Carbon % Area of Average C Land cover types Area (103km2) range within C stock (Mt) stock in Jiangxi density (t/ha) type Jiangxi Lowland meadows 1 0.4 14.6 – 68.0 25.1 1.8 0.4 Grasslands 13 7.9 6.5 - 110.4 17.6 23.4 4.8 Shrublands 4 2.2 16.6 - 120.5 30.1 11.1 2.3 Croplands 38 22.7 0.9 - 108.8 16.9 63.9 13.0 Needleleaf forests 69 41.2 13.7 - 133.3 32.5 223.2 45.4 Bamboo forests 5 2.9 34.3 - 138.2 51.5 25.2 5.1 Broadleaf forests 3 18.1 4.4 - 157.7 42.4 128.1 26.1 1 Mixed forests 3 2.0 0.0 - 135.9 40.2 13.5 2.8 Non-vegetated areas 4 2.6 0.0 - 53.4 3.3 1.4 0.3

1 Where a few pixels categorised as mixed forest in the land cover map were located in counties without mixed forest according to the inventory data, they were given a carbon density value of ‘0’. 2 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

Map 3 (left): The spatial distribution of carbon in Jiangxi Province with density classes defined by area, i.e. each class contains about one fifth of the area of the province. Map 4 (right): The spatial distribution of carbon in Jiangxi Province with density classes defined by carbon stock, i.e. each class contains about one fifth of the carbon of the province.

The carbon stock map of Jiangxi has been the areas in the highest carbon density class divided into five carbon density classes using jointly store one fifth of the total carbon stock two different approaches (Maps 3 and 4). In the in the province. Either of the schemes can be area-based scheme, each class represents one adopted in decision-making processes according fifth of the land area of the province; that is, the to the situation of the focal area and the policy highest class highlights the fifth of the area that question. In this study, analyses were has the highest carbon density. In the content- conducted and results are presented according based scheme, where each class represents one to the content-based classification of carbon fifth of the total carbon stock of the province, density.

Photo: Forest in Jiangxi Province (© M. Bertzky) 3 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

Carbon stocks in relation to biodiversity

Jiangxi Province hosts a large number of species the total area of the province. This suggests that due to its altitudinal range and ecosystem a substantial proportion of land with high diversity. Biodiversity in terms of richness of biodiversity value is likely to not benefit from vascular plants, vertebrates, endemic and land management measures aiming at securing endangered species has been evaluated for the carbon stocks. 91 administrative areas (counties) of the province in Jiangxi’s Biodiversity Inventory and Jiangxi High carbon Assessment Project (Jiangxi Academy of Province density Environmental Sciences 2008). 5 In this study, counties with more than 1 892 2 3 species of vascular plants were considered to 1 have high plant species richness. These areas 6 4 7 are concentrated in the mountains along the border of Jiangxi Province. They cover more 8 2 than 60 000 km , 36% of the area of the High vascular plant High vertebrate province, and contain 211 Mt of carbon, species richness species richness accounting for 43% of the provincial total. Figure 1: Potential overlaps between the areas of high

carbon density, high vascular plant species richness and Counties with more than 292 vertebrate species high vertebrate species richness within Jiangxi Province. The numerical labels indicate the different combinations were considered of high vertebrate species represented in the rows of Table 2. For example, class 1 richness. A large part of these areas is located represents areas high in carbon density and both plant around Poyang Lake, while only a few counties and vertebrate species richness, while class 7 represents areas that are high in vertebrate species richness but not in the mountains along the provincial boundary in carbon density or plant species richness. have high vertebrate species richness. The areas

2 cover more than 52 000 km , i.e. 32% of the Table 2: Area and carbon stock in classes 1-8 as shown in province, and contain 158 Mt of carbon, Figure 1. Area % Area of C stock % C stock accounting for 32% of the provincial total. (103km2) Jiangxi (Mt) of Jiangxi 1 5 2.9 30.4 6.2 The potential combinations of high carbon 2 5 3.2 32.4 6.2 density and high vascular plant and vertebrate 3 2 1.1 10.9 2.2 4 12 7.4 38.2 7.8 species richness were categorised as shown in 5 4 2.4 24.3 4.9 Figure 1. The area and carbon stocks for each 6 38 22.7 110.5 22.5 category were assessed (Table 2). 7 34 20.3 78.6 16.0 8 67 40.2 166.4 33.9

The categories 1, 2 and 3 in Figure 1 all have Counties where high numbers of endemic and high carbon density and at the same time are of endangered species occur were defined as high species richness. They cover 7% of the total having more than 707 endemic and 86 area of the province and contain 15% of its endangered species respectively (Maps 5 and carbon stock. Categories 4, 6 and 7 denote 6). They cover about 34% and 37% of the total areas of high species richness which are not of area of the province and jointly store 240 Mt of high carbon density. They jointly cover 50% of carbon, i.e. about 49% of the provincial total.

