I

ooefzz.r I ANNEX I-1

I

d OTrcHOCERCIASTS CONIROL

IN ITIE

VOLTA RIVER BA.SIN AREA

Report prepared for the GovornDents of Dahoney, Ghana, lvory Coast, Mali, Niger Togo and Upper Volta a

ANNEK I.1. TI{E PIIYSICAL, HIJMAN AI.ID ECONOTI{IC GEOGRAPHY OF THE VOLTA RTVER BASIN AREA

Geneva 1973

I I I 7

I

a

I

a

t United Nations Development Programme L t. Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unrted Nations I International Bank for Reconstruction and Development t Wor1d HeaIth Organization t Annex I-1 page i

PHYSICAL, HUtt{AN AI,ID ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF ltlE VOLTA RMR BASIN AREA

a Contents t Page

t INTRODUCTION I l. I The purpose of the study I I.2 The socio-economic and health si tuatlon I I.3 The content of the study 2

2 METHODOLOGY ATTD RESULTS 2 2.L The interactions between development factors as component parts of a study of human geography . . 2 2.2 Degree of accuracY . 3 2.3 The graphical method 4

3 THE SOrL/POPULATION RELATIONSHI PS 5 3.I The population-supporting capacity of the soil 5 3.2 Population density and the load on the soil t4 3.3 Ttre soil-population balance 2L

4 TI{E RESOURCES OF THE SUBSOIL . 23 4.1 Mines and quarries 24

4.2 Groundwater resources . 34

5 TIIE SECONDARY SECTOR 40 5.1 Handicrafts and agricultural industries 40 5,2 FUture prospects and posslble trends 4L

6 TTIE TERTIARY SECTOR 42

7 MEAT.IS OF DEVELOPMENT 43

7,1 The infrastructures . . 43 7.2 Facilities 48

I 8 THE CONCEPT OF A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK 54 8.1 The new resources-population ratio 54

8.2 T?re concept of a "pole" . . 55 o 8.3 The administrative hlerarchy of the centres . . 55 8.4 The reglonal framework 56 Annex I-l page ii

page

9. TERMS OF REFERE.ICE FOR THE FEASIBILITY STUDIES 56 a 9.1 Demographic studies 57 9.2 Physical studles 5?

9.3 Economic geography studies 57 a 9,4 Overall geographical studies 58

10. REFEREX{CES 59

APPENDIX 1 . 115

APPENDIX 2 13r

APPENDIX 3 141

I

a Annex I-1 page I

1. II\MRODT'CIION

1.1 The purpose of the study I 2 I. Oving to the size of the region concerned (i.e., an area of nearly 7OO OOO km and about IO million inhabitants, see Fig. t-l.1) and the duration (2O years) and a cost of the operations, the Onchocerciasis Control Prograrnroe cannot be regarded sinply as a health operation. Consequently, an evaluation has been made of the economic advantages that would result fron the inplementation of the progranme, and this is accompanied by a study of the present social and economic situation to show under what conditions and by what means the economic advantages could most readily I be obtained. 2. A study of physical, human, and economic Beography is therefore included in the proBrarntne since a survey of the area resources and population will enable existing population movements to be explained and their future pattern forecast. For thls reason the nain factors affecting population distribution have been listed to provide an explanation for the population map as it is now and a basis for making assumptions about future changes in the appearance of the map. 3. In essence, these factors are as follows (see Figs L-L.25'I-L.27)z - the resources of the subsoil (water and minerals) and the soil (its agri-

cultural potential) ; - the extent to whlch these resourees are being exTloitod today (mtning; utilization of ground water supplies; agriculture - area cultivated and yields; stock-farBing - present production, land occupation; industry;

handicrafts; tourisn; etc. ) ; - plans for future exPloitation; - the potential available for exploitatlon.

r.2 The socio-economic and hea Ith situation

4. The area covered by the onchocerciasis contror Programme is far from homogeneous from whatever point of view it is considered (the natural environment, population' economy). Th€ importance attached to each of the factors analysed therefore varies ) in the different countries of the prograrme area. [.ong and complicated operations were needed to reduce various data to a homoBeneous format and at the same time a safeguard their local importance. The ains and €xtent of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme also vary in different areas since the degree of infection and the economic potential of the infected areas are not uniforn. tI Th. only figures included in thrs report are I-1.28 to I-1.3I, and I-1-33. Because of their size the other fiBures are presented separately. Annex I-1 page 2

5. One result of this lack of uniformity has been to restrict the scope of the study, already limited by the relatively short time available for the field studies and the processing of the collected data. a 1.3 The con tofthes

6. As a geographical description of the Volta River basin area is given in the a Report, this supplementary study deals only with the foltowing points: the population-supporting capacity of the soil; the population load it bears at present; the soil-population ratio; other development factors expressed in terms of employnent; the infrastructure and equipment required; and the concept of a regional framework.

2. METTIODOITGY AI{D RESULTS

2.L The interactions between development factors as conponent parts of a study of human geography

7. Huraan geographical data (population, population density, migratory movements, etc.) are simply the material expression of the socio-economic situation. The preparation of corresponding maps must therefore be accompanied by an interpretation of the situation.

8. A map of the present population shows areas of light and dense occupation, areas that are emptyinB, areas that are filling up, and so on. These phenomena depend on social factors and a highly organized social structure may prevent or stimulate migration; a particular way of cultivating the land may produce high yields and lead to a high population density, etc. Economic factors are also important: a high income per hectare may attract people to an area; too great a difference between urban and rural incomes may produce a migratory movenent; the development of new land may bring tne soil/Oopulation ratio into balance again; the establishment of infrastructures may bring about changes in the route followed by migratory movernents and may also alter the settlement pattern. The same applies to the creation of new employment; the opening of new work places; the introduc- tion of various services, leisure facilities, etc. An analysis of the socio- econonic position may explain existing hutran geography but it is also indispensable for the preparation of maps to show the hypothetical future population distribution. A map of this kind is nost useful in view of the wide extent and long duration of I the control prograrume. It was therefore necessary to enumerate these factors and examine their interactions.

a Annex I-1 page 3

2.2 Degree of accuracy

g. When different factors have to be related to one another and several countri€s I are involved, two kinds of problem ari.se as regards the accuracy of the results.

10. The first probleln involves the exanination of a single factor such as I population in a single country - Upper Vo1ta, for example - and leads to the conclusion that the data relating to this factor are usually very heterogeneous. In the exanple given, the population data were collected in different years between 195? and 1969 ln different administrative units (villages, districts' strata) by different methods with a varying degree of accuracy (enumeration, sample surveys, or simpte estimates). tn order to obtain from this nass of inforration the data needed for a given year, some kind of intermediate factor such as the growth rate is required. However, growth rates are not always available and it is sometines necessary to resort to extrapolation. A sinilar Bethod can be used for the other countries but their data are not of the saBe type. Consequently, the degree of accuracy can vary greatly by country and factor. In the programme area the co- efficient of error for the country with the least precise information was applied to the partlcular factor except in cases where the deviation from the oean was too great. In that way homogeneous data were obtained for a given factor in the area as a whole.

11. The second problem arises because each factor expressed in terms of uniform data for the programme area has to be related to other factors. For example population has to be related to the area occupied, but the data relating to area occupied have passed through a process similar to that used to obtain population data. For the progranme area the process does not necessarily result in data of the same deBree of accuracy as those obtained for the other factors. Ttle degree of accuracy of the various factors has therefore to be coordinated for the whole prograrme area. The principle adopted is the same for all data; namely, to reduce the data to the degree of accuracy of the least accurate factor, except in cases where the nargin of error of the latter is too great.

L2. In short, the method used was:

(1) to apply to each factor the degree of accuracy of the country where a accuracy was lowest, unless the devlation fron the mean in the latter case was too wide, a (2) to apply to the factors as a whole the degree of accuracy of the least accurate country, except in cases where the marBin of error was too great. Annex I-1 page 4

2.3 The graphical method

13. In view of the spatial nature of the factors requiring analysis - the location of the inhabitants, the soils, employment and services - the notion of glg and a place relationship becomes all-important. The graphical method consists of displayinB the various factors on a map, using dimensional syurbols so that the I relationship between the factors can be established simply by superimposing the maps. For example, the population-supporting capacity of the soil in terms of the nulber of inhabitants per km2 is shown by a range of colours, light colours being used for large capacity and dark colours for small capacity. The same range of colours is used to show the existing population load on occupied land. Under- cropped or overcropped zones can then be seen by superinposinB the two naps and noting whether the colour of the settled areas appears against a lighter or a darker background. Since these relationships can be visualized in this way, there is no need for long calculations that would not be justified by the degree of accuracy of the basic data.

14. 1\ro main elements were therofore used to express the relationship between the various factors requiring analysis:

(1) p1 ace relationships ; for example, the distance betureen a facility and the population served;

(2) the relationship between localized quantitative data; for example, that between the existing population density and the population-supporting capacity of the soil in a given area.

15. Quantitative symbols are also used in the maps in such a way that the area of the sFnbol is proportional to the population served by the facility it represents. In this way the relationship between a facility and the population can be seen and the relative effect of different types of facility in attracting population can be established.

16. Finally, light colours have as far as possible been used to represent "favourable characteristics" and dark colours "unfavourable" ones, thus enabling the importance of each map to be seen at a glance without the need for a detailed study of the legends. I

a Annex I-1 page 5

3. THE SOIL/POPULATTON RELATTONSHTPS

17. ln this section the soil/population relationships are consrdered solely from a an agricultural standpoint; later sections are devoted to a review of the factors capable of limiting or increasing the population-supporting capacity of soils.

I 3.I The population-supportinB capacity of the soil (Figs. I-1.5 to I-L.24)

f8. The population density which a soil can suppo rt in terms of a given per capita income wiII be called "the population-supporting capacity of the soi1". This takes into account agricultural value of the soil, its suitability for cropplng, the yield per hectare, the agricultural prices prevailing on natlonal and international markets and therefore the size of farm required to support an average family. This concept of the population-supporting capacity of the soil underlies definition of "overcropped" and "undercropped" areas which have no scientific meaning unless a comparison is made between the population density that a soil can support and the density it actually supports.

19. A second characteristic of the "overcropped" and "undercropped" concept as applied to soils is that it depends on unstable data. The factors that deternine the population-supporting capacity of the soil vary because the agricultural value of a soil can be altered by erosion, soil degradation and other natural phenomena. The same applles to the term "crop suitability", since this is affected by consumption habits and new agricultural techniques. Yields and prices are also no exception to this rule. The data for the population-load a soil can carry also change with time: the occupied areas change as quickly as the population does, sometimes more quickly, and consequently population densities also vary. The location of future overcropped and undercropped zones, and the extent of over or under use will depend on the way each of these factors varies in speed and direction 20. The tength of time for which these variations can be forecast is not always the same, however. Only short-term forecasts can be made for price changes and medium- term forecasts only are possible for population and occupation variations in the different areas occupied since they depend not only on natural trends but also, and to a large extent, on premeditated action such as major development projects. Consequently, great prudence is required in developing hypotheses about the extent ,t of future exploitation.

3.1.1 The agri.cultural value of soils (Fig. I-1.8) a 2t. The classification of soils in accordance with their agricultural value is always a difficult problem because it is liable to be affected by arbitrary and Annex I-l page 6 subjective considerations. In this study every effort has been made to restrict the expression of such views as far as possible.

22. The line of reasoning foltowed here is based on the "*o1!!gg-$!4!" in which a the part played by the physical and chemical properties of a soil is shown firstly in the "receipts" column (the choice of possible crops and yields per hectare), and secondly the "expenditure" column (physical improvements required such as anti- a erosion measures, and chemical improvements required such as fertilizers).

23. The quality of the soil does not have the same effect everywhere, however. With very advanced farming, using modern methods and fertilizers, the yield per hectare between one soil and another will not vary greatlyi only in the choice of crop (deep-rooted species, species requiring a great deal of water, etc.) will the receipts column be affected by the kind of soil. In traditional agriculture' on the other hand, using rudimentary farming methods, the quality of the sorl can double or more than double the yield. For the expenditure column, however, the position is different since the amount of chemical and physrcal treatment requrred depends almost entirely on the kind of soil and the climatic conditions. 24. Subject to this qualification, the principle remains the same; that ts, the classification of soils according to their aBricultural value wilI range from the best soils - those that are suitable for growing crops with a high market value and requiring littte or no physical or chemical improvement - to the worst (excluding soils in which no crop will grow); namely, those soils in which only crops with a very low market value can be grown and which require extensive physical and chemical treatment.

25. Between these two extremes, a simple and practical nethod has been devised for classifying the various soils in the progranune area. For this purpose, a scoring system was used to classify soils into five categories: "very good", "good", "average", "bad", and "nil". This system has been used to describe the physical and chemical properties of the sorls, the improvement required, and the kind of crop that could be grown. Finally, an attempt has been made to derive an overall classification for each soil by providing for the effect of climatic factors.

26, The effect of the yield and crop factors made it impossible to adhere to the five above-mentioned categories i.n the final classification of each soil. Soils t suitable for the same crops and located in an area where traditional farming predominated had to be differentiated on the basis of yield. Again, soils that had a been placed in the same category from the point of view of their chemical and physical propertles and the improvement required had to be differentiated according to the value of the crops that could be grown. The final classification is Annex I-l page 7

therefore subdivided into a larger number of categories than was foreseen in the basic ctassification (the pedological description of these soils is given in Appendix l). a CATEGORY I agricultural value nil CATECORY II agricultural value nil to poor

CATEGORY III agricultural value poor to nrl

CATEGORY IVa agricultural value poor CATEGORY M agricultural value poor to average CATE@RY V agricultural value averaBe to poor

CATEGORY VI agricultural value average

CATEGORY VII agricultural value average to good

CATEGORY VIII agricultural value good to average CATECORY IX agricultural value good CATE@RY X agricultural value good to very good

CATEGORY XI agricultural value very good. 27. In this classification, which does not claim to be as precise as the number of subdivisions might suggest, the different categorres or groups of categories are defined as follows: - CATEGORY I: soil valueless for agriculture, consisting of unusable and unused buttes and crust. - CATEGORY II: the value of the crops that can be grown on these soils does not justify the cost of the lmprovement necessary to produce a yield equivalent in value to the average income of the area. These soils could be classified along with soils of no agricultural value but unlike those in category I those soils are occupied by a few people who obtarn a very limited income from them. - CATEGORIES III, IVa, IVb: soils used for traditional subsistence crops with a low market value (millet, sorghum) ; these three categories are differen- tiated on the basis of variations in yield. - CATEGORIES M, V, VI , VII: soils that can carry deep-rooted crops such as groundnuts and cotton which in general fetch a better price on the market. Yields are average to good and the amount of soil improvement needed is t moderate to large. - CATEGORIES VIII, IX, X: soils suitable for the same crops as the previous group but giving a better yield; in addition they can carry some low-yleld a and some high-yleld varieties of rice; for the latter, however, extensive soil improvement would be required. Annex I-1 page 8

- CATEGORY XI: soils suitable for valuable crops (market gardening, rice); their physicat and chemical properties are of a kind that renders extensive soil improvement unnecessary. a 28. The type of classification described here leads on to a concept of agricultural value that can be expressed as follows: for equal crop suitability, the income from two soils i.n different categories varies either because of the value of the crop a yield or because of the cost of improvement. This concept, in combination with that of crop suitability, would make it posstble to produce some fundamental hypotheses about crop yields at a given place.

29, Difficulties have arisen, however, from differing interpretations of the data. The basic data used in preparing the map of the agricultural value of soils were obtained from the results of various pedological studies that were available in each of the countries concerned. The agricultural value classification was made on the basis of opinions expressed in the reports reviewed about the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the uses to which it might be put. But for each of the countries in the programme area the soil appraisals were made by several different people, whose views on the agricultural value of the soils were sometimes contradictory. consequently, a choice was made between one or other of the opinions expressed after consulting pedologists familiar with the zone or referring to pedological surveys of neighbouring zones. 30. FUrther difficulties were caused by the dlfferent map scales used, the clifferences sometimes being considerable. In Togo, for instance, some pedological studies were made on a I : 50 @O scale' and others on a I : 1 OOO OOO scale. These scale differences imply varying degrees of precision but also that the soil classification is presented in a different way. It is not always simple to convert maps from one scale to another, especially when no explanation is provided about the basic data used. 3f. yet another difficulty arises out of the different criteria used for classifying soils. The pedological maps in most of the countries covered by the I programme use the French (Aubert) soil classification system, whereas Ghana uses a classification system in which the basic analysis is not given and only the soil types are shown. This system is less well suited to the interpretation of the a agricultural value of the soits represented in this study. The soil capacity map clearly indicates this difference in respect of Ghana.

I A 1i"a of soil combinations in northern Ghana and a map showing their location are given in Annex VI-2.8, Appendix 3' Annex I-l page 9

32. In attempting to coordinate the results of severat different surveys and various map scales the degree of precision of the map of the agricultural value of OOO OOO, i.e., twice that used a the soil has had to be adapted to a scale of I : I for most of the basic data. 'I'he ctassification of the soils in each country is given in ApPendix 1. t 3. I .2 Crop sui tabi 1 i tY 33. The idea of "crop suitability" has been used with great care because it is dependent On economic and sociological factors. Trends in national, regional, and international markets are difficult to forecast in the present economic situation of the and it is therefore impossible to determine the future commercial success variouscropsthatmightbegrownonagiventypeofsoilandthusreservethat to speak soil for one particular crop. For example' it is increasingly difficult and could affect of a soil "suitable for groundnuts". consumption habits change production that is the market availability of the high proportion of agricultural at present home-consumed. .34.Soclologicaltrendsalsocannotbeforecastexactly,althoughtheyaffect for instance' crop suitability and yietds. A switch from groundnuts to tobacco' involvesagreatchangeinfarmingmethods;ahighlyspecializedlabourforceis climatic factors necessary, the agricultural timetable is different, and unfamiliar is even more have to be taken into account. The effect of sociotogical factors farming; the clearty marked when there is a change from traditional to mechanized pattern of life and older ways of thought may be severely modified' "crop suita- 35. In order to avold an approach that is too arbitrary, the term with the bility" is used not for a single specific crop, but for a group of crops from agricultural same soil requirements (see Table I-1.1). To make the transition more crops must be value to income per hectare (even hypothetical vatue) ' one or assigned to each type of soil. 1\ro possibitities were examined: (1)v/iththeideaofincreasinglong-tennincomestoconsiderwhatcrops might be grown; (2) to confine the choice to the crops growrl at present' a 36Thesecondpossibilityismoreappropriatetotheaimsofthisstudy;namely, todeterminethepresentpopulation.supportingcapacityofthesoil,without without the need for a requiring an unduly large change in the agrarian structures, in farming the massive provision of extension services, and without a revolution mechanization)' The methods (i.e., the introduction of fertilizers, insecticides, prevailing agricultural choice of crop for each type of soil was made under the Annex I-l page 10 and extension structures by selecting those that seemed likely to be the most profitable. The suitability of the soil for croppinB is therefore indicated by the particular group of plants best adapted to each type of soil and the selection a from among the group of the crop or crops cultivated in the traditional way at the present time (Tab1e I-1.1). When a crop is listed under several different classes of soil ln the table it is to be understood that farming conditions vary either on a account of yields or of improvement costs.

37. It should be possible to improve this initial classification by means of a more thorough study of the cropping suitability of the different soils, supplemented by some careful predictions based on marketing prospects, farming customs, demography, the extent of home consumption, etc. 3.I.3 Yields and prices

38. The available data on yields are means for one or more years applying to administrative areas such as districts or subprefectures. A distinction has been made between yields corresponding to traditional and to improved methods of cultivation; the observed data have also been distinguished from the targets established in the development plans.l Correlations between crop yields and the soil quality were established by means of the methods described below.

39. Yield maps have been prepared by crop for the whole programme area (see Figs I-I.1O to I-1.16). These maps show, firstly, that for one and the same crop the largest ranges in yield correspond to the breakdown of the programme area by country; the two main reasons for this are that the agricultural statlstics vary in precision from country to country, or because there are different types of agricultural extension structures and levels of investment.

40. A comparison of the maps, traditional crops and those grown under rmproved systems, rice, cotton, and Broundnuts, for example, shows that the intercountry differences in yield are negligible for those grown under improved methods. This leads to the conclusion that the factors with the greatest influence on yields are of a structural and non-geographical nature since there is no reason to think that the statistical errors are more important for the improved than for the traditional systems. Differences in yield between countries are therefore determined by differences in the extension services and investment levels.

I The large anount of data could not be incorporated in this Annex but have been assembled in a flle kept in the world Health organization, Geneva, switzerland. Copies of the data are available on request. Annex I-1 page 11

41. within each country the mean yietds have been calculated for a given zone and Over several years, So as to cancel Out Or reduce deviations arlsing frOm year to yield differences a year climatic variations. It can therefore be assumed that between zones of the same country perslsting after analysis must depend on two factors: the lnfluence of the soil and, if the country is large enough, the t climate. The climatic zones were therefore outlined and an attempt was made to establish correlations between soil and the crop yield inside each zone.

42 c The area of each soil or group of soils suitable for growing the type of crop under study was then detemined for the administrative units concerned; soil areas and crop ylelds were then compared. This analysis was supplemented by cross- checking the results against the more precise lnfonnation available on the same subject for limited areas. This work has not been completed, but it is already possible to classify yields according to crop and by country (Tables I-1.2 to I-1.45). Moreover, FAO has just launched a survey to determine in each of the seven countries takinB part in the programme the yields of the main crops according to the type of cultivation, soil, and climate; by way of example, the survey questlonnalre intended for Dahomey is reproduced in Appendix 2.

43. Cotton (fig. I-1.1O). Four large zones are easily demarcated. In the first, which includes north-eastern Dahomey (Borgou department) and the extreme north-west of the Ivory Coast (Odienn6 region), the mean yields are about the order of 7OO kg of seed cotton per hectare. In the second zone, covering the centre and east of the northern Ivory Coast (Boundiali, Korhogo, and Ferkess6dougou regions) the yietds are between 4OO and ?OO Xg/na. In the third zone, covering the whole of Mali, the mean yields are about 4OO Xg/na. In the fourth zone, covering Upper Volta and northern Togo, the mean yields are less than a@ kg/lra.

44. s12 (fig. I-1.11). Three large zones can be demarcated. In order of decreasing yield, the first comprises the valley of the Niger River in Mali and Niger, the BorBou department in Dahomey, and the Boundiali and Korhogo regions in the Ivory Coast. The second zone covers Upper Volta and the Sikasso region in MaIi. The thlrd zone consists of Togo.

45. Groundnuts (FiS. I-1.f2). The three zones identified are the following, in a order of decreasing yield: first, Mali; second, Dahomey; third, Togo and Upper Vol ta.

46. Maize (Fig. I-1.13). Only two zones have been identified in respect of maize production. I?re first, with the highest yields, comprises Mali and Togo, while the second covers the rest of the progranme area. Annex I-l page 12

47. Iams. (fig. I-1.14). T\,rro zones have been demarcated. In order of decreasing yretd they are (I) the Borgou department in Dahomey and the Bassari and Sokod6 regions in Togo; (2) the lvory Coast. a 48. Mrllet and sorghum (Figs I-1.15 and I-1.16). Two zones have been identified as regards millet and sorghum production, the one with the highest yields comprising i MaIi, the other covering the rest of the programme area.

49. Studies are not yet sufflcrently advanced within these zones to allow more precise demarcations to be made but it might be possible to attempt this later.

30. In each country of the programme area and for each crop the unit value of production is subject to seasonal and geographicat variations such as the site of the market, its distance from the farms, and the size of the centre it servesr as well as structural ones (prices are often different on the traditional and the extension markets). These variations are not the same in all seven countries or for all the crops studr.ed. The probtem therefore arises of fixing a price for all crops that might be grown rn each of the zones. This has been solved by establishing a mean prrce for a period of several seasons, by establishing the geographically determined prrce variations and demarcating "price zones" accordingly

(Figs I-I .17 to l-1.24) . Sl. By superrmposing the price zones on the yreld zones homogeneous sectors can be identified by country withln which a farming model can be constructed based on crop suitability, yields, and prices. This asstrmes, however, the preliminary establishment of a hypothetical income that could be earned from a cultivated area and a particular crop and the total farmed area according to the yields per hectare and the market Price.

3.1.4 Income 52. since one of the aims of the study was to identify the overcropped and undercroppdd areas, the criterion used was "mean gross agricultural income" per rural inhabitant so as to tink the population directly with agricultural production and consequently with the area farmed and the quality of the soil. The problems that then arise involve the time range for which the income is to be fixed (present, near future, distant future) and the territorial unit (zone, country, or the whole region) within which the results will be applied. 53. In practice, these optlons are seen to be closely interconnected q'hen it is realized that a zone ls overcropped as from the mOment when the rate and direction of increase in income is ress satisfactory than the corresponding mean values noted for territorial unit under study. Consequently, the territorial unit for the Annex .I page 13

calcutation of the mean must be carefully chosen. Moreover, if we wish to demarcate the income zones within wtich the rate and direction of change are the same, then care' a period during which these measurements are to be made must also be chosen with The present gross mean income is the most satisfactory criterion, since it eliminates the variable "time" factor. Territorial. units are then demarcated by determining t the signlficant deviations characterizinB the groups of incomes. As a result of the imprecise nature of the informatron at present available, the territorial unit utilized here is the country, but it should be possible to achieve later a finer level of analysis than that of the mean national gross aBricultural income. 3.1.5 The tYDicaI farm

54. The characteristics of the typical farm are theoretical ones. By means of comparisons with existinB farms in each zone it should be possible to improve the model by taking into account local traditions as regards the overall size of the farm, the ratio between cultivated and falLow areas, and the relative part of the cultivated area assigned to each crop. ltre problem of associated crops must, of course, not be neglected. 55. A correction based on the mean size of the family group and the area actually cultivated per agricultural worker should be made because the area that must be cultivated to obtain the hypothetical incone taking prices and yields into consideration might exceed the capacity of the far:ning family under present farming conditions. In other words, with the proposed crops, prices, and yields' the soil might not provide famers with the mean income for each zone studied.

3.r.6 An eval tion of the tion-support ns caDacitv of the soil 56. The population-supporting capacity of the soil was calculated from the data defined and analysed above, i.e., for each yield and price zone. The quantity to be produced ih order to obtain the desired nean gross agricultural income was deternined by taking into account the different cropping capacities of the soils in a zone and the unit prices for the agricultural produce. Itre area to be cultivated and the corresponding fallow area was calculated from these quantities and the known or probable yields for the zone, bearing in mind the types I of soil invotved the overall size of the farm was then determined.

SZ. In addition a maximum soit occupation coefficient was established, to express for the study zone the proportion of the land that couLd be actually occupied by crops and fallows, after the exclusion of unusable land (steep stopes, beds of watercourses, buttes and ferruginous crusts, etc.) and land required for other purposes (forests, villages, various infrastructures, etc.). This coefficient Annex I-1 page 14 should be detemined for each homogeneous "price-yield" zone; on the Mossi. plateau in upper volta, for exampre, the coefficient varies from o.6 to o.g.

58. Iftrowing the area of a farm, the maxrmun possible soil occupation coefficient, a and the average composition of a farming family, the nunber of farms p." lon2 th" soil could support while providrng the mean income for the reference zone could a easily be calculated. At the same time, the average nunber of farmers and rural inhabitants per loo2 *.s obtained (farmers plus inctividuats living locally from activities connected with agriculture).

3.2 pppqle!&It 4ensity and the load on the soil (Fig. I-r.6)

3.2.L The ee4eep! qf population density

59. The relationship between the population leveL and a given area can be used to measure very different paraneters such as the degree of saturation of a soil (totat population/area farrned), and the load on facilities (tota1 poputation/area of the zone of action); various types of representation are possible. To demonstrate the relationship between the population factor and any other factor of a spatial nature (the population-supporting capacity of the soil, areas farrned, areas suitable for cultivation, the density of the road network, water resources, the prevalence of onchocerciasis, etc.) it is essential to have a population map expressing distribution by "points" and not by zones of density since, on the contrary, the choice of the spatial unit within which we wish to establish this relationship has not yet been made. The degree of accuracy of such a map will depend on the quality of the information available and the numer:.cal size of the population "point" (5O inhabitants, IOO inhabitants, 1OOO inhabitants, etc.) shoul

60. A map showinB population distribution by points should indicate both the total population and the active population. Unfortunately, the available data are not uniform, being, in general, data collected at different times and concerning administrative units of different sizes (village, canton, department, etc.). Demographic data are naturally more heterogeneous than pedological data, since both the method of data collection and the time factor are involved I over the course of the years, populations change; thus the unifom presentation of dernographic t data is a complex task, calling for the utilization of growth ratios established for the Locality during a period close to that studied.

6I. Such work could not be carried out during the time this document was berng , prepared but it should be undertaken during regional feasibitity studies if the over-populated and under-populated zones are to be identified with a "useful" Annex I-l page 15

degree of accuracy. Provisionally a population estimate at the district level has been made, erploying existing data. Ttre population figures were referred to a growth rates' whether localized a single year for the wtrole of the area with the aid of or not, known from the few demographic sanple surveys available. To the data thus obtained was assigned a "probable growth rate" established fron other available a information and, ln particular, a study of migratory movements.

62. A determination of the actual population density in occupied zones is an initial step in studying the extent of the load on the soil, but it is only an approximation since there are several important factors that are not taken into consideration. It does not allow for the intensity of cultivation, since the concept of "occupied area" covers both areas actually under cultivation and fallow land. If the population density is determined within a fairly large administrative unit it cannot take into consideration the distance from the village to the fields, and mean densities measured at the dlstrict level give only a general picture that cannot reveal zones that are, in fact, overCropped. To localize such zones accurately it would be necessary to relate linited population Broups to the areas they actually occupy. Densities would thus be determined on the basis of small territorial units within which the distance between dwellings and fields would be small enough to justify the assumption that there is a strict correlation between the cultivated area and population.

3.2.2 Rural popul a ti on and aqricultural oooula ti on

63. To establish the population density per occupied zone it was first necessary to define the population to be related to the occupied areas. Since the ain of calculating these densities is, on the one hand, to measure the load on the soil and, on the other, to determine the nanpower resources for the reclarnation of unused ground, two population groups were taken into consideration: (1) the rural population and not merely the agricultural population, since it may be considered that the remainder of the rural population is employed in jobs associated with farming and thus forms part of the population load on the soil;

(2) the agricultural workers who alone constitute the potential manpower. A U. The available statistical data do not always distinguish between rural and total populations. A conversion table was therefore constructed, taking into consideration the country, the size ofthe localities, and the distribution of the inhabitants by branch of activity so as to distinguish the rural population from the truly urban one in the urban centres. This was done by considering that Annex I-I page 16

"urban" occupations exist only when the locality has reached a certain size and that their proportion varies with the size of the centre and changes in the relative proportions of the main categories of activity. a 65. The conversion table (Table I-1.3) classifies countries into two categories according to the characteristics of their urban centres: Upper Volta, Mali, Niger a and Togo, on the one hand and the other countries in the programme area on the other. This table is provisional and calls for a more thorough study, based in particular on smaller territoriaL units.

66. The rural population is defined by the environment where it lives and works, i.e. "the rural world". Within this group can be distinguished the agricultural population, living directly from agriculture. This concept of "agricultural population" is important in calculating the available labour force and in studying its development. The agricultural poputation is generally identified in the national statlstics by the term "primary workers", 8 category comprising in general about 9do or more of the rural working population.

3 .2.3 Agricultural workers

67 . In the countries studied the proportions of male and female agricultural workers are not the same and the difference more marked in terms of "work units per hectare". This difference, at present small, is tending to increase because it is connected with migratory movements. In the departure zones the proportion of women actively engaged in agriculture is rising but it is falling in the arrival zones. At present, in Upper volta, the proportion of agricultural workers is practically the same for both sexes 26.437o men and 26.03% women; in the lvory Coast the proportion is 267o men to L8% women; in the department of Atakora, Dahomey, the difference is more marked, 26.96% men and onLy 8.O2% women' In order to forecast the growth rate of the agricultural working population it is therefore necessary to distinguish the trends for men and women. 6g. The basic data and the methodology employed in national statistics vary from country to country, but the same general principle of analysis could be used in all countries. whenever possible, the proportions of both sexes were determined for two different years so as to uncover the trend, studying in particular data on A persons aged lS years and over. The total numbers of workers and of agricultural workers were determined for the age group 15 years and over; the results are given in Tables I-I.4 to I-L.L2. Annex I-1 page l?

3.2.4 The occupied ?o4eq (Fig. I-1.5)

69. The areas actuallY occuPied, by administrative unit, can be deternined in a three ways: (1) by the direct examination of aerial photographs taken in various years in the programme area; (2, indirectly fron aerial photographs by tracing the occupied areas as they (NGI) appear on the l/2}o ooo scale maps of the National Geographical Institute, Paris; (3) by looking for data on cultivated and occupied areas in the statistical documents of the national agricultural services.

lO- The deternination of these areas presents the same difficulties as those encountered in the case of the denographic characteristics: the data vary in the course of tine but are available only in the forn of partial information concerning each zone and for dlfferent years. To render this information uniform and relate it to a single year for all countries it would be necegsary to know the population growth rate (positive or negative) for each of the spatial units studied; these rates could unfortunately not be determined in the present study but they should be obtained during the feasibility studies preceding the improvement of the under-populated zones. In the present study all that could be done was to calculate the occupied area by country and by adninistrative unit, from the NGI nepr and correcting the analysis with the aid of the statistical data of the national agricultural services. The results are shown in Tables I-1.13 to t-L.2O. (Zones for which the basic cartographic information was old and could not be brought up to date are indicated.)

3.2.5 The Dresent populat ion load on the soil

71. The present population load on the soil is expressed by the number of rural inhabitants per square kilometre of land actually occupied. The population density by occupied zone cannot be interpreted on the basis of uniform criteria since considerable allowance Eust be made for the location of the over- populated zones. Snall zones with a high population density and surrounded by A large enpty zones suitable for farming, have not the sane significance as large zones with the saEe or even a lower population density situated at a considerable distance from undercropped land. The size and degree of isolation of high o population density zones are very important factors in determining the population load. Annex I-1 page 18

72. From this viewpolnt the high populatlon density zones have been classified into three groups:

(I) Small areas with a population density of the order of 4OO inhabi tantt/u^z a surrounded by available zones suitable for cultivation; this applies to the densely populated zones in the north of the lvory Coast such as the sub- I prefectures of Dabakala, Niakaramandougou, Sirasso, Ti6nigt6, Sand6gu6, NieI16, Ouangolodougou, Madiniani and S6gu61on.

(2) Zones with population densities of lOo to 2OO inhabitant s/*^2 situated in areas more than one-third of which area is occupiedi this conditlon of high population density cannot be interpreted wlthout studying the population- supporting capacity of the soil of the areas not yet farmed. Such a situation is found for example ln the Bobo-Dioulasso region, in the districts of Bobo- Dioulasso, Banfora, Di6bougou, Hound6 and Orodara.

(3) Zones with average to high populatlon densities of the order of IOO to more than 3OO inhabi tants/kn2 situated in a region where the rate of land occupation is very high, exceeding 5O%. In such cases the diagnosis of over- cropplng in relation to the population-supporting capacity of the soil is a serious one. This situation is found especially in the densely populated Ouahigouya zone of Gourcy, Ouahigouya and Yako districts with respectively 3S3, 4OO and 25O inhabitants per km2 of occupied land which is surrounded by a fringe where the population density is not so high, although stilI considerable (Kaya, Kongoussi, s6gu6n6ga, T6nado, Titao and rougan districts with, respectively, 169, lOO, 163, 151, 125 and I4? inhablt".rts/fr2) The general results of this analysis are summarized ln Tables I-1.21 to l-L.24. 3.2.e Crowth rates (Fig. I-1.?).

73. The population load on the soil is a datum which, for a given zone, varies with time since it is the resultant of two factors themselves variable: the rural population and the areas occupied. These two factors generally vary in the same direction, the occupied area nomally increasing and decreasing in proportion to the rural population, but neither the rate nor the degree of variation are the same; furthermore, increase in the occupied area depends largely on the amount of unused A and cultivatable land available.

74. When the population increase is due to natural growth, an increase in the a occupied area generally occurs at the same rate, or occasionally more rapidly. However, as the human group becomes larger and the types of land occupation (land- tenure structures) become better defined, for the same free area the rate of Annex I-l page 19

lncrease in occupied areas decreases by comparison with the populatlon increase' so that the population density per unit occupied area rises. This phenomenon becomes more marked the larger the land occupation coefficient.

