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If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. .('.{ .,:"-'-"'...:: : . .... ;' , ~ ,t_"" National Criminal Justice Reference Service ~;,•.. .J;. ' . -------------------~~-------------------------------------------------------- nCJrs EXECUTIVE SUMHARY REPORT This microfiche was produced from documents received for National Institute of Justice inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since NCJRS cannot exercise control over the physical condition of the documents submitted, Project: 79~NI-AX-0039 the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on this frame may be used to evaluate the document quality. :: 111112.8 11111 2.5 0 3 2 w 11111 . 22 111111. ~ . Mj I~ II.i :i W .CURRENT P~OBjLEMS OF THE WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL ... ~ ~L:i.'Ll;, 111111.1 SYSTEM: ORIGINS AND l1EVELOPMENT z",)(e ~~ Sfo...... •. ,.... I!l ....( U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice III" 1.25 11111_1.4 '""1.6 This document .ha~ bee~ :epr.oduced exactly as received from the pe;h?n or organlzatJon originating it. Points of View or opinions stated In IS document are those of the authors and do not necessaril reprt~sent the Official position or pOliCies of the National Institute OYf Jus Ice. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A Microfilming procedures used to create this fiche comply with the standards set forth in 41CFR 101-11.504. )al Investigator: Ni.cole F. Rafter Points of view or opinions stated in this document are College of Criminal Justice those of the author(s) and do not represent the official Northeastern University position or policies of the U. S. Department of Justice. .". .... It 1981 , National Institute of Justice I United States Department of Justice Washington, D. C. 20531 I'.I .. (l .,:' ;. :-~- i NCJRS h four regions of the country, the women's prison system evolved in a distinctly ABSTRACT t, f ACQUISITtONS different manner, with some by-passing the reformatory stage. Although nearly 5-~ , ," -.... ~ .. -. all prior research on women's prisons has centered around institutions of the This is a report on the origins and evolution of the system of state reformatory type, this type is far from representative of all women's prisons. prisons for adult women; it covers the 48 continental United States and 54 Thus the almost exclusive focus on women's prisons which originated as reform- different penal institutions. The study identifies every state prison for atories has distorted our understanding of the nature and development of the women founded between 1835 and 1979, discussing the reasons for their estab- women's prison system as a whole. lishment, the types of inmates they held, and the kinds of program which they provided; more importantly, it locates the founding of individual institutions within the broader context of regional and national developments. The study ~lso identifies historical origins of problems faced by the women's prison system today, finding that at least three of these problems--those involving the geographical isolation of many women's prisons, social class biases in :1 aspects of their operation, and the, fact that incarcerated women often receive [{ care inferior to that accorded to male prisoners--are rooted in contingencies IIi~ of the past. r !., r Several developmental patterns characterize the evolution of the women's T, prison system. One relates to different types of prisons for w?men. The , report identifies two traditional types (the custodial and the reformatory ; models) and a third (the modern campus model) which has begun to emerge in the ~: ( ; i last twenty years. A second developmental pattern relates to stages in the Ii i '., system's development: the first s~age, during which the custodial model took i shape, ran from the early nineteenth century to about 1870; the second stage, 1 I," during which the reformatory model predominated in the Northeastern and North !r 1 1 Central regions, ran from about 1870-1930; and then, after a period 1930-1960 i i during which the custodial and reformatory models somewhat merged, there began i 1 l' to develop the modern campus type of women's prison. A third developmental " ·1 r .. pattern relates to regional differences: the study finds that in each of the I, r i· ! .- 11 -i- ", rI' 1'-, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I would have been unable to compile this project without the financial Abstract i assistance of the National Institute of Justice and the help of many col- Table of Contents iii leagues, friends, and contacts in libraries and departments of correction Acknowledgements iv throughout the country. 