4 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

Map 5 (left): Carbon density and areas where high numbers of endemic species occur. Map 6 (right): Carbon density and areas where high numbers of endangered species occur.

Nine counties are important for biodiversity of endangered and endemic species. Together, according to all four of the criteria considered in they cover an area of about 16 300 km2 (almost this study. Suichuan, Chongyi, Yifeng, Qianshan, 10% of the province) and store approximately Lichuan, Zixi, Longnan, Shangyou and Xingzi all 14% of the total carbon stock of Jiangxi. 30% of have high vascular plant species richness, high their area is of high carbon density. vertebrate species richness, and high numbers

Carbon in protected areas

Protected areas are one approach to securing or in protected areas, almost 30% (9.52 Mt) is sustainably managing natural resources, such as stored in areas of high carbon density (Figure 2). biodiversity and areas of intact forest. Of the area with high carbon density as well as By the end of 2008, 174 protected areas had high vascular plant and/or vertebrate species been established in 67 out of the 91 counties of richness (categories 1, 2 and 3 in Figure 1), Jiangxi Province (MEP 2009). They cover an area 8%-10% is formally protected, and about 90% is of about 11 011 km2 or almost 7% of the not currently part of the protected area system province (Map 7; in the absence of detailed of the province. Carefully designed land use boundary data, protected areas are represented planning and management could help to ensure by circles of appropriate size). Together they that the carbon and biodiversity benefits store 32 Mt of carbon, accounting for about 7% provided by these areas are maintained into the of the provincial total. Of the carbon contained future.

5 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

Carbon stored in protected areas (total 32 Mt) 12

9

6

3

Carbon stock(MtC) Carbon 0 Low Medium Medium Medium High Low High

Carbon density class Figure 2: Distribution of carbon stored in protected areas Photo: Butterfly in Jingganshan National Nature Reserve among carbon density classes in Jiangxi Province (© M. Bertzky)

Map 7: Carbon and protected areas

6 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

Carbon and areas of importance for forest products and honey

Many benefits in addition to biodiversity products by county based on average prices for conservation can be gained from maintaining, products in 2004 ($) were obtained from the sustainably managing and enhancing forest Statistical Yearbooks for Jiangxi Province from carbon stocks. In Jiangxi Province, products the year 2004 (Statistic Bureaux of Jiangxi provided by forest include timber and non- Province 2005). Areas of high forest product timber forest products (NTFPs), such as value are defined as those areas that deliver bamboo, seedlings, seeds, nuts, bamboo forest products with a value of more than $9.36 sprouts and medicinal plants or components of million per year (Map 8). plants. Data on the value of these forest

Map 8: Carbon density and areas of high forest product value

7 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

The areas highlighted in Map 8 store a total of 223 Mt of carbon, i.e. more than 45% of the provincial total, and cover 58% of the high carbon density areas. Of the nine counties of importance for biodiversity according to all four criteria used in this study, five are also important for forest products: Suichuan, Chongyi, Yifeng, Qianshan and Lichuan.

Data on the production of honey were also obtained from the same source (Statistic Bureaux of Jiangxi Province 2005). Honey production can make an important contribution to local people’s income and depends to a certain degree on natural vegetation, though not necessarily on areas of high carbon density. In areas of importance for honey production, management for carbon storage may affect local livelihoods either positively (e.g. by preserving nectar-producing natural vegetation) Map 9: Carbon density and areas of importance for honey or negatively (e.g. by expanding cover of production coniferous trees).