75. When the population growth is caused by migratory movements the increase in the occupied area takes place spasmodically, even if the rate of lmmigration ls I constant, with successive periods of acceleration and stability corresponding' respectively, to the opening up of new land and its occupation. 76, In order to calculate the trend of the populatlon load on the soil it is therefore necessary to determine the probable growth rates of the total populatlon, the rural population, the agricultural workers, and the occupied area and cultivated areas. 77.. In the countries of the region studied, the total population growth rates are different from the rates for the rural popuLation. An attempt was made, as far as the basic data permitted, to argue in terms of the rural population but this was possible only in the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, and Niger. Elsewhere it was necessary to study first of all the growth rate of the total population. that rate was obtained by a comparison of population data that are sometimes se.parated by wide tine intervals so that the rate is only an approximation.

78. It is well known, in fact, that the growth rate of a populatlon can vary greatly over the years; when it is taken over too long a period the rate obtained is the mean of individual annual rates, rather than a precise indication for the end of the period studied. Since the trend is not always known, the mean rate found cannot be brought up to date, and it should therefore be used wlth caution for short tem forecasts only. A more thorough study of the total population growth rate is needed.

?9. The mean growth rates per country that could be determined, with the above reservations, are given in Tables I-1.25 to I-1.33. The nature of the information varies from one country to another.

80. In the Ivory Coast, the growth rates (total and rural populations) are known by region for 1965 and 1970, and forecasts have been made for 1975 and 1980. [n ) Dahomey, these two Browth rates are known for 1961 and 1966. In Upper Volta, the growth rate of the total population could be determined by stratum for the period 1960-70. In Mall, the growth rate of the total population for the whole country could be determined every other year as from 1963, but the data for the more recent years are lacking. In Niger, the growth rate of the rural population is available for the whole country, but it has been calculated over an undefined period. [n Annex I-l page 20

Togo, the growth rate of the total population could be calculated for each loca1 area between 1960 and 19?O.

81. In countrles where there are no precise data on the rural populatlon, the interpretation of the total population growth rates is possible when they concern rather small administrative units, but these rates can be utilized for neighbouring I regions for which no data are available only with very great prudence.

82. The agricultural workers growth rate is extremely important, since it governs the possibilities of future improvement, and in the receptlon areas which are already densely populated, the balance between the active and the total population. In such cases this rate depends primarily on the distribution of the migrants by sex and age group.

83 In Dahomey and the lvory Coast, forecasts for the increase in agricultural workers compared with the total population growth were made using two basic hypotheses concerning : (f) the effect of migratory movements on the trend of the proportion of the male population and of inbabitants over 15 years of age, in relation to the total population; (2) the effect of creating employment and reducing economic dynamism on the trend of the proportion of agricultural workers and of inhabitants aged 15 years and over in relatlon to the worklng population. g4. Studies of this kind should be made in the major zones of the region' particularly in the departure and reception zones of the main migratory movements' both current and anticiPated. gS, A study of the few localities of the programme area for which several aerial photographs are available, taken at intervals of several years' shows that the growth rate of the occupied and cultivated areas may be very considerable. It also shows that.the rates can vary greatly from one locallty to another in the progranrme area. Mere interpolation would be unwise since the tocalities with a measured growth rate are not very numerous. It is, however, necessary to make forecasts about the growth rates of occupied and cultlvated areas so as to identify and demarcate the future zones of overcropping, and to organize economic reclamation A projects for the region accordingly. Such forecasts concern especially the densely populated zones in category <2) (cf., Section 3.2.5 above)' since the growth rate of the occupied areas will govern the future level of cropping. only periodic aerial photographs, supplemented by field surveys, would allow the construction of a ,'sp.ntaneous growth rate" map of the occupled areas. This shOuld be undertaken Annex I-l page 21

as part of the planned feasibility studies and priorlty should be given to the high population density zones in category (2\.

? 3.2.7 Trend of the population load on the soil

86. Forecasts concerning the trend of the soil populatlon load should be presented in the form of maps correspondlng to the main hypotheses regarding the future rural population density by occupied zone. This cannot be done without knowing the different growth rates described in section 2.3.6 and the probable speed of "saturation" of the areas still available in the populated zones.

87. The construction of maps showing the trend of the soil population load would make it possible to deternlne the distrlbutlon and economic gravity of the over- cropped zones in accordance wlth the various hypotheses concerning land reclamation so as to ensure the adoption of plans that wlll lead to harmonious regional develop- ment under the best possible conditions. Such a working basis is essential for the formulation of any improvement policy. It should be noted, however, that the definition of the future populatlon-supporting capacity of the land also depends on conjonctural data such as the types of crop, prices, yields, sizes of farms, etc.

3.3 ltle soil-population balance

3. 3.1 The concept of static and dvnami c eo ui 1ibria

88. The state of soil-population balance revealed by s.uperimposing "present density" maps on "present supporting-capacity" rnaps is only an instantaneous picture of an evolving situation.

89. Some overcropped zones are limiting their demographic growth by emigration although they still sometimes contain land that could be cultivated and the increasing imbalance between the different sexes and age groups, caused by emi- gration is unfavourable to the birth rate. In this case, we can speak of "over- cropped zones with a tendency to decompression."

90. On the other hand 1n certain zones where the soil-population balance is still favourable and where economic dynamism leads to the settling of migrants, it can be foreseen that, in the short term, the saturation of the cultivatable land and the slowing down in technical development (as technical knowledge promoting yield increases is gradually put into practice) will not interrupt demographic growth. In this case we could speak of "balanced zones with a tendency to overcropping."

91. The detection of such trends should make it possible to produce a guide for regional reclamatlon policy. This has been done in an approximate fashlon in the following pages, by a comparative examination and discussion of the different cartographic documents, acconpanying the Report (Figs I-1.1 to I-1.3O), but lt could Annex I-1 page 22 be done with a much higher degree of accuracy during the feasibility studies by applying the methodology outlined here to more recent and uniform basic data referring to smaller territorial units.

3.3.2 The overall asricultural poten t and its long-term significance

92. In the region studied growth in income is more rapid and considerable for persons working in the non-agricultural sectors than for those working in the agricultural sector. This leads to a more rapid demographic growth in the urban areas because of migration from the country to the towns. 93. The overall agricultural potential, even if it represents the largest part of most of the national economies of the countries in the region, is consequently only one of the parameters governing the regional economic and demographic balance. Agricultural workers want their incomes brought into line with those of the secondary and tertiary sectors; it does not seem that migration from the country to the towns will lead to a decrease in the differences for equal work between these different classes of income.

94. An attempt could therefore be made to draw up an ideal map of the population- supporting capacity of the soil, taking into account this search for a large improvement in income, by trying, on the one hand, to increase the value of the soil by growing more profitable crops, and, on the other hand, by introducinB non-agricultural activities into the rural setting. Such an approach would seem to be the only one that, in the long term, could resolve the socio-economic problems that will arise in connection with the programme for onchocerciasis control in the Volta River Basi-n area.

3 3.3 An example of inbalance the Northern ReRion of Ghana 95. To illustrate the previous discussion the Northern Region of Ghana is taken as an example. The data used have been taken fron the 1960 and 19?O censu"a".'

96. The Northern Region is unevenly populated. According to the 1960 census, the Gonja has a population density of approxinately 10 inhabitants per square mile (4 per km2), and Dagomba-Manprussi 20 to 40 per square mile (? to 15 pe. kr2). The Upper Region is generally more populous, with rural population densities of the order of 15O to 2OO inlxabitants per square mile (58 to 77 pe. k.2; at Kassena- Nankani, Kusasi, and Fra Fra. Tumu, however, has less than 16 inhabitants.per square nile (6 pe" k.2). These figures have been given by the local authorities for the total area and nake no allowance for depopulated zones. I See Annex VI-l and,Annex VI-2.8.

- Annex I-l page 23

g?- The high population densities in the north-east and north-west are particu- Iar1y striking (see Fig. I-1.6). Five edDinistrative districts in the north-east have 15O to 2OO inhabitants per square nile (58 to 77 p"" rr2), the depopulation t of the vall€ys having greatly increased the density in the occupied zones. Many zones are heavily overpopulated and there are probleos of overcropping, soil exhaustion, nutritlon, and enigration. 98. the zone has 11 towns of over 5 ooO inhabitants. Fron 1960 to 1970, the population of three towns doubled or nore than doubled and renained stationary in four others. Tanale is the biggest centre, with 84 OOO inhabitants, followed by Yendi (22 @Or, Wa (21 ooo), Bawku (21 OOO), and Bolgatanga (19 OOO).

gg. Population growth ln the Northern Region between 1960 and 1970 was on a par with the national rate (+27%); it was lower in the Upper Region, where annual rates vary from -% to +L.9% conpared with the annual national rate of +2.4%. With the exceptlon of Tr.unu, the most densely populated zones are those with the lowest rates.

lOO. This situation is due to heavy eEigratlon from the whole of the Upper Region and from the northern part of the Northern Region. The annual rate of eEiBration varies fron 8% to 2.L7o. Ttris flow is due to denographic pressure in the north- east and north-west and to vigorous econonic expansion in the south. I'he north of Ghana has served as a labour reservoir for the south since 1890.

1O1. Sex distribution is a good pointer to this eBigration. In six adninistra- tive distrlcts of the Upper Region, the age group 15 to 44 years contalns 51 to 63 nen to every lOO wonen. In six other admlnistrative districts, the ratio is 64-74/LOO. Ttre effects of this situation on family life, the social systeE, and agriculture can easily beimagined. In short, a narked imbalance can be said to exist between the population and the natural environment, and onchocerciasis has undoubtedly played a significant part in creating this situation.

4. THE RESOTJRCES OF TI{E SUBSOIL

1O2. Based on an analysis of the present population distribution in relation to the populatlon-supporting capacity of the soil, the resources of the subsoil may be divlded into two naJor categories: a\ (1) resources representinB in thenselves a source of income, and hence capable of increasing the population-supporting capacity of the soil. Examples are nines and quarries;

(2) resources that have a restrictive effect on other aspects of human geography and hence may affect the populatlon distrlbution. The location Annex I-I page 24

and quantity of water available for domestic use (of which ground water represents an important part) are restrictive elenents in hurnan settlement.

1O3. In the Volta River basin area, almost the whole of which lies within the a sudanian savanna zone (see Chapter t of the Report), the storage of surface waters by the construction of dams, has been and to a large extent still is the nost usual method of restoring the water/agriculture balance. This practice is not suited to the geographical features of the sudanian savanna, which is flat country (hence large surfaces of water are exposed) with a long dry season when the atmospheric humidity is low and ambient temperatures high; both of these factors lead to high evaporation rates. Ttle results of water storage in dams have not been encouraging. On the Mossi plateau in Upper Volta, for example, where a dam building progr€unme has been carried out, 18 miIlion.3 (i.e. 3/4) of the 25 million .3 were lost through evaporation and infittration "to.ed while only 3@o, or approximat e:ry 2 too ooo .3 of the ? mlllion ,t t"ra after evaporation were put to effective use, the difference being accounted for by residual water remaining on the bottom of the dams forning a very thin layer that was inpossible to extract. Of trre 2 tOO OOO ,3 of water put to effective use 600 OOO n3 were used for agricultural purposes and I 5OO OOO n3 for hrman and pastoral purposes. Thus, less than LOTo of the water collected and stored was used for agricultural purposes. fO4. A research project for the replenishment of the ground water table and the use of groundwater in agriculture seems imperative. In this context, the poverty of the ground water table could set a limit to brinBing more land under cultivation.

4.L Mines and quarries lO5. Apart from the particular properties of various minerals and the possibili- ties for exploiting deposits, the chief interest of such deposits is their capacity to induce economic and social effects in the surrounding region. Their potential for increasing the population-supporting capacity of agricultural land will therefore be considered here.

106. The working of some deposits night involve low installation costs and create few jobs, and the extracted material Eight find no appllcation locally. [n such cases, even where the overall results for the national economy of working the deposits look very bright the regional results nay be practically non-existent. Such deposits have a very low potential for raising the population-supporting capacity of the soil, and may even reduce it. It is not unusual for the intro- duction of a few good jobs paid at a much higher rate than that prevailing in the area to lead to a narked increase in the "income expectations" of the local Annex I- page 25

capacity of poputation and hence a decrease in the effective popuration-supporting the soil. mineral deposit t 10?. on the other hand, the exploitation of some other types of purchase could requir€ high installation costs (part of which would be used to l tocalgoodsandservices)andalargelabourforcethatinitsturnwould and redistribute income, provided a continuous chain emplolment were established' type the extracted naterial could be used locally. Working a deposit of this of the soil' could help consiclerably to raise the population-supporting capacity possible and result ro8. Intermediate sltuations between these two extremes are important that the fol-lowing from the combined action of different factors' It is details should be properLy defined: (1)factorsthatareorcouldbeelementsforradiatingeconomiceffects; (2) the conditions under which such factors operate; (3) waYs of measuring the factors' The most important economic radiation factors are: .(r)themagnitudeofinstallationcosts,particularlythosethatapplyto the use of goods and services produced in the region' <2)thesizeofthelabourforce'particulartythelabourrecruitedinthe region. operations' (3) the consumption of regionat goods and services in mining (4)thepossibilityofusingorprocessingtheextractedmaterialinthe region. built to (5) the possibility of using the infrastructures and facilities serve the mine for the benefit of the wtrole region' of conditions If these factors are to produce their fulL impact a certain number for regional will have to be fulfilled; we may refer to these as "conditions dispersion". log.Inthecaseofthefirstradiationfactor,forexample,r.tisnotenoughthat theinstallationcostsshouldbehigh,becauseonlythatpartspentongoodsand In addition' services produced or sold in the region will have a radiating effect' capacityforradiationwillbeaffectedbythetypesofgoodsandservicesexchanged a and by the social (or economic) group producing or selling them'

r1O. Ttrere are cases of mines being opened up in regions where an impenetratable barrier exists between the urban and rural economies and where the rural sector between is demographically and geographicalty much the larger. If the exchanges (which is the mine and the region are channelled soleLy through the urban sector very likely to happen), the economic effects witt have a weak radiative capacity' Annex I-I page 26

111. On the other hand, in a zone with a traditional rural economy, craftsmen forn a linking group, for while they are very often sma11 farmers themselves they are also good customers of the market towns of the region. Exchanges made through this group have a high radiative capacity. a

l-t2. Thus, opening up a mine does not necessarily have direct regional effectsl that tend to raise the population-supporting capacity of the soil. For that process a

to occur not only must some factors for economic radiation exist but also some conditions for regional dispersion must be met.

4.r.1 The maenitude of installation costs

1f3. Two conditions for regional dispersion have already been mentioned. They involve the magnitude of installation costs with regard to the goods and services (including labour) produced by the region and the favourable inplantation in the regional economy of the group supplying such goods and services.

1I4. In the case of installation costs, the economic impact of the purchases of a mine will be quite different depending on whether the region concerned has a relatively high income level and a diversified economy or a low rncome leve1 and a single-product economy. The amount of money distributed may, in the first case, be "diluted" in the economy of the zone, while in the second it can doubte the regional purchasing capacity.

lI5. fiie relationship between the totat mine expenditure on regional goods and services and the "gross internal product of the region" will provide the best measurement of the relative magnitude of the installation costs. To measure (or observe) the favourable or unfavourable implantation of a group in the regional economy, two criteria have been selected: (1) the numerical size of the group (2) the size of the population involved in its purchases and sales.

116. Assuming that the group selling goods and servi.ces to the mine is a small one, such as the blacksmiths, and that in addition the economic activity of the group has its major impact outside the region (the purchase of iron, the sale of its products in an interregional market, etc.), and assuming that it emptoys little local labour and has a fairly simple standard of living, making only small purchases of subsistence goods, then regional dispersion will be at a minimum. If, on the

I The indirect effects are not considered here (the augnentation of State income and the consequent increase in its investment capacity) since they can only be discovered by special projects. Annex I-1 page 27

other hand, the group is a fairly Large one, such as farmers, and its economic activity is mainly carried out within the region (diversified regional agriculture), maximtm. I then dispersion will be at a fl?. However, the relative value of exchanges between mine and region, and the greater or lesser economic integration of the regional groups mainly concerned, are ) not sufficient to measure the regional dispersion capacity of installation costs' What is missing is an analysis of the types of goods and services concerned in the exchange. Obviously, for example, the purchase by the mine of foodstuffs will be limited, (assuming that the region is capable, or becomes capable, of supplying the food), mainly because of the low standard of living in the zones in which installations of this kind are generally set up.

lI8. On the other hand, the higher purchasing power of the mine over the region will allow a greater expenditure on services provided by individuals and craftsmen. The types of goods bought by the mine may thus affect the volume of exchange and hence its radiation capacity. It is therefore necessary to consider: (1) the net value of the product exchanged <2) the elasticity of the market (mine) I1g. If agricultural produce for staff catering purposes is a1l that is bought, then the net value will clearly be very low and the market will clearly be very weak and almost or completely inelastic since it witl only grow as the number of jobs increases. In this case, the economlc effects of such exchanges, even if well dispersed, will not increase the population-supporting capacity of the soil greatly; on the contrary, may even (sometimes from the very fact that it is well dispersed) impoverish the region as a whole because It tends to make primary resources scarce.

l-2O. However, if the bulk of the exchange is formed by the sale to the nine of products with a greater added value (handicrafts for exa.mple) and if such goods find a more elastic market that will grow along with the expenditure of the mine, the economic effects may be Breater and play a part in increasing the population- supporting capacity of the soil.

L2L. Other types of exchange producing a significant increase in value may also exist, such as the sale of individual services and the sale of products whlch the regional group only trades in. Annex I-1 page 28

4.L.2 The size of the labour force__eqpleyeq

I22. The salaries it pays to the workers are the mine'smostusual and direct channel of influence on regional economic and social activity. A sale and purchase a mechanism inevitably springs up between the local population and the work force at the mine, but such exchanges may,have quite different effects depending on the ( nature of the labour force and the economy of the region in which it settles. The regional dispersion potential of this volume of wages may thus vary.

I23, If labour is recruited locally, regional dispersion of wages will depend on the social and economic group supplying the labour, its size, and the proportion of the population recruited to work for the nine. L24. If the labour force is recruited outside the region, the relationships established with the regional population will largely depend on how the employment at the mine rs dlstributed by social and occupation category, since mineral deposits require staff with varying levels of qualification and this will affect the pro- portion of supervisory staff, foremen, workers and labourers. l2S. AII these categories of worker will spend their money in different ways. Supervisory staff will obtain their food outside the area but will buy services and artistlc handicrafts. Labourers, on the other hand, will buy all their food locally and so on. Dispersion is thus affected by the size of the social and occupation cateBory closest to the level of the preponderant social and economic group in the regional PoPulatron. 4.r.3 Consumption bv the mine durins minine operations, of and services rovided b the on

126. Such purchases from the region closely resemble those discussed in section 4.1.1 above. A fundamental difference should, however, be pointed out between the opening up of a mine, which has a temporary effect and is no more than a supplementary resource for the regional economy, and the continuing mining process, which is semi-permanent and may radically distort regional economic structures. I27. A constant process of adaptation must occur, since it should not be forgotten that while a deposit may be worked for a long enough period (15 to 20 years and sometimes longer) to leave its mark on the regional economy, there is a time limit to the operation - namely, ?he exhaustion of the deposit. L28. The forced re-adaptation of economic strqlctures occasioned by the closing down of a mine cannot be carried out without heavy sacrifice and therefore the re- adaptation of the regional economy should be a matter for permanent concern. Annex I-1 page 29

4.L.4 the possibilit v of using the products of the mine within the region

f29. The utllization of the products or by-products of the mine within the region t may have very varied effects. It has often been found, for example, that the location in the region of a deposit of limestone suitabte for cement has been largely instrumental in having workers' camps built of durable materials while , the working of dolonite deposits, also used as a fertilizer, has increased the agricultural productivity of the area. T'he presence of materials such as kaolin, clay, and gold has influenced the growth of utilitarian or artistic crafts.

l3O. The lntroduction of the product of the nine into the regional constEption pattern is therefore an inportant factor in regional dispersion. Three types of utillzation are distinguished: (l) Utilization in the regional production apparatus. Mention has already been Eade of the use of fertilizer in agriculture and the use of raw materials for handicrafts. tn this case the extent of regional economic dispersion will depend on the size of the economic sector naking use of the product. (2) Utillzation to neet the essential needs. An exanple is the use of cenent and granite for houses. The value of this form of regional disperslon varies with the iEportance of the needs satisfied and depends on the proportion of income used in satisfying them. (3) Ttle utilization of nineral products creates new needs for what are to varying degrees "accessories" or "luxury articles". Ttlis situation has its negative side which nay be assessed in terDs of:

(i) the degree of "useful'ness"; (ri) the proportion of lncoEe expended on them.

However, the selling pri.ce of these products still has to be within the purchasing power of a sufficlently large section of the regional population, otherwise another economic rnechanism will operate to bring prices and purchasing power into line.

4.1.5 The possibilit v of usinc the infrast ructures and facilitle s provided for a the Bine for the benefit of the whole reqion

131. A sometines quite large proportion of the installation costs of a mine is devoted to setting up infrastructures (access roads or railways, water and electricity supplies, etc.) and facilittes for the population (health care, schools, shops). If this expenditure is to radiate throughout the zone, a number of conditions must apply to the design of the infrastructure or facility Annex I-l page 30

and their planned capacities. The line of a road or railway rnay vary consi.derably depending on whether it is intended to serve solely the transport needs of the nine (e.9., the shortest route between the two points to be linked, may be the most economic) or whether it is to be integrated into the regional system (for example, helping to enfranchise a zone by serving a town that coulcl act as a focus linking it to production zones, etc.). This adaptability in the regional context nay be assessed in terms of the magnitude and nature of the regional needs for infrastructures and facilities that can be satisfied. [n a zone with a very low school attendance rate but a low morbidity, a school will have greater impact than a health post.

132. Too often' schools, health posts, water supplies and so on are designed to serve the needs of the mine alone, i.e., only the population actually employed by the mine; in these circumstances dispersion of the advantages will bo very small or non-existent. On the other hand, a policy of reinforcing existing facilities so that they can also be used by the mine, or creatlng new facilities and adapting them as far as possible to regional needs, will have a nuch greater capacity for regional dispersion. Assessment will now be based on the degree of servlce provided in comparison with the original situation. 4.1.6 The Eethod of classification

I33. The quantitative assessment of the various economic radiation factors associated with mines and quarries is aimed at determining the effect of these factors on the population-supporting capacity of the soil as a result of transferring some mining income and services (infrastructures) to the region. The characteristics of the mine and those of the region must both be taken into consideration.

134. Obvlously, it is not possible within the framework of this study to make an analysis of this kind for each of the principal mlneral deposits located in the progranrne area. Ttle sites of these deposits are shown in Fig. I-1.2s, and Technical sheets (assembled in Appendix 3) have been established whenever the available information permitted. These sheets give details about the site of the deposit, its characteristics, its exproitation potential, market and profitability studies, the outlook for starting the exploitation of a deposit, and additional studies in progress or planned.

135. More accurate analyses of the impact of underground deposits on the population-supporting capacity of the soil wilr have to be nade during the feasibility studies, with the help of the population density map for each occupied Annex I-1 page 31

zon€, in Order to detetmine which zones are really overcropped and which are undercropped. However, on the basis of the inconplete information available, it seet0s worthwhite to exaBine, as an exanple, the possible inpact of the mineral t deposits in the north-east of the Upper Volta on the population density and population-supporting capacity of thls reglon.

4.L.7 tal anal the si 1 n in the th-east fU rVo 136.Thenorth-eastofUpperVoltaisatpresentaverylowi.ncomezoneanda region of passage for nomad populations. The economy is entirely agricultural and pastoral and is characterized bY:

(l) a large population: (18O OOO inhabitants in the districts of Dori and Oudalan in 19?O); (2) a fairly limited part of the total area is devoted to agriculture: 22 (3OOO km- out of 26 OOO km-; i.e., approximately L2%); (3) the occupied area lies almost entirely on poor soils, the average and good soils remaining unoccupied because of the lack of water; (4) a fairly high density of occupation of the land in view of the quality of the soils (60 inhabitants p." k.2 on occupied land); (S) a higher population growth rate than the national average (2.5% to 3%). t3?. In conclusion, the agricultural sector may be said to be saturated, particutarly as the desert is beginning to encroach on 1t.1 However' the zone is also favourably located for exchanges between the "desert economy" and the "savanna economy", and Dori is consequently an important market town. It should also be noted that the north-east of Upper VoIta comes under the Liptako-Gourma Authority which administers an enormous territory belonglng to the Republics of Upper Volta' Malt, and Niger along the borders of these three countries. l3S.Ttremineraldepositsinthenorth-eastofUpperVolta(cf.,Appendix3Sheets Nos I to 3) are located outside the prograrnme area, but are so near to lt that opening them up would have wide repercussions on the region. Such activity could greatly increase the population-supporting capacity of the soil but also carries with lt a high risk of imbalance due to the creation of iobs providing incomes of between 40 ooo and 80 OOO CFAF a year, that is, far above the local agricultural incomes t which are of the order of 5OOO - SOOO CFAF a year.

I39. Opening up the deposits could lead to a large number of secondary jobs and consequently, to a large associated population. When the difference between local incomes and those from the new jobs is large, 15 to 20 persons may be expected to I s". Ren6 Dumont (19?3) Lrutopie ou la mort, Paris, Seuil. Annex page 32 settle in the area for every basic job created, (as in the case of the Fria bauxite mines in Guinea, the port of San Pedro in the Ivory Coast, etc.). Opening up the deposits also implies the distribution of a total volume of wages that is large in comparison with the amount of money previously in circulation, and consequently the creation of a basic market - limited as far as foodstuffs are concerned but more I extensive with regard to other goods and services.- The result would probably be to disptace manpower from the primary sector of the economy principally towards the production of goods (handicrafts) and trading (pattern l) or towards the provision of services and trading (pattern 2). l40. Both patterns affect the economic radiation capacity of the newly introduced activity. The first pattern would promote such radiation since handicrafts provide agriculture with an additional economic resource. since the craftsments income is intermediate between mining and agricultural incomes, a secondary market for agricultural produce would arise. In short' thinning out the population on the land fotlowed by an inflow of extra money would give quite a strong boost to agricultu.a.o2 The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors could then reach an equi I ibrium. I41. on the other hand, the second pattern, which might be called a "@ pattern", is, unfortunately, the most usual result of introducing an economic activity offering high incomes into a low or zero income zone. t42. A direct comparison of income levels induces people to settle around the mine in unsatisfactory improvised housing ("shanty towns"), and this leads among other things, to the desertion of land, since primary needs can be satisfled by providing mi.nor services (the "petty trades" of shanty towns). The agricultural production of the zone already inadequate to support the former population, would gulf be even less capable of supplying the new market. under these conditions a wrtl inevitabty open between the mine with its associated shanty town and the surroundin| zone. A process of attraction without exchange leads to a migratory flow, first from the country to the shanty town and then, when the latter becomes saturated, to the city (ouagadougou). This is the classic pattern and is unfortunately inevitable unless a plan for overall development is made in advance and carried out. t I food may be calculated as twice the The maximum petq capi!4 expenditure on person per year) the margin for other zonal income (1O oOO to 15 OOO CFAF per ' expenditurebeingoftheorderof35oooto40oooCFAFperjobperyear. projects and consequently a 2 offe.ing the possibirity of hydro-agrlcurtural good land' transfer of agricultural activity from bad to Annex I-I page 33 f43. As a result of opening up the deposits in the north-east of Upper Volta the rallway from Oragadougou to Tambao wiII be extended and a branch from Dori to Niamey built. This tlne of communication could be designed solely for the trans- port of minerals with a station at each end and few if any intermediate halts. In that case there would be few if any derived effects. the role of the railway would be llmited to transporting the mineral, supplying the mine, and carrying passengers to and from the mine. In other words, it would help to keep the mine independent of the region and promote migration from the shanty town to Ouagadougou.

L44. If, on the other hand, this railway line were designed on a more open basis with hatts at strategic points (in zones with good soil, those in which economic activity has stilt to be developed, and centres of exchange, etc.) and the line carried all kinds of traffic (goods and passengers of all categories) at sufficiently frequent intervals, it could:

(1) provide the economy of the zone with outlets to Ouagadougou and Niamey; (2) help to develop Dori, a crossroads that already acts as the regional ' focus; (3) become an axis for developrnent, particularly if the line follows routes which have traditionally always been very busy. For example, the Dori-Niamey section (if it follows the line of the Dori-Tdra-Gotheye road) will follow the cattle route to the important market at Gotheye, while the Dori-O.tagadougou section also follows a much used cattle route along which there are important cattle markets. 145. Last1y, it should be noted that the limestone worklngs at Tin Hrassan offer possibilities for the construction of a cement works and they have a much longer working life than any of the other deposits in the area (approximately 45O years). If the economic impact of. this development operation is inadequate and if the integration of the different development projects fail to stimulate economic growth in the region, this cement works is likely to remain isolated in the desert. fite supply of water to the region (dams on the Ball) would then be jeopardized. L46. To prevent the appearance of a gap in income levels, which has often happened where the introduction of new employment ls dictated by the site (mines, ports, etc.), it is lmperative to find an intermediate stage between the current Iow-income agricultural and pastoral economy and the "centres of morbid growth" that these industrial workings could become. 147. Without an overall reglonal plan an imbalance could deveLop that would lead to a poorly integrated habitat, the desertion of land, absorption by "centres of Annex -1 page 34 morbid growth" of all the activity of the zone, and, consequently' the impoverish- ment of the region in the long run. If, On the other hand, an "effective staging post" is provided between the volume of wages distributed at the mine and the goods and services that the implantation zone can suppty without the existing structure being distorted, the economic effects of the mine may be dispersed smoothly.

148. The role of the non-agricultural activities producing such goods and services and capable of providing incomes intermediate between the annual wages of a mine worker and the gro ss pe r capita agricultural i.ncome is very important. In this respect handicrafts can play a useful role, particularly as the craftsmen of the desert region have traditionally used the north-east of the Upper Volta as a centre for exchanging their goods for the agricultural produce of the savanna peoples.

4.2 Groundwater resources

149. In this section the importance of groundwater in calculating the population- supporting capacity of the soil is described. The part played by groundwater resources in human settlement is analysed but the relationship between groundwater and population cannot be determined until surface water resources have been evaluated. ISO. The most important feature of the groundwater resources is their restrictive role in human settlement. From this point of view, a distlnction is made between the part played by groundwater resources within zones at present inhabited (as a Iimiting or controlling factor populatlon density) and the part such resources could play in areas it is wished to reoccupy or colonize (control of the structure of human settlement, the sizes of and distances between villages, and, indirectly,' the areas that can be developed for agriculture). The extent to which groundwater resources could limit the population of zones now empty is a difficult question to answer now as most zones proposed for development are valleys with fairly large surface water resources. 151. Before presenting a separate analysis of the data on groundwater resources in inhabited and uninhabited zones, an attempt is made to list the features that would allow the relationshlp between groundwater resources and population patterns to be inves tl gated.

4.2.L The influence of Rroundwater on oooulation patterns g,52. The overall rate of flow strongly influences village size. In the zone considered, a consumption of 25 litres of water per day per inhabitant and 12 hours daily use of the wells or bore-ho1es are usually taken as the bases for calculation. Under these conditions, an installation with an average overall rate of flow of Annex I-1 page 35

In practice, the r cubic netre an hour could theoretically serve 48o persons. of 5oo - looo capacity wiII vary with the depth of water and, on average, villages an installation derivering 1-2 In chana I inhabitants can be supplied by ^t/no'"' to give it ls considered desirable to dritt one bore-hole for every 3oo inhabitants improved access to water. The rate of flow 153 . Technical charac teristics and cost of installations. lnstallation' depends on the depth of the groundwater horizon, the total depth of the the tectnique used for rarsing water, and whether prelimrnary explorat!'on has been carried out. The followinE tabulation shows the relatlonshrps for'rnd rn Precanbrian formations and granites.

Average depth of Geology Usual rates of flow penetration below and type of the water table ins taI la tion

Less than o.s m3/n 1-2m granite (welIs) o.s - z n3fn approximately lO m granite (bore-holes) and Brrrtmran (wells)

2 - 4.s .3/n approximately 20 m granite (bore-holes) 4.s - s m3/n 30-35m granite and Blrrlmran (bore-hoIes ) 3 Over 9 m '/n 50-7Om Brrrl.mian, Atakor].an and Buem (bore-holes

The gneiss found in Dahomey behaves in a different manner, and wells 15 m deep in Dahoney seem to be more productive than bore-holes 45 m deep in Ghana. As far as other formations are concerned, results show that bore-holes are more suitable than wells if the rate of flOw required exceeds a few cubic metres an hour.

154. Results show that a well with onty I metre of water at the start of pumping cannot deliver more than IOOO litres an hour when working continuously (or 2OOO litres an hour working t2 hours a day)l for 8 months, i.€.' the length of the dry season, even allowing for optimum permeability (3 x 1o-5 m/s), while it can deliver -6- t over 5OO lltres an hour with minimum permeabil ity (2 x 1O m/s) if there are 10 metres of water at the start.

lSS. Finally, to ensure that installations achieve a given rate of flow' the depth of penetration into the aqulfer below the lowest level of the water table must be increased as the permeability of the ground decreases. This depth of I The replenishment of reserves during the 12 hour shut-down soon comes to have a negligible effect. Annex I- page 36 penetratlon may be set at approximately IO m for wells intended to deliver 1 - 2 ,n3 per hour under the most usual conditions of permeability. Bore-holes are better than wells when the permeability is low. ? l56. Investment costs vary enormously depending on whether the work is done under State supervision or by private firms and the extent to which the work can be standardized. Basic costs for bore-holes and wells, not taking into account preliminary exptoration or of failures, are approximately as follows (per mean linear metre aII-in): (I) wells dug with volunteer labour (Upper Volta) US$ 8O-12O (2) wells dug under state supervision (Ivory Coast) us$ 160 (3) bore-holes dritled under State supervision (Chana) US$ 4O-8O (l) bore-holes drilled by private firms (French-speaking states) US$ I8O-22O (5) wells dug by private firms US$ 24O-28O

Thus, apparently, in two different geological zones (e.g., granite and schists)l the cost of obtaining a given rate of flow will be quite different and the local authoritles may or may not be required to give assistance in providing the technical skrlls needed. per looo 15? . Drstances between installations or number of installations River r nhabr tants On the map (Fig. I-1.26) of groundwater resources the Volta basrn area has been roughly subdivided into zones with similar groundwater resources. This map shows zones in which the probability of successful drilling (or well- diggrng) is limrted, and where a choice will have to be made between rate of flow (characteristrcs of the installation, depth' etc.) and number (and hence distance apart). This may be a fairly important controlling factor in hLrman settlement' Choosing between rate of ftow and number of sources or distance apart is really the same as choosing between a grouped or scattered type of settLement. The combination of these three characteristics will determine the type of water supply and this wrI1, in its turn, govern the settlement patterrl. r5g. rn an area as extensive as the volta River Basin, fulr scare intervention by the public authorities would be difficult. The area supplied by ordinary wells is bound to be large but the use of ordinary wells implies a low rate of flow, a low rate of flow implies a prollferation of weL}s, which in turn often teads to scattered

I Source Etude compa rative des avantaqes Dectifs de Duits et forage s dans sre a substratum Iin drAfri del . Bulletin de Liaison du Comit6 interafricain drEtudes Hydrauliques, No. 8, February 1972. Annex I-I page 3? settlement and thus a complex and expensive system of roads, sanitation, schools, etc. A choice must thus be made between immediate investment in water supplies or a much greater investment spread over a longer period in infrastructures and facilities. 4.2.2 The role of ter resources in zones at occupied

159. As population density is increased, the structure of the habitat is affected. Population growth 1n the Kaya and Kongoussi regions of Upper Volta could, for example, be accomplished by: (1) increasing the population of existing vilLages; (2) populating empty areas lying between the zones at present occupied.

160. The relative magnitudes of the two possible devetopments will determine the degree to which setttement will be grouped or scattered. In such population movements, which are almost entirely spontaneous, the size of the groundwater resources and the method of extracting water will be very important. An attempt has been made on the map of groundwater resources to distinguish similar Broundwater zones according to their tendency to give rise to (to varying degrees) a given type of settlement (grouped or scattered). tn zones where groundwater is plentiful but at a Brear depth, and where drilling is difficult, there wiLl be a tendency to solve the probtem by providing one large installation to serve a major village. ln zones where the groundwater is nearer the surface with an average to low rate of fLow and digging is not difficult, wells dug by traditional methods will be usual and will probably give rise to scattered settlement. 16l. Groundwater resources may also set an absolute limit (at a given standard of living) to the increase in population density. The linit will depend on the total flow of water available in the region and to the changing needs for water of the population.settling th6re. It is not possible at present to detemine the limit to population density for each zone as the total flow of water is unknown.