1. GOALS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY My two assistants, Elizabeth Ann Mills and Elena Natalizia, did much of Introduction 1 the research for the national survey. Abbott Gleason, James A. Fox, and, Design of the Study 4 'I Sources 8 especially, Robert S. Hahn and Joseph A. Zillo helped with the formulation of 2. TRADITIONAL TYPES OF WOMEN'S PRISONS: THE CUSTODIAL VERSUS THE REFORMATORY MODELS the research design. I am particularly and immeasurably indebted to Nicolette Origins and Reasons for Establishment 11 Locations, Architecture, and Operational Costs 14 Parisi t who did the computer work for the in-de'pth studies. Another large Administration 15 Inmate Characteristics 16 debt is owed to Eleanor H. Little of Guilford, Connecticut. I became ac- Sentencing Practices 19 Programs 21 quainted with Miss Little just as I was embarking on this project. On numer- Discipline 24 ous occasions, she shared with me her memories of her turn-of-the-century work 3. STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOMEN'S PRISON SYSTEM AND EMERGENCE OF A THIRD MODEL , 30 at Sleighton Farms, Pennsylvania, under the formidable tutelage of Martha P. 4. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOMEN'S PRISON SYSTEM Falconer, and other recollections of her work during the 'teens at New Jer- Northeastern Region 36 North Central Region 31 sey's Clinton Farms, an institution first headed by Miss Little's lifelong Southern Region 39 Western Region 42 companion, May Caughey. Miss Little also read and corrected parts of the Sources of Regional Differences 44 manuscript, enlightening me in many ways that published documents could not. 5. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TWO TRADITIONAL HODELS Problems Generated by the Custodial Model 46 I am grateful to Ronald A. Farrell of the Department of Sociology, State Problems Generated by the Reformatory Model 48 Potential of the Modern Campus Model 52 University of New York at Albany, for finding two students, Peggy Hobcroft and 6. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 53 Roberta Tarkan, to help with data collection from prisoner records held by the New York State Archives. In Ohio, Brenda Chaney and Cindy Kohles similarly Notes 55 helped with data collection. Phyllis Jo Baunach and Deborah Veits, both of Appendices A. Institutions Covered by the Report, By Region and Date of the National Institute of Justice, provided important support and guidance at Opening 19 B. Note on Sources for the National Survey 83 various points in the project. I was also much aided by colleagues at North C. Definition of Regions of the United States Used for the National Survey 89 eastern University: Deans Norman Rosenblatt~and Robert D. Croatti of the ." D. Materials and Sampling Methods Used for In-Depth Studies, Data Collection on Prisoners go College of Criminal Justice, who found many ways to make my work easier; -iv- iii Gk_- ft" l~i'.: 1 " I j l ~ 1 w' Laurie Mulcahy, who helped with the tedious tasks of compiling the code.book '.~'},'" f·: 1 t)· and notes on archival sources; Gerald R. Murphy, Harold G. Arsenault, and Ann 1 1. GOALS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY 1 tt· L S. Hinds of the Office of Sponsored Programs, the latter of whom prepared the 1, ,.- . t"., manuscripts of the Final Report and Executive Summary with efficiency and I Introduction 1 care; John H. Laub, who read portions of the manuscript and provided many , 1l f n ~. helpful suggestions; and my graduate student Sheryl Adler, who found a way to f This is a report on the origins and evolution of the system of state f answer a difficult question about the incarceration of women in Florida. 1. prisons for adult women. It covers the forty-eight continental United States ~ \ t Yet others who contributed include Professor David Agresti of the Univer- 1. and fifty-four different penal institutions for women established between 1835 1 .' I! (when the first separate prison for women was founded at Ossining, New York) sity of South Florida; John Berecochea of the Social Issues Research Associ ~, I and 1979. 1 Basically, it is an institutional history. We do discuss charac- ates, Berkeley, California; Penny Bernhardt, Warden of the Tennessee Prison I for Women; Susan Datesman and Phyllis Newton of the Arizona State University I teristics of the prisons' inmates and of their founders and early adminis- r, at Tempe; Lucy Freibert of Louisville; Dr. Ronald Gold of the Toronto Hospital trators as well. The primary focus, however, is on neither the prisoners nor t-,. for Sick Children and Dr. John W. Mills of Indiana, Pennsylvania, who provided I those who served as their custodians and reformers but on the prisons them- ~I n valuable information on the history of the treatment of venereal disease; n selves. 14 ij Berniece M. Hahn, Robert P. Hahn, and Irene Laune of Scottsdale and Phoenix; !l I Women's prisons have been neglected in most of the criminal justice, tJ L 1,' Mary Ann Hawkes of Rhode Island Colle~e; Lucien Lombardo of Old Dominion II historical, and sociological literature, both past and present. It is possi- 11( I: Univ,ersity; Sheldon L. Messinger of the University of California at Berkeley; \1 , ble to read entire volumes on the history of penal institutions in the United and Beverly Smith of the School of Criminal Justice, State University of New ~ States without finding more than a passing reference to women prisoners or the f I institutions in which they were held--a failure the more remarkable in that York at Albany.