Clean Urban/Rural Heating in China: the Role of Renewable Energy

Xudong Yang, Ph.D. Chang-Jiang Professor & Vice Dean School of Architecture Tsinghua University, China Email: [email protected]

September 28, 2020 Outline

Background

Heating Technologies in urban

Heating Technologies in rural

Summary and future perspective Shares of building energy use in China

2018 Total Building Energy：900 million tce+ 90 million tce biomass 2018 Total Building Area：58.1 billion m2 (urban 34.8 bm2 + rural 23.3 bm2 ） Large-scale commercial building 0.4 billion m2, 3%

Normal commercial building Rural building 4.9 billion m2, 18% 24.0 billion m2, 38% Needs clean & efficient

Space heating in North China (urban) 6.4 billion m2, 25% Needs clean and efficient Heating of residential building Residential building in the Yangtze River region (heating not included) 4.0 billion m2, 1% 9.6 billion m2, 15% Different housing styles in urban/rural

Typical house (Northern rural)

Typical housing in urban areas

Typical house (Southern rural) 4 Urban district heating network

 Heating terminal

 Secondary network  Heat Station  Power plant/heating boiler

 Primary Network

 Second source

 Pump The role of surplus heat from power plant

The number Power plant excess of prefecture- heat （MW） level cities

Power plant excess heat in northern China(MW) Daxinganling 0~500 24 500~2000 37

Heihe Hulunbier 2000~5000 55 Yichun Hegang Tacheng Aletai Qiqihaer Jiamusi Shuangyashan

Boertala Suihua Karamay Qitaihe Jixi 5000~10000 31 Xingan Daqing Yili Haerbin Changji Baicheng Songyuan Mudanjiang Urumqi Changchun ＞10000 11

Jilin Yanbian Kezilesu Tongliao Siping Turpan Hami Xilinguole Chifeng Akesu Liaoyuan Tieling Baishan Tonghua Fuxin Shenyang Fushun

Kashgar Baotou Jinzhou Liaoyang Benxi Bayinguole Wulanchabu Chaoyang Panjin Bayanzhuoer Chengde Anshan Dandong Jiuquan Zhangjiakou Huludao Yingkou Alashan The distribution of power Hotan Huhehaote Qinhuangdao Beijing Dalian Datong Tangshan Eerduosi Shuozhou Tianjin Wuhai Baoding Langfang Shizuishan Xinzhou Cangzhou Haixi Yinchuan YangquanShijiazhuang plant excess heat has Haibei Taiyuan Hengshui Binzhou Yulin Dongying Yantai Weihai Zhongwei Wuzhong Lvliang Jinzhong Xingtai Dezhou Qingdao Xining Handan Jinan Zibo Weifang Haidong Changzhi Liaocheng Laiwu Hainan Yanan Linfen Anyang Taian Guyuan Rizhao Ali Jincheng Hebi Puyang Jining obvious regional Huangnan Linyi Yushu Tongchuan Yuncheng Jiyuan JiaozuoXinxiang Heze Zaozhuang Naqu Guoluo Xianyang Weinan Zhengzhou Lianyungang Sanmenxia Kaifeng Shangqiu Xuzhou Baoji Luoyang Xuchang Suqian Xian HuaibeiSuzhou Yancheng Wudu Shangluo Pingdingshan Luohe Zhoukou Bozhou Huaian Bengbu yangz Fuyang hou Hanzhong Nanyang Huainan heterogeneity. Zhumadian Chuzhou TaizhouNantong Aba Ankang Shiyan Zhenjiang Hefei Guangyuan Nanjing Mianyang Bazhong Xiangfan Xinyang liuan Changzhou Changdu Suizhou ChaohuMaanshan WuxiSuzhou Shanghai Rikeze Lasa Shennongjia Wuhu Ganzi Deyang Nanchong Dazhou Jingmen Xiaogan Tongling Huzhou Jiaxing Zhoushan Chengdu Huanggang Anqing Xuancheng SuiningGuangan Yichang QianjiangTianmen Wuhan ezhou Chizhou Hangzhou Ningbo It’s mainly distributed in Linzhi Meishan Ziyang Xiantao Huangshan Shaoxing Shannan Yaan Enshi Jingzhou XianningHuangshi Neijiang Chongqing Jingdezhen Leshan Zigong Zhangjiajie Jiujiang Jinhua Quzhou Taizhou Yibin Luzhou Changde Yueyang Nanchang Shangrao Xiangsi Yiyang Yichun Lishui Diqing Liangshan Changsha Yingtan Wenzhou Zunyi Tongren Xinyu Henan, Inner Mongolia, Shaotong Loudi Xiangtan Fuzhou Huaihua Pingxiang Nanping Ningde Lijiang Panzhihua Bijie Jian Nujiang Guiyang Shaoyang Hengyang Zhuzhou Qiandongnan Sanming Liupanshui Fuzhou Dali Qujing Anshun Chuxiong Kunming Qiannan Chenzhou Ganzhou Putian Baoshan Qianxinan Yongzhou Longyan Quanzhou Shandong, Hebei, Xinjiang, Dehong Guilin Shaoguan Xiamen Yuxi Hechi Liuzhou Lincang Hezhou Qingyuan Meizhou Zhangzhou [0,500) Wenshan Heyuan Chaozhou Taiwan Laibin Puer Honghe Baise Wuzhou Zhaoqing Guangzhou JieyangShantou Guigang Huizhou [500,2000) Nanning Yunfu Fuoshan Dongwan Shanwei Chongzuo Yulin zhongshan Shenzhen Shanxi etc Xishangbanna Xianggang Fangchenggang Qinzhou Jiangmen Aomen [2000,5000) Beihai MaomingYangjiang Zhuhai