162. On the assr-unption that total resources are adequate,l hyd"ogeologicaL zones are classified according to the degree of difficulty of extracting groundwater from them, this characteristic belng expressed as the probable cost of providing groundwater to meet the annual demographi. i.r.""."e.2 The following method was used: I ' A hypothesis that has by no means been confinned' 2 so that an economic comparison may be made between the hypothesis of no plateaux onchocerciasis control associated with demographic growth confined to the and that of an onchocerciasis control campaign with the possibility of repopulating the valleys. Annex I-1 page 38

(I) to determine for each hydrogeological zone the cost of providlng ground- water supplies for every IOOO new inhabitants. (2) to determine demographic growth by occupied zone and hydrogeological zone, by means of superposing maps of occupied zones, hydrogeological zones and growth rates. (3) to determine the total annual cost of providing groundwater supplies for each occupied zone.

163. Obviously, this procedure does not give an absolute quantitative value, but provides a means of comparing hydrogeological zones. It is also important to note that this method of classifying the difficulty of providing water supplies takes no account of surface water. In order to take surface water into consideration, each hydrogeological zone is given a coefficient according to the density of the permanent watercourse network.

164. A third important point is that groundwater resources and the difficulty of tapping them vary enormously over very short distances. The overall classification thus reflects the most probable situation. The distance between a well and the poputation it serves is too small (O-3 lsn) to be taken into account on the scale of the survey (1:5OO OOO). Adjustment between the location of the population and the tocation of the installation itself is therefore not an operative factor.

165. Lastly, the classification of hydrogeological zones according to their capacity to accept demographic growth makes no allowance for the extent to which present water requirements are met. For greater accuracy, therefore, a classification should take as its starting point the present hydrogeological surplus or deficit of the zone. Unfortunately, this preliminary assessment could not be made during the study, and it should therefore'be included in the survey of surface water resources to be nade as part of the prefeasibility studies. However, some comments can be made on the basis of a study of the prelininary map of groundwater resources for the programme area (Fig. t-l.26).

166. As far as morpho!.ogy is concerned, occupation of the Volta River region is at present confined principally to the plateau zones. The hydrogeological characteristics of these zones are not particularly favourable because of the great depth of the groundwater and the type of instalLation required, and the total water resources. Assuming that there is no onchocerci.asis control, the population density of these zones will inevitably rise and the cost of providinB water supplies for the demographic increase would rise exponentially since water resources are limited. Ttre Onchocerciasis Control Programne wouLd, on the other hand, facilitate Annex I-1 page 39

at lower access to surface waters, allow bore-holes to be drilled in the valleys future' cost, and would push the limit to total water resources far into the for 4.2.3 The role of groundwa ter resources in uninhabi ted zones schedu led develoDment question 16?. It has atready been mentioned that in the valleys the ground*afet soil' does not really place any limit to the population-supporting capacity of the on the other hand, as far as induced (arranged or planned) human settlement is invoLved, at least in the early stages, it is important to analyse how the depth of the groundwater resources and the difficulty of tapping them may modify the structure of the settlement.

168. Such an analysis must be based on the settlement structure implied by the types of farm proposed, and corrected to allow for the difficulty of extracting groundwater. 169. prefeasibility studies for all developnent operations witt be conclusive in determining the basic data for a regional framework; namely, farm slze, vrllage size, and theoretical tocation and distance apart of villages. These basic data will have to be adjusted to the practical conditions of settlement, among which the possibility of using groundwater resources is of particular importance. Supposing the population-supporting capacity of the soil decreases as away from the bottom of the valley; then the heavy hydromorphic soils on river banks, which are suitabre for intensive farming (market gardening' rice growing) and consequentry support smal1 farms with equal incomes, could become the sites of larger villages without unduly increasing the distance between settleEent and fatm. Further out' on the sides of the valleys, where the deep soil and still level land is suitable for industrial crops such as cotton, farms would be larger. T'tle opportunity for grouping the population would therefore be reduced and this trend will continue progressively up to the plateau land, which is poorer and less well watered and suitable for extensive fanring, requiring a larger area to produce a given income. Here the possibilities for grouping population are even smaller, and it is a zone of scattered settlement. I?O. This geographical structure of the habitat is superimposed on a subsoit that may or may not be adapted to the planned use of the land. Large population groups on river banks can nearly always be supplied by surface water but the decrease in viltage size that is observed on moving up towards the plateau may not be accompanied by adequate groundwater resources, particularly as increased dispersal of the settlement creates a need for a large secondary centre as a site for the area facilities. Annex I-1 page {O

17f. This will, for example, be the problem posed by development of the right bank of the Bandama, which, being on crystalline rock (zone 6 on the map), can produce only a low rate of flow: O.25 .t .n hour for wells and O.5-1 m3 an hour for bore-holes penetrating lO metres below the water table. TYrese rates of flow correspond to the water supplies for viltages of L2Or 24O, and 48O inhabitants, l. respectively. Up to what point villages of these sizes will be adapted to the t agrrcultural structure proposed for the development of the Bandama vaIley, and how various methods of drilling might increase the output of water and to what timit, are questions that must be answered if this zone is to be developed.

3 THE SECONDARY SECTOR

5 1 Handicrafts and a tural industries L72. The present or ptanned sites for industries processing agricultural products are shovn on Fig. I-1.27 (map of industries and handicrafts). The size of the symbol representing an industry rs, wherever possible, proportional to the number of jobs created by the industry. Although the analysis takes only direct employ- ment rnto account and does not consider the level of remuneration in comparison with the agrlcultural income of the zone or refer to secondary employment or population, it may be stated that, apart from major industries (sugar at Banfora and Ferkess6dougou; kenaf at Ferkess6dougou; cotton spinning at Bobo-Dioutasso), the processlng of agrtcultural products does not greatly increase the population- supporting capacity of the soil.

173. On the other hand, handicrafts provide a source of employment and income for a much greater number of people but it is very difficult to estimate the number on account of the lack of exact data. The methodology for making such estimates at a later stage must take account not only of the number of persons occupied in this activity but also the proportion of their income they derive from it.

L74. We etress here only the reLative importance of handicrafts in comparison with the processing of agriculturat products and point out the possible interaction between handicrafts used for artistic purposes and those made for utiLitarian purposes. The market that artistic handicrafts finds among foreigners is an lmportant source of income for the craftsmen but leads to a very considerable increase in the cost of Iabour. Consequently, a shift occurs from utilitarian handicrafts towards artistic handicrafts. The replacement of local handicrafts by imported industrial products'

t1 t1 th" probable event of a restricted nr-unber of wells onLy being feasible as a result of the small size and llnited capacity of water pockets. Annex -1 page 41

income even when the ratter are cheaper, causes a very great drain of agricuLtural of the soil' The to$/ards the town and decreases the population-supporting capacity settlenent' proportion spent by the region on imported industriat products, in the Nevertheless' the for example, is already very large and is tending to increase' a great many of raw naterials (,nood, earth) and locat skilled labour would atlow these imported products to be replaced by local goods' artistic t?5. Only a reorganization of the international market for African sufficiently handicrafts wirr allow prices to be lowered and inComes supplemented The for centres to be set up for the production of utilitarian handicrafts' ruralhabitatistheplacewheretheartistichandicrafttechniquesmightbeginto straw plaiting' be applied to the production of utiLitarian goods. woodworking, ironworking,pottery,weaving,etc.,aretechniquesthatcouldperfectlywellbe used. craft goods L76. Ttris opportunity for regional saving through the use of local obviousLy differ according may have various consequences, and the situation will in the Ivory coast' to the region. ln the densely populated region of Korhogo developed and agricul- for exanple, where handicrafts have been fairly extensively acquire a certain tural developnent schemes (rice and cotton) are beginning to of utilitarian importance, conditions are quite favourable for the introduction although some handicrafts. In northern Togo and DahoneYr oll the other hand' supplement to crafts are practised the narket is not large. Nevertheless, a agriculturaL incomes will soon be necessary' to supptement its L77. The region of s6gou and Mopti in lirali, which also needs for the artistic handi- agricultural income, produces goods of a very high standard too low in reLation to the craft market. Unfortunately' this income supplenent is incone from artistic size of the population, and an effort must be made to channeL handicraftstowardsthedevelopmentofutilitarianhandicrafts.

5.2 1?S.withtheexceptionoftheagriculturatproductprocessingindustries studied in detaiL mentioned in the preceding section and the few mining industries the volta basin area is in the section dealing with the resources of the subsoil ' notwellsuitedtotheintroductionofindustriesonaregionalscale. I?g.ontheotherhand,inviewoftheprovisionalfigureforthesoil-population the region might find ratio and the likely demographic trends, some zones within itdifficulttomakeuptheirdeficitifsignlficantnon.agriculturalresourcesare Annex I-l page 42 not found by some future time. This appLies to the countries lying entirely in the savanna zone, in particular Upper Volta and Niger. Their distance from the coast and the poverty of their soils will atways keep the primary sector from financing the growth of the economy, but the transition from an economic structure based on subsistence agriculture to a certain degree of industrialization is obviously an extremely difficult problem to solve. 18O. In the section dealing with the resources of the subsoil it has already shown how external investment must be followed by a dispersion of income and expenditure throughout the region, and indicated that these additionat resources must be used as far as possible within the region. In this respect, handicrafts and minor industry may show a well-defined trend. This ls the case in the buildinB construction, for example, which in many zones such as the north of the Ivory Coast, part of tttali and the large towns rn Upper Volta, is beginning to move from the handicraft stage to that of a minor industry.

181. If an analysis is made in these regions of trends in the financing of building construction in the rural settlement areas, the purchase of local products and the use of local labour, even when unpaid, are declining, while the purchase of imported products or use of non-regional labour are increasing. An example is the use of cement rather than "banko" for building huts and roofing with corrugated iron instead of thatch. Only the voluntary arrest of the draln of income caused by this kind of consumption will a1low a small investment capacity to be built up capable of promoting the transition from the present handicraft stage to minor industry. ltris should be one element of a policy to run the region as an economic unit within a regional framework as discussed in section 8. Ttre goods produced in this way will also benefit from low labour costs and will be better able to support transport costs to the coast.

6. THE TERTIARY SECTOR

182. The commercial structure of the Volta River basin region varies from one country to another. Trade and administration provide most of the non-agricultural jobs, but it is advisable to differentiate between administrative jobs, which are not necessarily offered to the regional population and are additional to the regional employment structure, and trade, which creates resources that are integrated into the economic structure of the regions. In calculating the population-supporting capacity of the soil, therefore, the amount of administrative employment can be obtained from the administrative lists and an estimate of the jobs resulting from the administration can be made in the same way as that for Annex I-1 page 43

labour jobs connected 1|/ith the installation of a mininB industry that recruits its force outslde the region. The contribution of the administration to the population-supporting capacity of the soil is therefore limited to these two elements. I83. on the other hand, commerce is a sector that is much more difficult to analyse. Fron the point of view of the population-supporting capacity of the soil it can be considered merely as a group of secondary jobs, created mainly by agricultural activity but also by other basic forms of employment; €.$o, adnini- stration, industry, and handicrafts. It must be added that most merchants are both artisans and farmers, so that the part of their income derived from commercial activities alone is unknown and difficult to assess.

Ig4. Ttre only possible method of calculating the contribution that commercial activities make to the population-supporting capacity of the soil would be to separate trade in goods produced by the merchants themselves (agricultural products and handicrafts when the merchant is both a farmer and a craftsman' which is usually the case) from trade in goods produced by others. In the latter role the merchant plays the part of middleman and makes a profit over and above the craftsmanrs income from production. In the first case, contmercial incomes could be integrated into the calculation of the income of the producer, €.8., incomes from agriculture, handlcrafts, etc., but, in the second case there is good reason to consider that the contrlbutory lncome procured by commercial activity increases the population-supportinB capacity of the soil to a proportionate extent. This increase varies in magnitude according to whether trade is carried on at the regional or local level, i.e. whether the buyers form part of the production machinery already included in calculations of the population-supporting capacity of the soil, or the contribution is made to income by buyers who are producers else- where. there can be no question of constructing at this stage a methodology for calculating the contribution made by these two types of tertiary activity to the population-supporting capacity of the soil, in vlew of the extent of such activity in certain parts of the area it would be very useful if a general approach could be worked out in the feasibility studies.

7. MEANS OF DEVELOPME.IT

7.L The infrastructures

7.1 .1 Road infrastructures 185. Fig. I-1.2 (road and rail infrastructures and major facilities) shows the permanent main roads, the permanent and seasonal secondary roads and road Annex I-1 page 41 projects. Neither a list nor a detailed description of the main trunk axes in the road system is given here but only a geographical analysis' i.e., a classifi- cation of the zones according to the quality of their road network. The criteria adopted for the classification are as follows: (1) Technical characteristics (width of road, road above water level) of the trunk roads that cross the zone; (2) the economic role of the zones having links with the zone in question (regional focus, state capital, large markets, places where agricultural structures are located, etc.); (3) the density of the system (length of permanent, seasonal, mai-n, and secondary roads per square kilometre); (4) the road system population ratio, i.e., the length of road (km) to every IOOO inhabitants.

Ig6. The results of this classification have been interpreted according to the type of system, international, national, etc. 7.1.1.1 Ttle int ernational svstem I8?. Trunk roads serving as trade axes between countries are, from the economic viewpoint, much more important than national trade axes. Consequently, the main commercializatlon infrastructures and the facilities comprising the regional framework are found in the aBglomerations of population located along these trunk roads.

fgg. T.he role played by the international road system with respect to the poputation-supporting capacity of the soil can therefore be analysed as follows: (I) creation of non-agricultural jobs: secondary (marginal) and especially tertiary, commercial and administrative, and those in the market and other towns along the route; (2)absorptionaroundthelargepopulationcentresofpartofthedemographic increase, and the creation of disguised urban unemployment; (3)theagBlomerationsalongtheseroutesgenerallyconstitutethesite wheretheregionalcentresofagriculturalextensionworkandsupervisory these centres are also the bodies are established. As a result' and because collectinBpointsforcommercializedagriculturalproduce,theeffectsof supervislonandextensionworkaremoregreaterinthezonesclosetothe internationalroadsystemthaninthemoredistantzones.Inselectingsites foragriculturaldevelopmentoperations'theproximityofaninternational roadSystemisanimportantconsideration,especiallyforproducesuchas Annex I- page 45

cotton and rice that has an organized system of marketing because transport costs are greatly decreased.

189. These effects of the international road system can be observed almost everyrhere, but to varying extents. In the Volta river basin area the Abidian - Bouak6 - Ferkess6dougou - Bobo-Dioulasso - Ouagadougou - Niamey trunk road should be clearly distinguished from the other roads for it camies for the bulk of the traffic between the Sudanese savanna and the coast. The importance of this road is confirmed by the presence along it of agricultural and agro-industrial develop- ment operations such as sugar and kenaf at Ferkess6dougou, sugar at Banfora' and rice at Bobo-Dioulasso. It traverses the largest agglomerations of the zone; namely, Bobo-Dioulasso, Ouagadougou and Niamey, which have a total population of close to 34O OOO and whose rate of increase is about I ' LO%. Ttrese are consequently population centres with a fairly large absorption capacity (apart from their ability to create employment and income). This trunk road is consequently the one that can make the most important contribution to the population-supporting capacity of the soil throughout its length. l9O. Other international trunk roads also form a link between different economic zones: the savanna in the north and the forest and sea in the south, but having a lower traffic density, their power of regional polarization is smaller. They include the road crossing Dahomey from north to south and passing through Malanvllle, Kandi, Bemb6r6k6 and Parakou, the roads traversing Togo and Ghana in the same directlon, and the one running from MaIi passing through Odienn6 towards the port of San P6dro.

Igt. The effect of these trunk roads in creating employment and stimulating agriculture varies quite considerably. In Dahomey, for example, it can be seen by studying the correlatlon between the soil and the yletd of cotton' how the extension and supervisory structures follow the north-south trunk road and how the yields obtained vary accordlng to the distance of the cultivated zones from the road. The route used to bring cattle from the north follows this trunk road, and the possibility of using draught animals for cultivation will be greater there than elsewhere in the country and this stimulus to agriculture could be very important. On the contrary, the road traversing Ghana and passlng through Bolgatanga and Tamal6 serves zones with a lower agricultural potential (see map of the agricultural value of the soll and intensity of cultivation - FAO report), the soil being for the most part overcropped or unusable. This trunk road can have only a slight effect on the population-supporting capacity of the soil, because most of the plans for development and agricultural improvement concern other areas. Annex I-1 page 46

I92. In view of the small compass of the natlonal borders of Togo and the very hilly nature of that country, it is not possible to conment on the effects of this kind that might be produced by the trunk road descendlng from Upper Volta and passing through Dapango, Sansann6, and Lama-Kara because it crosses only the only flat zones that are, or can be, developed in northern Togo. On the other hand, mention should be made here of the trunk road coming from Mali and crossing the Ivory Coast through Odienn6, and which will finally reach the port of San P6dro. The northern part of this road has traditionally been much used by the Malink6 population groups of Mali, who find at Odienn6 and even further on, near Man, a market for trading with the coastal people. At present traffic along this road is light in comparison with traffic on the road passing through Boundiali, and still lighter than that on the Ferkess6dougou road; what trafflc there is consists essentially of cattle from Mali being transported towards Liberia.

193. 1\ro development plans have been made which could radically change the role of this road and the density of traffic it carries; they are the creation at Odienn6 of a large secondary centre and the creation of the port of San P6dro on the coast. f94. Although in the first stages of development of the south-western lvory I Coast (ARSO) the traffic to the port of San P6dro would consist almost entirely of timber from the immediate hinterland, it can be foreseen that, in view of its geographical situation, thls trunk road will tend to absorb part of the traffic proceeding from Mali to the coast. In that event, the development of the agglomerations situated along the road and of the agriculture in the area could advance greatly. The soil along this trunk road in the Ivory Coast is not poorer than that in the northern region as a whole and although the agrlcultural structure is less developed, there can be no doubt that the factor of isolation plays an important ro1e, and the yields per hectare prove this.

195. The displacement towards the west of the coastal foci (San P6dro) might well lead to a similar displacement in traffic density and economic activity in general. In that case, the Odienn6-Man trunk road could become a factor capable of greatly increasing the present population-supporting capacity of the soil it traverses.

I Autorit6 pour lrAm6nagement de la R6gion du Sud-Ouest (South-West Regional Development Authori ty) . Annex I-1 page 47

7.1 .L.2 National road s vstems

196. These ar€, in general, roads linking the administrative centres (at the district or department level) to the international trunk roads, the capital, and to secondary centres; it is difficult, at thie stage to sugBest any unique and clear- cut role for this network in the developnent of the various zones. 19?. In countries such as the Ivory Coast and in the zone included in the Onchocerciasis Control Programe, the trunk roads playing a natlonal role can be regarded as those that run from east to west linking the international roads coming fron the savanna. A typical national road 1s that linking Ferkessddougou, Korhogo' Boundiali, and Odienn6.

I9B. On the other hand, in Upper Volta, apart from the road linking Bati6, Gaoua, Di6bougou, Ouessa, Ldo, P6, and Zabr6, it is difficult to find trunk roads in the national system that play an exclusively national role; they alEost all follow internatlonal routes and suppleEent the systeE previously described. The turntable role played by Upper Volta is clearly evldent here. However, since the national roads radiate fron Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso they act as links between the administrative centres and the regional and state capitals. This network is not yet sufflciently dense to be measured in terms of density per unit area, but consists of corridors whose inportant features continue to be their situation' the distance between the populated centres they connect, and their points of convergence.

199. The course followed by these roads has, as concerns population-supporting capacity, th6 saEe effect, though to a less€r degree, as that of the international road systen; the distance between the secondary centres connected governs the intensity of these effects. On the other hand, at the points of convergence definite foci are created.

2OO. On the basis of these criteria, the territory of Upper Volta might be divided into three characteristi.c zones:

(1) The wes t of Upper Votta (c.f., Fig. I-I.2, road infrastructures) consistlng of a large expanse of land transversed by two per6anent and parallel trunk roads (national highway 3 and national highway 4) separated by a distance of 15O kn, which is too great to create an intermediate netsork and only a system of tracks is to be seen.

(2) The band of terri torv of varving width around the frontier of Ghana and the lvorv Coast. This is bordered by two parallel trunk roads: the international ouagadougou-Bobo-Dioulasso-Ivorycoasttrunkroad,andthenationalP6.I.do-Di6bougou- Gaoua trunk road. Ttlese two roads are linked by highways every 5O or 6O km: Annex I-l page -18

Banfora-Oaoua, Bobo-Dioulasso-Di6bougou, the departmental highway 15 Sabou-I-6o, and Kombissiri-P6. AlthouBh the road network here is closer than in zone 1, the effects on the occupation of the territory, the installation, supervisory and agricultural extension systems and the provision of social and comercial facilities are weak. This can be explained by the excessive disequilibrium between the trunk roads having an intornational role (national highway 1 and national highway 5), and the others.

(3) The remai nder of the terrltorv is served by a radial network around a few centres that are, or could be, regional foci. Ttlese points of convergence are, in order of importance, Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Koudougou, Ouahigouya, Kaya and D6dougou; the limits of their radius of polarization are shown on the map.l

2OI. The zones included in the Onchocerciasis Control Programne in Dahomey, Togo' and Ghana are very poorly served as regards roads, the international systeE previously described beinB almost the only main road system in these countries.

2O2. As regards the technical features of the trunk roads, the Malian part of the study zone is certainly the one with the most advanced road systeE; the Sikasso- S6gou-Bougouni-Banako trunk road is conpletely asphalted, while the road between Bamako-S6gourKoutiala and the frontier of Upper Volta is in very good condition. On the other hand, the secondary system is much less dense than in Upper Volta and the Ivory coast.

Conc I us ions

2O3. A more accurate analysis of the effects that the road system can have on the population-supporting capacity of the soil should form part of the feasibllity studies. The ratio between the outputs from improved and from traditional farming, used in calculating the population-supporting capacity of the soil can be affected by the density of the main and secondary road systems, i.e., by the possibility of a spread of rural extension work. The number of non-agricultural jobs may depend on whether or not agglomerations are favourably situated on an international or a national trunk road. 7.2 Facilities

7 .2.L The methodology for analvsis

2O4. To neasure the effect on the population-supporting capacity of the soil, the same distinction could be made in the section on road i.nfrastructures and facilities

1 c.f., Depret et aI. (1966) Annex I-1 page 49 as that in the section on subsoil resources, i.e.' the infrastructures able to contribute towards the population-supporting capaclty of the soil, either because they tead to the creation of non-agricultural emplolment or because they affect the production process by increasing yields, this is the case of the road infrastruc- tures, for exanple; and those factors that limit settlement (temporary or perma- (various social nent) because of their high cost or installation difficulties facilities, for example). We have already seen how road infrastructures can increaseordecreasethepopulation-supportingcapacityofthesoil. as a brake 2O5. The cost and difficulty of installing social facilities nay act on the spread of a scattered settlenent because settlment structure such as that seen anong the Gourounsis in the tJ('o district of Upper Volta requires facilities to be provided at a large nuEber of places so that their distance fron the population is acceptable. Even when only the minimum nr.tmber of points is so equipped, they serve a population that is too snall in comparison with the cost and the extent of the facilities provided. This applies to the health facilities in the Gourounsi country, for example. Ttrere are never more than 2 5OO persons within a radius of 10 km around each elinic, the average nunber is almost always between 600 and looo. since one nurse can attend to some lOO out-patients daily and this corresponds, according to the Eorbidity rate in the zone in 1965 to a population of nearly 5 OOO, to esure fulI emptolment for the nurse, given the Gourounsi settlement pattern, the radius of action of the clinic would have to be extended to 20 or 3O kn which is quite unreasonable for the provislon of health services. The alternative is to increase the nunb€r of clinics not working at full capacity. 2c,6.Inthecaseofschoolfacilities,onthecontrary'thedangerofunder- utitization rarely occurs because the Einimun size of class (4O-5O pupils) corresponds to a population of 160-2O0 of the present age structure' This is Iess than the population notmally found within a radius of 3 kn around the school' It is rather the muttiplicity of these facilities that nay constitute a threshold for the scattering of the settleEent; the nrnber of teachers available in the area for examP1e.

2O7. The map of infrastructures and facilities shows the rnajor structural facilities, i.e., those that have a field of action going beyond the level of the sub-prefecture district, and reaching the level of the department, subdepartment or region. Annex I-1 page 50

2O8. These facilities are divided into four categories:

(1) social facilities, among which only health and education will be considered,

(2,3) administrative facilities and comtrunications, (4) extension services.

2O9. The sizes of the symbols used on the map is proportional to the population served by the facility, so that facilities of the same, and even of different kinds can be conpared.

2IO. On the basis of the extent to which a centre is equipped with facilities an effort has been made to demarcate its focal zone or field of action. Ttle nain lines of the existing regional framework have thus been outlined. These equipped focal centres and their fietd of action can be regarded as a unit of community life, i.e., the part of the territory within which commercial exchanges and the use of facilities take place.

21I. Exhaustive analysis of the whole Volta River basin area by type of facility is not being attenpted here but a certain type of facility, health for example, is selected and the general nethod of approach is described for the whole Volta River basin area, an analysis being made of the Ouagadougou region by way of an example.

7 .2.2 Analvsis of the health facilities of the Ouagadougou region

212. At the T6ra clinic in Niger, the number of consultatlons per month nay vary. from 15O to 10 OOO according to time of year but the available staff and supply of drugs do not vary to the same extent. In the clinics north of T6ra, on the other hand, which deal with an average of 12OO to 15OO consultations per month, the availability of drugs and staff is the same. A nomadic population cannot adapt itself to rigid facilities and a fair balance should be struck between the fixed part of the facilities (building) and the nobile part (drugs and staff).

2L3. In Togo, the number of consultations per month varies from an average of 600O during the dry season to 42OO during the rainy season.

214. In the north of the lvory Coast (Odienn6) the figures are: ?3OO in the dry season and 34OO in the rainy season. This seasonal variation becomes more marked the more eccentric the location of the facilities with respect to the population.

2L5. How is this peak period reflected in the supply policy? In Upper Volta and on the Mossi plateau there are clinics whose clientele must travel a distance of 26 km (Sapone), whereas others are less than 6 km (Daoghln-Dassouri) away from their fuinex I-1 page 5I noroal clientele. The real population served by the clinic at Pabre north of Ouagadougou is not more than 5OOO inhabitdrts shereas there are 10 2OO inhabitants within the radius of action of the clinic at Bazoul6, although both are provided with the sane resources of staff and drugs.

2L6. The north-west of Ziniar6 district, the extrene west of Kaya district, the southern part of the Kongoussi and Barsalogo district, and the border area between the Zorgho and Kaya districts are zones with few lf any health facilities, whereas in the Kombissiri and Ouagadougou district the fields of action of several clinics overlap. 2LZ. Suitable adaptation of health facilities to populatlon structure could avoid such poor distribution and lead to an increase in effectiveness.

7.2.2.L Analysis of resent needs

2LA. Geographical analysis of the health situation of a region calls for the establishment of a "point" population map, so that the potential clientele can be located and then a morbidity rate per zone should be added to the map. The morbldity rate should be deternined by systenatic surveys on the precise causes of morbidity and mortality, and not by a simple scrutiny of the statistlcs for the number of consultations per disease kept by the clinic adninistration because these data show only needs satisfied and not overall needs.

2L9. Consequently the point population nap should be divided up into zones with a honogeneous morbidity rate by disease and, to start with, on the basis of certain assumptions regarding prevalence, which will be conflrned or not as the surveys advance, for the diseases encountered in the zone. So that the different maps per disease can be combined into a single map, showing the breakdown of the region into zones with the sErrne overatl morbidity rate, a criterion of combination must be used and this should be the average frequency of the consultations nomrally required for each illness. Thus, disease A may call for three consultatlons per oonth and affect LO% of the population, while disease B needs lO consultations per month but affects only 1% of the population. In the conbined map this would produce one zone requiring 3OO consultations per month for IOOO inhabitants for example, while the other would require only lOO consultations per month for IOOO inhahitants. This would amount to the conversion of a localized population map into a map of localized medical needsl

7.2.2.2 {4qlysis of present leeds for services

22O. This kind of analysis can best be made by mapping, on a scale of not less than tfSOO OOO, the existing health facllitles, their present radius of action, and their resources in staff, drugs, and equipment (vehicles, etc.). Annex 1-l page 52 221. The radius of action of each ctinic can be determined by examining the reports of the nurses, which indicate (unfortunately not always) the place of origin of the patients. In countrres such as Upper Volta, Togo, and the lvory Coast, these data are normally entered in the nurses'notebooks but in Niger and Dahomey it was impossible to obtain these data.

222. By demarcating the area served by the facility in question and superimposing the point population map, a rough approximation of the population served by that facility can be obtained. Once the requirements, the number of consultations per month, and the quantity of drugs used in known, the ratio can be established between the number of consultations the clinic can provide and the nunlber of consultations needed by the population within its radius of action' 223. However, the map of health needs is not the same throughout the year. [n needs, some parts of the zone nomadic movements may change the localization of health as in Niger. Elsewhere, temporary migrations (those caused by markets, for example) sometimes lead to very considerable variations in the load on the clinics, according to their distance from the marketr etc. Consequently, health needs are not always are the same, but under8o seasonal and weekly variations. The seasonal variations associated with, for example, movements of cattle to different pastures and variations i.n the intensity of agricultural work. In Togo it has been noticed that during sowinB-time there is a significant drop in the number of patients attending cl inics. by other 224. The weekly variations are caused by daily or weekly movements caused facilitiesr e.8., on market days there will be a heavier load on the vitlage clinics' Clinics grouped with other facilities such as theschool, agricultural cooperative' centres for the collection of agricultural produce, etc., will be attended to an extent varying with the power of attraction ("polarization") of the other facilities' which will depend 225. Different degrees of servicing can therefore be distinguished on resources in staff and drugs in relation to the number of consultations required year by the population within the field of action of the dispensary, the part of the during which these resources are either adequate or inadequate, and finally' the proportion of the population living within a radius of 10 km and that living outside this radius.

226. Using these three criteria, a population map was constructed showing the quality of health service coverage and indicating whether the population is well served, poorly served, or not served at all. Obviously, poor Service may result patients to from either an overload on the clinic or too great a distance for the travel. only by naking a diagnosis of this kind can the principles of a health Annex 1-I page 53 facilities policy be established. The classical option between size and nunber of facilities can be made much clearer in this way.

7 .2.2.3 Disequilibria and possible measures

227. In the Ouagadougou region, for example, and enploying a health geography analy- sis of the kind described above, the following conclusions were reached in 1966. Part of the population only is within the real radius of action of the present clinics- A considerable part of the population is too far away to be able to attend. If instead of the actual radius of the area served a service distance regarded as normal is established then the poorly served population group is stilt greater. In the districts surrounding Ouagadougou, Sapone, Kombissiri, Bouss6 and Ziniar6 alone, approximately 18 OOO persons did not attend a clinic. The number of persons more than lO km away from a clinic was aB high as l8 OOO in the case of the clinic at Sapone and t? OOO for the Brouss6 clinic.

228. Within the zone at present served three types of disequilibrium were noticeable:

(t) An excessive number of clinlcs. tn the south-west of the Ouagadougou district and the north of the Kombissiri and Sapone districts there is very con- siderable overlapping of the areas served by the clinics. A snaller number of clinics with greater capacity (more nurses and more drugs) would avoid unnecessary piped supply, etc. while retaining a reasonable expenditure on buildings and a water ' service radius for the patients and provide, thanks to regrouping, a better service- <2) Inadequate facilities, i.e., an insufficient number of nurses and supply of drugs to satisfy with the requirenents of the zone. Sometimes this disequilibriun is not easily detected because a large part of the population does not attend a clinic. Action should be taken to promote attendance and to increase the facilities.

(3) Partial or complete underemployment . A fairty large number of clinics in the zone have more staff than are needed to deal with the present average work load. On the other hand, beyond the present service radius of these clinics there are populations that are not served. The creation of a nobile health care unit (at Say, Nlger, the nurse makes a round of visits with a medical chest on narket days) could do much to correct this disequllibrium. A typical exa.mple of such a situation is found in the Gourounsi country. 22g, This geographical approach can be used in the analysis and diagnosis of other facilities. The radius of action will vary: 3 km for schoolsr uP to 15 km for markets, 30 km for administrative centres. The frequency of travel wlll also be significant; it may be daily, weekly, or irregular (seeFigs. l-1.29 and' 32). The fuinex t-r page 54 separate analysis of each type of fac1l1ty may indicate a different ideal localization for each of them, and regrouping will then be necessary in order to create a focus of attraction. A precise definition of this concept and those of spacing out i ("6chelonnement") between foci, and of a regional framework will be found in Section 8. 2gO. Facilities attended daily are schools, cooperatives and sports installations; they should be situated not more than 3 or 4 km away from the users. Facilities attended weekly include narkets, administrative services, and clinics, which may serve a population within a radius of some 15 km. Facillties attended irregularly are rural hospitals, large markets, regional administrative services, and stadiums; these have a radius of action of about 30 km.

8 THE CONCEPT OF A REGIONAL FRAME:WORK

8.1 The new resources-population ratio

23I. The population-supporting capacity of the soil was first calculated in Section 3 and served as a basis for the ratio expressed in Figs I-1.6 and I-1.9 (population density per zone actually occupled in inhabit ants/t

232. However, it takes into consideration only the capacity of the soil to provide an lncome (resources). While agreeing that in the present stage of national economies in West Africa the agricultural sector provides most of the overall resources, it Is not reasonable to ignore the potentialities of other sectors for eventually making their contribution.

233. In subsequent sections a rapid review was made of the factors that can modify (by increasing or limiting) the population-supporting capacity of the soil, and an attempt was made to establish or merely to outline the way in which this increase or limitation could be calculated (or assessed). Mines, industry, handicrafts, and tertiary sectors create enployment.

234. The transport infrastructures encouraBe or slow down this process

235. Settlement may be limitecl by available water resources or the need for various facilities. Consequently, a model should be constructed in which initial calculation of the agricultural capacity of the soil would be only one of the components, and would be corrected by applying the other factors. However, all the factors that have been briefly analysed in this study are time-dependent. If this analysis is to be operational it must be made for a time in the future and take the Annex 1-1 page 55 tine factor into consideration. The nodel should be "evoluti've" and should make assumptions regarding the situation at sooe future time on the basis of statistical forecasts, possible policies and actions, and the notivations involved.

236. The various assumptions concerning the occupation of the land with or without the utilization of the valleys, etc., will clarify the significance and the scope of the Onchocerciasis Control Progra.mme and make it possible to plan a strategy for the accompanying development operations. This new resources-population ratio wlIl thus, on the basis of present data and a few assumptions concerning the trend and the precise goal aimed at as regards average incooe per inhabitant, enable the prospects and limits of the improvement of the territory to be estimated, in particular, the general localization of and timetable for new settlements. The following questions must then be answered: what will be the structure of these settlements, and what will be the types of habitation? 8.2 The concept of 4 "pq!e" 237. The possibility of grouping the settlement depends on the size of the farms, and on the size of the groups so formed depends the possibility of providing the various facilities. On the extent and quality of these facilities will depend the size of zone served and the number of clientele; in other words, its "polarization power". This concept of "pole" and "polarized zone" will serve as a basis for organizatlon of the population in line with the overall population-supporting capacity of the soil. Such action could be undertaken either by analysing the existing situation in the zones at present occupied and proposing corrections or adjustnents, or by making a series of trials in the zones to be repopulated or settled.

8 3 The adninistrat ive hierarchv of the centres

238. All centres provided with facilities do not have the same polarizing capacity. A school with one teacher is justified for 2OO inhabitants, a clinic for 5OOO, etc. Facilities attended daily (schools) should be less than 3 km from the users and those attended weekly not more than 10-15 km, etc. The hierarchy of centres with facilities might be as follows: village, village-centre, rural narket town, secondary centre, and, finally, regional capital.

239. Since the village is the smallest unit its facilities will be only those that are the strictly essential; namely, a water supply. The village-centre, grouping together a certain number of villages, may be big enough to justify daily attendance facilities, a school, for example, provided it is not more than 3 km from the individual villages. It could also serve as a starting out centre for various Annex 1-1 page 56 mobile facilities such as health tearns, cotton and groundnut collection rounds, etc.

24O. The rural market town would be the centre of polarization for several village- centres, providing a big enough clientele to justify weekly facilities: a health post or the agricultural cooperative. Extension workers could be stationed in the market towns and the area sales or distrlbution points for agricultural materials (fertilizers), mai.ntenance services, small markets, etc., could also be sited there. 24L. Apart from its adninistrative role, the secondary centre, equivalent of the main town of the district, would be, if this were justified, the place for installing the first link in the agrlculturalprocessingchain (husking rice and groundnuts, ginning cotton, etc.) and the market for selling manufactured products in general.

242. The regional capital, the administrative and commercial tertiary centre, would be the site for the installation of major facilities (secondary schools and small hospitals, the centre of the rural development sector, an agricultural credit bank, etc. ) .