Areas of importance for honey production (i.e. Areas of importance for honey delivering more than 65 t of honey per year) production (66 270 km2) 2 cover more than 66 000 km , about 40% of the 30 area of Jiangxi Province (Map 9). Altogether

they store approximately 184 Mt of carbon. 25 ) Areas of high and medium high carbon density 2 20 that are of importance for honey production 15 cover about 5 000 km2 and 7 000 km2 of the

province respectively (Figure 3). 10 Area (1000 km (1000 Area 5 While the overlap between areas important for 0 forest products and areas important for honey Low Medium Medium Medium High production is limited, there are two counties in low high which both criteria apply, i.e. Suichuan and Carbon density class Yifeng. These two counties are also of importance for biodiversity according to all four Figure 3: Areas of importance for honey production by carbon density class of the criteria used in this study. This information may be useful for provincial scale planning and land use decisions.

8 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

The role of forest in soil stabilisation

Soil erosion is a serious problem in many parts The resulting erosion intensity was classified of China. Forest cover can protect soil from according to the standard classification of the erosion, soil stabilisation as an ecosystem Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s service can thus be considered a co-benefit Republic of China (MRW 2008), which provided by forest. Here we identify areas that comprises six classes ranging from ‘extremely provide a major contribution to soil stabilisation severe’ to ‘negligible’ erosion. in Jiangxi Province. The vast majority (81%) of the forest land of The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Jiangxi Province potentially suffers from (RUSLE, Renard et al. 1997) was firstly used to ‘extremely severe soil erosion’, but forest cover estimate both the potential and the actual soil reduces erosion from ‘extremely severe’ to erosion for areas under forest cover in Jiangxi ‘negligible’ in 78% of the province (Figure 4 and Province. The estimation of potential soil Map 10). These data help to identify areas erosion ignores the contribution of the where forests provide an important vegetation cover to soil stabilisation, which is contribution to soil stabilisation and therefore taken into account in the estimation of actual where forest management can provide soil erosion. The larger the difference between substantial co-benefits in the form of soil the two estimates of erosion, the greater the conservation and reduced sedimentation. These importance of vegetation cover in reducing services have important economic implications, actual erosion. Thus, areas where forests especially in relation to water quality and provide a major contribution to soil stabilisation hydropower provision. can be identified.

Potential soil erosion is a measure of the Contribution of forest cover to soil erosion force of rainfall, soil erodibility as stabilisation defined by soil properties and the length and 100 steepness of slope. Rainfall data for Jiangxi was 80 obtained from WorldClim (Hijmans et al. 2005), soil property data from Shi et al. (2002) and 60 data on length and steepness of slope from 40 Jarvis et al. (2008). The estimation of actual soil erosion includes the same factors, and also 20

includes factors for cover management and Percentage of areaforest 0 supporting practices. Cover factor and supporting practices factor values were defined based on international and Chinese scientific literature (Wischmeier and Smith 1978; Xiao et al. 1999; Yu et al. 2001; Huang et al. 2004; Shi et Figure 4: Role of forest in reducing soil erosion. al. 2004b; Morgan 2005; Xu and Cai 2006; Yang Categories are assigned based on difference between et al. 2006; Fu and Zha 2008, for more detail potential and actual soil erosion. see CRAES and UNEP-WCMC in prep.).

9 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

Map 10: Contribution of forest cover to soil stabilisation in Jiangxi Province

A preliminary estimate of the carbon sequestration potential of Jiangxi’s forests

Much of the forest in Jiangxi is of relatively Forestry Inventory and Planning 2004). young age and low carbon density (see also Although older forests tend to have higher carbon density ranges shown in Table 1). Figure biomass carbon density, these young and mid- 5 shows that more than 80% of the area aged forests store more than 80% of the forest covered by needleleaf, broadleaf and mixed biomass carbon of the province. forests in Jiangxi Province was made up of young and mid-aged forests by the time of data The fact that so much of the forest area of gathering for the Forest Inventory in Jiangxi Jiangxi is made up of young and mid-aged Province (1999-2003, Jiangxi Academy of forests implies that there is significant scope for

10 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

Jiangxi’s biomass carbon stocks to increase and According to the results of the estimation for its forests to act as carbon sinks. The carbon Xiushui County, Fuliang County and Poyang sequestration potential of Jiangxi’s forests can County are the three counties with the highest therefore be considered as another ecosystem potential for carbon sequestration through service that can help to mitigate climate further growth of existing forests between 2000 change. and 2050. The total carbon stock of their existing forests has the potential to increase by about 27 Mt by 2050. These and other areas of Percentage of forest area covered by forest types of different age high sequestration potential are highlighted in Map 11. 100%

80% It should be noted that these calculations refer 60% only to forest stands existing in 2000; neither 40% bamboo, economic forests, shrubs, sparse forests, nor trees planted after 2003 were taken 20%