[5000,10000) Zhanjiang

Haikou [10000,20000) Hainan

Sanya Powerd by ExcelPro的图表博客 Industrial waste heat utilization

7 Geothermal energy: shallow or deep

Heat pump to provide heating: 50 million m2 in 2005, 230 million m2 in 2010

8 The role of renewables: potential for Solar energy, Hydropower, Geothermal, and Biomass

Solar energy Hydropower Biomass

Heilongjiang

Inner Mongolia Jilin Liaoning Xinjiang Gansu Beijing Tianjin Hebei Ningxia Shanxi Shandong Qinghai Shaanxi Henan Jiangsu

Tibet Hubei Anhui Shanghai Sichuan Chongqing Zhejiang Hunan Jiangxi Guizhou Fujian Yunnan Northern urban heating area Guangxi Guangdong Key coal phase out areas Key agricultural and forestry residue resource areas Hainan Key agricultural residue resource areas This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

• In China, the renewables share in district heating was only 1%; IRENA suggested that in China, reaching a 24% renewable share in district heat generation by 2030 is feasible.

• Many renewable heat options find it difficult to compete against fossil fuels, and especially coal, in China. Solid fuels consumed for heating in rural China

TOTAL coal: (120.3 million tons/year) Coal: 104.8(North) 15.5(South) Coal Coal heating stove

TOTAL biomass: (82.8 million tons/year) Firewood: 16.1(North) 29.5(South) Straws: 33.3(North) Raw biomass Chinese Kang 3.9(South) 1. X. Yang, et al. Energy and environment in Chinese rural housing: current status and future perspective, Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 4 (1) (2010) 35-46. 2. Tsinghua University Building Energy Research Center (THUBERC), Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency 2012, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China, 2012. Solid fuels consumed for cooking in rural China

TOTAL coal: (68.3 million tons/year) Coal: 50.7(North) 17.6(South) Coal Coal stove

TOTAL biomass: (88.5 million tons/year) Firewood: 10.7(North) 32.8(South) Straws: 31.1(North) Raw biomass Biomass stove 13.9(South) Indoor and outdoor air pollution due to rural energy use Priority areas for cleaner energy in rural China

Solar energy Solar thermal: solar hot water, solar heating, solar cooking Solar power: solar photovoltaic

Clean biomass Crop residuals, wood and forest waste Human/animal waste, biogas

Natural energy (heat pump) and waste heat Air energy (air source heat pump) Geothermal energy Waste heat from industrial plant/CHP Solar hot water

Domestic solar hot water: till 2010, 168 million m2 solar collector area, 80 million household units Passive solar heating

Solar house in Beijing Solar collecting walls and windows in Gansu Province

Solar heating (passive 10 million m2 + active ) Active solar heating

16 Clean biomass utilization

Crude biomass Biomass pellets Stoves using biomass pellets instead of coal:

Stove for cooking Stove for heating Chinese kang Stove for space heating 17 A new cooking burner integrated with existing cooking pot and structure Biomass pellet heating+cooking stoves in real household

60

50

40

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10

0 2-16 0:00 2-17 0:00 2-18 0:00 2-19 0:00 2-20 0:00 2-21 0:00 Time Heating area: 80m2 Outdoor avg temp 6.6℃  Indoor avg temp: 15.4℃ Pellet consumed per day: 30kg

19 Air source heat pump: Technology innovation

Improved double stage enthalpy-added compressor

 Enhanced capacity in cold ambient conditions

 COP is up to 2.0+ at the outdoor (Two cylinders) temperature of -20℃

Traditional  Can run normally at single stage the outdoor compressor temperature of -35℃ (one cylinder)

(Three cylinders) • Low cost: ~5000CNY/unit • High COP: ≥3.0 in Beijing • Low operating cost: 出风口 15-40 kWh/m2•winter 回风口 8-20 CNY/m2•winter

 First technical standard developed  Market penetration till 2019: 1 million units 21 Heat pump heating in gerrs, Mongolia

1 Time：2018.02.02——2018. 03.05 2 Outdoor temperature range :-6℃～-28℃； 3 Indoor temperature setting：18℃～28℃， 4.Actual indoor temperature：16℃～29℃。

22 Coal to clean energy: Environmental benefit in Beijing

More than 1 million small coal boilers removed 300 million ton coal reduced, 12 k-ton PM2.5, 8.60 m-ton CO2, 4.6 k-ton SO2, 7.6 k-ton NOx Rural household energy transition in China It is happening NOW

Low High Easy Re- Suitable cost effic. maint. produ.

Initial cost：10K Annual cost：1k Use：1key Implem：1 plan

24 Environmental impact due to rural energy in China

2010: 710 million tons CO2 emissions 2030: 1.3 billion tons or 460 million tons?

CO2 emissions Scenario Description （million tCO2） No improvement on building envelopes, wide use of coal and other non-renewable energy, 1 No control 1300 biomass totally replaced by coal

2 10% villages reach “zero coal” Percentage of total villages to 1190 adapt to the “zero coal”, 3 50% villages reach “zero coal” sustainable development mode 780

4 80% villages reach “zero coal” 460

25 Summary

• Renewable energy application has gone through rapid growth in China in recent years

• Emphasis should be given to renewable energy use in Chinese rural buildings

• “Zero coal” “low carbon” buildings and communities are possible with the aid of renewables

• Affordable technologies, financial support, and various incentives are needed to make the above a reality

26 China has many reasons to pursue a more sustainable energy future

• Resources depletion • Environment deterioration • Ecosystem degradation • Energy security

• Go sustainable • Go renewable • Go clean Thank you!

Xudong Yang, Ph.D. Chang-Jiang Professor of Building Science Tsinghua University, China Email: [email protected] 28