8.4 The regional framework

243. It is evldent that the scheme described above cannot be regarded as a norm, since the distance, size and quality of the facilities, and the composition of the poles of attraction are governed by many physical, economic and social factors. A critical analysis of the existing regional framework can be based only on the concept of coverage and service, for the previous chapters show that the harmoni- zation of the different requirements is necessary to ensure maximum satisfaction of the various needs. Perfect health coverage may not be consistent with perfect rural extensron work coverage and compromise may be called for. Moreover, the provision of certain facilities such as traditional markets is spontaneous. A new compromise should be sought in order to group these facilities together and form a market town and thus avoid the frequent travel that their dispersion would entail. In dealing with an actual situati.on, an analysis of the disequitibria made with a view to correctinB them must consider the functioning and adaptation of the existing hierarchies and their localization on the population map, which is the final indica- tion of where needs exist.

9. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES I

I 244. The feasibility studies should include the collection and analysis of the I basic data necessary to produce well thought out plans for the economic development I and improvement of the territory. The main aspects to be studied from the geographi- cal point of view are briefly as follows. I I i I Annex 1-1 page 57

9.1 Demographic stuqlieq 245. The results of these studies are entered on point population maps on the scale of f/SOO OOO (in several sheets) for the whole Volta River basin area. A preliminary study of the size of the points best adapted for expressing dispersed habitat and the acceptable limits of error in localization should be submitted for preliminary approval by the Executing Agency. The ethnic groups should also be specified in the point population map. There should be a study of migratory movements including points of departure, extent and frequency of migrations, itineraries, intermediate halts,.points of arrival, motivations, return movements and their motivations, trends in migration. 246. Studies of the population growth rates should be made by zone with the same growth rate, statisticat analysis, and field surveys. A determination of the previous trends of these growth rates and forecasts of future trends should be based on economic, social, and political considerations. These analyses should be used to produce hypotheses concerning the future population map (determination of the probable population at a given time in the future).

247. A map of the active population by sector of activity (especially agricultural) and by zone with the same ratio of active to total population should be made. Maps of the growth rate of the active population by sector and by zone with the same growth rate are needed, and also a map of the future active population (in a specified year)r by zone with the same active population ratio, which assumes the determination for the given year of the future active total population. 9.2 Physical studies

248. Maps should be made of the agricultural value of the soil on a scale of \/SOO OOO (in several sheets) including the present situation and future forecasts. AIso needed are maps showing the present population-supporting capacity of the soil, a map of water resources (L/5@ OOO), shown in the form of limits on the population- supporting capacity of the soil, and a map of mi.neral resources expressed as contribution to the population-supporting capacity of the soil.

9.3 Economic geogr aphy studies

24g. Maps of industries and handicrafts, expressed as contribution to the population-supporting capacity of the soil (employment created, secondary employment, secondary population) on a scale of tfSOO OOO should be constructed. Other maps needed are a connercial activities map, showing facilities (localization, radius of action) and associated activities (secondary enployment and secondary population); anr Annex l-1 page 58

administrative map, showing facilities (localization, radius of action) and associa- ted activitles (secondary employnEnt, the associated population); a nap showing road infrastructures (zones served, areas not served), effects on the population- supporting capacity of the soil (increase in yields, employment in transport); maps of facilities: actual radius of action; population served; diagnosis of effectiveness, corrections to the present structure. 9.4 Overall geographical studies

25o. From the data in the corrected population-supporting capacity map and different forecasts about the future population-supporting capacity map, an overall geographical analysis should be made. This would include a critical graphical analysis of the present regional framework and the preparation for submission of improvement proposals and schemes for each zone of the development project, in the first place and, at a later stage, possibly for the different countries or even for the Volta River Basin as a whole.

a Annex 1-1 page 59

10. REFERENCES programme area tO. I Documen ts covering more than one count rvint he

ANOtItfttOUS, Barragesur la Volta Noire i Koulbi, mimeographed document, 16 pp., I map'

AI{ONYMOUS (CtEH) (19?I)Programme d'6tudes du Comlt6 interafricain d'Etudes Hydrau- liques pou r les ann6es l97I-1972, BuIl Liaison Comit6 interafr. Et. Hvdraul iques

5, 2(''I-^23 ANot'[YlloUS (CIEH) (1972) Etude comparatrve des avantages respectifs des puits et forages dans les r6gions i substratum cristallin de t'Afrique de l'ouest, BuIl. Lia i son Comit6 interafr Et. Hyd rauliques , !, 2-lI

AIIOi{YMOUS (FAO) (1969) Report of the conference on the establishment of an agricultural research programme on an ecotogical basis in Africa, Sudanian Zone, mimeographed document FAO, ESRzCAa/7L/neport, Rome, 293 pp., I map

AttONyMOUS (FAO) (19?2) Report on the FAO conference on the establishment of cooperative agricultural research programmes between countries with simllar ecological conditions in Africa, Cuinean Zone, mimeographed docuEent, FAO, ESR:CeLfn Report' Rome, 293 PP., I map AIIOI.I\,I|OUS (FED) (1969) Avenant N" I a la convention de financement N' 36O/HV/Ct/W entre la Communaut6 Economique Europ6enne et les R6publiques de Haute-Volta, de COte d'Ivoire et du MaIi, mimeographed documentrCEE/FED, Brussels, 8 pp.

Al.IOt{yltOUS (ORSTOM) (19?O) Monographie hydrologique du bassin du Niger, f irst part : Le Niger sup6rieur et te Bani, 1?? pp., 5 p1., 4 maps; second part : [a cuvette lacustre, 2oo pp., 1 pl., 5 maps; third part : I,e Niger moyen' 159 pp., 2 pI.; mlmeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etranglres, Paris

AI.TONYMOUS(SHrlA) (196?) Etudedes facteurs de succds des forages d'eau en r6gion cristalline, mimeographed document2 BRGM, Paris, 3? pp., I8 frgs.

ATIONYMOUS (SMUH BCEOM) (1966) Etudedes liaisons inter-Etats en Afrique de I'ouest. Rapport pr6liminaire, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires

Etrangares charg6 de Ia Coop6ration, Paris, 218 pp. Annex Maps 3 ? sheets f/S OOO OOO (gisements mln6raux - cultures et 6levage - courants d'6changes - industries - densit6s de population) - Liaisons inter-Etats (1:2 5OO OOo).

ANONIMoUS (UNICEF) (1972) Conf6rencede Lom6 : enfance, jeunesse, femmes et plans de d6veloppement. Cameroun, C6te d'Ivoire, Gabon, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Tchad,

Togo, IINICEF 6d., 143 PP. BANA, T. & RICHET, P. (f969) Rapport de mission m6dicale dans les Etats de I'Entente, du 1I mai au 2? juin 1969, mimeograph6d documentlOCCGE, Bobo-Dioulasso, 2O2 pp.,

3 pl., I map Annex 1-l page 60

BISCALDI, R. (19? ) Etude statisti.que des forages et carte hydrog6ologique des r6gions i substratum druptrf et m6tamorphrque en Afrique occidentale, mimeographed documentpRGM, Paris, IO9 pp., 35 fig., 2 maps I:2 OOO OOO + 84 pp. (Annex I :

tabl es ) BOUR, F. (I97?) Prospection des sols et d6finition des aptitudes culturales, m6thodes et modes d'intervention de I'IRAT, mimeographed document, IRAT, Paris, 1O pp. CIIARLES, L. J. <1972 ) Onchocercrasis control project In the Volta river basin area. Existing health programmes and infrastructure in the seven countries concerned and possible future plans in the health field which would adequately take account of the imminent campaign, mlmeographed document, WHO, Brazzaville, lO pp. COLOMBANI, J. (f966) Premiers r6sultats des mesures de qualit6 des eaux au Togo et au Dahomey. Contribution A Ia m6thodotogie des mesures syst6matiques des d6bits solides en suspension, mimeographed documentl ORSTOM, [.om6, 35 pp., 3I fig. IIAMANI, D., TRAORE, M., LAMIZANA, S. & OUEDRAOCO, C. K. <]-972) Conf6rence des Chefs d'Etat et de Gouvernement de l'Autorit6 du Liptako-Courma et r6solutions I i 5fZZ,/CO6f16, mimeographed document, Autorit6 du Liptako-Gourma, Ouagadougou, 14 pp. JENNESS, J. (1969) (1972) Reservorr resettlement in Africa, mimeographed documentrFAO, clrf ay,rmh/SSo, Rome, 20 pp.

LACROUTS, M. (1969) Probldmes de la commercialisatl.on du b6tail en Afrique, Rev. Elev. 22, 127-L44 LACROUTS, M., SARNIGUET, J. & TYC, I. (19 ) Approvisionnement en viandes de l'Afrique centre ouest, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etranglres charg6 de la Coop6ration, Paris. MOREL, P. C.

ANOI{YMOUS (CFm) (19?;) Projet de d6veloppement agricole et cotonnier, 19?1-19?4. Sous-projet Borgou, mimeographed document, Ministdre du D6veloppenent Rura1 et de Ia Coop6ration, Cotonou, 135 PP.

ANONYMOUS (Dahomey) (1969) United Nations Development Programme (Special Fund) Officiat request from the Oovernment of Dahomey for assistance in a progranme Annex I-1 page 61

of agrlcultural and artlsanal development in theNortheasternRegion, mineographed

document, UNDP, oplsr/sro DAH 10. 8 pp.

AI.IOlfinilOUS (Dahoney) (1969) Annuaire statistique du Dahomey N" 3, 1969, mimeographed document, Ministdre de I'Economie et du PIan, 353 pp., 3 maps

ANOI.rylrOUS (Dahomey) (19?o) D6veloppement de l',utilisation des eaux souterraines. Hydrog6ologie, mimeographed documentrFAO, Rome, AGL:SF/DAH 3, Rapport technique I

AI.IONTmOUS (Dahomey) (r9?o ou 19?1?) Demande d'aide i la communaut6 Econonique Euro- p6enne pour faire face i la situation exceptionnelle cr66e par Ie d6ficit pluviom6trique et Ia mauvaise r6partition des pluies dans le d6partement de I'Atacora, mimeographed document, 24 pp.

ANOUYIiOUS (Dahomey) (r9?1) D6veloppement de lrutilisation des eaux souterraines- Agro-6conomie, mimeographed documentlFAO, Rome, ICL:Sf/DAH 3, Rapport technique 5

ANOI{YiTiOUS (Dahomey) (19?I) R6publique du Dahomey. Statistiques scolaires 1969-lg7}f I9?O-19?I, mimeographed document, Mlnistbre de 1'Education Nationale, de 1a Culture, de ta Jeunesse et des Sports, Porto-Novo, 154 pp' d6ve- ANONYIvIOUS (Dahomey) (I9?1) R6publlque du Dahomey. Plan national int6rimaire de ' loppement 6cono6ique et social lgTI-Ig72, mimeographed document, Ministlre de l'Economie et du Plan' Cotonou, 353 pp. ANottyMous (Dahomey) (Ig72) Programmation par pays. Assistance demand6e au Programme des Nations Unies pour le D6veloppenent par Ie Gouvernement Dahom6en pour Ia p6riode 19?3-19?6, mimeographed docunent, Cotonou, 72 pp'

AI{ON}mOUS (Dahoney) (19?2) compte rendu des r6alisations de la campagne agricole LgTL-1g72. Op6ration de d6veloppement int6gr6 du Borgou, mimeographed docunent' Parakou , roofMBfALG., 84 PP. 2 maPs Proiet ANOIIImOUS, (Dahomey) (Lg72) Programme des Nations unies pour le D6veloppement- du Gouvernement du Dahomey. Petite hydraulique rurale pour cultures irrigu6es, mimeographed document, Cotonou, I6 pp. (puits ANOI{YMOUS (FED) (19?2) programme de puits FED 1962-1965 et 1965-1972, Dahomey et barrages), maps lfSoo ooo, 2 sheets, Cotonou

ANONYMOUS (SMUH) (1g?o) Fiches clinatologiques i l'usage des architectes' urbanistes et am6nageurs, Dahomey, 6 pp. 3 maps,24 figs.. secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etranglres, Paris

CAMUS, H., COIOMBAI.II, J. & TOIRNE, M. (1967) Annuaire hydrologique du Dahomey. Ann6es 1961-1962-1963-1964-1965, mimeographed documentr oRsroM, cotonou' 131 pp" 37 fig. DAWSON, B. (19?l) Rapport bi-annuel de fin de saison sur Ia culture attelde dans les Sous-pr6fectures de Tangui6ta et de Kouand6, Op6ration Atacora, mimeographed document, Ministare du D6veloppement Rural, Natitingou, I5 pp. Annex 1-1 page 62

DLBROEUCQ, D. (f969) Carte p6dologique de reconnaissance au tfZOO OOOe du Dahomey - FeuilIeParakou, mimeographed documentr ORSTOM, Cotonou, 73 pp., 4 flgs., I map FALTRE, P. (19?1) Carte p6dologique de reconnalssance au tfZOO OOO du Dahomey - Feuille Kouand6, mimeographed document, ORSTOM, Cotonou, l8O pp., I fig., I map NEMO, J., CA}I'IRELLE, P. & ROUSSEL, L. (1964) Enqu6te d6mographique au Dahomey, 196I. R6suItats d6finitifs, mimeographed document, MrnistBre de la Coop6ration, Paris, 32o pp. NIEWEI{HuYSE, R. (1971) Dahomey. D6veloppement des eaux souterraines. Agronomie - Etudes de deuxidme phase, mimeographed documentrFAO, Rome, AGL:Sf/OeH 3, Rapport technique 3, 87 pp., 3 figs., I map SOGLO, C. (1966) Plan de d6veloppement dconomique et social 1966-1970, R6publique du Dahomey, Pr6sidence de Ia R6publique, Cotonou, 435 pp., I fig., 15 maps VAN HECK, B. (f972) Dahomey. D6veloppement de I'utilisation des eaux souterralnes. Sociologie rurale et facteurs humains, mimeographed document, FAO, Rome, AGL:SF/DAH 3, Rapport technique 4, 5? pp., 3 frgs. VIENNOT, M. (1968) Cartes p6dologiques de reconnaissance au tfZOO OOO du Dahomey - Feuille Dunkassa, mimeographed documentrORSTOM, Cotonou, 64 pp., 3 frgs., 1 map VIENNOT, M. (1969) Carte p6dologrque de reconnaissance du Dahomey au f/ZOO OOO - Feuille Bimb6r6k6, mimeographed documentrORSTOM, Cotonou, 69 pp., 3 frgs., 1 map VIENNOT, M. (f969) Carte p6dologique de reconnaissance au tfZOO OOO du Dahomey - Feuille TanBui6ta, mimeographed document,ORSTOM, Cotonou, ?2 pp., 2 frgs., I map 1O.3 Documents on Ghana ANOt{YtvlOUS(FAO)(196?)Ghana.Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regtons. Final report. Vol. III. SoiI surveys, mimeographed document, FAo/Sf:3f/Oue, FAO, Rome, 12O pP., 5 diagrams, 8 maPs

ANOI.IYMOUS (FAO) (196?) Ghana. Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regions. Finat report. Vol. IV. Agronomy and sociology, mimeographed document,FAO/SF:3IfGHA, FAO, Rome, 235 pp., 6 frgs., IO maps ANON]lltlOUS(FAO) (196?)Ghana.Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regions. Final report. Vo1. VI. Economic considerations, mimeographed document, FAO/SF:31/GHA, FAO, Rome, 63 pp.

ANOI\MvIOUS (Ghana) (1971 ) Country and inter-country programming. Ghana. UNDP assistance requested by the Government of Ghana for the period 1972-1976, mimeographed document,I.JNDP, New York, oefccfcna,fa. 1, 98 pp., I map

ANOTIYMOUS (Ghana) (19?1) f97Opopulation census of Ghana. Special report "D". List of Iocalities by local authority with population, number of houses and main source of water supply, Northern and Upper Regions, mimeographed document, Census Office, Accra, 197 pp. Annex 1-1 page 63

of Ghana' Vol tI Statistics of localities AI.IOTIYMOUS (Ghana ) 1972) 19?O population census ' ' 9?1 pp" I map and enumeration areas, printed document, census office, Accra, AI.IoNI,IttoUs(Ghana)(Ig72)ReportonGhanasamplecensusofagriculturel9To.vol.I, Minrstry of Agriculture, Accra, 14O pp" I map posttlon and prospects of Ghana (rn ten AI.IOI{YMOUS (IBRD) (I9?O)The current economlc Africa volumes). Vot. X. Project list, mimeographed documentrIBRD/IDA' Western Department, Washington, 3l PP' AI.IOI'IYMOUS(UNDP)(19?1)CountryprogrammeoftheGovernmentofGhana'Notebythe Administrator.programmeperiod1972-19T6,mimeographeddocumentrLNDP,NewYork, oplcc/cHa/n. r /necoumeuonrrolt, 8 pp. Ghana' BEIING, R. R. (19?1) Evolution of administrative boundarres of Northern I898-1965. University of London, Ph'D' Thesis plannlng for health' BLUM, H. L. et aI. (1969) Health plannrng: Notes on comprehensive comprehensive Health Planning unit, school of Publrc Health, university of California, BerkeleY Press' l'ondon' CHAMBERS, R. (19?O) The Volta resettlement experience, Pall Mall 286 pp. (t'ondon) FORTES, M. (1945) The dynamics of clanship amonB the TaIlensi (London) FORTES, M. (1949) The web of kinship among the Tallensi (19?O) population census of cIL, 8., DE GRAFT-JOHNSON, K. T. & COLECRAFT, E. A. 1960 Ghana. VoI. vI. The post enumeration survey (PES), supplementary enqulry, census Office, Accra,491 PP. T., GIL, 8., DE GRAT'T-JOHNSON, K. T.' ENGMAN, E. V. T., ANNAI'I , H. Y., QUARSHIE' G. ( 1964 A.DDO, A., ANAf.lG, S. A., HALZEL, K. N., JOHNSON, C' S' & A'I{DREWS, E' H' ) 1960 population census of chana. Atlas of populatron characteristics, Survey of Ghana & Census Office, Accra,29 pp., 26 maps l:2 OOO OOO GlL, B., DE GRAFT-JOHNSON, K. T., OFFEI, D. N., BOYE, T. A., A.DDEY, J. K. & HUNIER' J. M. (1962) 1960 population census of Ghana. VoI. II. Statistics of localities and enumeration areas, Census Offrce, Accra, 7O7 pp', I map HAMIDU, B. S. Qg72) An outline of an exploratory social survey for the Mission PAC/WHO, mimeographed document, Tamale, 38 pp. HUNTER, J. M. (1965) Regional patterns of populatlon growth in Ghana, 1948-1960. ln: Essays in Geoqraphy for A Austin Miller, edited by J. B. lvhittow and P. D. Wood, Universlty of Reading, pp. 272-290

HUNTER, J. M. (f966a) Ascertaining population carrying capacity under traditional systems of agriculture in developing countries: note on a method employed in Ghana. Professional Geo r , 18 (3), May, l5I-4 Annex l-I page 64

HUNTER, J. I\1 . (1966b) Rrver blindn ess in Nangodi, Northe,rn Chana: an hypothesis of cy'clrcal advance and retreat. Geographrcal Revtew 56 (3), Ju1y, 398-4I6 HLNTER, J. t\1. (1967a) Populatron pressure in a part of the west Afrrcan savanna a study of Nangodr, Northern Ghana. Annals of the Assoc. of American Geogr aphers , 57 (1), March, tOl-f14 HUI{IER, J. N. (196?b) The socral roots of dispersed settlement 1n Northern Ghana. Annals of the Assoc. of American Geographers, 57 (2), June, 338-349 HUNTER, J. M. (196?c) Seasonal hunger in a part of the west African savanna: a survey of bodyweights in Nangodi, North East Ghana. Trans. Institute British Geographers, No. 4I, June, f67-185 HUI{TER, J. tvl. (1968) The clans of Nangodr: a geographrcal.study of the territorial basis of authorrty in a traditional state of the West African savanna. Africa, 38, 377-412 in Northern Ghana. HUNTER, J. t\,1 . 11972) Oeographical aspects of onchocerciasls control Report of a mtssion, 5 June-4 August 19?2, mimeographed document, Geneva , 72 pp., 2l frgs. NORTEY, p. A. (r9?3) Annex 9. Infrastructural report on the upper Reglon, Ghana, mimeographed document, WHO, Geneva, 58 pp' TANDOH, J. E. (19?O) Republic of Ghana. Economic survey, 1969. Central Bureau of Statrstl.cs, Accra, I43 PP. wILLIAMS, D. (rg?o) The probable economic effects of the eradicatlon of onchocerciasis in Northern and upper Ghana, mimeographed documentrt]llHo, Geneva, t8 pp., 3 maps

10.4 Documents on the IvorY Coast

ANOI.MilOUS (AVB) (197I) L'op6ration Kossou. Pr6sentation g6n6raIe, mimeographed document, Autorit6 pour I'am6nagement de Ia va116e du Bandama, Abidjan, 99 Pp', 3 maps zone ANONYi4OUS (AVB) (19?l) D6veloppement int6gr6 de Ia rdgion Kossou-Bandama, sud-est, mimeographed document, Autorit6 pour I'amdnagement de Ia va116e du Bandama, Abid;an, 168 PP., 7 maPs Am6na- ANol\tyltous (BNETD) (tg72) Autoritd pour 1'am6nagement de ra va116e du Bandama- gement int6gr6 de la zone nord-est de la p6riph6rie du lac. R6flexions pr6li- minaires, mimeographed documentrBNETD, Abidjan, 29 pp' ANoI.MvloUS(IvoryCoast)(19)CartedesPuits,ForagesetconcentrationdesPH' I sheet tfeOO OOO, Ministlre des Travaux Publics, Abidian' Carte des Barrages ou Retenues, I sheet tfeOO OOO, Minist6re des Travaux Publics, Abldjan I' Inven- ANOIrnrcUs (Ivory coast) (1968) Equipement hydraulique de Ia c6te dtlvoire' taire des points d'eau (1968), nimeographed document, Ministdre des Travaux Publics, Abidjan, 37 PP. Annex L-I page 65

AI.Iot{YMoUs(Ivorycoast)(19?o)DeuxidmeesqulsseduPlanquinquennaldeD6velopp€ment I9?l-19?5, Mlnistdre du Plan, Abidjan, 395 pp' sanitaires AIIOI{Y1ilOUS (Ivory Coast) (19?O) R6publique de c6te dtlvolre. statistiques (situation actuelle), mimeographed document, Ministlre de Ia Sant6 Publique et de la PoPulation, 106 PP. document' ANOiIYTTIOUS (Ivory Coast) (I9?O) Statistiques agricoles, mimeographed Ministdre de I'Agriculture, Abidjan, 90 pp', I map et par ANollylrlous (Ivory Coast) (19?O) Population rurale et urbaine par d6partement travail' .sous-pr6fecture. Estimation 1965. Projections 19?O-75-8O. Document de mineographed document, Ministdre du Plan, Abidian, 22 pp' 6conomique, social ANOI{YIIOUS (tvory Coast) (19?I) PIan quinquennat de d6veloppement et culturel 19?1-19?5, MinistBre du PIan, Abidian, 465 pp' mimeographed ANOI{YI'|OUS (Ivory coast) (19?I ) (]-g72) Etude de la ville d'odienn6' document, M6thode & D6veloppeEent, Paris, 123 pp" 13 pl' pour l'assistance du Programme ANONIfIVIOUS (Ivory Coast) (19?t). Programme propos6 des Nations Unies pour Ie D6veloppement, Lg72'19?6, mimeographed document'

Abidian, 51 PP.

ANONYMOUS (Ivory Coast) (19?2) Essai dtestination des revenus agricoles, mimeographed docunent, Ministlre du Plan, Abidian, 40 pp.

ANONYMOUS (Ivory Coast) (L972) Odienn6. Diagnostic et perspectives de d6veloppement, mimeographed document, Ministare du Plan, Abidjan, 147 pp., 4 maps ANONYilOUS (Ivory Coast) (L972) Document de travail pour la pr6paration du programme natlonal de coop6ration technique C6te drlvoire/PNUD, mimeographed document, Abidjan, ?8 pp.

A}.IOI{YMOUS (Ivory Coast) (f9?2) Etude sur la riziculture dans la r6gion nord de la CAte d.Ivoire, mimeographed document, MinistBre de ltAgriculture, Abidjan, 24 pp.

ANONYMOUS (Ivory Coast)

ANONYMOUS (Setec) (1970) Etude des transports en C6te d'Ivoire. Vor. I - Rapport g6n6ra1. PremiBre phase, juillet 1969, 72 pp.; 20 PP., 11 maps. Vol. 2 - Perspec- tives de d6veloppement 6conomique. Prenibre phase, juillet 1969, 260 pp., 19 frgs., mimeographed document, SETEC, Paris & Abidjan, for UNDP and IBRD

ANONI,IT{OUS (SMUH) (197O) Fiches climatologiques }r lrusage des architectes, urbanistes et am6nageurs, C6te d'Ivoire, 6 pp., 3 maps, 28 figs., Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires EtrangBres, Parls Annex 1- page 66

ANOI{YMOUS (SODEMI) (1972) Liste des publications, rapports et notes documentaires diffus6s par SODEMI de juin 1962 e d6cembre 19?l (Nos I d 27O), mi.meographed documentrSODEMI, Abidjan, N" 271, 85 pp. ANOl.IYltilOUS (SODERIZ) (f 971 ) Programme de d6veloppement de la riziculture en C6te d'Ivoire. Am6nagement de la valI6e du Solomougou (Barrage du Solomougou et de Sologo et de Napid). Rapport de pr6sentation (2e 6dition), mimeographed document, Ministlre de lrAgriculture, 31 pp.

ANONYMOUS (Soderiz) (1971) La politique rizicole ivoirienne, 1972-1976. Cartes et tableauz, mimeographed document, MinistEre de I'Agriculture, Abidjan, 94 pp., I map.

AIIOI$fMOUS (SODERIZ) (19?2) La riziculture dans le Nord, SODERIZ, Abidjan, 4 pp.

ANOl.IyllOUS (UNDP) (f9?2) Rapport semestriel du Repr6sentant R6sident sur les petits projets en C6te drlvoire pour la p6riode du ler ianvier au 30 juin 1972, mimeographed document, Abidian, 34 pp.

BOUSQUET, BUFFEL DU VAURE, GORSE, LEMOINE, TROQUEREAU & YEGNAN, T. (1972) Analyse zonale de Ia Prdfecture de Katiola. Tome I. Analyse et annexes, mimeographed documentrBDPA, Paris, 149 pp., 15 maps BOUSQUET, BUFFEL DU VAURE, CORSE, LEMOINE, TROQUEREAU & YEGNAN, T. <1972) Analyse zonale du D6partement de Katiola. Tome II. Diagnostic - objectifs - propositions, mimeographed documentrBDPA, paris, 60 pp. BREMAUD, O. & COUFINHAL, E. (1972) L'6levage bovin dans le nord de la C6te d'Ivoire. Situati.on et tendances actuelles. Possibilrt6s de d6veloppement. Annexes, mimeographed documentrSEDES, paris, lO6 pp CAMUS, H. (1971) Annuaire hydrologique de C6te d'Ivoire (ann6e 19?O), mimeographed document, ORSTOM, Abidjan, 134 pp. COMTE, J. & JACQUOT, P. <19?2) Etude sur les services de la mddecine sociale, mimeographeddocumentrlDET-CEGOS, Puteaux, 60 pp. (NB : in the Ivorv Coast) COI![IE, J. & JACQUOT, P. (f9?2) Etude sur les services de la m6decine sociale. Annexes, mimeographed documentrIDET-CEGOS, Puteaux, 42 pp., I fig. (NB ; 1n the Ivory Coast) FRIDE, 8., LHUILLIER, H. & MICHAUD, P. (fg ) Etude r6gionate de Bouak6, f962-1964. Tome 1. Le peuplement, mimeographed documend, Ministdre du Plan, AbidSan, 239 pp., 29 maps GAULTIER, M., DELPIANO, P., ERWIN-FIELD & PETIT, G. (1968) R6gion Odienn6-S6gu61a.

Tome l. Etude socio-6conomrque, IDET-CEGOS, Paris, 257 pp., I map Id. Tome 3. Annexes, IDET-CEGOS, Paris, 381 pp. Annex 1-I page 67

(1968) R6gion Odienn6-S68u61a' GAULTHIER, M., DELPIAI{O, P., ERWIN FIELD & PETIT, G. Tome2.t,esperspectivesded6veloppeEent,mimeographeddocument'IDET-CEGoS' Puteaux, 72 PP., I maP du territoire autour JOLTRDANNE, A. & MOucHEz, c. Bondoukou, T6hini et Bouna, mimeographed document, BRCM-SODEMI, Abidjan, No 58, 36 PP., 2 maPs MAILLARY, J. C. (1964) Contribution i la carte hydrog6otogique de reconnarssance de la C6te d'Ivorre. Rapport final, mimeographed documentrBRGM-SODEMI, N' 95, 69 pp., 3 maps I/f OOO OOO (Feuitle I : Hydrog6ologie - Feurlle 2 : Princi- paux points d'eau - Feuille 3 : Productivit6s probables en eau souterraine) ROUSSEL, L. (1968) C6te d'Ivoire 1965 - Enploi, Etudes r6gionales 1962-1965 - Synthlse,

Ministlre du Plan, Abidian, 192 PP. STIEMER, D. (1968) Am6nagements hydro-agrrcoles dans Ie Nord de la C6te d'Ivoire, mimeographed documentrSATMACI/FAO, Korhogo, 68 pp. vo-QUAl.IG TRI, HENDERICKX, J. & VAII HECK, B. <1972) Etude de pr6factlbilitd. R6publique de C6te d'Ivoire. Esquisse du pro3et de mise en valeur de la zone Bandama-Bou, typed document, WHO, Paris, I22 pp. ZAI,IONE, L. (196?) Atlas au tfl OOO OOO des gisements et indices min6raux de C6te d'Ivoire, mimeographed document,SODEMI, Abidjan, No 162, 3 pp., 27 maps

10.5 Documents on Mali

Af.IONyttOUS (INSEE) (1964) Enqu6te agricole au Mali, 1960, mimeographed document, MinistBre de ta Coop6ration, Paris, 1O7 pp., 34 figs. Annex 1-I page 68

ANONYMOUS (Mati) (f963) Perspectives d6mographiques du MaIi (estirnation de Ia popu- Iation de 1963 a 1973), mimeographed document, Ministdre du PIan, de t'Equipement et de 1'Industrie, Bamako, 23 pp.

ANOI.IYMOUS (Mali) (1969) Programme "Dr-iveloppement de la production cotonnibre sans irrigation", mimeographed document, Commission PIan Production, Bamako, 50 pp.

ANONYMOUS (MaIi) (I97O) Infrastructure sanitaire du MaIi, 197O, mimeographed docunent, Ministdre de la Sant6, Bamako, 97 pp.

ANOt{YillOUS (Mali) (1970) Rapport sur le proBramme triennal de redressement 6conomique et financier, I97O-I972, mimeographed document, Pr6sidence du Gouvernement, Bamako, 22 pp., 3 maps

ANOTIYMOUS (Mali) (197O) Programme triennal de redressement 6conomique et financier, R6publique du Mali, 1970-1972, Direction G6n6rate du Plan et de la Statistique, Bamako, 251 pp.

ANOI.II,IIiOUS (Mafi) (19?O) Annuaire statistlque 1969 de Ia R6pubtlque du MaIi, mimeo- graphed document, Direction G6n6rale du Plan et de Ia Statistique, Bamako,

I81 PP.

ANOIIYMOUS (Mali) (197f) Comptes 6conomiques du Mali, 1969, mimeographed document, Direction Nationale du Plan et de 1a Statistique, Bamako, 213 pp.

ANOI{YMOUS (Mali) (Ig?t) Rapport de factibilit6 de lrop6ration Riz Mopti, R6sum6, mimeographed document, Ministbre de la Production, Bamako, 24 pp.

ANOI.IYMOUS (Mali) (I9?r) Enfance - Jeunesse, et plan de d6vetoppement, mimeographed document, R6publique du MaIi, Bamako, 258 pp., 4 maps

ANOI{YMOUS (Mali) (I9?1) R6publique du Mali. Rapport de I'enqu6te agricole 1969-197O, mimeographed document, Direction g6n6rale Plan-Statistique, Bamako, I42 pp. ANol{yillous (Mari) (19?1) Demande de financement au Fonds Europ6en de D6veloppernent pour un projet de d6veloppement de Ia riziculture dans Ia r6gion de S6gou. Note de synthdse, mimeographed document, MlnistBre de la Production, Banako, 42 pp.

AI.IOI{YMOUS (Mali) (Ig72) R6publique du MaIi. Evolution des activit6s du secteur 6cono- mique organis6 draprbs les r6sultats des enqu6tes auprBs des entreprises, 1960- l9ZO, mimeographed document, Direction Nationale du PIan et de 1a Statistique,

Bamako, 57 PP. ANOI{YMOUS (tvtali)

AI.IONI{I{OUS (SMUH) (I9?O) Fiches climatologiques } I'usage des architectes, urbanistes et am6nageurs, Mali, 6 pp., 3 maps, 28 figs., Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris Annex 1-1 page 69

DEMBELE, A. (19?1) Carte hydrologique de Ia Rdpublique du Mali, t9?O-f971, L'sheet

1:3 OOO OOO FISHER, M., SERRE, A. & BONJOLR, M. (1969) Bamako, Recensement 1958. Enquate d6mo- graphique 196G61. R6sultats d6finitifs, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, 1O? pp. IACROUTS, M., SARNICUET, J. & TYC, J. (1965) Exploitation du cheptel bovin au MaIi, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etranglres charg6 de la Coop6ration, Paris, 296 pp., 1I pI., 2 maps LE ROLIAI.ID, M. (19?I) Cr6ation d'un berceau de la race N'dama, R6gion de Yanfo1ila (Mali), mimeographed document, Secrdtariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, 2lt pp., 2 maPs N'DIAYE, B. (fg?O) Groupes ethniques au Mali, Editions Populaires, Bamako, 479 pp. N'DIAYE, B. (fg?O) Les castes au MaIi, Editrons Populalres, Bamako, 126 pp. TRAORE, m. (f9?O) Programme triennal de redressement 6conomique et financier, Ig7ULg72. R6publique du Mali, Pr6sidence du Gouvernement, Bamako, 251 pp. 10.6 DocuEents on Niser

ANONIftIOUS (lg?o)Niger, pp.3o3-33O, in M6mento de l',Economie Africaine, special issue of the Bull. Af. N o,.re ANotfifilous (SMUH) (r9?o) Fichesclimatologiques i I'usage des architectes, urbanistes et am6nageurs, Niger, 6 pp., 3 maps, 32 frgs., Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etranglres, Paris

ANONYMOUS (UNDP) (Jg72) office of the united Nations Development Programme in the Republrc of Niger. Report on development assistance: 19?1, mimeographed document, IJNDP, NrameY, 72 PP. CAUSSE,J.,CONSEX\m,C.rNOVAK,M.&MICHAUD,D.(f964)Lesbudgetsfamiliaux africains ir Niamey, 1961-1962, mimeographed document, Ministlre de 1a Coop6ration, Paris, ?5 pp. CHAPERON, p. (19?f) R6publique du Niger. Annuaire hydrologique pour I'ann6e 1970, mimeographed document ORSTOM, Paris, 110 pp. reconnaissance de la vall6e JONCEN, LAREDO, CORTIN & QUEhIO/I| (t965 ou 1966?) Etude de pp., 12 pL., de Goroubi. Rapport, mimeographed document'SoGETIIA, Grenoble, I?5 pp" 3 maps + Annexes : description des profils et bulletins d'analyses, 41 39 sheets; Annexes; Cartes : I feuille tftOo 060 et 2 feuiltes 1/5O 060' reconnaissance p6dologique et carte d'aptitude culturale des sols 2ame fascicule' TOLRE SEKOU & PROKHOROFF, M. (1963) Etude d6mographique au Niger' document, Ministere Donn6es individuelles. R6suttats d6finitlfs, mimeographed de Ia CooP6ration, Paris, 88 PP' Annex 1-1 page 70

TCHELLE & CHAMORIN, L. (1967) Rapport sur l'activit6 et les r6sultats obtenus par I'OMNES durant la 4Bme campagne : Ier octobre 1966 au 3O septembre 1967, mimeographed document, Ministdre de la Sant6 et des Affaires Sociales, Nramey, 99 pp., I map TCHELLE & CHAMORIN, L. (1967) Rapport sur 1'actlvit6 et les r6sultats obtenus par I'OMNES durant la troisidme campagne, ler octobre 1965-3O septembre 1966, mimeographed document, MrnistBre de Ia Santd et des Affaires Sociales, Ntamey, 64 pp. MARCINIAI(, L. (I97o) Enqu6te agricole au Niger, mimeographed document, Secrdtarrat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, paris, 199 pp. MAHRHOLZ, lrll. (1971) Evaluation de la mrn6ralisation de molybdEne du proJet de sondage de Kourki et d'autres terrains de prospection des concessions du pNLJD dans la r6gion du Liptako, R6publique du Niger, mimeographed document, Service des Mrnes et de la G6ologie, Niamey, 32 pp., 2 tables, I map t/,iOOO 10.7 Documents on Togo ACBODJAN, L. P. (1969) Rapport annuel 1968, mimeographed document,2l pp., Service des Grandes End6mies, Ministare de la Sant6 Rrblique, Lom6 AGNOLONI, M. B. (1970) Etudes en vue du d6veloppement agricole de la r6gion de la Kara, Togo. P6dologie, mimeographed documentrFAO, AGL:SF/TOG 8, Rapport

technique 3, 61 pp., 5 frgs., 3 maps. Rome ANOI.ryMOUS (1971) Togo : d6cennie de la paix, Eu France Outremer, 5O2r 64 pp. ANONYIIOUS (f971 ) (CIEH) Lrhydraulique agricole au Togo, Bu11. Lrarson Comrt6 ].nterafr. Ed. Hydrauli.ques, !, L7-21 ANOIIIYIVIOUS (FAO) (19 ) Etudes en vue du d6veloppement agricole de ta r6gion de la Kara, Togo. Rapport final, mimeographed documentrFAO, Rome, 14? pp. IO pl., 9 maps, FAo/sFfeafroo e ANolMvtoUS (SMUH) (r97o) Fiches climatologiques i 1'usage des architectes, urbanistes et am6nageurs, Togo, 6 pp., 3 maps' 24 figs., Secrdtariat drEtat aux Affaires Etrang6res, Paris

ANOI\MVIOUS (Togo) (1970) R6publique togolaise. plan de d6veloppement 6conomique et social, 1971-1975, mimeographed document, Minist6re des Finances, de ltEcohomie 33O pp. et du PIan, Lom6, t ANONYMOUS (Togo) (1970) Recensementg6n6ral de la population du Togo, ler mars au 30 avril I97O, r6sultats provisoires, mimeographed document, ?9 pp., Direction de la statistique, Secr6tariat drEtat e la Pr6sidence charg6 du Commerce, du Plan et de lrlndustrie, Lom6 Annex 1-1 page 71

de ANOI{YIiOUS (Togo) (19?O) R6capitulationg6ndrale des r6alisations ayant b6n6fici6 lrassistance de la Division de ltAnination Rurale et de la Partlcipation Populaire, 1969-19?O, nimeographed document, 16 pp., DARPP, Ministdre de ltEcononie Rurale, Lom6 document' ANOI.ryMOUS (Togo) (19?1) Comptesnationaur du Togo, ann6e 1968, mimeographed Ministlre des Finances, de ltEconomie et du Plan, Lom6, 59 pp' du Al.IONlftlOUS (Togo) (fg?f) R6pubtiqueTogolaise. Plan propos6 pour lrassistance Programme des Nations Unies pour 1e D6veloppemerrt, Ig72-19?6, mimeographed document, Ministdre des Finances, de 1tEconomie et du Plan, Lom6, 50 pp. rAgriculture. ANOtfinlous (Togo) (19?1 ) R6publiqueTogolaise. Direction de l Rapport annuel 197o, mimeographed documentr Minist6re de lrEconomie Rurale' Lom6' I93 pp.