Percentage of area into account. Consequently, the results 0% presented here are likely to underestimate the Needleleaf Broadleaf Mixed overall sequestration potential of forest areas in forests forests Jiangxi Province. Age class Young Mid-aged Premature Mature Overmature Figure 5: Age class distribution by area of the three major forest types in Jiangxi Province

The potential changes in Jiangxi’s forest biomass carbon stock between 2000 and 2050 were calculated using biomass-age relationships established by Xu et al. (2010) together with the data from Jiangxi’s forest inventory between 1999 and 2003 (for more detail see CRAES and UNEP-WCMC in prep). The estimation is based on the simple assumption that neither clear-cut, nor die-off will occur on these forest areas until 2050.

According to this preliminary estimate the total forest biomass carbon stock in Jiangxi’s forest areas increases from 172 Mt of biomass carbon as of 1999-2003 to 392 Mt of carbon in 2050, a net increase of 220 Mt. This corresponds to an Map 11: Potential carbon sequestration of forests 2000- increase of the total carbon stock of the 2050, by county, calculated based on existing biomass province by almost 45%. During the same time carbon stocks in forests of different types and age classes, period, the average biomass carbon density is using an approach adapted from Xu et al. (2010). estimated to increase from about 22 t/ha to 50 t/ha in 2050, an increase of more than 100%.

11 Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits

Conclusions and outlook

When managing ecosystems for carbon it is examining the distribution of ecosystem important to consider how biodiversity and the services in a spatial context and to identify provision of ecosystem goods and services may some important next steps. It will be important be affected by different carbon management for future analyses to link services such as soil measures. Visualising the spatial relationships stabilisation with the locations where the between carbon and areas important for benefits of those services are realised, for different values can help support informed example the reservoirs and hydro-electric decision-making. plants that benefit from reduced sedimentation as a result of soil stabilisation services. Such The work presented here has improved on the analyses could be an important step towards earlier analyses for Jiangxi Province (Li et al. more quantitative assessment and comparison 2009) by incorporating new and better data and of services, and possibly towards their applying new approaches to identify areas economic valuation. Further work is also important for specific ecosystem services. The needed to elucidate how different carbon new analyses show that the different values and management practices would affect biodiversity services under consideration all have different and ecosystem services and to incorporate relationships with the distribution of current climate change scenarios to help understand carbon stocks, and that some areas or counties their implications for carbon storage and its are especially important for the provision of relationship with biodiversity and the delivery particular services that are likely to be affected of ecosystem services in Jiangxi. Moreover, by carbon management decisions. For example, aligning this work more closely to provincial actions to preserve the carbon stocks in native planning, for example by taking economic forests may help to secure areas important for development targets into account and involving biodiversity or for soil stabilisation. Conversely, decision makers and other stakeholders in afforestation of some areas with exotics may discussing the results and ways forwards, could increase carbon stocks, sequestration potential further increase the relevance of the results for and potentially help to stabilise soil, but is likely decision-making processes. to reduce their biodiversity value and/or their ability to provide certain forest products or The work presented here provides a baseline contribute to honey production. The for discussion among stakeholders and planning information provided by the analyses presented for co-benefits from carbon management in here should help to identify areas where such Jiangxi Province and highlights the complexity trade-offs need to be considered in planning of the issues involved. It should stimulate and implementing carbon management and in further collaborative development of these land use planning more broadly. These analyses important ideas and analytical approaches. have also served to highlight the challenges of

12 Jiangxi Province, China, Part II

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Photo credits for pictures on front and back cover: Forest in Jiangxi Province: courtesy of Monika Bertzky, UNEP-WCMC Garrulax galbanus, endemic and endangered bird species of Jiangxi Province: courtesy of Mr. Li Xiaogang, Jiangxi Environment Protection Department 13

Benefits of actions to maintain and enhance carbon stocks for climate change mitigation can be increased by taking into account areas important for biodiversity and ecosystem goods and services. Here, we present an updated carbon map for Jiangxi Province in China. The spatial relationship of carbon stocks and areas of importance for biodiversity, forest products and honey production is analysed. The role of Jiangxi’s forests in soil stabilisation and their carbon sequestration potential are highlighted. Results provide a baseline for discussion and planning for co-benefits from carbon management in Jiangxi.

Contact: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 814636 Fax: +44 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] www.unep-wcmc.org