Between Sorrow and Strength

WOMEN REFUGEES OF THE NAZI PERIOD

Edited by SIBYLLE QUACK

GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE Washington, D.C. and CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents

Preface page vii List of Contributors ix

Introduction Sibylle Quack 1 Prologue: Jewish Women in Nazi Germany Before Emigration Marion Kaplan 11 PART ONE: A GLOBAL SEARCH FOR REFUGE 1 Jewish Women Exiled in France After 1933 Rita Thalmann 51 2 Arrival at Camp de Gurs: An Eyewitness Report Elizabeth Marum Lunau 63 3 Women Emigres in England Marion Berghahn 69 4 England: An Eyewitness Report Susanne Miller 81 5 Women Emigres in Palestine: An Eyewitness Report Rachel Cohn 89 6 "Naturally, many things were strange but I could adapt": Women Emigres in the Netherlands Ursula Langkau-Alex 97 7 Refugee Women from Czechoslovakia in Canada: An Eyewitness Report Wilma A. Iggers 121 8 Women in the Shanghai Jewish Refugee Community David Kranzler 129 9 Shanghai: An Eyewitness Report Illo L. Heppner 139 10 German-Jewish Women in Brazil: Autobiography as Cultural History Katherine Morris 147 11 A Year in the Brazilian Interior: An Eyewitness Report Eleanor Alexander 159 vi Contents PART TWO: REFUGE IN THE UNITED STATES A. COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONS 12 Women's Role in the German-Jewish Immigrant Community Steven M. Lowenstein 171 13 "Listen sensitively and act spontaneously - but skillfully": Selfhelp: An Eyewitness Report Gabriele Schiff 185 14 "My only hope": The National Council of Jewish Women's Rescue and Aid for German-Jewish Refugees Linda Gordon Kuzmack 191 15 The Genossinen and the Khaveritn: Socialist Women from the German-Speaking Lands and the American Jewish Labor Movement, 1933-1945 Jackjacobs 205

B. OCCUPATIONS OF WOMEN EMIGRES 16 New Women in Exile: German Women Doctors and the Emigration Atina Grossmann 215 17 Women Emigre Psychologists and Psychoanalysts in the United States Mitchell G. Ash 239 18 Destination Social Work: Emigres in a Women's Profession Joachim Wieler 265 19 Chicken Fanning: Not a Dream but a Nightmare: An Eyewitness Report Eva Neisser 283 20 The Occupation of Women Emigres: Women Lawyers in the United States Frank Mecklenburg 289 21 Fashioning Fortuna's Whim: German-Speaking Women Emigrant Historians in the United States Catherine Epstein 301 22 Exile or Emigration: Social Democratic Women Members of the Reichstag in the United States Christl Wickert 325 23 Women's Voices in American Exile Guy Stem and Brigitte V. Sumann 341 Epilogue: The First Sex Peter Gay 353

Index 367