ANOl.tyIrtOUS (Togo) (f 9?1 ) Statistiques scolaires t9?O-197I , mimeographed document, 141 pp. Direction de la Planification, des Statistiques et de Ia ConJoncture, Ministdre de 1'Education Nationale, Lom6, R6publique Togolaise

ANOI.ryMOUS (Togo) (Ig72) D6veloppementdes services de sant6 de base dans 1a r6glon de la Kara, mimeographed document, 13 pp., UNDP, Lom6

ANONYIUOUS (Togo) <1972) Programmed'am6nagements dans le Nord Togo, projet du Gouvernement du Togo, mimeographed documentrUNDP, DDA:SFfTOG, 3 February 1972, 50 pp.

ANOIIYMOUS (Togo) (1972) R6capitulationg6n6rale et r6partition g6ographique des r6atisations concrdtes de d6veloppement ayant b6n6fici6 de ltasslstance de 1a Division de ltAnlmation Rurale et de la Participation Populaire et de I'aide du Progranme alimentaire mondiat, projet 4O2 en 1971, mimeographed document, 1? pp., DARPP, Ministdre de I'Economie Rurale, Lom6

ANOI.I}T{OUS (Togo) (1972) D6veloppementdes servlces de sant6 de base, subdivision sanitaire de Pagouda (secteur SSB. XV), Recensement de la population, 1972, mimeographed document, 11 pp., Ministdre de Ia Sant6 ltub1ique, proiet Toco-4oot/oMS, Lon6

ANOI{YIIOUS (Togo) (1972)D6veloppement des services de sant6 de base, subdivision sanltaire de Lama-Kara (secteur SSB. XIV). Recensement de 1a population, L972, mimeographed document, 24 pp., MinistBre de Ia Sant6 H.rblique, proiet TOCO-4OOI/14'HO, Lom6

ANOIrYMOUS (UNDP) (19?1) Programmedram6nagement de la va116e de I'Oti (Togo). Docunent PNUD N" 1, mission exploratoire, mimeographed document1UNDP, Lom6, 24 pp. Annex l-I page 72

ANOI.IYMOUS (UNDP) (f97I) Donn6es g6n6rales et analyse 6conomique et sociale sur le Togo en vue de Ia progranrmation de ltassistance du programme des Nations Unies pour le Ddveloppement pour les ann6es L972-1976, mimeographed document, UNDP, Lomi, 34 pp. ANONYNIOUS (UNDP) (L9?2) LINDP/FAO review of projects with investment potential. TOGfT2foof - The North Togo development progranme, mimeographed document, UNDP//FAo, 5 pp. ATTICNON, H. (1970) G6ographie du Togo, 26me 6dition, nlmeographed document, 77 PP., Lom6, Togo

BOUCHARDEAU, A., COLOMBANI, J., ROCHE, M. & FEAT, J. (1965) EtUdES P6dOhYdrOIO- giques au Togo, VoI. III. Donn6es hydrologiques concernant la r6gion maritime et 1a r6gion des savanes, mimeographed documentrFAo/ORSTOtl,l , FAO/SF:t3ftO, 360 pp., 1O3 pI., Rome/paris BOUCHARDEAU, A., GUISCAI'RE, J. & DoSSoU YOVO, B. (1966) Les stations hydrotogiques du Togo, description, caract6ristiques annuelles, hauteurs et d6bits class6s. (updated 1965), mim€ographed document, 123 pp., ORSTOM; Lom6 COLOMBANI, J. (1962) Am6nagements hydro-agricoles du Nord Togo. La fosse aux lions. Campagnes hydrologiques 1959-1960-1961, mimeographed documentrORSTO{U, Lom6, 26 pp.,18 figs.,5 pl. CORNEVIN, R. (1967) Le Togo, Presses universltaires de France Paris DEVAUCES, R. (1961) Les paysans de Paioka - Mango, 6tude sociologique pour un projet dram6nagement rizicole, mimeographed documentr pp., ORSTOM, Lom6 EYADEMA, E. (197O) R6publique Togolaise, plan de d6veloppement 6conomique et sociat 1971-1975, Minist6re des Finances, de IrEconomie et du Plan, Lom6, 33O pp. FROELICH, N. C. (1963) Les populations du Nord Togo, pp., Paris ITAICONSULT (1971) Etude des eaux souterraines, mimeographed documentr pp.r

rogo/otru (r.s. ) JARRE, P. (1959) Am6nagements rizicoles dans le Nord Togo, Etudes hydrologiques, mimeographed document, L2O pp., ORSTOM., Lom6

KUEVI, A. D. (f9?3) Quelques donn6es socio-6conoEiques en vue d'un projet de d6velop- pement rural int6gr6 - Etude op6rationnelle exploratoire dans le Nord Togo, Rapport de fin drenqu6te, mimeographed document, 49 PP., 6 maps, INBS, Lom6 LABONNE, M. (1969) Etudes en vue du d6veloppenent agricole de Ia r6gion de la Kara, Togo, Economie, mimeographed document,FAO, Rome, EA:SF/TOG 8, rapport technique 4, 1-34 pp., 1 map LAITIAGAT, J.-P. (1970) Etude hydrologique de Ia plaine de Mandouri (rapport des campagnes 1968-I969-I9?O), mimeographed document,ORSTOIYI/BDPA, Lon6, 45 pp., 32 pL., 3 maps Annex 1-1 page 73

au LAITIOUROUX, M. (1969) Notice explicative N' 34, carte p6dologique du Togo r/r ooo ooo, oRsToM, Paris, 91 pp., 2I fiBs., 12 pl., I map LE COCQ, A. (Ig?I) Etude p6dohydrologique de bassins versants reprelsentatifs et exp6rimentaux. 2. La Sara er Bafilo, R6publique du Togo. Carte des sols au f/SO OOOe, mimeographed document, 99 pp., tO figs., I map, oRSTOM, Lom6 document' LOOKY, S. I. & KLMEKPOR, T. K. (r9?I) Les migrations au Togo, mimeographed 14 pp., Service de Ia Statistique, Lom6 MILLETTE, G. & VIELLEFON, J. (I9 ) Etudes p6dohydrologiques TOGO/FAO - Vol' II : Les sots. - voI. III : Donn6es hydrologiques, mimeographed document, PP. MILLETTE,G.,VIEILLEFON,J.,SAI'IT'ANNA,R',KOFFI,O'&DELATOUR'J'(1965) Etudes p6dohydrologiques au Togo, Vol. II. Les sols de la r6gion maritime et de Ia r6gion des savanes, mineographed docunent,FAo/oRsTOvl, FAo/sF t3f.o, 248 pp. , ? PI., Rome/Paris pays ollfttpro, H. <:rg7}) Travaux p6dologiques relatifs au Togo et i quelques voisins, avril 19?2, typed document, Division des Etudes p6dologiques et de ItEcologie g6n6ra1e, Ministbre de t'Economie Rurale, Lom6, 35 pp., I map proBralnmes PATOKIDEOU, H. (19?O) Les civilisations patriarcales des Kabr6 face aux modernesded6veloppement6conomiqueetsocial,Editogo,Lom6 SALAIIII, G. <1972) Direction des Services de ltElevage et des Industries Animales' Rapport annuel, l9?O, mimeographed document, I11 pp., MinistEre de l'Economie Rurale, Lom6 de la Kara, suzAl,lNE, J. (19?O) Etudes en vue du d6veloppement agricole de Ia r6gion Togo. Sociologie, mimeographed docunent,FAO, Rome, ESR:Sf/tOC 8, rapport technique 5, 17O PP. TEVI, J. (19?1) Country and inter-contry programolng, Togo. UNDP assistance requested by the Government of Togo for the period L972-I976, mimeographed document, LNDP, DP/C1/[OG/R.1, New York, 57 pp', I map

IO.8 DocuEents on UDper Volta Al.IOt{l:tr[OUS ( I971 ) Upper VoLta.1971, Europe France outremer, €g-ffi, 58 PP.

AI.IONYMOUS (BCEOtr,l) (19?1 ) Misei jour du plan routier de la Haute-Volta, pdriode I9?2- l9gl. Annexes, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, 96 PP., 6 maps ANOlfltrlOUS (BCEOttl) (Ig72) Mise i jour, plan routier de Ia Haute-volta, p6riode f972-f981 ' Annexes, mimeographed document, Fonds d'Aide et de Coop6ration de la R6publique Franqaise, Paris, 95 PP., 7 maps de Ddve- AI.IOI\tlfIvlOUS (CE/FED) (19?1 ) Situationdes proiets financds par le Fonds Europ6en loppement en R6publlque de Haute-volta. ler FED I96G1965; 2ame FED 1966-I97O; pp., map 3tsme FED Ig?1-19?5; mimeographed document,FED, Ouagadougou, 96 I Annex 1-1 page 74

ANOiIYIT(OUS (CIDR) (f 970) Rapport d'activit6s 1969, CIDR (Compagnie Internationale de D6veloppement Rural), Zone de Bobo-Dioulasso, Zone de Di6bougou-Gaoua, Zone VoIta Noire, mimeographed document, Ministdre de I'Agriculture et de I'Elevage, Ouagadougou, 60 pp., 3 maps

ANOMMOUS (CIDR) (1971) Op6rationd'Animation et de D6veloppement Rural dans les Cercles de Di6bougou et Gaoua. Rapport d'activit6s 197O, mimeographed document, MinistBre de t'Agriculture et de 1'Elevage, Ouagadougou, 75 pp. ANONYMOUS (COGERAF) (1961) R6publiquede Haute-Volta, Analyse par Cercle,

mimeographed document, COGERAF, Paris, 174 pp.,2 maps ANOMMOUS (COGERAF) (1962) March6safricains de produits voltalques. Rapport de Synthese, mimeographed document, COGERAF, Paris, 75 pp. ANOIIYMOUS (OEOTECHNIP) (1966) Etudecartographique de reconnaissance de la "Grande R6gion de Ouagadougou", Haute-Volta. Rapport de mission de terrain et commen- taires des cartes au f/SOO OOO des zones d'habitat et de cultures et des carac- t6ristiques litho-paysagiques de la r6gion 6tudi6e, mlmeographed document, GEOTECIINIP, La Celle St-Cloud, GT No 2Of66, 3t pp., 4 maps

ANOTIYMOUS (UpperVolta) (f9?1) Plan de d6veloppement de l'6levage, mrmeographed document, Ministdre de I'Agriculture et de l'E1evage, OragadouBou, 45 pp. ANCII{YMOUS (UpperVolta) (197I) La situation 6conomique et sociale ir la veille du plan quinquennal I972-L9?6, mi-meographed document, Ouagadougou, IO7 pp.

ANOI\IYMOUS (Upper Volta) (1971) PIan quinquennal 1972-L976. Liste des projets retenus, mimeographed document, Ministbre du pran, de l'rndustrie et des Mines, Ouagadougou, 62 pp. ANONYMOUS (Upper Volta) (f971) R6publique de Haute-VoIta. Document de travail relatif au programme i long terme (L972-I976). Programme des Nations Unies pour Ie D6veloppement, mimeoEraohed docunent, R6publique de Haute-Volta, Ouagadougou, I22 pp., I map ANOIIYMOUS (UpperVolta) (19?2) R6publique de Haute-Volta. Ptan quinquennal de d6vetop- pement dconomique et social, L972-L976 (impression provisoire), mrmeographed document,Ministdre du PIan, de l'lndustrie et des Mines, Ouagadougou, 545 pp. ANChTYMOUS (Upper Volta) (1972) Premi}re conf6rence nationale sur le riz, mimeographed document, Minlstdre de I'Agricutture et de lErevage, oragadougou, 29 pp., I I map

ANOMMOUS (UpperVo1ta) (L972) Renforcement de I'action de I,Office de promotion de

l'Entreprise Voltalque (OPEV) et 1'6tablissement d'un domaine industriel A Ouagadougou, mlmeographed document, Programme des Nations Unies pour Ie D6ve- loppement, Ouagadougou, 16 pp. Annex 1-1 page 75

du D6veloppement Rural ANoIYMOUS (Upper Volta) (Lg72) Renforcement de la Direction Progra[me (vulgarisation, coop6ratives. 6conomie rurale). mimeographed document' 33 pp' des Nations Unies pour Ie D6veloppement, Ouagadougou' ANo[.[YMoUs(UpperVoIta)(I9?2)AssistanceaucentreAgricolePotyvalentdeMatourkou' mimeographed document, ProBranrme des Nations Unies pour le Diveloppement ' Ouagadougou, 46 PP.

ANONYMOUS (Upper Volta)

ANONYMOUS (INSEE) (19?O) Enqu6te ddmographique par sondage en Rdpublique de Haute-Volta, Ig6G1961. Tome II, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires EtrangEres, Paris, pp. 2L7-466, figs. 43-61

ANOTIYMOUS (INSEE) (19?O) Enqu6te ddmographique par sondage en R6publique de Haute-Volta, lg6G196l. Tome I, mimeographed document, Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, 216 pp., 42 figs., 7 maps

ANOI.IYMOUS (IBRD) (Lg?2) Termes de r6f6rence pour une 6tude de factibilrt6 d'un pro;et int6gr6 pour Ie d6veloppement de la production animale dans 1'ouest de la Haute- Volta (ORD's de Banfora, Bobo-Dioulasso, D6dougou-Gaoua et D6dougou), mimeoBra- pheddocumengBanque Internationale pour ta Reconstruction et le D6veloppement, Abidjan, 16 pp.

ANOTIYMOUS (UpperVo1ta) (1973) Am6nagement des vall6es des Voltas. Demande de finan- cement au Fonds d'Aide et de Coop6ration, tranche 1973. Etudes compl6mentaires. Equipement de la soci6t6 d'am6nagement. Appui i la soci6t6 d'am6nagement, mimeo- Braphed document, MinistEre du plan, de l'Industrie et des Mines, Ouagadougou. 34 pp.

ANOTIYMOUS (UpperVo1ta) (f9?3) R6publique de Haute-Vo1ta. Programme L97*L976 propos6 pour I,assistance du PNUD, mimeographed document, ouagadougou' 73 PP., I map ANOIYMOUS(UpperVolta) (f972) Projet d'amdnagenent et de mise en valeur des vall6es des Volta. Etude de pr6-factibilit6, mimeographed document, MinistEre du PIan. de l'Industrre et des Mines, Ouagadougou, 135 pp., 2 maps 3 ANOI{YMOUS (SOGETHA) (196 )Etudes de programmes d'action r6gionale. R6gion de Otragadougou, zone d'action int6gr6e. Cercles de Ziniare, Bouss6, Ouagadougou, Sapon6, Kombissiri. Etude du milieu et des am6nagements agricoles PremiBre partie : Note de pr6sentation et conclusion, 22 pp.,2 maps; Deuxilme partie : Le milieu physique; Annex I-1 page 76

Trorsrdme partie : Le milieu humain. Distribution des populations et des cultures, 43 pp., 5 maps; Quatridme partr.e : Les am6nagements agricoles, 45 pp., 6 pl.; Am6nagements hydro-agrrcoles. Frches descriptives des sites. Sch6mas des sites, IlI pp., 35 pl.; P6dologre. Description des profils 6chantillonn6s. Bulletins d'analyse, ?3 pp., 74 sheets; Le milieu humarn. R6sultats du recensement administratrf et analyse, 4l pp., 18 tables; 3 feurlles tfZOO OOO : carte g6omorphologique, carte d'aptr.tudes culturales, carte p6dologrque de reconnaissance; mimeograDhed document, Ministere de Ia Coop6ratron/SOOntgA, Grenoble ANONllvlOLiS (UNDP) (f972) Enqu6tes sur 1e d6veloppement minier dans Ie nord-est et tes facteurs associds de transport, Haute-Volta, UNDP, New York, 24 pp. ANOI{YMOUS (UNDP) <1972) Enqu6tes sur le d6veloppement minier dans le nord-est et les facteurs assocr6s de transport - Haute-Volta, Programme des Natrons Unies pour le Ddveloppement, New York, 24 pp., 2 maps

ANOI\MVIOUS (ORD) (19?t) Organisme R6gionat de D6veloppement de la Bouc1e de la Volta Norre, D6dougou, Rapport d'ex6cution technique, Ann6e 19?O, mimeographed document, ORD, D6dougou, 14 pp.

ANONYMOUS (ORD) (1971) Organisme Rdgronal de D6veloppement de la Boucle de Ia Volta Norre, Dddougou. Expos6 sur la campagne agricole Lg7OfTL, mimeographed document, ORD, D6dougou, 1? pp.

ANONYMOUS (ORD) (1971)OrganismeR6gional de D6veloppement de Ia Boucle de la VoIta Noire, D6dougou. Projet de programme pour Ie plan quinquennal L972-L976, mimeographed

document, ORD, D6dougou, 33 PP.

ANOI{lllvtOUS (ORSTOM) (1972) Annuaire hydrologique de Haute-Volta, l.9?I, mimeographed document,ORSTOM, Ouagadougou, 80 pp., 30 pl., 2 maps

ANOI.IYMOUS (SMUH) (19?O) Fiches c]imatologiques i 1'usage des architectes, urbanistes et am6nageurs, Haute-Volta, 3 maps, 24 figs., 6 pp., Secr6tariat d'Etat aux Affaires EtrangBres, Paris (t/|lHo) (19?1) projet Haute-Volta 4OO1 (D6veloppement des Services de Sant6 de ANotlylvlous t

Base), mimeographed document, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou' . 9 pp.

ANONYMOUS (WHO) (I971) Projet Haute-VoIta 44OI (Enseignement des soins infirmiers), mimeographed document, world Health organization, ouagadougou, 11 pp. BOULET, R. & LEPRtN, J. C. (1969) Etude p6dotogique de la Haute-Volta, r6gion est. Rapport, mimeographed document,oRSToM, Dakar, 334 pp., 21 pI., I map r/Soo ooo Annex 1-1 page 77

BOLTTHILLIER, J. L. & THORE, L. (f963) Rapport sur les structures foncibres en R6publrque de Haute-Volta, mimeographed documentrORSTOM, Ouagadougou, 185 pp. CLAIRIN, R. (f97 ) Enqu6te d6mographique par sondage en R6publique de Haute-Volta, 196GI961. Les 6migrations, mimeographed document, Sec16tariat d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, 206 pp., 2 pL. DEPRET, PIQUERAS, A. & LACOSTE, Y. (1966) Programme d'actron de d6veloppement et d'am6nagement dans Ia r6gion de Ouagadougou. Habitat. Infrastructure technrque

et sociale. Urbanisme. Tome I. Rapport justificatif, mimeographed document, SMUH, Paris, 176 pp., 7 figs., 16 maps

DEPRET, PIQUERAS, A. & tACOSTE, Y. (1966) Programme d'action de d6veloppement et d'am6nagement dans Ia r6gion de Ouagadougou. Habltat. Infrastructure technique et soclale. Urbanisme. Tome II. Annexes, mimeographed documentrSMUH, Paris, 83 pp DES BOUI/RIE, C. (f972) FAO reconnaissance survey of land and water resources development in the Bougouri-ba basin, mimeographed document, FAO, Accra, 26 pp. FREDEf,, R., ARNAUD, R., DTROUSSEAU, J. & DUGONTIER, M. (1970) La production animale voltalque. Perspectives de d6veloppement. Rapport provisoire, mimeographed

documentrSCET-Coop6ration, Paris, 243 pp., 3 maps

HijBL, K., scHolz, p., REurzEL, w., KoBELT, v. & SPIELBERGER, u. (19?o) Rapport de I'6quipe d'experts allemands pour I'am6lioration des n6thodes d'6levage, mimeographed documentrEEA, Ouagadougou, 256 pp., 3 figs., 8 pI. NB: large nunber of references MANLHIOT, B. & AUBERT, C. (1965) Aspects agricoles du d6veloppement dans une zone d'action int6gr6e (R6gion de Ouagadougou). Tome I. Analyse de Ia situation

actuelle, mimeographed docunent, SEDES, Paris, I27 pp., 34 mapd MANLHIOT, B. & AUBERT, C. (1965) Aspects agricoles du d6veloppement dans une zone d'action int6gr6e (R6gion de Ouagadougou). Tome II. Les perspectives d'am6lio- ration, mineographed'docunent,SEDES, Paris, 193 pp. MANLHIO/I , B. & AI,rBERT, C. (1965) Aspects agricoles du d6veloppement dans une zone d'action int6gr6e (R6gion de Ouagadougou). Tome III. Note de synthdse, mimeographed document, SEDES, baris, 59 pp. MANLHIOT, B. & AUBERT, C. (1965) FIux commerciaux int6rieurs dans la grande rdgion de Ouagadougou (Approche 6conomique), mimeographed document,SEDES, Paris, 264 pp., 7 graph., 26 maps

MARCHAL, J. Y. (1972) Carte des densit6s de population en Haute-Vo1ta, ORSTOM, ouagadougou, tfsoo ooo, I sheet MATHIEU, Y. (1967) Rapport provisoire sur les cultures industrielles au Centre

Agricole Polyvalent de Matourkou, Haute-Volta, mimeographed document, FAO, Rome, eusrfrc/n, 25 pp. Annex l-l page 78

MESNIL, J. (1970) Connaissance du milreu et vulgarisation agricole dans le cas de 1'op6ration Centre Mossi. Titre r. Introduction. Princrpes, objectifs et m6thodes de l,6tude du milreu, I mimeographed documentrSATEC, paris, 24 pp. Titre II' La connaissance du milieu. L'organisation soclo-politrque Mossi, mimeographed documentrSATEC, paris, 36 pp. Titre rrI' r'a connaissance du mrlieu. L'agriculture Mossi, mimeographed document, SATEC, Paris, 74 pp.

Titre IV. La connaissance du milreu. Transformatr.ons socio-dconomiques et vulga- risation agricole, mimeographed document,SATEC, paris, 33 pp. Titre v- La vulgarisation agricole et ses r6sultats. Analyse critique de I'actlon men6e depuis 1962, mimeographed document, SATEC, paris, 6g pp. Titre vI. La vulgarisatlon agricole et ses r6sultats. Etude de cas : Ia r6ceptr- vit6 ir 1a vulgarisatlon en zone arachidiBre, mimeographed documentr5ATEC, Paris, 116 pp.

Titre VII- La vulBarisation agricole et ses r6sultats. Etude de cas : la rCcep- tivit6 i 1a vulgarisatlon en zone cotonniEre, mimeographed document, 5ATEC, Paris, 7O pp. Trtre VIII- Conclusion g6n6rale, mlmeographed document/SATEC, paris, 14 pp. Titre rx. Annexe cartographrque, mimeographed document, SATEC, paris, 4 pp., ll maps MoRENo, A. (1972) Centre Agricole Poryvalent de Matourkou. projet pilote de vulga-

risation agricole, Villages encadr6s 1969-1972, mimeographed document, FAO, Matourkou, 24 pp. oUEDRAoGo, P. (1970) Possibilit6s miniBres de la Haute-Volta. Rapport pr6sent6 re 20 octobre r97o a la rdunion 6largie du Comit6 Consultatif du projet rambao, mimeographed document, Ministdre du PIan et des Travaux publics, 2l pp. ouEDRAoGo, P. (r97o) Possibrlit6s minidres de 1a Haute-vorta, mimeographed document, Ministdre du Pran et des Travaux pubrics, ouagadougou, 2r pp. PAPPo, (1966) J. centre Agricore Polyvalent de Matourkou. projet FA6/FSNU. Anatyse 6conomique des 15 prototypes des fermes familiales et de lo fermes tradition- nelles pour Iann6e 1965, mimeographed document,FAo, Matourkou, 116 pp. I PAPPO, (1966) J. Centre Agricole Polyvalent de Matourkou. Normes de travair et calculs de revenus des cultures industrielles et vivriBres, mimeographed document, FAO, Matourkou, 23 pp. REMY, (1970) G. une carte de I'occupation du sol en Haute-volta. Note m6thodologrque et descriptive, mimeographed documentrORSTOM, Ouagadougou, lg pp., I map Annex I-I page ?9

ROUAIT{BA, T. P. (f962) Yaoghin. Etude d'un terroir villageois en pays Mossi (Haute- Volta), typed document, Grenoble, 158 pp. SAVONNET, G. (1968) Atlas de Haute-Volta. Carte provisoire des densrt6s de population,

CI/RS, Oragadougou, 16 pp., I sheet f/l OOO OOO SAWADOGO, R. C. (1972) Projet d'dradication de l'onchocercose et d'am6nagement des vall6es des Volta - Haute-Volta - Etudes exploratoires sur le facteur humarn, mimeographed document, CVRS, Otragadougou, 59 pp. SIEDLER, H. (1971) Etudes 6conomiques sur 1'6levage en Haute-Volta, mimeographed documentrEEA,Ouagadougou, 15O pp., 7 maps 1 pl.

TYC, J. & LEGRAI'ID, M. (1972) D6veloppement de 1'6levage dans I'ouest de la Haute-Volta, mimeographed documentrSEDES, paris, N. 1404, lol pp., 3 maps VO-QUANC TRI, HEIDERICKX, J. & VAiI HECK, B. (L972) Etude de pr6-factibilrt6. R6publique de Haute-Vo1ta. Esquisse du proJet de mise en valeur de la vall6e de la Bougouriba, typed document, WHO, parls, 94 pp.

a Annex I-1 page 80

TABLE I-1.1. CROPS ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF SOIL AND POPUIATION-SUPPORTII\X3 CAPACITY OT THE SOIL

Plants with consideration water P1ants with more limited water requirements when taking root requirements when taking root Category of population- Category of surface deep deep surface supporting soil capaci ty market r1.ce yams cotton sorghum mi I let garden Broundnuts

T I

2 o o II 3 o o

4 a o o @ III 4 b o @ o

5 o o o IV 6 o o 7 o o 8 o o v I o o IO o o o o VI 11 o o

, Annex I-I page 81

t

TABLE I-I.2. DETERMII.IATION OF THE SIZE OF TI{E AVERAGE FARM IN A ZONE WITH SOIL OF CATECORY "X" AI{D AGRICULTURAL VALUE "Y", WHERE THE CHARACTERISTTCS OF THE SOIL, IOCAL TRADITIOIIS AI,ID MANPOWER I{EEDS FOR EACH CROP LEAD TO THE ADOPTION OF A TYPICAL FARM WITII THREE MAIN CROPS, CI, C2 AllD Ca, REPRESET'ITIi'IG, RESPECTMLY, zeh - 3O7" AND 50% OF THE MEAN GROSS AGRTCULTURAL TARGET IT'rcOTM

ncome Tonnage Mean Areas Fallow areas Area Crops and Sale I be yields to be to be of percentages price to be to proposed obtained produced expected cultivated envisaged farm

CI 2@o P1 I.N T1 y1 Acl Fwt AFt

C2 3@" P2 I.N T2 y2 Lc2 Fw2 AFz

AF3 C3 5V7" P3 I.N T3 Y3 Aca Fw3

P: unit sale price v: yield per hectare Ac: area in hectares I: mean gross agricultural incone/inhabitant Fw: area in hectares N: ntmber of members of the traditional farn AF: area in hectares of the total farm or of the area farmed for each crop if it alone had to provlde the target incone

Tr I N 2t7o AF1 + 3@" AF2 + 5O7o AF3 AFt - Ac1 + Fw1 AtI Tl AF = v1 P1 I.N I.N so that AC1 and AF +tur = ,,J, I yt. PI

and AF = 2u7o a;ffi + Fw1) + 3t7o,# + Fw2) + 5@o ,;ffi + Fw.) a Annex I-l page 82

t

TABLE T-I.3. PROPORTION OF RT.,RAL EMPIOYMEM IN TIIE TJRBAN CEhMRES OF THE PROGRAMME AREA IN RELATION TO THE NT.,IIIBER OF INHABITAItrS OF THESE CENTRES AND THEIR GEOGRAPTIICAL STTUATION

Geographical Number of inhabitants Percentage of inhabitants in situation of the urban centres rural enploynent

Upper Volta under 5 OOO 100

Mali 5 OOO to 7 OOO 60

Niger ? OOO to 20 OOO 30

Togo over 2O OOO 20

Ivory Coast under 4 ooO 100 I 4 OOO to 5 OOO (without Ghana 80 administrative services ) 4 OOO 5 OOO (with to 40 administrative services ) Dahomey 5 ooO to 20 OOO 20

over 20 OOO 15 I Hypothesis.

t Annex I-l page 83

TABLE I-1.4. URBAN AND RURAL POPUTATION IN 19?O OF II{E ST'BPREFECTURES OF THE IVORY COAST REPI'BLIC INCLUDED IN T}IE VOLTA RTVER BASIN AREA

1970

Region Department Subprefecture Rural Urban Total population populat ion population

Odienn6 34 700 1 o 700 45 400 Goulia 11 100 o 11 100 Madinani 23 600 o 23 600 ODTENNE 56gu6lon 13 000 o 13 000 Tienko 12 600 o 12 600 Maninian 23 600 o 23 600 Bako 13 400 o 13 400

Boundiali 35 300 7 400 42 7o,0 BOT,NDTALI Gbon 38 900 5 300 44 2o,0 Tingrela 32 1@ 6 ooo 38 100

Dianra 18 400 o 18 400 SEGT'EIA Ti6nigM 2t 7o,0 o 21 700 North Korhogo 68 600 32 0@ 100 600 Niofoin Pokana 53 200 o 53 200 Napi6o16dougou KORHOGO Sin6natiali 21 8@ 4 000 2s 800 Sirasso 20 700 o 20 7@ Mbengu6 15 000 60@ 21 000 Dlkodougou 23 3@ o 23 300

Ferkess6dougou 18 200 15 300 33 500 Kong 11 400 o 11 400 FERr(EssEDouoou Ouangoloudougou 21 500 4 300 25 800 I Nie116 * Tafi16 7 800 o 78@ Kat io la 26 800 I5 500 42 300 Dabakala 27 60,0. o 27 6o,U^ Centre KATTOIA Niakaramandougou 19 200 o 19 200 Boni616dougou 16 300 o 16 300 Satama-Sokoura I 400 o I 400

Bondoukou 65 000 9 400 74 4o,0 Bouna 31 400 4 700 36 rOO East BONDOUKOU Nassian I 400 o 9 400 Sandegue 11 800 o 11 800 Tehini t3 400 o 13 400 oo tr bo(l) Annex I-I o (u.c c page 84 !{*-.9eooo+, ..'+)(( M 9 -n oi o F{ rr{ rO o )Yd6oo-AAL) (o @ C\t o Fl :t{O.dO '-{ :5 >r+r O. (o @ s o o d !s ot .d crO

qEr s3 -oo6'/l4+r^ .*8e1,o-cd! o o (o 8$:;3 o &2 -O o Y-Q-ooz> ,r ErH a f (\l o'..j FOA (Hdo.di t{do. Ortr+rl& zcoz 6t (o @ o sl (7) a.o Itl f< O(B(6X (?) (o pa J O O O.{ E CO o c7) =J ao Er My trFl r|1-1 & B o (!t 6.9 =trd>c4ode O >t- o.o,b0 14chdU) tr Otr) b0|d) , OOEFI tA 2 E..{€ E14f4H^z PPtr-. o.oo. t-Z(J= rdooq .ocotr c18< Ei-3; @ oo O=f.{ " (r) @ t- O '.1 fqOOFr 0,85.r .!( ! C)C) b0O...{oe @ (o N t\ lrO ^ ch& o t- o @ o z?n) S,HI P tq o24.O Ctrdd: ..{ H f.l Fl c/) O..{O.{:L E{d>v o,tltiSY O(B Ertl kt{ b0 .''{ oh11)c,) ooqo Af.{E A'.dC. OE Ox Fl str CAE!4 oo r t4>oHE 14lQ -o- 9o +{ +{ . E- 2A oo rOfrO< i6* oo .OxE4 dYo t- cr) st{ CO t\ P+J abo o e) CO (o c- d F5 , (Y) c) (o trtr I -:4 E: 9,n 6 c! e- o oo -ECC (f) (f) rO EE ZJJ o N N +)p Hza.c) E**.o @ @ (o ot (7) && F1 f4OH d i-{ d C\ (86 QHOC aa 4a o !s;o oo & +J+J ootrtr tr oo o al o t\ @ rO ..{ o o 8 @

b0U) o ."{x6 o o @ iIEs. (f) (n (o (?) o c,) o d X5.o N o N o d Fl c- (o o o o (l 2 rr) - 5"(r{ ?*ro N sf c- @ @ +r (,) o kXO O) N F{ @ @ cl trl 5*> Fl GE c(o f4 Er P l O -t{ O -E d:(ttrdd o odbo9ti.: .i o; Fl toiE'ni"cija'll l{ o EE se!E.&93gE Fl FI (r) cr, D< tr ,r '..: -{ d P ,'..: (o c- (?) o q o tr cl OOPi. tt,Or{d o .t o-c'=lrcH-{-C tO (o N sr{ o $ o !€ E>xooo+) x N (f) ol N +) o(oH (tl o) k (! &o E &d .d (, +J > G +{ N @ o tO o rO iao loo o o o Ol o O) O+) fi- .-{ c! F.l F{ >zH Od 6(D rf) a o oo .er Q &A T{Xo c +J 14= O.Yt{ O (l@ >o :: (l c .d H (D AFI oY> oEl ATO'+r E f{, AP ooBo A C) Fl fsl F{(! (l .'{o t- N o (o (r) o Ecl . rO F{O p r Annex I-1 page 86

F{k ([(l) o &>o q) o '-: (6 14 -rorro+J hI) t|^ )"-r o O (6 Fl (e odboqi[.; o tr -:( Soic':1 i cii-r'I1 0) d2.d: ooo(6: Fl c- H 6l Euf;iPs'E-,!; (o (e o Ef; ooox 6(Dr{i e- o CO o O.ClXt{+{r{E* p PE iE-96ii'dE o rO (o N sf C; $ (! -l ili q;-i o N (f) N N e P-l AO .d o(o p H Oi) 4-t th (J +{ ah o tr > o! t- iao ${ rr) N @ lO o rJ) Eo) loo @ @ (o t- t- rr) <: H d F{ 6(D H>z aO-l o H oo t.r) ..{ Q +) q:oc 60 rErl7 o'iH".9 d(O H= O:O.d+J- Qa,o OE>o H; 0

.o PE (o FT @ o e- $ o c- N tf c- 6l Er o c) (e N @ o C4 rifi3s d e- C) rO t- ol d o o N F{ @ N alllt F{ A oz H sB jF. o qo A o- ct b0.:tH"3-F Fl o 9'.t - F.: @ ol @ co EE H!.:i',5!1' o o (D o o EEr.9oEnEStrt{';dt!.P-'l (o @ r{ E{o AO d ; L o!E2^ o +{trO .x d=Ei'o oEgE Otil{o (,)F{ SHrI (D= G @ (o @ (o x g2 t- c- c- c- o(llr-l Ex $E;H:Eiils rO o lo o OA N ) o N o d+r'li -c'o EiEEHTiAIt (!F{ dc)Fl C) srEB ,ol{5 &u!: +J.d pc< dE Er ,b0 F1 D< .do(( BE Llr, HO o o b0 0l E!E o 8 8 8 8 (u -.39E o o o o 8 o o ftueSo ol! EE (o N @ (t) e) C\ coa kF EEEs' o o @ @ o @ dd oo F{ d o ao"> otr OE2c) !.d H F.l t4 O) krn oc6!oh0 trlA +{:o6?d c&HFI oiH.3!E Pq{ooo E b0 b0 o lo t\ N o c- oGo HD Fl ol d o ot c?) +rk oo PXtoOO..{6::$EEIsjl H(t (, tr xd 6 p +J i @ (o tJ) @ c- CE aoo) ox(!0x 6l N rJ) o,l N rn o> E6 b0 th OA OErr+{,-{PX kt{tJ) OCIA oo fi,:ohe9oPrE E oo 2Z .u oo 24 cldo ocHO (\lLUr ErY c 84. o o fr(DL OH .r-5 8 xoxo>o rd 8 o 6f{ o d +)oO c( fq f;ii $-l s &o Hr,A (?) (7) vO (/) o ,1 tr EH- a >a&O AZ ooE f0 frl Elo EOo3 EE Fl q Fl (!5)$ 2e x (D (l c o (l Ad@ o o E P o E +) d a o o o o C>ah 14 Er = Er ,rfrk .o = - = ooo @. +rOO ,i k I P o tr 6 o t{ a tr r{ E o c..o .P o h0 HqE 'Jtr k .t4 tr oo 6 (u o ol E A P o =- ao Annex l-1 page 88

9o p.b0la c) g(uoc 6 -i(tr5y @ o @ F- @ oicH rO @ c) @ r.r) o (?) e) 11) rr) O.d f{*) Xol, H $ (0 (\I (?) (o o(uU) t4 @ AT o F- $t la L ! Fl rrro .tF ai0.t'0H o o. ,:r : -;Or. oo s8 l] d= & e, (Ei (, li (!d ro AZ U-. ,+)(! LV^-^.L +)oL FO .aE d+Jt ! b0. - ,P .-E ood *.:Eo,-! .dEa zL) or. xH C r o o o (!+i f< (trvoox (H(!ob0 AA e-.f,dE @ $ $ @ (o c( r'- c(E-oP (?) $l (n oo tr]E oi.'tt(!? ^t €(H :'r./ (EEq) *O 00 b0 =H h0O+)oo(d ooo (n c@ ! b00) c b0 o o(o c1g oo(!Eo(! Pd Iid OoaU} 6q q) C([ra dLtro.L € @ (o oo.co (,o o(!(!00(n c- e- f- F. b0rrO.aQGr 9) (JH rr) rr) o |ocdo fr.a(l.l P!(g50 N o ol dOC-H or14 Cdlr)itru) li6 @E OrdO.dd !Pd+l O O !.:a o(! z=l- L.d L L t >otrE Eq]Aoao orioco0) O.c.dP Fc(>' 460>d3>(!00 tr€oP @ oi(!(E HJ do.c e,oa !.CpO)(!(,)E F(,14 O'H r$ (o v) e, It .drO O (o @ t- C7) d h0 0) cc @ (o F- t'- rO o o+) o, d ooo o. .(k(gh 14 Pa F{ a b0O t 'd 60o] 0,) 0 GC\ O(t€r+) |r) c- N c- (o ((-{Eg oo O116 Fl N c.) 9€6 A b0c(HQd cE o Oo (!OOOd, @ (o rO (o F- (.1 ocoo r.r) AI N to o(!h(! c4 F. P.dd60 N N L .Ci tuz o(!rrGooC+)O!!O O-l .H OdGdP o(o c c troo 6).dO oo>,L O Fl '.1 FIE@< &o E kP o Poo(! =A ! !d =t4 ${+)!, za o o oo A .d o tro ddp 9e o ooqo .F (!(E(! (-) (o doo +)Ld 97 .-{ .lr oaa sr. o (!+rO(! io Fkq o +J (D O+J I o c.) (\l !&O p. E h0+) d2 oco) lrl H poEC) ,tF c d ooE @< x o) (E c) 6 O d O+)

d ab0Fo 666 Bt (') @ F- (o F $ E s! s o o (o (7) 'i9o @ o (o lo t- (a bool c- o @ o d 6) N 6t o N N aO-'{ u !d B,o ia & frl -l tr bo 9- do *.5 h gt 5 a=€< (42o Ix botco-=:83:3i (o $t @ o d o EiA o o o o d o E s-.g"ba (,o @ o $ .d'"> El.l=o&H 60 0 Fc(Fr c)DO HD>-O. a(oE coo Fr(5v r.d tr O o rO > o o @ XAa 3aO=d +r d e- o) rO o lo taz |oo o ol c) o o o @r|l

.FH o c dh o o .o a a'4 o €o STE N @ HOaz or= F.!a N @ HF (o (o J< o c) (') @J A

p c (, o a E li +) o o lr I u (, (, tr o I oo ao Annex I-l page 9O

'j .o o OP+J'Od EeI56 &6 iESoI O Cd !o,.d @ (D tr -- li EL o @ F IoflovB6A i€i;i (9 o (o lO e) @ 6l N Ep N N <1. o "I8. &r E t (l) Ylr. k tr o o 6i."t ot 9'j -a Iox(! Er iir Hr.oo)g.roP UP 6>, .o9 cldi6E i P E+r'3 =oc, fl f qE 2 E2 .l q O fqo o E3 e H= o (,) o cc qgoSorrh C kd OHT,]ll.F Fr!> oa>kteo b0 ao :EF>OH trH c,a<& -^o Pcl 6> FI8E2 oo OD $ (o E ,iI &oca 9I..8 o E b ,rO hD E PO OEi (o ttr +r 6P Oo. rAIA2 dt{ Setf-E^u @ O E' OFIEH dcl &lll c?- E hd o .d(, 2o.o.t- ,oo F !r d o.2J o!o.do6(l Ali0O d (o OA o::b0c€3r o hE xJ{c,{o=-l o6 () tl t- H- !-qlUoc, (r6ho ?1(/)28 o'o .{oEr< o: c tr O t cE od 1i -D d d N dl o:Hd6o tr ,{ 2)22C q, d gl :o> o lt o 6lD ieod ,i .tsrilfrl i a ov o a>l{o dul oo kO ca14ZErEB alo t zZ rDO HHJO E XOOO Elopc) IA U' P krr 6F ,Rf; doc) Ed .E- oo = Zdceia H kO .HFrtl &o -lo o c ac E:5 av N F o) O kO oB o o E- e ts 5 $ c- d o.dqP Tr Z- .o N 8 c, F c; @ c o, H< '. TSEUS (r) lO o! !{ aa $i I o d g N .d tS .d Jd r.:a s 8 >a qE P Ok ,q oH 'O d o E E i rOp < o- E c, !deoO Etr6 H OF o A d€t9 ho € o ..c) a c tt- c ao tr .d oq) k ot, q) PO A c clo o P |o oo o)d tr dO N F o o aa1 r O) (o o u tT F d ofr:> d 6! r @ (o c o6k r o @ -t{ e& eL'Y ol (7) @ 90 t{o o a2 tr Ec{ > N (o o urch Fr,a 6l o doo 'O t ol H P o o do€ o 6 .Ot{C c =tt P 66d () 6 dl (, a E P E@ o o o A tr>r F A d - - x tr @ 6 6l o o E I .n o o - - F Annex l-l Page 9l

TASLE I-T.I3. RURAL MPUUTION. RURAL ACRICULTURAL (OR(ERS ED UEAs AMTALLI OCCUPIED lN THE SUBPREFEmUnE5 OF TtlE tVoRY OAST RpPUBLIC TNCLUOED lN THE voLTA RtvE[ u{SlN MU, ND OENSTTIES OF T(EsE rcPULATIONS PER SQUME KTMMMRE AMUALLY OCCLPIED

Percenla8e of rurdl Ru.a t Rur4I popur.tron aErrc0ltu.al sorkers per kmz of ReSron Epartment Sqbprelec ture aSrlcul tura I per km2 of aree so.ker s (km2) .ur.l pp(latlon qo Odr6nnd l{ ?6 {1. la rq 292 I5e 218

26 Coul r a ll r@ 4 372 t76 63

2A 23 m 9 720 a{5 341 3a 7m 204

sdau6ron 13 mo 5 35{ 23 565 233

Tlenko l2 6@ 5 189 60 2to a6 23m 91b lo2 232 c5

B.ko l3 {m 5 stg {o 336 138

&r6nn6 41. 19

bund raI r 15 3@ l4 3{O 425 34

Kolra Gbon 38 9m 16 020 t{5 264 rll

Teng16 I a 32 lm 13 220 5S 24

goundralr 41. 19

Dlanra l8 4m 7 5?a 6? 275 lr3

Tr6n1sb6 21 ?O0 8 c38 25 E?O 358

S6aualr 4I. l9

Xorho80 6am 44.81 30 ?3c 363 t8a 85

Xrolorn

Pokana

Naplaoladougoq 53 2e 23 a3E 462 ll5 52

Sln4nal r ar r 2l aoo I ?68 292 ?5 3{

Srrasso 20 ?m I 275 4a 432 tel t'kngu6 r5m 4{.81 6 12t 23t lo4

OlkodouBou 23 3@ {{,81 lo {40 132 t?7 80

brhoao 4{.81

F6rk63sddougou 26@ {4.4t rl 650 2% Il8 53

KonS lt {@ {{.81 5 lo8 133 86 36

OurngolouSou 21 5@ {{.8t 9 63{ 30 ? IA 322 Fo roor I y Dlrou Ir Nr6I16

FerkdriddouSou {{,81 xoRftr 4{.8r

f.lrr€ ?m { {.81 3 495

Katlola 26 80 12 060 roo 268 I20 Xlat!...an- l9 2m E 6{0 30 6{O 2aa

Dabakal. 2? 600l^ 12 {2o16 lo8 I I For!€rl y O.bakel. bnr6r.5dou30u 16 3m ? 333 {a{ 2r8 ( {512 ) I962 Srtu. Sokourr E rml 3 ?el I I I(.t10la

CEITRE

&ndoukou 65 O@ t9 2fi 329 l9?.3 88.9

fuune 3l rm I { 130 ?96 39. 15 l?.?5

Nar!1an 9{@ q 230 20 {?o 211.5

Smdd&6 ll 8@ 5 3lO 30 393 drta 177

Tihrol l3 4@ 6 030 238 56.3 23 ( {312 ) .34 gondoukoq rct

-lb tlauraa tor th6 Xorth€rn R€81on *erc u3od loa tallr4 grnce thl3 subprolectuac lorod p&t ot that r6g1on untll aec6ntly Annex I-l page 92

b! 'dco0Jtr tro .:lO'dkO &.d+JGQ) o+) o .d (o (.) d to @ to N o to o $ c\l (.) 'r) (o @ o E () @ AI d F @ c- Htrll O .d ,!a @ N o (.) :40tr l(9v @ t- ('l d @ N @ 'o d N 'r) o C lrl 6 o o o (7) >i\2e b0(! l{ &1 frl o trd q, =IC,AA b0.d r 0) EO 6,:4o.>o) c) o .@aF - PkOb0 ol o C O o.,o 6 z>zoql D Fl cta d @ z fr&D HFIE< qt(, o to ro o d lr) @ d $ (.) ct @ d N c- I do2s (o .HHFf tr o to o) F rf o c- @ o o tF to !r F N d (o @ ct (e tJ) o r <>= A d 'O H Fl frl Fr trl&o4==c) q) FIO- o (l .tU 1oa4 li .o o 6 .i( b0 E{ .{J d A .o \o 6 (! (! .d a H +) Fr I o E ! .d .d o o .tU c o A o o c b0 .d a G ,:l H x 6 .d a a o 4 ! (, (! v a th E a bl) d tr o o a +) ..-)o .dx o (l 6 (l 6 o (! C) G 6 li o o ra e o - ? H a o o :4 = A z

P ;o o o G o o PE lk ta ,r EO'6 .co 6t PJ( PU} A t{6 hE{ I z

o oc

a odoo@ 60 draEa.Ld a oe 60coo ,E L.ttLC oat 2rak ooo o > ot c Er o c i E o N o . i€p o oc 4 f O e -6 )4 E EO I c oo o d d d d4 6 d o- Pro4 Erc6 ha o t qOd o 6 o 6i Eodoe N gt Ae r O r oo o o,

N o o o o @ N o 2

6J tsl c o) o o o o o o =Eq N oEc o 4-O H- o o o N @ zk) P oP YC a9 E4= E O H 14 r ao o o2ts o o d o 6, od o o ot k d E oa o o t dP, k, O e k d loo'oJ o 6 k o, 4 6 A- 6 a O )4 >o A o. a, c1< cr oo 4 @ q oq oro o N N EC5A o do lo4o D2OD tc ?=29 ad o o 5 cF aooo 8 4-2) Ee !r cFol oo o 40tsJ -z 5 b -! 2Aae i lor FFO@ " 53,8ts a4 a.E6 c tO . o o i .. ta 1a ooo dad o o o, q o.e f;hEE CEAOOc cF ac o( >OEJ o o d o .c oo c @ AA -o f .cE P .O i 6EE, d o !o! O- O . C ?2FC I tD .d6 O^ Erd Oi ,i o )az oi r o A4H E OOI OEA a I Oo i k E E k 4! O )o2 o o40 do sH< acE k d9 l6 ! IJ b- o! o .a EO J N o k N od o € ac kro EO qo ,oE a od -o6 o -ooo-o c ko c @o e e I oo 6 a t6 coa 6roE o Ad 4 O oe t a aa ar6 OqO A A o ! o U6 i o.Ec c 6 oA ,oo 4 ! E d d! n , a E OE o 6 aa t -o ao c. E E e z 3 3 E >O 6 Oc d tP, a q ddq A o o dd o o o ! ,rd o I oi a o c o a ) E E A- t Ad o o -o o or k ! 6 6 8 z ts E O L t 6do6 t o o tPEoo E !P EO O o AE HEH a e or o 6E I C iH O e6 00{ 6ad o > oe OE PC EO C60 F. HEo o ok zo 6lralE& . i o oo I ka P OP Annex I-I gaBe 9{

o N ;:! !: e N N i5;f 3

tq b-€ o9

c !si,a; G 40 t g 66 I o N o *6 r o t'" 9g ci ac ! oo o s! o d N 9! o 9i o a i: a

o6 a o N o o o o o o o gE; oI N 9 , L= o '8* N o

i! z\ E oa o t6HI l* czd B-: O e9a SI:p," o6 .8. SEIiE 4E2A>2A E HB; a!oo o>o5zFzc c ig 5,So 9o ts o o AC rE4J ?,8 o o N 8"Ri i5 o o N J JI EO 4d.H 5^ e nts o ooF- o -3 -. o 3;9 n N o d A OZdd zabo o ESEO $r: q o o o o o o o o DD 6 ri o 60

>rottiSE oo J c 5^ o n eIB:saiE oE 5 )e F

8^ o ,o o o !EEoa cro *'*, o o o , OE

@ TQ ) o E'E: a E ac eE;i o 9EC o o n 9;:E a ! o o o ( ! o c 6:Et .e o q q- 6E o d z I F F

a o F o o a o E o o a o o o >9{ .o o o e o o d E 3 o F I A a li;qll o 'iEisr o

e o ,iiie 8 8 o s a

: !.c o e o c7t 3 ! <:J )

o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o

2 o lo : e: tr 9.P 8d, 3 i"^

9p EE; - o !;9 o a c 9EAP F2-a 55go a EiE t o 440< =6:

e.-1J qlP f J - o oFl

oa :c i;5: I

c o -!:Eo: a Fdc o o

9o- c - E E:;E"E 9 !, IIEEHi t 9 z 50;E I t 16 6 F - 3 e

a a 9 9 z ! .e o 3 d

3 > hn€x t -l PaSe 96

o

o "&

o

o o 6 o o o 8 I E

o o

:q o e o o

8 a o o 9O I 6 o o

o o o o o o o o rd

6E

a o e g E 8 - =

E o o

o o c o

EO O o ts l=o o o o d

'q 't E 3 3 € F :J

'c '& E e g I 6 o

6r :c hnex l-L Paa6 97

qE ,tE ! o! , oq a o oc, { o N EO 6 N 6 @ @ N N N N N AE

, dcd co

a .E t oe! ao 4a ,EO N @ o o o &E @ aoo CEaa OG

o o o o N @ a o o ! oa oiE E N N G N E o 'l' N N N N N , oo aq c o o !1 o @ N o @ N 26 N @ @ o 8 YF o t N 9.? c21 o ,ta N Iti EOO.g t N iE8 , a lHtsPgc I o 4c6 c ,G &3 8dE o lcar OQ ; o EI

>r P .,{ oo o tr g(!l o OPE' P rJo 6 O+) tr+J (B .d o> E .'{ tr .d .'{ pop N ro r/) H o oHF114> ..{ FlE{ o tr OOJf'f ..{ C, tiZ-]- +, +J 2<a q 140 d.o (! > .H Er ,o o tr+r +J i{2 cd 1 t{ +) (! \0) +) o q E o A P Ann€x t -l page 99 i; _r9.o

i:oI N N 6 q- i d L 0 E= N I Fi:6 N 3i I g i5 a6

re!Ert A 2-A @ ab- o o o: d @ N N EE6 dca

J t a< o2^ o N o N <:-E:t cl ) HT F e OF ) N N 8 N a o o N o tso

QJ gsJ Fb lir z< il6l F; s ? H Ee.2E :Lao!3:4 l ii*63E ,IAEE 9I

ot 6 6 E a o E 6E Annex I-1 page IOO

TABLE I-1.2I. TOTAL AREAS A}ID AREAS OCCUPIED OF THE SUBPREFESTRES OF THE MRY COAST, AI.ID POPULATION DEISITIES PER AREA OCCUPIED

DEPARTMETIT and Total area Area occupied Population density Subprefecture (km2) ( inhabitan ts/xn2)

BONDOUKOU Bondoukou 64@ 329 97.5 Bouna 16 600 796 39 Nassian 2 225 20 2LL T6hini 2 850 238 56 Sand6gud, 30 393

BOUNDIALI Boundiali and 85 and 3 458 83 Kouto 340 Gbon 2 865 145 268 Tengr6la 2 4o0 560 57

FERKESSEDOUGOU Ferkess6dougou! 6 265 220 118 Kong a 442 133 86 (Diaoula)3,9 303 ?le.

KATIOI,A Dabakala9 108 406 Kat iola 2 660 too 268 N iakaramandougou3 4 688 309 64e,

KORHOCO Dikodougou 2 464 132 t77 Korhogo 2 700 363 188 M'Bengu6 2 600 65 23L Napi6ol6dougou r 590 462 1r5 Sin6matiali I 068 292 75 Sirasso L 770 48 432 ODIEIINE Bako 2 742 40 336 GouIia 2 77L 176 63 Madinani3 3 134 28! 84sq Maninian LO2 232 Odienn6 518r 159 2LA S6gu61on3 3 134 2* 5659 Tienko 4 L34 60 2ro

SEGUET,A Dianra 4 770 6? 275 T6nigb61 3 7L2 2s!. 8?Og

I Ofa IGN maps (1953 to 1960) where the areas occupied are probably underestimated so that the population densities are probably overestimated. I Including the present Subprefecture of tafir6, forming part of the Katiola Department. 9 Co"r."ponding to the new Subprefectures of Niell6 and Ouangolodougou. I Co""""ponding to the present Subprefectures of Dabakala, Boni6r6dougou and Satama-Sokoura. Annex I-l page 1O3

TABLE I-T.24, TOTAL AREAS AT.ID AREAS OCCUPIED OF THE DISTRICTS OF MALI AIID THE CAT,ITONS OF NIGER, AhrD POPULATION DENSITIES PER AREA OCCUPIED

area Population density Country and administrative TotaI Area occupied uni t (km2) ( inhabi tan tsflr 2>

MALI Bandiagara 7 250 358 377 Bankass 6 875 I 956 63 Bougouni 19 100 2 762 58 DioLla 13 000 2 474 49 Douentza 23 3L2 2 574 51 Kadiolo 5 375 200 381 Kolondi6ba I 200 I O71 81 Koro 10 937 I 263 106 Koutiala t3 430 3 690 56 San 7 188 2 040 81 Sikasso 15 375 2 8A4 75 Tominian 6 563 2 2L2 4? Yanfoli la 82@ I 061 76 Yorosso 5 200 940 6I

NIGER a Gu6Iadio 32 r55 Niamey 394 Say 150 92 Tamou 279 25 T6ra L 522 95 Torodi L26 244

9 Information not available at the time of drafting this document.

I Annex I-l page lO4

fiE o {_ F{NN \o tr) t{ A2 t- t++ .'{ EH o) .t{ E< q) (l af; '-{ F 2 +{ F{ t- @ o OH (l & Hc( +r \L' Odd F{ o c- .lJ .p o ++ C) ,i o s*DFI (H AO o o> t{ A a frl o p t- @rO.{ a o f;H rr) OFIN E2Ds @o +++ o ri +) F] Q !E F] E E{A D d Zt)-F1 o (o@ oz rOlo(") 6 o rr) srf,sf ,-l E .tJ c- F{ o c( EO o -A o> A t- F{ lO lJ) o(D hts o oroo b0 lr a lo o, t4 Fl (o rOC-(o .cP E{- Ot +++ l{o o gOv+).'{ F{ 14(, EIE (h 5P € O ca 14 o (o otrE OE c- sr{ m+{ O P Ei <{co$ oE& tr) +{P(l, h (o OOFr oP h o .o o t++ ,rClO tf) F{ oqt a E NZ +)Q.o .o trga F{H oo o !Fr EE(!,tl H< +rtda ,r., ko o o 14p E ob ql+{ .d 1, FIA ob tL ,rt qPtr rno nI{P o; 6 0 gE f+J?h QO Y M H,

TABLE I.I.26. TOTAL R]PUhTION AM f,OMTIE MPUIATION tN TIIE PRITIIRI SECTOR (ACRICULTURE) TN 1960 AND T9?O IN THE NORfrERN RECION OF TilE NEPUBLIC OT GIhM Arc IHN AI{ML CRdfr MTES OF ThE POPUhTION DURIIC TMT PERIOO AY 6MUP OF ADMTNISTMTIW WITS

SOURCE: TPUhIION CENSUS OF CIAM, t96O-le?O

1960 t9?o

bcal Totel f,orkrng populrtron rn bcrl Total f,orkrng populatroh 1n rg60/rg?o Councr I Fpula c 10n th6 prlury secto. Councrl rcpula tlon th6 prrmry 3octor

M 24 C96 9 aa3

bl€ 2{ 351 2 923

T

M 20 422 ? 58s

hMngo f, 20 362 r 182

T

ff 37 020 l{ 823

SeIoga w 36 @9 2 410

T

f 60 ?90 25 933 I Total for Eastarn T 57 {39 5 882 th6 thr60 x ConJ. T ll8 229 t 163 160 3.21

t 24 964 lo {12

sa boh ( 24 ?64 095 Zab2ugu 3 T

M 2A 529 lo 506

g 2A 224 I t?l

T

I 28 166 tl 9s3 cushr6gu f, 2? Ch€r6pn1 O5l {31 f

il 62 904 28 356 t Er3t6rn total for hgonb! x 58 {?9 127 f,

T t22 473 T 161 698 2.6X

( 26 613 lo 0??

Sevolugu f, 25 r9l 2 ?43

T

M 2? O94 tt 270

Tolon U 24 976 r 920

T

I 42 01t l? 8s? t 16l t6an Iot.l for 40 2r7 hgonba t I 540 U I a2 288 f ro3 8?4 2.35

x 29 6{l { 663 i{ so G9 aI@

TaDlo r 28 542 t22 faoe l€ 46 4?I 5ao

T 58 r83 t 98 560 5 .41

t 22 927 10 392 f 3? 3r? 16 22t

Nan@be I 23 oto 2 692 Bloblla r 3? 659 4 05t

r {5 93? T 74 076 5. 02 il 1S {43 ? ?tl

f,al€ f,ale x 20 I1L 959

T

I 42 880 16 la2

trelerrgu f, 42 856 2 866

T

i{ 52 5{r 22 ?72 f South frtal lor f, sL 922 Irnpru!1 426 tho trc f,

T lo{ {63 T I25 3SO 1.8{ Ian annurl 8rc*Ch dto lor th6 Northcrn R€gron 3.r p.a.M

fAaLE l-r.2?. MAL mtuhttoi N0 oMlilc mtuulld Ix ffE pttuRy sENi (AcRl@LrE) tN le& .ad leTO lN tHE UPPEi iEOlOil oF TffE tEtuoLtC OF ruA flo IN d&& 0m MAS OF frE rcru4Tld &itNo lul PEnlo0 & c@P oa AqtfllslMIlvE uills s@RG mtuutloil cqsus oF liffiA. t9@-19?o

l9?o

k.kr.a PFl.rron r. torkrn. FFl.tron ,n b.al FEl.tlon the p.la..r 3ecto. bc.l @pulatron rh€ p.ro..y i ,,-U,rro ...ro. I I 3{ {61 ro 036

{o ?20 6 613 t I 2t ?e7 5 619

26 !l{ 7 777

T

53 025 19 9$

61 166 22 3lr

a lt{ 193 1 12! 514 o.?9

it aa? la 9a6

a5 @2 7 ao2

T

lo ola 55?

31 622 I LO5

T

p 6a 516 26 rt6

€6 all a !69

130 0?3 a llt rc9 t.39

E @ lll 5ro b o23 5 632 22 722 la t 22 1\7 M!

t a3 sao t 12 a12 -o.2i

1 21 216 12 a4 2a t91 lo ?a{

I 26 6?6 6l n 2el a!?

f g 922 I 91 22a 6,35

I 35 215 ll t33

tl 95? 2no

f

x rr 519 13 0r?

rc a9l a 2l3

T

60 rc? 3l @a I & l2l lo trl

T ls oa I t?2 m2 t.39

2t !16 9 33{ n loa

I

23 225 6 ao2

2a l6t ol0

1

aa 556 a {45 I al 6al ?10

93 19? t 996 o. 5a

I 21 661

I 23 05t

a

T t6 050 6 a{2

t l? 092 @

I

I 16 ?83 3 !a2 l0q l@3 t

I rcG3 6@2 tl 6tt {ta

I

I E? tst ts 936 I

86 933 2@

I t?{ 2el T 2r9 ts

&nu.l o.o a.orch r.t. lo. th€ UpF. Realon l.a Annex l-l page 10?

ol

o @ ol N r o @ N

N I ol @ N N

!l @

N ts 6 @ N N @ ts o @ o @ o @ @ @ @ N @ F o N N o @ @ @ d F N @ @ ts @ r ts N N N @ @ 5 @o c H A @ = @ * o r J E o o5 AAAO F Q< Ed @ F N E N bl F qEo 20 rz o 00 @ E& o -X EAd= o A 'R-oz z?AH dJ f o o zaEU Eq FH N A okc= o qH z z AZo -< o @ o hi o 7 F.o o o oz @ o o o ooad ts@ o qE N N @ @ Od N N @ kc Q2 -A tsq o rcoo!. EE= o J6FF OH ooo ha eoid id & .o =trc' F a v>6dclo!Lo 6 6 o I n B U c I .AEEOkqq> t a a I E HOoOe 7 o o ! F 600 a I z F 3 EOts oahto ue!Dq E a 8*ooo 0 oooo o .. o 6 0 6 ofddd oaaa, \aooo aqdad oo666 oGooa o 4 6l rl ol !l ol E o o E 2 = Annex l-1 paB6 IOE @ .8€EOP lt

F !c rl

I o ' E 0 o E 4ol L'

A

5 a oz)6 o E o o o o q o o o N o N o

EC

!a tso^E

2 e9

ee, EO I ts2 OF

EF 8 g N o- ts ; E? GO ! FF a e- ,7, IE -o o- ,d tsEoE oc EE ,O OE EA cc !eo o EE c 83 'o tl @ t8 o

N !i E4

3 .l @ o o o @ o o o4 o oc -a ts o : o 8 @ .o4cn,

60a OE o a c Ea OEA o E@c ct o , o o o ..E A' E CO , o ! .q e6 o o o I o ! E ! o o io o o o F = ts s a o e o@ oo o E .e o o t_ I I F o

ol.l ol tl ol Annex I-1 Page lo9

ol

El F o e o N N r { a N N A o I o, N o pl

N @ @ N @ N N @ N ts ts N 6 @ ts @ @ t @ @ @ N F N o @ N o N N @ N N o @ ts @ o N N F N

o @ o@ @

@ oa 6@ JF @< (Eac dts F i 6 EO E6

56 @ B! o@ .rR8e 2 BO @ E2 o ots

E 40 ECdE.E ]ac l! OEA I cr c c a o s a *t 6 o o oo a & 6 ! ro6 o T o o ! c E { g E CO E c U c d c .8. c a a o d d o o D c 6 U E x 6 6 o 6 o o # F o N - o 6 o I o i 6 o q E 9 o - o E t o B E o o o o E c E o o F 6 o e o e a D o B z 8 e x o a ts o s I ot e E I a ! E H q Anner-I -l page llo

ol

@ o sl N F €

i ot o N k

EI

N o r o o @ @ o F @ N E o F @ F N 8 o @ o @ o F o @ @ oF @ 3 o N o G N N

! o o @ a o c

o ov @ @ @ oo 6 @

!oE dod cea )6 OAA o r9 c E U U ! 6 o 6 o o ! oo 6 I 6 E 'I o o o E Co o 6 o A { A o>6 I ? a B E o, o o 6 € o o Y ts A a o x o - N N

o o o E c !2 H tq H q o H J E I q c q E A r q J o A x q 5 4 c 2 G E ? a A x o o= o F s A e E s E N N

E a 4 o q Anner I-l page lll

ol

!l @ o o ts

A ol o o; N o o N N !l F

@ @ @ N @ at N N F o o o o o o @ N o N

o o@

! o a o @ o o@ E J o o o a N E q F E e @ (r o q ts d E A o E @ o @ 8 oG o o z E 2 ts ts @ ro d J c 6 N qts e N @ o I G fi o e 2 E Cr J 6 D o a c ts o e @ o 4 F qts o A 4 N @ E o o oF G o A G @ N o e @ o qa F @ @ o o o N G a R E A 6 t @ E o @ o a E I 8 E @ @ & FT.id - N ooo q o odd o !l E h o ogo odd I o E 3 od@ d (OO.o@o o ddo I @ N oc g 8 @ a @ o !thc ts o oo6 H J % I ckqP J o @ o o Od 6 o E F o oo! N N oood F 4 okh4 q N oaac A ,UU; A fii c !{**R Eqo !cc6 E9C Orr oo@ EC dP9E dod 6666 lid E 2 z t- A okLk4 or6dc ooQ| .. a E o tPOOc 6Eoo ,ot o= OZI>o o D EH!!g P o o P ok!tt oooo ? = cp9 o .. o € 6 d A I oedad o odaaa o= x trooo ,Od-d oo600 oEooo E a 6l !l ol sl ol 6 o J ots q F Annex t-l page ll2

o rE a EL O - d v q'59H;!Q ! o oy ok kho_- @ o N @ o o o N @ r N N *iEiiit @ N o o r @ N N N N N EE.T3?3:o E, h-e - N N 9iq ge: x !. ! I

.3,ccc!p:u .Ph. ddP d q! Hv= o k c o o o o€ :-q o oad -cx o o o o o u PtroYo 6 >d oi t eLrJ9'wd = o o o o o o o o6E3tI*9. d od r:" k k qo q=o o o h o id a o-

F oE a2 E 5lr 8I: Ek ba[5sI* N N @ @ @ @ @'3 o ik o r o r My6EC= G Ea 6 o X @ @ F o o 6 F 6 o o 14 N N N N o N N N t- EE'*!lf z o !i:"tl' E xE E 6l o { - ts I ^^. ^^. ^^. ^^. ^^. ql e o cl o ko & q c4Hou 4 O Ud P O > 6 2 co A = odcoc q o 'ts u! o c o c o 4 GLd dO @ @ @ r @ r o e POeCPdO A o c 6 o 6 uh @ o @ N @ o d dd @ 6 @ o @ o o o o J qorer&o' o a hraoa h I oflodoo e A a ao oro e cl k Pd F E a H F oo! r q -F kd v o c o -9 g'e8 3 oe o k "o: @- I z o>x@ @ 1 o -ox6 a o It< c14 o 9- )d h gq b. o 5

ralti& @ o @ @ a F o N F @ o o @ o @ N o $; * E Ai N N N N o @

I E?itliod 6 d; I ^o tr t- EO 6E C P9@kd olPoo r @ @ , o 6 a, N o okkvo 1 oaE o;

a k @ o c c C u c o 6 q (, 6 E o G c @ G o o o E (, a o E o E o o o o o o o o A ( - F - - Fr = - tr = 3 F - qE e qa4 1 z d EC)ABI o hE c @ o; o tr q o o o 6l u 6 o a o r{ o E - o 2 fuinex I -l paSe ll3

8 8 8 (?, e- c- s F- (l) o (o @ c- o F @ @ (o 6l N to 8 @ 8 @ 8 @ N 6t d 6l (.) 6t o (\ o N o 6t ro @ d 8 (oI 8 6t ro F- o (o e- o N (7' ro @ (o N 6t 6{ to a 8 ro 8 (t) O (\l c- (\l lo N N F N (o c.i $ N to 8 8 'o 8 @ d (t) F N N (t) (o o d @ $ c) 'o to d N ol tr) & 8 c- 8 ro 8 @ .o o !f G (, N c,t' (\t lo @ N o d 8 (?)8 8 aE o N rO c- @ ca d o o d 6t c7j rO rO o stt N ct rO dFIto t--O:E d6 96 (, o L o o o dt C'\ CQtr c 99o< l o , :ro oo ,c o dl ar E.lh .ddk o l.+i A O+rO 9flO ,o 'dqta CI 6A +) cl dd 6 co dt,o aao d 2 tu0 o- F{O+r OA+r a o oulc q) ,Oql oo(, A e k+.o ttok AAr. o o !0C'd a o o OP o AdE O.{E dod o qtP dqlP (, q, tid @a' ut5. (! aoa 6l ,{EO BCO p , cloa 6Cli ocrr o e r!o &

TABLE I-1.33. GROIVTH RATE OF TTTE TOTAL POPUIATION OF THE DTSTRICTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO IIrcLUDED IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA A. CAI'UI,ATED FROM THE 1960 AND 1970 CENSUSES B. CAICTITATED ON THE BASIS OF SAIVIPLE VILIAGES SELECTED IN FOTJR DISTRICTS (REPORT BY THE ASSTSTATIT S@tOIOcICAL CONSULTAT.IT)

A

Total resident Total resident Region District population population Growth rate 1960 1970

Dapango 141 400 r80 572 2.47

S. Mango 47 500 58 256 2.06

Savanes

Kand6 32 7o,U^ 42 025 2.54

[.ama-Kara 88 000 96 296 o.90

Niamtougou 43 700 52 453 I 84

Pagouda 38 600 44 683 r.47

Kara

Bafilo 21 500 29 23L 3.12

Bassari 64 700 79 77? 2.LL

Sokod6 82 900 ?6 791 -o 7?! (partial ) Central a - The growth rate is negative.

B

Population Population District Growth rate in 1960 in 1970

Lama-Kara 7 324 I O90 1.OO

Pagouda 4 72r 5 r44 o.86

Dapango I 376 12 452 2.80

S. Mango 5 728 7 258 2 39 Annex I-1 page 115

APPE.IDIX 1

CLASSIFICATION OF SOTLS IN THE VOLTA BASIN REGION ACCORDING TO THEIR AORICULTURAL VALUE

This classification, in which each category comprises a certain number of soil types, has been drawn up with the assistance of FAO experts and contains 12 categories and subcategories of soils of increasing agricultural value. It has been used to interpret sorl maps (and, where applicable, geologrcal maps) i.n the region covered by the pirogra^mne in order to determine land capabilities both in the cultivated zones and in the zones to be brought into use. CATECORY I: AGRTCULTURAL VALUE NIL Soil types

1. RAW MINERAL SOILS, erosional - lithosols: on ferruginous crust on sandstone, quartzites and jaspers n rocks not dif,ferentiated fron the basement complex - regosols; on sedlmentary clay schists. 2. WEAI(LY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional - regs: associated with hydromorphic soils on sedimentary clay schists - lithic: on ferruginous crusts or on outcropping or almost outcropping rocks - transported, hydronorphic in sand alluvia. 3. SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical, - concretionary, in alterated calcalkali granites (on the lower third of the slopes) - without concretions: in colluvia derived from fine-grained quartzites in plate shales, young. 4. FERRALLITIC soils, slightly desaturated, rejuvenated, erosional and reworked, over calcalkali granites (on gentle slopes). 5. LEACHED FERRUCINOUS TROPICAL SOIL, mottled and with concretions, overlying colluvio-alluvial sandy-clay material.

6. HYDROIVIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, gley: leached, in sandstone or saline eluvia, in colluvio-alluvia derived from quartzites or iaspors. 7. HALOilIORPHIC SOILS, of degraded structure, alkali-leached, solonetz on clayey- sand material derived from granites, sometimes associated with gravelly soils.

CATEGORY II: AGRICULTURAL VALUE NIL TO POOR Soil types

1. BROWN SOILS, brown-red and brown semidesert: - undifferentiated: on windblown sands poor in clay and loan (recent erg) Annex I-1 page 116

Appendix I

- modal: on windblown sands (old erg). 2. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional - regs: associated with reg soils on schists and with ferruginous soils - eutrophic brown facies: associated with modal Iithomorphic vertisols overlying argillaceous material - ferruginous facies over gravelly material: associated with lithosols on ferruginous crust and with weakly leached ferruginous soils over argillaceous material derived from sedimentary schists or phthanites associated with gravelly soils over the crust and with leached ferruginous soils on shallow clayey-sand ma,terial.

3. FERRUGTNOUS TROPICAL SOILS, - little leached: on windblown sands poor in clay and loam (old erg) - leached or impoverished: on sandy-clay material derived from sandstone, associated with raw mineral soils on sandstone. CATEGORY III: AGRICULTUML VALUE POOR TO NTL Soil types

1. RAW MINERAL SOILS, erosional, lithosols: - lithosols: on granites - on various rocks - associated with ferruginous or impoverished soils, mottled or concretionary, on granite gruss. - assoclated with reworked ferruginous tropical soils on loamy-clay and clayey-sand material over the crust - associated with weakly developed hydromorphic soils on pebbly (sometimes gravelly) material derived from pegmatite - assoclated with speckled and concretionary pseudogley soils on nottled clayey-sand material and weakly developed hydromorphic soils on gravelly material. 2. WEAI(LY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional: - hydronorphic, modal facies; on gravelly material, associated with lithosols over ferruginous crust - regs, ferruginous facies; on gravelly material above the crust, associated with lithosols on ferruginous crust. 3. FERRUGINOUS TROPICAL SOILS, leached or impoverished: - concretionary: on saody to sandy-clay material, associated wlth lithosols on Tarkwa sandstones Annex I-1 page lI7

Appendix I

- on clayey-sand material derived from sandstone-schist formations, associated with gravelly soils.

4. HALOIVIORPHIC SOILS, of degraded structure, on clayey-sand material derived from , granites, associated with weakly alkalized semidesert brown soils. 5. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, ferruginous tropical, - Ieached: indurated on gneiss or granites and in colluvia derived from aandstone, jaspers and quartzites - concretionary: in kaolinization derived from gneiss CATEGORY lVa: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR Soil types 1. RAW MINERAL SOILS, erosional' lithosols: - lithosols: on quartzites associated with weakly developed or alluvial soils in Birrimian schists - on sandstone associated with undifferentiated ferruginous tropical soiIs, on sandy clay and argillaceous sand material derived from sandstone - associated with hydromorphic, weakly developed soils on vertisol with a covering of gravel - on granite associated with mottled and concretionary pseudogley soils - on speckled argillaceous sand material and reworked ferruginous tropical soils - on argillaceous sandy material in depth - on granite, associated with halomorphic soils on argillaceous to argillaceous sand material. 2. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional: - regs; on sandstone, associated with lithosols on sandstone - feruginous facies: on sandy clay veneer over locally ferruginized flags - solonetz facies: on arBillaceous sand material derived from granites and migmatites 3. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, hydromorphic: - modal facies: on vertisols with gravel covering; possibly associated with modal I ithomorphic vertisols on gravelly material, associated with halomorphic soils on argillaceous to argillaceous sand material - regs: on gravelly material associated with lithosols on a ferruginous crust and sometimes also with leached ferruginous soils overlying sandy-clay material derived from sandstone, on sandstone.

4. SOILS WITH IRON AND MATTGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, ferruginous tropical, leached: - hydromorphic: in granites, gneiss and plate shale - indurated: in plate shale, gneiss Annex I-l page I18

Appendix I

- concretionary: in kaolinizations of calcalkali granites and on binary mica granite- gneiss - mottted and concretionary: on argillaceous sand material, associated with weakly ! developed hydromorphic soils on gravelly materlal. 5. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, ferruginous tropical: - little leached: on fine argillaceous sands - reworked, with mottles and concretions: on argillaceous sand material, sometimes gravelly and sometimes calcareous in depth, assoclated with weakly developed hydro- morphic soils on gravelly material and structured pseudogley soils on argillaceous material of diverse origins - on gravelly and clay sands derived from coarse-grained granites 6. FERSTALLITIC SOILS, ferruginous tropical, little-leached: - on windblown (old erg) and modal sands - associated wlth gravelly solls - associated with semi-desert brown soils on argillaceous material - on fine argillaceous sands, associated with semi-desert brown vertisols on argilla- ceous material, with hydromorphic soils on clay alluvia - associated with little-leached ferruginous soits on argillaceous sand material 7. HALOIVIORPHIC SOILS, of degraded structure, not alkali-teached, on argillaceous to arglllaceous -sand material, associated with modal lithomorphic vertisols and lithosols on Sranite. 8. FERRUGINOUS TROPTCAL SOILS - reworked and impoverished: on gravetly rnaterlal and crust associated with regs - indurated and hydromorphic: on argillaceous sand and sandy-clay material, associated with weakly developed regosols on schists - littte-Ieached: facies with internal drainage limited in depth, associated with gravelly soils on fine argillaceous sands associated with semi-desert brown vertisols on argillaceous material derived from sedimentary rocks and with hydromorphic pseudogley soits on clay alluvia - leached or inpoverished: on argillaceous sand material, associated wlth gravelly soils and structured hydromorphic soils on argillaceous material on gravelly-sandy-clay materlal frqn coarse-textured grani tes g. VERTISOLS, topomorphic, not grumosolic, with saline characteristlcs on argillaceous sand alluvla. Annex I-l page 119

Appendix 1

10. ISOHTMIC SOILS, semi-desert brown, sheet-eroded facies, on windblown sands (recent erg). 11. MULL SOILS, eutrophic brown: - on argillaceous material derived from granites associated with halomorphic soils - on argillaceous to argillaceous-sandy material and weakly developed hydromorphic soils on gravelly material - on gravelly material and crust or altered schists associated with indurated reworked ferruginous soils: on gravelly material and wlth Iithosols on crust - on gravelly material and crust or kaolinization associated wlth reg soils - on gravelly material and with lithosols on crust - on gravelly material and crust or kaolinizatlon associated with indurated reworked ferruginous soils on gravelly material. L2. HYDROIIIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus, pseudogley - mottled and concreti.onary, modal facies: on argillaceous sandy material, associated with lithosols on crust and reworked ferruginous soils on argillaceous sandy material associated with reworked femuginous tropical soil.s on argillaceous sandy material and with lithosols on granites - structured pseudogley: associated with leached or impoverished ferruBinous tropical soils on argillaceous sandy material - with inherited pseudogley: assoclated with lithosols on ferruginous crusts and reworked ferruginous tropical soils on argillaceous sandy material in depth assoclated with lithosols on granite and lithosols on crust - pseudogley, low-htmus, mottled and concretionary, modal facies, associated wlth weakly developed erosional soils on gravelly naterial

CATECORY IVb: AGRICTLTURAL VALUE POOR TO AVERAGE Soil Types 1. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional: - regs: ferruginous facies, assoclated with lithosols on ferruginous crust with weakly developed erosional soils with eutrophic brown facles on clayey material and little-leached ferruginous solls on windblown sands ferruginous facies, associated with weakly developed soils on argillaceous sand colluvia and with lithosols on ferruginous crust Annex I- page l2O

Appendix I

hydromorphic facies, on sandy-Ioam material over crust, associated with gravelly soils - hydromorphic, modal facies: on coarse-layer sandy material resting on granite associated with lithosols on granlte - lithomorphic, grumosolic, modal: on amphibolite schists associated with hydromorphic brown eutrophic soils, on material teached in coarse-grained elements. 2. SOILS WITH SESQUIOXIDES AiID RAPIDLY MINERALIZED ORGANIC MATTER, ferruginous tropical: - little-leached, modal: with internal drainage of limited depth associated with weakly developed erosional soils on gravelly material - leached or impoverished: mottled and concretionary, on argillaceous sandy material mottled and concretionary, associated with weakly developed erosional soils on gravelly material and with lithosols on crust 3. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, ferruginous troiical: - leached or i.mpoverished: hydromorphic, in granite gneiss without concretions on sandy clay, sometimes gravelly, material derived from granites, associated with impoverished reworked ferruginous soils on gravelly sandy clay material and with hydromorphic pseudogley soils and crust on sandy colluvial material - little-leached, nodal facies; on argillaceous transported sands: associated with with weakly developed transported soils, badly drained, associated with leached ferru- ginous soils on argillaceous sandy material 4. HALOI{ORPHIC SOTLS of degraded structure: - leached alkaline soils, columnar solonetz in horizon B; associated with hydromorphic soils on sandy-clay material and with leached ferruginous soils on argillaceous sandy materlal Annex I-1 page I2l

Appendix I

- non-Ieached alkaline soils: on arglllaceous to argillaceous sandy material associated with lithosols on granite.

CATEGORY V: AGRICULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE TO PooR t Soil Types 1. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional, regs, associated with leached or impoverished femuginous soils on argillaceous sandy material. 2. FERRUGINOUS TROPTCAL SOILS: - leached or impoverished: on material ranging from sandy clay to coarse sand derived from granite, associated with indurated ferruginous soils and with hydromorphic ferruginous soils on material ranging from sand to sandy-clay derived from quartzitic aandstone, associated with reworked ferruginous soils, impoverished soils and indurated soils on gravelly sandy clay materlal associated with gravelly soils on a mixture of windblown sands and material derived from argillaceous sandstone, associ.ated urith gravelly soils and little leached ferru- ginous soils on sandy-clay material associated with hydronorphic brown eutrophic soils on clayey material and with gravelly soils mottled and concretionary, on argillaceous sandy material, associated with weakly developed erosional soils on gravelly material and with lithosols on crust - reworked and impoverished: associated with hydromorphic leached or impoverished ferruginous soils on sandy-c1ay and argillaeeous sandy material and with weakly developed regosols on altered schlsts associated with indurated leached ferrugi.nous soils on sandy-clay material - impoverlshed and indurated: on sandy-c1ay gravelly material derived from granites, associated wlth leached ferruginous soils; mottled, indurated and hydromorphic on arglllaceous sandy material derived from granites. 2. FERRUGINOUS TROPTCT,L SOTLS:

- Iittle leached: associated with gravelly soils and eutrophic brown soits with a sandy covering over clayey materiar derived from granites associated with hydronorphic soils of clayey naterial derived from ctay schists (Bi rrimian ) Annex I -l page 122

Appendix I

on windblown sands (old erg) associated with hydronorphic eutrophic brown soils on clayey al luvio-colluvlaI materials with internal drainage of linited depth, on windblown sands (old erg) - hydronorphic: associated with gravelly soils associated with regosols on schists and with gravelly solls on argillaceous sandy naterial, associated with gravelly soils and structured hydromorphic soils on clay material derived from sedimentary schists - remodelled and indurated: on sandy to argillaceous sandy material with a gravelly layer, associated with hydromorphic leached ferruginous soils on polyphasic sandy-clay to argillaceous-sand material associated with leached ferruginous soils on shallow argillaceous-sandy material and with gravelly soils on clayey material derived from sedimentary schists, associated with gravelly soils associated with gravelly solls

3. SOILS WITH IRON AI.ID MANGAI,{ESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached: - concretionary: in Plate shales in fine grained quartzites and mica schists - hydromorphic: in quartzitic schists - modal, in conglomeratic material 4. HYDROIVIORPHIC SOILS, mineral , with gley: - with nodules: in migmatites - leached: in mica schists and granite gneiss S. HYDROIIIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus, mottled and concretionary, with structured pseudogley - assoclated with tittle-leached ferruginous soils, on windblown sands or on fine argillaceous sands. 6. MULL SOtLS, of tropical regions, tropical eutrophic brown vertisols' associated with gravelly soils

CATEGORY VI: AGRICULTT,RAL VALUE AVERACE Soil types I. RAW MINERAL SOILS, non-clinatic in origin, erosional, lithosols; weakly developed hydromorphic soils on vertisols with gravelly covering and structured pseudogley soils on material of various origins. Annex I-1 page 123

Appendix I

2. WEAIGY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional, non-climatic in origin, hydromorphic, - nodal facies: on gravelly material associated with leached or impoverished ferru- ginous tropical soils on argillaceous-sandy material - on sandy material with a coarse layer restinB on granite, associated with modal Iithomorphic vertisols. 3. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional regs, hydromorphic facies, on sandy-clay material over quartzites associated with hydromorphic structured pseudogley soils on sandy-clay material over vertisol alteration.

4. LITHOIVIORPHIC VERTISOLS, non-grumosolic, halomorphic, on expansive-clay material derived from granites associated with weakly developed hydromorphic soils of polyphasic gravel and clay-gravel material derived from granite and on gravelly material. 5. TOPOMORPHIC VERTISOLS, non-grumosolic, with noderately developed vertisotic characteristics, on clay alluvia covered with sand or sandy clay. 6. MULL SOILS; of tropical regions, eutrophic brown solls: - modal: on pebbly material derived from basic rocks associated with hydromorphlc eutrophic brown soils on remodelled material rlch in coarse elements and with modal grumosolic topomorphic vertisols - weakly devetoped: on remodelled sandy-clay and granitd-gneiss material. 7. SOILS WITI{ SESQUIOXIDES AI{D MPIDLY MINERALIZED ORC'ANIC MATTER, Ieached or impoverished hydromorphic ferruginous tropical soils on sandy clay material, associated with ferralitic soils slightly and moderately desaturated. 8. SOILS WITH SESQUIOXTDES, leached ferruginous tropical soi.Is, mottled and concretionary, on colluvio-alluvial sandy-clay material. 9. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANCANESE SESQUIOXTDES, leached ferruginous tropical soils, - concretionary: on coarse-grained intrusive granites (bottom of slopes) on alkali granite grneiss (plateau) on leptynites on mica schists (bottom of slopes) in i111tic sandy-clay alteration derived from gneiss - wlthout concretions: in quartzy mica schists - hydromorphic: in plate shales (valley bottom lands) a IO. FERRALLITIC SOILS: - stightly desaturated in the B horizon: impoverished, hydromorphic, in reiuvenated sandy-clay eluvia, erosion and remodellings, Annex I-1 page 124

Appendix I

on remodelled calcalkali granites, slightly rejuvenated on sandy clay to argillaceous sandy material, derived from schists associated with remodelled indurated ferruginous soils on sandy-clay gravelly material - moderately desaturated, typical or remodelled: on argillaceous-sandy material derived fron sandstone. 11. FERRUCINOUS TROPICAL SOILS, leached or impoverished: - without concretions: on polyphasic sandy-clay naterial - concretionary: on argillaceous-sandy material derived from sandstone - hydromorphic: on sandy-clay, sometimes gravelly, material derived from schists associated with indurated and impoverished remodelled ferruginous soils on sandy-clay to clay material associated with sliBhtly and moderately desaturated ferralitic soils on sandy-clay to argilta- ceous material derived from sandstone. L2. ISOHUMIC SOILS, semi-desert brown, vertisols on clayey material derived from sedimentary rocks, associated with gravelly soils. 13. HYDRCII,IORPHIC MTNERAL sorls, low-humus, mottled and concretionary - pseudogley, structured facies: - on argilraceous to argillaceous-sandy colluvio-arluvial material - associated with weakly developed erosional soils on gravelly material - associated with mottled and concretionary leached ferruginous soils on argillaceous- sandy material 14. HYDROIIIORPHIC SOILS, low-humus, with mottled and concretionary pseudogley:

- structured pseudogley: on argillaceous-sandy cotluvio-alluvial material on argillaceous-sandy to clayey material derived from clay schists (Birrimian) or old remodelled materlal - associated with Iittle-leached ferruginous soils on shallow sandy-clay material with a gravel Iayer - associated with gravelly soils and soils on clayey material - modal pseudogley: on argillaceous-sandy alluvla a 15. HYDROII'IORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus, with pseudogley, mottled and concretlonary Ieached facies: on sandy-clay to clayey-sand material derived from sandstones associated with hydromorphic leached ferruginous soils on the same material. Annex I -t page 125

Appendix I

16. ISOHUITIIC SOILS, semi-desert brown, vertisols on clayey material derived from sedimentary rocks, associated with gravelly soils.

CATEGORY VII: AGRICULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE TO @OD Soil Types t. WEAIGY DEVELOPED SOILS, erosional, regs, hydromorphic facies on argillaceous- sandy material derived from granites 2. WEAIGY DEVELOPED SOILS, of climatic origin, erosional, hydromorphic on argillaceous-sandy material derived from granites 3. tSOHUIvtIC VERTISOLS, semi-desert brown: - assoclated with gravelly soils - on argillaceous-sandy material derived from migmatites and gneiss - associated with little-Ieached ferruginous soils on windblown sands - on clayey material derived from granites - on clayey material derived from clay schists (Birrimian) associated with gravelly soils 4. VERTISOLS AI.ID PARAVERTISOLS, lithomorphic, non-grumosolic, halomorphic, on expansive-clay material derived from granites, associated with modal lithomorphic vertisols and hydromorphic weakly developed soils on argillaceous-sandy material derived from granites. 5. FERSIALLITIC SOILS, ferruginous tropical, Iittle-leached, with internal drainage of limited depth, associated with eutrophic brown soils on clayey material derived from basic rocks. 6. FERRALLITIC SOILS, weakly desaturated in the B horizon, modal impoverished in sandy-clay eluvia. 7. MULL SOILS, of the tropics, eutrophic brown, vertisols: - on clayey material derived from granites and migmatites, associated with solodized solonetz on argillaceous material - associated with little-leached ferruginous soils on windblown sands - associated with gravelly soils and solonetz 8. HYDROVIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus with pseudogley, mottled and concretionary, structured facies: on polyphasic loamy-sand to argillaceous-sand colluvio-alluvial material coverlng clay alluvia a associated with hydromorphic vertisols on argillaceous or argillaceous sand alluvia Annex I-l page 126

Appendrx I

9. SOTLS WITH SESQUIOXIDES AllD MPIDLY MINERALIZED ORCANIC MATTER, ferruginous tropical soils: - leached or impoverished: concretionary, on sandy-clay material derived from granites, associated with hydromorphic soils with pseudogley and crust on alluvlal sands without concretlons, on sandy-clay to clayey-sand material derived from sandstone, associated with hydromorphic leached ferruginous €oils on sandy-clay to clayey material hydromorphic, on sandy-clay to clayey naterial, associated with hydromorphic mottled and concretionary pseudogley soils on loamy-clay to clayey material - unleached or little-leached: facies with internal drainage of limited depth, associated with eutrophic brown vertisols on clayey material derived from basic rocks or from amphibole migmat i tes IO. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, femuginous, tropical, leached; - concretionary: ln kaolinization derived from acid agranites in kaolinization of alkall granite gneiss in quartzy schists in colluvia derived from quartzitic sandstone and jaspers on schists - without concretions: on coarse-grained intrusive granites in quartzy schists - hydromorphic: in migmatites or basic rocks on ferromagnesian gneiss

CATEGORY VIII: AGRTCULTURAL VALUE GOOD TO AVERAGE Soil types I. RAW MITIERAL SOILS, not of climatic origin, erosional , regosols on schists. 2. WEAIGY DEVELOPED SOILS, of non-climatic origin, erosional, hydromorphic, eutrophic brown facies on gravelly naterial covered with clay, associated with modal lithomorphic vertisols. 3. ISOHUMIC SOILS, semidesert, brown, vertisols: - with saturated complex, on argillaceous-sandy material of various origins

- on clayey material derived from basic rocks and associated with vertisols and a gravelly soiIs. 4. VERTISOLS, topomorphic, non-grumosolic, generally hydromorphic on clay alluvia. Annex I-l page 127

Ap ixl

5. VERTISOLS Al.lD PAfiAVERTISOLS, Iithomorphic, non-grumosolic: - modal: associated with soils with structured pseudogley on clayey material of vari.ous origins and lithosols on ferruginous crust. i - halomorphic: on expansive clay material derived from granites, associated with modal, lithornorphic vertisols. - modal: associated with alkalized lithomorphic vertisols and eutrophic brown soils on clayey material. 6. MULL SOILS of tropical regions, brown, eutrophic, vertisols: - on argillaceous material derived from basic rocks: associated with vertisols on clayey material associated with hydronorphic, eutrophic brown soils on argillaceous material - on argillaceous material derived from granites and migmatites: associated with vertisols on clayeY material associated with solodized solonetz . on cIaYeY material - associated with gravellY soiIs. 7. MULL SOILS of the tropical regions, brown, eutrophic, hydromorphic, associated with Iittle-leached ferruginous soils on argillaceous sands and with gravelly soi1s. 8. HYDRo|0IORPHIC SOILS, nineral , low-humus: - gtey; on argillaceous-sandy to argillaceous drift beds - pseudogley: nodal facies, with mottles and concretions associated with vertisols modal facies, on sandy-clay material derived from granites structured facies, on clay-Ioam, colluvio-alluvial material derived from sedimentary schists associated with gravelly soils and leached ferruginous soils on argillaceous-sandy material. 9. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightty desaturated in the B horizon: - impoverished, modal: in sandstone with fine sand rejuvenated, with erosion and remodellings: on acid granite gneiss. a - 10. SOILS WITH IRON AI{D MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, ferruginous tropical, leached: - concretionary: in sandy-ctay to sand kaolinization derived from binary mica granites in gravelly material, Young Annex [-1 page 128

Appendix I

on acld granite gneiss 3 on ferromagnesian gneiss - modal: in sandstone colluvia or eluvia in sandy-clay and gravelly altered solls derived from granites a - hydromorphic: on ferromagnesian gneiss or on basic rocks.

CATEGORY IX: AGRICULTURAL VALUE COOD Soil Types I. RAW MINERAL SOILS, not climatic ln origin, erosional, lithosols associated with nodal lithomorphic vertisols and lithosols on sandstone. 2. TOPCNIORPHIC VERTISOLS, non-grunosolic, modal on clay alluvia. 3. VERTISOLS AIID PARAVERTISOLS, non-grumosolic; - modal topomorphic: on clay alluvia associated with semi-desert brown vertisols - modal lithomorphic: associated with halomorphic soils on argillaceous to argillaceous-sandy material and weakly developed hydromorphic soils on gravelly material on argillaceous material derived from granites and migmatites or various basic rocks, associated with eutrophic brown solls: - vertisols on argillaceous material - hydromorphic on argillaceous material and with gravelly soils. - llthomorphic vertisols: on argillaceous material derived from amphibole granite on argillaceous materlal derived from baslc rocks. 4. FERSTALLITIC SOILS, little-Ieached ferruginous tropical with internal drainage of limited depth on fine clayey sands. 5. MULL SOILS of tropical countries, brown, eutrophic, vertisolic: - on argillaceous, sonetimes gravelly, material derived from basic or neutral rocks associated with llthosols on basic rocks - on clayey, sometimes gravelly, material derived from schists associated with modal lithomorphic vertisols - undifferentiated clayey material - associated with modal lithomorphic vertisols and lithosols on basic or neutral rocks - assoclated with modal lithomorphic vertisols, sometines also with structured pseudogley on argillaceous material of various origins a - associated with weakly developed hydromorphic soils on gravelly material. Annex l-I page 129

Appendrx I

6. MULL SOILS of the tropical regions, brown, eutrophic, hydromorphic: - on argillaceous-sandy to argillaceous material derived from granites and migmatites - on argillaceous-sandy to argillaceous material derived from schists (Birrinian). l 7. SESQUIOXIDE SOILS, with rapidly mineralized organic Eatter, leached or impoverished ferruginous tropical soils, hydromorphic, on Ioamy-clay to clay material, associated with mottled and concretionary hydromorphic pseudogley soils on loamy-clay to clay material.

8. HYDRCIVIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus: - gley: on argillaceous-sandy to argillaceous drift beds associated with hydronorphic gley soils on sandy material associated with hydromorphic deep gley soils on sandy material in colluvio- alluvia derived from fine-grained quartzites - mottled and concretionary pseudogley: structure: - associated with eutrophic brown soils on clayey material and litt1e-leached ferruginous soils on windblown sands or on fine argillaceous sands - on clayey-loara colluvio-alluvial material derived from sedimentary schists associated with hydromorphic vertisols on the same material - on alluvial material of varied texture, often clayey - modal: on various alluvial materlals associated with weakly developed hydromorphic soils on alluvial sandy-loam to Ioamy materials associated with hydromorphic low-humus soils with redistribution of limestone, Iime nodules on clayey alluvia associated with deep gley soils on alluvia of varying texture on loamy-clay to clay material. 9. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical, - concretionary: - on coarse-grained intruslve granite - on alkaline granite gneiss o - on mica-schists - in remodelled material derived from gneiss Annex I -1 page 13O

Appendrx 1

tO. FERRALITIC SOILS, slightty desaturated in the B horizon, impoverished, moda1, in coarse-grained sandstone.

CATEGORY X: AGRICULTURAL VALUE GOOD TO VERY GOOD Soil Types I. WEAIOY DEVELOPED SOILS, transported, hydromorphic, on sandy to sandy-Ioam alluvia. 2. SOILS WITH IRON AIID ttti{NO{MSE SESQUIXODES, Ieached ferruginous tropicat, concretionary, in kaolinized granite gneiss or atkali granites. 3. MULL SOILS of the tropical regions, brown, eutrophic, modal, on argillaceous material derived from basic rocks, associated with eutrophic brown vertisols on remodelled material rich in coarse-grained elements, with hydromorphic eutrophic brown soils and with modal grumosolic topomorphic vertisols. 4. HYDRCIVIORPHIC SOILS, mineral, low-humus, pseudogley, mottled and concretionary, structured facies, associated with hydromorphic vertisols on clay alluvia.

CATECORY XI: AGRICULTUML VALUE VERY OOOD Soil Types 1. VERTISOLS, modal grumosolic, topomorphic, on basic clay aIIuvia. 2. VERTISOLS AND PARAVERTISOLS, non-Brumosotic, modal; - topomorphic: on clay alluvia - lithomorphic: on expansive-clay material - topomorphic: associated with hydromorphic vertisols on alluvial clay material. 3. SOILS WITH IRON AhlD MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, ferruginous tropical, leached, - concretionary: on conglomeratic material of the cretaceous. 4. HYDROMORPHIC SOILS, mineral, with gley: - leached: in colluvio-aIluvia derived from schists - generally: on sandy-clay and loamy-clay alluvia. 5. MULL SOILS, of the tropical regions, base-deficient brown vertisols on clayey sometimes gravelly, material derived from basic or neutral rocks.

a Annex I-l page I31

APPENDIX 2

QUESTTONNAIRE ON THE YIELDS OF THE MAIN AGRICTLTURAL PRODUCTS lN THE DAHOMEYAI.I PART OF THE VOLTA BASTN AREA IN REI.ATION TO THE TYPES OF CROP, SOIL, AI{D CLIMATE, SEI{T BY FAO TO ALL DEPARIIvIENTS AI{D ORGANIZATIONS CAPABLE OF SUPPLYING SUCH INFORMATION. QUESTIONI.IAIRES OF THE SAIttE TYPE BLrT ADAPTED TO THE SPECIAL CONDITIONS IN EACH COUI,ITRY HAVE BEEN SEI,IT TO GHANA, IVORY COAST, MALI' NIGER, a TOGO, AND UPPER VOLTA

1. You will find herewith a list of the soils encountered in the Dahomey proiect zone classified according to their agricultural value. Could you simplify this questionnaire still more by dividing the soils into three categories: (a) Plateau soils: good average poor (b) Soils on slopes and declivities: good average poor

' (c) Valley soils: good average poor

2. Do you think that inside the Dahomey project zone the yields per hectare for a given crop on a given soil (e.g., millet on good plateau soits) vary significantty in relation to climatic phenomena (rainfaLl, temperature, etc.). In other words, are the yields of millet per hectare on good plateau soils very different in the north and the south, for example?

3. Assuming the same methods of cultivation, could you insert on diagran 1 enclosed the zones within which the yields per hectare of a particular crop on the same quality of soil are. roughly the same. 4, Can you give us information on yields: - for different crops - for different categories of soil, and - for each hectare-yield zone you have drawn in on diagram 1. 5. Do you think that the sales prices of the products urhose yields you have just listed differ very greatly within the Dahomey project zone? 6. Can you indicate on diagram 2 the zones within which average prices for a a particular product are roughly the same? 7. What, in your opinion, is the average size of holding in the project zone? 8. What, in your opinion, are the averaBe sizes of the family units working on a holding in the project zone? Annex I-l page 132

Appendix 2

CI,ASSTFTCATION OF SOILS ACCORDING TO THEIR AGRICULTURAL VALUE

DAHOMEY

a BTMBEREKE SHEET

CATEGORY I: AGRICULTURAL VALUE NIL t. WEAKLY DEVEIOPED SOILS, erosional, - lithic on ferruginous crust - on outcropping or almost outcropping rocks 2. SOILS WITH IRON AI,ID MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - concretionary in kaolinized calcalkali granites (on the lower third of the slopes) 3. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, reiuvena'ted erosion and remodelling - on calcalkali granites (on gentle sLopes)

CATEGORY IVa: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR I. SOII^S WITH IRON Al.lD MANGAI.IESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - concretionary in kaolinized calcalkali granites (top of stopes) on binary mica granite gneiss - indurated - on gneiss CATEGORY VI: AGRICT,LTIJRAL VALUE AVERAGE 1. SOILS WITII IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - concretionary - on intrusive coarse-grained granites (bottom of slopes) - on alkaline granite gneiss (plateaux) - on leptynites - on mica schists (bottom of slopes) 2. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, reiuvenated - erosion and remodelling on calcalkali granite CATEGORY VII: AGRICULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE TO GOOD I. SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - hydromorphic on ferromagnesian gneiss - without concretions, on intrusive coarse-grained granites - concretionary in kaolinized alkaline granite gneiss CATEGORY VIII: AGRICULTT,RAL VALUE COOD TO AVERAGE SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical t. a - concretionary on acid granite gneiss - on ferromagrtesian gneiss - hydromorphic, on ferromagnesian gneiss or basic rocks Annex I-1 page 133

Appendix 2

a 2. FERMLLITIC SOILS, slightly resaturated in the B horizon, reiuvenated - with erosion and remodelting on acid granite gneiss

CATEGORY IX: AGRTCULTURAL VALUE GOOD 1. SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGAI{ESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: on intrusive coarse-grained granites on alkalrne granite gneiss on mica schists

CATEGORY X: AGRICTLTURAL VALUE GOOD 10 VERY COOD 1. WEAKLY DEVEIOPED SOILS, transported - hydromorphic, on sandy to sandy-loam alluvia 2. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: in kaolinized binary mica granite gneiss

CATEGORY XI: ACRICT,LTURAL VALUE VERY GOOD I. SOILS WITH IRON AI{D MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferrugi.nous tropical - concretionary, on conglomeratic material of the Cretaceous. 2. HYDROMORPHIC SOILS, mineral, with gley - in general - on sandy-clay and loamy-clay alluvia Annex I-1 page I34

Appendix 2

TANGUIETA SHEET t

CATEGORY I: AGRICIJLTI,ML VALUE NTL 1. RAW MINERAL SOILS, erosional - Iithosols: on crust on quartzitic sandstone and jaspers 2. WEAKLY DEVELOPED SOILS, transported - hydromorphic: in Pendjari sandy aLLuvia 3. SOTLS WITH IRON AI'ID MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached - without concretions: in colluvia derived from fine-grained quartzites in young P1ate shales 4. MINERAL HYDROMORPHIC SOILS, with gley - saline: in cotluvio-alluvia derived from quartziti-c sandstones and jaspers

CATEGORY III: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR TO NIL: I. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached - indurated: in colluvia derived from quartziti,c sandstones and jaspers

CATEGORY IVa: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR 1. SOILS WITH IRON AI{D MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached - indurated: in Plate shales - hydromorPhic: in Plate shales

CATEGORY IVb: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR TO AVERAGE 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANCANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached - hydromorPhic: in granite gneiss

CATEGORY V: AGRICT,LTURAL VAIUE AVERAGE TO POOR I.soll,sWITHIRoNAIIDMANGAI.IESEsEsQUIoxlDEs,leached - concretionary: in Plate shales in fine-grained quartzites and mica schists - hydromorphic: in quartzitic schists 2. HYDROMORPHIC MINERAL SOILS' with gley - leached: in mica schists and granite gneiss

CATEGORY VI: AGRICULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE l.soll.swtTHIRoNANDMANGANESEsEsQUIoxIDEs,leached - in concretions: in quartzy mica schists in plate shales (va1ley bottom tands) - hydromorphic: a Annex t-l page 135

Appendix 2

a CATEGORY VII: AGRTCULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE TO GOOD 1. SOILS WITH IRON AI{D MANGAI{ESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached - without concretions: in quartzy schists a - withconcretions: in quartzy schists in coLluvia derived from quartzitic sandstones and jaspers on schists

CATEGORY IX: AGRICULTURAL VALIIE GOOD 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, Ieached - concretionary: in argillaceous-sandy to sandy-clay remodelLing derived from gneiss 2. HYDROMORPHIC MINERAL SOILS, with gley - leached: in colluvio-alluvia derived from fine-grained quartzites

CATEGORY X: AGRICULTURAL VALUE COOD TO VERY GOOD 1. WEAKLY DEVEIOPED SOILS, erosional - regosols: on fine-grained quartzites

CATEGORY XI: AGRTCULTURAL VALUE VERY GOOD 1. HYDROMORPHIC MINERAL SOILS, with gley - leached: in colluvio-alluvia derived from schists

a Annex I-1 page 136

Appendix 2

DUNKASSA SHEET a

CATEGORY T: AGRICULTT,RAL VALUE NIL

1. RAW MINEML SOILS, erosional - lithosols: on sandstone or ferruginous sandstone a on ferruginous crust on rocks undifferentiated from the basement rock 2. HYDROMORPHIC MII{ERAL SOILS, with gley - leached: in sandstone or eluvia CATEGORY III: AGRICTLTURAL VALUE POOR TO NIL 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: in sandy-c1-ay kaolinization derived from gneiss

- indurated: in gneiss or granites ,

CATECORY IVa: AGRICTLTURAL VALUE POOR 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - hydromorphic: in granites in gneiss

CATEGORY V: AGRICULTT,RAL VALUE AVERAGE TO POOR 1. SOILS WITH IRON AllD tl[r{NGr{\fESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - modal: in conglomeratic material 2. HYDROMORPHIC MINERAL SOIIS, with gley - nodular: in migmatites CATEGORY VI: AGRICI,LTURAL VALUE AUERAGE 1. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, impoverished - hydromorphic: in sandy-clay eluvia 2. SoILs iryftH fnou AND MANGANESE sEsQUIOxIDEs, leached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: in sandy c!.ay illitization derived from grreiss

CATECORY VTI: AGRTCT,LTURAL VALUE AVERAGE TO GOOD I. FERRALLITIC SOILS, sLightly desaturated in the B horizon, impoverished - modal: in sandy-clay eluvia 2. SOIT,S WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: in sandy-clay to sandy kaolinization derived from acid granites - hydronorphic: in migmatites or basic rocks a CATEGORY VIII: AGRICULTURAL VALTE OOOD TO AVERAGE I. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, impoverished - modal: in fine-grained sandstone Annex I-1 page 13?

Appendix 2

a 2. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGAI.IESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - modal: in sandstone colLuvia or eluvia in sandy-ctay and gravelly alterations derived from granites a - concretionary: in sandy-clay to sandy kaolinization derived from binary mica granites in gravelly material, young CATEGORY IX: AGRICTLTTRAL VALUE @OD 1. RAW MII{ERAL SOILS, erosional - lithosols: on sandstone or ferruginous sandstone 2. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, impoverished - modal: in coarse-grained sandstone

CATEGORY X: AGRICULTURAL VALUE GOOD TO VERY GOOD 1. SOILS WITH IRON AI.ID MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - concretionary: in sandy-cLay kaolinization derived from calcalkali Branites

a Annex I-1 page 138

Appendix 2

KOUANDE SHEET I

CATEGORY I: AGRICI,LTURAL VALUE NIL 1. RAl{ MINERAL SOILS, erosional a - lithosols: on outcropping or almost outcropping rock 2. WEAKLY DEVEIOPED SOILS, erosional - Iithic: on outcropping or almost outcroppinB crust on quartzite or mica schists 3. WEAKLY DEVEITOPED SOILS, alluvial drift - hydromorphic: ln fine sandy material 4. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, 1ittle-Ieached ferruginous tropical - Iittle-leached in c1ay, leached in sesquioxides - on mica schist and fine-grained quartzite (vaIley bottom lands) - on basic rock (valley bottom lands) - on ferromagnesian gneiss (vatley bottom) - on muscovite gneiss (plateau) - littIe leached, hydromorphic: on plate shales - little-leached, young ferruginous: on quartzite and mica schists 5. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, leached ferruginous tropical - Ieached, concretionary: in kaolinic material derived from muscovite gneiss (steep slopes) in kaolinic material derived from granite gneiss (steep slopes) - leached, hydromorphic: on quartzitic schists (steep slopes) - leached, indurated or highly concretionary: on biotite gneiss 6. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, typical - modat, on binary mica granite gneiss (steep slopes) 7. FERRALLITIC Sbfrc, slightty desaturated in the B horizon, rejuvenated - rejuvenated with erosion and remodelling: on basic rocks (steep slopes and plateau edges)

C.ATEGORY I I : AGRICULTURAL VALUE NIL TO POOR 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - leached, indurated or highly concretionary: on plate shales CATEGORY IIT: AGRTCULTURAL VA],UE POOR TO NTL a 1. SOTLS WITfl IRON AND MANGAI{ESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferrugi.nous tropical - leached indurated or highly concretionary: on quartzite

a Annex I-I paBe 139

Appendix 2

CATEGORY IVA: AGRICULTURAL VALUE POOR 1. solLs wtTH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, littte-leached ferruginous tropical - little leached in c1ay, leached in sesquioxides: on muscovite gneiss a (gentle slopes) 2. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - leached, not concretionary: in quartzite and mica schist colluvia - Ieached, hydromorphic: on quartzitic schist CATEGORY IVb: AORICTLTURAL VALUE POOR TO AVERAGE 1. SOILS WITH IRON AIID MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, leached ferruginous tropical - leached, rndurated or hlghly concretionary: in kaotinlc material derived from ferromagnesian gneiss

CATEGORY V: AGRICULTURAL VALTE AVERAGE TO POOR

1. RAW MINERAL SOILS, erosional - hydromorphic: in loamy-clay material 2. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Iittle-teachedferruginous tropical - little-Ieached in c1ay, leached in sesquloxides: on mica schist and fine- grained quartzite (gentle

s topes ) - little-leached, young ferruginous: on quartzite and mica schist (bottom of slope)

CATEGORY VI: AGRICULTURAL VALUE AVERAGE 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, little-leached ferruginous tropical - litt1e-Ieached in clay, leached in sesquioxides: on ferromagnesian gneiss (gentle slopes)

2. SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, leached ferruginous tropical - leached, concretionary - on quart zitlrc schist - leached, indurated or highly concretionary: on alkaline granite gneiss 3. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightty desaturated in the B horizon, almost developed - almost developed, with erosion and remodelling: on quartzitic schists CATEGORY VII: AGRICULTURAL VALTE AVEMGE TO CloOD a l. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGAI.IESE SESQUIOXIDES, little-leached ferruginous tropical - little leached in cLay, leached in sesquioxides: on granite gneiss and biotite orthogneiss a 2. SOTLS WITH IRON AI,|D MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, Ieached ferruginous tropical - leached, non-concretionary: on granitized mica schists - leached, concretionary: in kaolinic material derived from granite gneiss Annex I-1 page l4O

Appendix 2

- leached, indurated or highly concretionary: in kaolinic or ferrallitic t material derived from gneiss or biotite orthogneiss

CATEGORY V[II: AGRICULTURAL VALUE GOOD TO AVERAGE 1. VERTISOLS, grumosolic topo-lithomorphic - with hydromorphic concretions: on quartzitic schist 2. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE, little-leached ferruginous tropical - leached, without concretions: on jasper - leached, concretionary: in kaolinic or ferraLlitic material derived from quartzite or mica schist in kaolinic material derived from muscovite gneiss 3. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, typical , - modal, on binary mica grantte gneiss 4. FERRALLITIC SOILS, slightly desaturated in the B horizon, rejuvenated - rejuvenated: with erosion and remodellinBr on basic rock

CATEGORY IX: AGRICULTURAL VALUE GOOD 1. SOILS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXIDES, little-leached ferruginous tropical - tittle teached in c1ay, leached in sesquioxides: on basic rock (gentLe slopes ) on ferromagnesian gteiss (gentle slopes) 2. SOTLS WITH IRON AND MANGANESE SESQUIOXTDES, leached ferruginous tropical - leached, wlthout concretions: on quartzite

a

a Annex I-I page 141

APPENDIX 3

SHEET NO. 1 a

UPPER VOLTA t Ore: manganese deposits at Tambao 1. Situation - 85 km north of Dori - Latitude ]-4"L7' north oO4 - L,ongi tude o t east - 32O km from Ouagadougou - 16 km north of the village of Marcoye (Oudalan district) 2. History

The manganese deposits at Tambao were discovered in 1960 by the French Office for Geological and Mining Research, which carried out the initial studies (1960- 1963) and concluded in the existence of a deposit of 3 million cubic metres of ore containing 51% manganese; the deposlt was regarded as unworkable in view of the economic conditions at that time.

A Japanese Government mission made up of technologists from the Kaiga Kohatsu Company, a member of the Overseas Mineral Resources Development Co. Ltd group, resumed the study in 1965, taking sanples for additional analyses and making tests with a view to using the manganese dioxide in batteries. This mission made a fresh assessment of the ore reserves.

Since September 1966 this deposit has been the subject of extensive studies under the UNDP project for mining research in the north (UPV.6) or Tamboa project, carried out ln two phases (1966-1967 and 1968-1970).

A second project (UPV.10) was initiated in January 1970. Its task is to complete the studies on the exploitation of the deposit, placing stress on hydro- logical and transport questions. By early 19?2 project UPV.lO should supply the final data for the general study on Tambao.

A final project, UPV.16, entitled "Mining resources in the north" was approved at the last meeting of the Governing Council of UNDP. I These studies have led to an assessment of the extent and quality of the reserves. Annex I-1 page 142

Appendrx 3 3. Description of the deposit

Morphologically, the manganese deposit is made up of two hills: Main Hill, t which rises to a maximum height of 74 m above the level of the peneplain, and Small Hill, which is separated from it by a sand-covered plateau some 15O m wide and reaches a height of 44 m above the level of the peneplain. Main Hill, which runs ' from north-west to south-east, is about IOOO m long and varies from 28O to 35O m in width. The south-eastern part divides into two branches, one running from east to west, the other from north to south. The southern prolongation of the second branch beyond the 15O m gap mentioned above, is Small Hill which runs north and south for a distance of 860 m and its maximum width is 2OO m. According to J. Delfour, it consists of a sequence of birrimian leptynites, migmatites, gneiss and amphibolltes that contain the manganiferous deposit in the shape of an extended lens running from north-west to south-east. 4. Potential

The manganese oxides that make up the upper part of the deposit have proved to have an exceptional content (average 547o) and represent t6 million metric tons of raw ore or 13.4 million of marketable ore. Underlying the oxides are layers of carbonates, the reserves of which are estimated to be as large as those of the oxides, but if exploited in association with the latter they would yield five to six million tonnesofore containing 33% to 5O7o of manganese, which after calcinatlon could be raised to 60%. 5. Profltability studies

The economic analyses carried out so far show that this deposit can be profitably worked. However, they reveal that rail transport alone to the port of embarkation (Abidjan, 1485 km away) would provide the cheapest way of transporting 5OO OOO tons of ore annually for 25 or 35 years, the period depending on whether or not the carbonates are exploited after the oxides.

One of the most detailed assessments of the mining cost and the price of the Tambao manganese has been made by Mr A. Khilkoff-Choubersky, Consultant to the UNDP Administrator. Ttrese estimates were made on the following bases: (a) estimation of the coefficients of use and yield of low-capacity machinery;

(b) estimated rate of interest on loans (9%); a (c) margins for unforeseen items applied to the capital investment (1O%), and to the total cost (tO%); (d) no bonus associated with the high content of the ore was considered in establishing the selling price; Annex I-1 page I43

Appendix 3

(e) assessment of freight costs at US$ 8.25 per tonne, a figure that seems a high even in this period of increasinB transport prices; (f) no allowance was made for the possible increase in the price of manganese, which according to the projections of the World Bank will be 27% higher in 1'975 than in 1971.

On the basis of exploitation for 20 years at the rate of 575 OOO tonnes each year, the results show that a margin of US$ 15.90 would be available to cover the transport costs, after paying the shareholders US$ f.2O per extracted tonne and after payment of US$ 1.2O per extracted tonne in taxes to the Government of Upper I Vol ta.

6. Capital investment required

This has been estimated at about US$ 8.5 millions and does not include expendlture on general infrastructure (road, aerodrome, railway, telecornmunlcations, etc. ) to be met by the varlous ministries concerned and taken into account by the Government

7. Probable markets

Taking into account the period needed before the Tambao deposit can be exploited (about eight years, allowing for the improvement of the existing railway and construction of the new section from Ouagadougou to Tambao), the increased tonnage from Tambao, which represents about 5% of the western worldts production, should be lower than the forecast increase in demand for the next decade, and thus should be absorbed on the world market without any great difficulty.

8. Transport costs

(RAN) The study .made in 1967 by the Abidjan - Niger rallway established the transport cost from Tambao to Abldjan, including the return of empty trai.ns' at about US$ 10 per tonne of manganese.

It is necessary to know the results of the definitive study on transport costs carried out in 19?0-1971 by the OTAM Office. However, it can already be assumed

I Th" Geology and Mining Directorate of the Ministry for Planning and Public a Works provides the following figures in its document Mining possi bilities in Upper Volta: "With a slight over-estimate of the exploitation costs, the productlon cost of the ore loaded on the ship is about US$ 19.53. At present rates, the f.o.b. price of the metallurgical ore is 55 cents per percentage point of manganese, or in theory US$ 29.3 for the Tambao ore". Annex I-1 page I44

Appendix 3

that this cost will be within the range US$ 10-15. In the Liptako-Gourma regional t project, the transport costs should be still lower, for the following reasons:

(a) the rail link would be used for several purposes; as a result, the llne , would be kept open beyond the life of the mine, and its fixed costs could be shared between manganese freight and other non-marginal freight; (b) the existence of rail links with Ansongo (Mali) and Niamey (Niger); the additional traffic provided by these links would help to pay for the main line.

9. Uees of manganese

The manganese is used in the form of ferro-manganese for desulfurizing and deoxidizing cast lron and steel: it has a very hiBh affinity for sulfur and is a powerful reducing and purifying agent. It is also used as a component'of steel of alloys and other non-ferrous alloys (aluminium-manganese, cupro-manganese, etc.).

Manganese ores of chemical quality, which must be very pure, are used for various purposes: ln the manufacture of potassium pennanganate, ,hydroquinone (photographic developer), and magnesium sulfate (fertillzer industry). The ore used ln batteries corresponds to the gamma form of pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. lO. Data stlll to be provided

(a) Transport costs, included in the general study of the service line from the deposit to the present terminus of the railway (Ouagadougou); (b) additional charges (taxes, transit charges, etc.); (c) the cost of consumable items supplied to the mine (fuel, lubricants,

petrol, etc. ) ; (d) the cost of water supply per commercial tonne of ore; (e) problems of treating and marketing the carbonated ores and depolarizing ores; (f) selection of an annual production capacity that will provide the optlmum yield; (S) reassessment and determination of the production cost per tonne of commercial ore, fi.xing a medium-term projection (five years) for margins.

a Annex I-1 page 145

Appendix 3

TABLE I-1.34. PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THE FIVE-T'EAR PI.AN (1972.1976)

Source of funds Project Total funds provided for for Observations capltal lnvestment

640.A.O1: mining 342 (122), TJNDP research ln the north BN

640.8.O4: establishment of Fonds de 13 drAide et a minerals plan Coop6ration (FAC)

640.8.07: mining research 360 BN (12O), UNDP in the north (second phase) 64O.8.13: preparation for Not including exploitation of Tambao 130 BN (3O), UNDP (l3O) (studies ) studies

a Annex I-I page 146

AppenCix 3 SHEET NO. 2

UPPER VOLTA

Mineral: Tin Hrassan deposit of li tone for use in cement 1. Situation - 29 km north-west of Tambao in the B6li valley - Latitude ISoor north - Longitude O"IS' west 2. History

Discovered by J. Delfour ln 1965, this limestone deposit was studied in detail for the first time by J. Recy of the D.c.M. in 1966. The study was continued by B. Vignaud in 1967.

The reports filed by the united Nations in 196? and 1969 (NEDEco reports) recapitulate the reports of the two authors mentioned above, supplemented by observations made during a visit to the region concerned and by the results of a number of analyses carried out in order to obtain more precise information on the value of the limestone deposit.

with the prospect of the construction of a modern land route as far as Tambao for the transport of the manganese-bearing ore, consideration has been given to the working of these limestone deposits, and the establishment of a local cement works.

3. Description and pot ential of the deposit

Site I, north of El6li, comprises over 50 million workable tonnes (open-cast) with a CaO content (5O.O3%) and MgO content (2.8L%) that are adequate for the manufacture of portland cement.

Site II, south of E|61i, comprises 6 miltion tonnes of limestone containing less ttran 2.7O% of MgO and about 477o of CaO. Using modern technology, the minimum annual production that would be profitable is estimated at about loo OOO tonnes. However, it would be interesting to know about the operating condltions of the new cement works in Mali, which produces 50 OOO tonnes per annum.

Assuming that the average production of the cement works could be about IOO OOO tonnes per annum, the limestone reserves would last for 45O years. However, the , main part of the limestone deposit, situated on the left bank of the Et6li (site I), has not been fully studied. Consequently, the United Nations report recommends a Annex I-l page 147

Appendix 3

fult investigation, carrying out borings and taking samples at a depth of about 50 m, so that deflnite conclusions can be drawn on the value on this part of the deposit and on the possibility of establishing a cement works.

Apart from the main raw material for cement manufacture, limestoner the siliceous additives required are also present in the area. According to the results of preliminary studies, 85O OOO tons of satisfactory siliceous material are available near to the second part of the limestone deposit on the right bank of the Beli. Likewise, large resources (to be specified later) of the material are also thought to exist on the left bank of the E!6Ii near to the main part of the limestone depos i t .

The chief problem in working the Tln Hrassan limestone deposit is the supply of water to the cement works. However, lt seems that this problem has been satisfactorily solved with the plan for a dam on the 861i.

e J' Profitability studies

The economic profitability study carried out concerning the establishment of a cement works, although satisfactory, is on the one hand associated with the proiect for exploiting Tambao and on the other hand does not take into account the market for cement that might be available among Upper Volta's partners in the Liptako- Gourma Authority (which has not yet been set up). Consequently, the Authorltyrs Councll of Ministers has decided to initiate a full and independent technical and economic study of the Tin Hrassan limestone deposits and of the establishment of a cement works. This study wi.ll cover:

(a) a full geological and chemical examination of the available deposits of raw materials, and an investigation of the amounts avallable (limestone, clayey

materi.als, water) ;

(b) economic and financial problems associated with capital investment and the profitability of the undertaking (in particular, transport, and construction costs); (c) the Problem of manpower.

6. Capital inves tment required

I The capital investment considered necessary is between US$ I and 13 million, depending on the extent of the workings considered.

the construction cost of a cement works producing lOO OOO tonnes per annum is estimated at about 3OOO million CFA francs. Annex I-1 page 148

Appendix 3

7. Probable markets

The production cost per tonne of cement sold at Ouagadougou is estimated at LO 427 CFA francs. Even if a selling price much lower than the present price (13 5OO CFA francs per tonne at Ouagadougou) is charged, the Tin Hrassan cement t works could provide a comfortable gross profit.

The annual consumption of cement in Upper Volta, as measured by official imports, is as follows:

Year I 963 1964 1965 1966 l9 67 1968 1969

Tonnes 27 2@ 26 100 28 000 22 60,0 20 500 23 400 37 500

With the fresh rise in consumptlon it may be expected that consumption will reach 50 OOO tonnes in L972, ?O OOO tonnes in 1980, and lOO OOO tonnes in,1985. Moreover, a substantial reduction in the selling price would increase consumption.I

8. Transport costs

Qulte apart from the added value and the various economic repgrcussions that this industry would have for Upper Volta the transport either of the raw material or of the cement to the site of the clinker factory or to the places where the cement is used would provide a further justlfication for the construction of the Ouagadougou- Tambao-Ansongo and Dori-T6ra-Niamey railway links.

9. Data still to be provided

At the technical level, there are sufficient data on the Tin Hrassan deposits of limestone sultable for cement manufacture, but they need to be studied more thoroughly from the economic point of view. Assessments have been made of the capital investment, and need to be specified further in terms of the intended level of production and in terms of the local conditions of exploitation.

I Different figures are given 1n the LJNDP report Surveys on Mining Developnlents in the North-East, and Factors associated with Transport for Upper Volta: "In the NEDECO report it is estimated that the cost price of Tin Hrassan cement at

Ouagadougou (based on an annual production of ?O OOO tonnes) would be 13 OOO CFA francs per tonne (this figure does not include profit). The cost price of imported cement is about 15 OOO CFA francs per tonne. Since the annual consumption of cement in Upper Volta amounts to 45 OOO tonnes, it is important to follow the cost price index very closely in order to determine the extent to which production at Tin Hrassan and annual consumption cah be balanced". Annex [-l page I49

A ix3

The water requirements of the future factories are estimated at 2OO OOO cubic metres per annum (60 OOO for Tambao and 14O OOO for Tin Hrassan) to cover the needs of the mining lndustry, without taking into account the additional needs of the Hydrogeological studies need to be rt population that woutd settle around the mines. undertaken to determine whether the groundwater sources are capable of supplying the required quantities by pumping or whether to conslder other solutions if the underground reserves should prove inadequate (a dam on the Eldli or pumping from the Nlger).

10. Pro.iects incl uded in the five-vear plan 1972-L976

Technical and economic study of the exploitation of the Tin Hrassan limestone deposit inctuded as a priority project by the Heads of State and Government of the Authority for the integrated development of the Liptako-Gourma region - resolution no. t/tz/cnc/Lc.

Source of funds Total funds for Project provided for capital investment

640.A.O1: mining research 342 BN (122) , IJNDP in the north

of Fonds dtAide et de 640.B.04: establishment 13 a minerals plan Coop6ration (FAC) 640.8.O7: mining research 360 BN (120) IJNDP in the north (second phase) , Annex I -I page 15O

Appendix 3

SHEET NO. 3

UPPER VOLTA t Ore: vandium: vanadiferous magnetites in northe rn Uooer Vo1ta

I Si tuation - Near the village of Oursi - South and south-west of the Oursi lake - Latitude 14'4lt north - L,ongitude oo28t west - 90 km north-west of Dori (track in existence) - 60 km west of Tambao 2. History

Reported in 1959, these ores were studied in detail first in 1961, then ln 1965 following an airborne magnetometer survey in 1962. A systematic study of the showings as a whole was recently undertaken as part of the Tambao project. It comprised two trial borings (outcropping veins at Tin Edia), the reinterpretation of the airborne magnetometry map, checking the correspondence of the marked magnetic anomalies in the Ouargakolel region, and a study at ground level of the outcrops of vanadiferous deposits using geophysical profiles, geological surveys, and sampling. This work was supplemented by control analyses and in particular by a mineralogical and petrographic study of the ores. 3. Descrlption of the dePosit

The vanadiferous magnetites in northern Upper Volta occur as segregations in large gabbroic massifs extending over an area of some lOo km2. In this area t4O veins of magnetites have been discovered, distributed over 1l sites. The ore forms fairly regular lenses whose thickness varies between 1 and 5 metres, but sometimes reaches 40 metres, and which cover an area of about ?5 OOO m2 in outcrops.

The length is around lOO m, but occasionally reaches almost 2OO m. 4. Potential Analysis of the surface ores at Tin Edia shows that: (a) the vanadlum pentoxide (vror) content is fairly constant at around 1%; (b) the iron content is between 40% and 557o; Annex I-1 page 151 x3

(c) the titanium oxide contents vary between 8% and, L47o; (d) there seems to be a link between vanadium and iron oxides; the ferrous iron content at the surface is low because the magnetite there is martitlzed. It is to be hoped that tower down, in the healthy ore, a higher content of iron oxides and vanadium will be found.

By extrapolating the data provided by the two borings at Tin Edia and assuming that the deposits extend downwards for 2OO m, the reserves have been roughly estimated at several tens of millions of tonnes of raw ores, with an average vanadium pentoxide content of around 1%.

5. Profitability study For this type of deposit and under comparable geographical conditions' the workability threshold seems to be situated at a vanadium pentoxide content in the ore of L.5%, i.e., much higher than the contents so far recorded (O.7%).

6. Probable market

The vanadium market is at present expanding rapidly, and the vanadiferous district of Otrrsi is of great interest from the point of view of reserves. The major world producers of vanadium are at present the USSR, South Africa, Canada and Norrray, where the metal is produced directly from ferrovanadium.

The world producers of titanium are Australia, the USA, India' Canada and Norway. Some titanium is produced also in Madagascar and South Africa.

The c.i.f. price of vanadium, after dropping temporarily in 1968, is at present rising steadily, exceedlnC US$ 2.50 per pound (US$ 5.So/kg) for 98% vanadium pentoxide f.o.b.; this high market value has long enabled Nornray to exploit a deposit containing O.46% of vanadlum pentoxide. A tonne of ore containing 1% would therefore yield about US$ 50 worth of vanadium pentoxide. The price of rutile, TiO2, is also rising, and is at present over US$ 20 f.o.b. per long ton contalnlng 54%.

Ttre average TiO2 content of L27o means that each tonne of ore yields rutile worth about USg 4. Undertheseconditions, iron, the price of which is US$ 25 per percentage point, becomes a by-product of the exploitation of vanadium and titanium' despite its high content.

7. Uses of vanadium

Titanium is a low density metal with very high resistance to wear and corrosion, which makes it a material of choice for aircraft and spacecraft. Titanium oxide is Annex I-1 page I52

Appcryllx Q

used in the manufacture of paints and pigments, in ceramics for enamel coatings, ln weldlng as a coating for strips, and in the iron and steel industry in the form of femotitanium carbide. Titanium hardens steel and gives it both great impact resistance and very great heat resistance.

Vanadium is therefore widely used in the aeronautical and astronautical industry. However, ?5-857o of vanadium is used in the steel industry, where it is often alloyed with titanium for the manufacture of structural elements, in particular pipelines, sheet steel, and stainless steel plates. Vanadium pentoxide is a well- known catalyst in the chemical industry.

8. Data still to be provided

The potential value of the vanadiferous deposits at Oursi is not negligible, and warrant additional study in order to determine various technical data and in particular to establish the mean content of the ore and the economic prospects for extracting vanadium.

TABI,E I-I.35 PROJECTS IT.IiCLUDED IN THE FIVE-YEAR PT,AN 1972-19?6

Source of funds Total funds Project provided for for capital investment

mining research 640.A.O1: BN (122), UNDP in the north 342

640.B.O4: establishment of Fonds drAide et de 13 a mlnerals plan Coop6ration (fAC)

640.8.O7: mining research 360 BN (12O), UNDP in the north (second phase) A,nnex I -1 page 153

Appen4ixj

SHEET NO. 4

UPPER VOLTA t Ore: aluminium : white bauxite in the Kaya-Konsoussi reRion

1. Si tuation Deposit' _ :::,::"":"L:: :::'"""'"" Latitude 13'10' north 20 km south of Kongoussi (track already exlsts)

Deposi,,, -- :: [':.:"::::::,':::.::":ff:'-::.-::",per vo,,a (no*h of Bobo-Dioulasso ) . 2. History

The presence of bauxite in Upper Volta was first reported in 1928. 3. Potential

The tabular shields contain white bauxites with an average AIZO3 content of 53%, suitable for manufacturing calcined products of refractory quality. Neverthe- less, only bauxites containing few impurities (FerO3 content below 37o, Tj-O, content below 3.5%) are sultable for use ln the manufacture of aluminous refractory products, while other bauxites with an iron content between 3% and 8% are used in the manu- facture of abrasives. Studies have made it possible to list 45 showings of ore; they include 17 small deposits representing a total tonnage of six million tonnes of white bauxite. A group of three of these small deposits situated to the south of Kongoussi has been estimated to contain three million tonnes, which represents a sufficient amount for starting small-scale exploitation with an annual production capacity of IOO OOO tonnes of calcined bauxite.

Assessments of tonnage have been made particularly under the Tambao project. Near Kongoussi, a deposit distributed over less than 9OO hectares could supply I 5OO OOO to 2 600 OOO tonnes of white bauxite. 4. Profitability studies

With I 5OO OOO tonnes, this deposit is very close to the workability threshold for such bauxites; calcined locally at an average cost of US$ I per tonne and subsequently sent to Abidjan by rail their current f.o.b. value varies according to Annex I-1 page I54 A ix3 quality from US$ 36 (abrasive quality) to US$ 43 (refractory quality) per tonne. The slabs of bauxite could be worked very easily and it is comparatively simple to separate the white bauxite from the other qualities of bauxite. With an annual production level between 80 OOO and lOO OOO tonnes of raw bauxites, calcined I locally, exploitation would provide a profit margin of about US$ 12 per tonne of raw bauxite in return for a small initial investment.

5 Capital investment required

This has been esti.mated at US$ 3 mlllion

6 Probable market and studies required

Current economic conditions, characterized by a shortage of calcined bauxites and firm prices, provide a stimulus for pushing ahead with the technological studies (calcinati6n) and economic studies of exploitation, always provided that the composition of the product could satisfy the requlrements of the manufacturers of refractory and abrasive products.

PLAN' 1972-1976 TABLE I.I.36. PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THE FIVE'YEAR

Source of funds Total funds Project for provided for capital investment

640.A.01: mining research 342 BN (122), IJNDP in the north

640.8.02: prosPection and Fonds dtAide et de assessment of bauxite 27 showings in the centre and Coop6ration (FAC) west

640.8.O4: establishment of 13 FAC a minerals Plan research 640.B.O?: mining 360 B}T (12O) , UNDP in the north (second Phase) Annex I-1 page 155

Appendix 3

SHEET NO. 5

UPPER VOLTA t Ore: copper at Dienemera 1. Situation - Longitude 3o2r west - Latitude 10"25t north - 20 km north-east of Gaoua (direct); 35 km by road 2. History

The first signs of copper in Upper Vo1ta were reported in 1929. A small but rich outcrop (average more than 13% located at Gondondy, near to Caoua, it was worked by the Equatorial Mining Company. Subsequently, detailed studies revealed surface deposits.

The UNDP project for mining and hydrogeological research (UPV.4) took up the matter once more, and studied an area 20 km long, stretching from Gondondy in the south to Malba in the north, averaging 5 km in width. Ultimately it was the Dienemera deposit that most attracted its attention.

Altogether, 12 borings were made, with a total depth of L262.7 metres. When the UNDP project ended in 1968, and in the light of the results obtained, a research syndicate entitled Consortium for the Study of Gaoua Copper and comprising Charter France, the French Office for Geological and Mining Research (BRGM), the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, and Upper Volta was formed to continue the explorations.

3. Description of the deposit

After two years of efforts that lncluded about 2OOO metres of borings and about 18O well drillings, the Consortium demonstrated the presence at Dienemera of a small deposit of about 4O million tonnes containing O.8% copper and 2 grammes of gold per ton, formed by highly dispersed mineralizatlon in the microdiorites. 4. Potential

The results of the prospectlons already carried out provide hope of the existence of a small deposit of economic interest with a content exceeding 2%. Annex I -1 page 156

Appendix 3

5. Profitability studies

On account of the high price of copper, together with its comparatively uncomplicated metallurg'y, many mines are being opened nowadays with a relatively low content offset by high tonnages. Examples are the Manut-Sabah mine 1n Malaysla, , whlch works a deposit of 80 million tonnes containing 0.63% copper and O.6 grammes of gold per tonne, the mine at Tobdo in the Philippines, which works lOO million tonnes containing O.3@. copper, and the mine at Ashcroft in British Columbia, which works a deposit of 40 million tonnes with an average content of O.63%.

Since only the refined metal or concentrates of 25%, 4O%, or 557o are marketable, the working of a copper mine also implies the operation of a concentration or refining p1ant.

Preliminary studies on the Koubri dam indicate a net profit of 30 OOO million CFA francs in 10 years.

6. U4rEe! e4q 14 s

Copper is a much sought-after metal, and after a steady price rise up to March 19?O from 50 cents to ?O cents per pound (1fO-154 cents/t.g) in two years, its price is now established at about 60 cents per pound (I32 cents/Xg), t.o.U. In other rrrords, the metal in an ore with a content of I% is worth about US$ 12.

No country in West Africa produces any significant amount of copper. Zambia (L4% of the world market) and Zaire (7% of the world market) are the major African producers of this netal; the major world producers are the USA, Zambia, Chile, Canada, Zaire, Peru and Japan. Annex I -l page 157

Appendrx 3

SHEET NO. 6

UPPER VOLTA ( Material: marble at Tiara l. Situation - 35 km from Bobo-Dioulasso - About lOO m from the Bobo-Dioulasso-Orodara road - Latitude : 11'5 | north - Longitude: 4o46t west

2 Description of the deposit

The Tiara marble deposit includes five varieties: - peach colour (light) - peach colour (dark) - pink and green veined - breccia, purplish red - blue-grey 3. Potential

TYre reserves are estimated to amount to more than 60 OOO m3. Cutting and pollshing trials carried out on blocks cut into thln slabs have provided excellent results with regard to colour and hardness of the material.

4. Probable markets

In view of clearly visible fissures, at least in the upper part of the deposit, it is unlikely that large slabs of marble can be manufactured.

Initially, therefore, production should concentrate on granular marble, powdered marble, marble squares (2O x 20 cm) and reconstituted marble squares (3O x 30 cm or 40 x 40 cm). Apart from the potential market in Upper Volta, there is a large market in the lvory Coast, which at present uses marble imported from Italy, and there is also a market in Niger, Dahomey, and even in Togo. 5. Capital investment required

Depending on the range and size of production, the initial capltal investment will be between about 1O million and IOO million CFA francs. Annex I -l page 158

A ix 3

SHEET NO. 7

UPPER VOLTA v Material deposits qf dp.lqmlle at qioungoko 4nd Samand6ni

1. Si tuation Dioungoko situated within a radius of 45 km around Diounkan-Tingo Bobo-Dioulasso Samanddni 2. Potential 3 Dioungoko r 35O OOO m 3 Diounkan-Tingo I OOO OOO m 3 Samanddni 6 OOO OOO m

The composition of the deposits is fairly similar'; they could be worked in order to produce dolomite powder and hydraulic lime.

3. Probable market

The Ivory Coast consumes about 4OOO tonnes of powdered dolomite annually, imported from Europe at a price of 55OO francs per tonne, c.i.f. Abidjan. Since it has no dolomite deposits of its own, the lvory Coast represents a possible outlet.

4. Uses

Dolomite, ground to a particle size of less than I millimetre diameter is used as a soil improver, chiefly in banana plantations. Annex I-l page 159

Appendrx 3

SHEET NO. 8

( UPPER VOLTA Material: kaolin

t. Si tuation - Kaya and Ouagadougou areas - Showings at Di6kui, Koroba, S6gu6dougou

2. Description of the deposit

Two types of kaotin are distinguished according to their origin:

(a) one arises from the decomposition of schists and granites, and forms a kaolinic stratum underlying the lateritic hardpan (outcroppings in the Kaya

and Ouagadougou areas) ; (b) the other results from the decomposition of schists of sedimentary rocks (showlngs at Di6kui, Koroba, S6gu6dougou, Bobo-Dioulasso); it may reach a thickness of 15 metres.

3. Uses of kaolin

Analyses have been carried out on various samples. Firing tests on these kaolins show that they become white-hot at 12OO'C. The kaolin could therefore be used in the manufacture of pottery, porcelain, and sanitary equipment; it would also be suitable for bleaching paper pulp and in the rubber industry.

t I

,

J ô9 ^g 93 oE :9 E i€ EI È6 o9 Ë R o ee , cE -e! _: E9 Ê Sp E8 9 ÉB Ë: OE e*! EE -Ë ;E:g I ^c ge E8 ie il  !à 1 Ë: 22 §E E q: Ëi ôo .= 9: at I €E le €f oP so Eq â rp l: - ;-e -: iê eiËE 9â à 6o Èè 3' -:o ! I 9a I9 a -ÂEE;E aE à ü gsâË EÊ e; e6 r: !6 Eê :i ! Ès È Ë I <é è9 àc FË 8.8 ;Ë Ê=

fr, Ê \,\ à Ê I ! !

l

Iz

o=

-4

)a o oI Il

t I + ! q ! 6t 3: Ê E : o9 cq I € I E ee 9 ! .t gE E I 0 Ë: teoi q ;€ É 6é € 99 E Èr 3E Ë È ÈÉ I ;^ 90 ôÊ ô: ! :c i: a to € :s I Ëo 9 Ê,; Ë3 =3 €r! ;t :! -e Pâ 5e .Ë qo oÈ ai E9 I E\g EE ià EE E EO €t 5b E oË Éf; EB E! c3 F Ë-E ô= i3 Pa a :€ i6 f2 = iaE eo 3g 9C a5 EE :È ET Éc E! t 9 is

EI r l

ô

a

I

2 -1 e

q

I I

2 T r6=

\

I a I Es og 3E ir ! ae È 6 î2 o .ÊE Éâ o .t ôE 3à ô iE .E E

a- È t t ;: -, 1 a EE ËfT ?g Ê: !;; tr :e tË6 T 9E

a !

= lt

I

? o 9 oI , f, ô e o êa a:

/ 2 I

2 o ,' a =

I f c oô 2 f o

.ô' ",t-

J

I I /- I -F l ^ s^ o ^; sâ î Ë Ég ËE E; r= âË .É 3; di .ê ox a !Èt -2^. ÉË âI È ÿ; ai. Ir Éi g,i 8 3 c 3 gË l9o:-ê" ei F >à5>E: êo ê 3E ÊE sl - co <'1 a E

:

I z l

o l\-> ,/_ ------E o a o o É

tr É o2 î 2

E ô 'v

2a

o : ,o§ o À \ =

ô V" \ t a I \ \ I ? \ 1 \ I \ \ t, \ I

I I I I t t I t t I i ! \ !r I E! . ti rÊ ii 9 i: i :3 ! iitiiiiii; t a :! E Ë Ii r tâ .âl: tl âi c, e ri I lt iiiiiitili ir :a lr i o 6tli llii :aii aÊi: rl:i ir lr t ;i :! @ @o@@@ @ oo @

I e 6 E E 2

o ,/ ;ot q) - EÉ Ss B6 / ^'-'-' ./'--.^.,/ 4A OE 3E -13 ËüFo âE =üuZ r'.IO ÊE Eo EA ètsËE ôs ÉF ilxffi ) oJE5 \ ;Ë \ 4 3= ô l.l8É o \ E ËÊo- 662 I \ E (,I o t É \ '

I

)

I É t

ê I o I J\ /'7 = _.[ t