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Magisterarbeit MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit „Alpinismus im Nationalsozialismus. Die Erstbesteigung der Eiger-Nordwand und die mediale Vermittlung politischer Ideologie.“ verfasst von Stephanie Oberleitner, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, November 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 840 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuer: OR tit. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch Eidesstaatliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Wien, 17. November 2013 Stephanie Oberleitner Sprachliche Gleichbehandlung Sämtliche in dieser Arbeit verwendeten personenbezogenen Begriffe sind geschlechtsneutral und beziehen sich, sofern nicht anders angegeben, auf Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen. „Nur das Wachhalten der Erinnerung und fortgesetztes Bemühen um Einsicht in jene Prozesse, die den Weg in die Barbarei begleiten, kann zu einer Sensibilisierung für gegenwärtige Gefährdungen von Demokratie, Freiheit und Menschenwürde führen“1 1 Melischek/Seethaler, 2003, S. 12. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................ 11 1.1 Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................ 12 2 Untersuchungsgegenstand ................................................. 15 2.1 Problemstellung und Erkenntnisinteresse ................................. 15 2.2 Forschungsstand ........................................................................... 16 2.3 Entwicklung der Fragestellung ................................................... 17 3 Theoretische Grundlagen und Begriffsklärung .............. 19 3.1 Sportpolitik .................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Definition des Sportbegriffs ..................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Sport, Gesellschaft und Politik ................................................................. 20 3.1.2.1 Sportpolitik .................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Politikvermittlung und politische Kommunikation .................. 24 3.2.1 Politische Kommunikation ....................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Medien als System .................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Verhältnis von Medien und Politik ........................................................... 26 3.2.3.1 Input-Output-Modell nach Easton ............................................................... 26 3.2.4 Öffentlichkeit und Meinungsträger .......................................................... 27 3.2.5 Medienrealität in der Politik ..................................................................... 28 3.2.5.1 Agenda-Setting ............................................................................................ 29 3.3 Ideologie ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Der Ideologiebegriff im Wandel............................................................... 31 3.3.2 Ideologie im 19. Jahrhundert .................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Ideologietheorie nach dem 2. Weltkrieg .................................................. 33 3.4 Nationalsozialistische Ideologie ................................................... 36 3.4.1 Gedankenväter der NS-Ideologie ............................................................. 37 3.4.2 Antisemitismus ......................................................................................... 38 3.4.3 Die Nürnberger Gesetze ........................................................................... 40 3.4.4 Außenpolitische Ideologie zu Österreich ................................................. 41 3.4.5 Sportliche Ideologien im Nationalsozialismus ......................................... 43 3.4.5.1 Jugendsport .................................................................................................. 43 3.4.5.2 Sport in der Wehrmacht .............................................................................. 45 3.4.5.3 Volksgesundheit .......................................................................................... 46 4 Historische Grundlagen ..................................................... 47 4.1 Die politische Entwicklung Österreichs ..................................... 47 4.1.1 Die Entstehung nationalsozialistischer Parteien in Österreich ................. 47 4.1.2 Die Erste Republik ................................................................................... 50 4.1.3 Österreich wird Ostmark .......................................................................... 53 4.1.3.1 Verfolgung der Juden .................................................................................. 54 4.2 Die politische Entwicklung Deutschlands .................................. 55 4.2.1 Die Nachwehen des Ersten Weltkriegs .................................................... 55 4.2.2 Anfänge der NSDAP ................................................................................ 57 4.2.3 Das Scheitern der Weimarer Republik ..................................................... 58 4.2.4 Die Anfänge der Diktatur ......................................................................... 61 4.3 Die nationalsozialistische österreichische und deutsche Presse62 4.3.1 Die nationalsozialistische österreichische Presse der Ersten Republik .... 62 4.3.1.1 1. Phase von 1918 bis 1926/27 .................................................................... 63 4.3.1.2 2. Phase von 1926/27 bis 1930/31 ............................................................... 64 4.3.1.3 3. Phase von 1930/31 bis 1933 .................................................................... 65 4.3.2 Lenkung und Organisation der deutschen Presse nach 1933 ................... 65 4.3.2.1 Das Propagandaministerium ........................................................................ 66 4.3.2.2 Die Reichspressekammer ............................................................................ 67 4.3.2.3 Reichsverbände und Nachrichtenbüros ....................................................... 68 4.3.3 Die Organisation der österreichischen Presse nach dem Anschluss ......... 68 4.3.3.1 Reichspresseamt Wien, Gaupresseamt und das Presseamt Bürckel ............ 69 4.3.3.2 Verlagswesen 1938...................................................................................... 70 4.3.3.3 Die Vertreibung der Juden aus der österreichischen Presse ........................ 71 4.4 Der Alpinismus ............................................................................. 73 4.4.1 Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Alpinismus ............................................. 73 4.4.2 Alpenvereine und Antisemitismus ........................................................... 75 4.4.2.1 Widerstand und Eskapismus im Alpenverein .............................................. 78 4.4.2.2 Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit ................................................................. 78 4.5 Sport und Alpinismus im Nationalsozialismus .......................... 81 4.5.1 Organisation des Sports im NS-Regime ................................................... 81 4.5.2 Instrumentalisierter Sport ......................................................................... 83 4.5.2.1 Wehrertüchtigung durch Bergsteigen .......................................................... 83 4.5.2.2 Der politische Held und Alpinist ................................................................. 84 4.5.2.3 Die Erstbegehung der Eiger Nordwand ....................................................... 85 4.5.2.4 Die Erstbegeher der Eiger-Nordwand ......................................................... 87 4.5.3 Alpinismus und Ideologie in den Medien ................................................ 88 4.5.3.1 Die Olympischen Spiele 1936 und Leni Riefenstahl .................................. 89 4.5.3.2 Presseanweisungen und Goebbels zur Eiger-Nordwand ............................. 90 5 Empirisches Vorgehen ....................................................... 93 5.1 Fragestellung der Analyse ........................................................... 93 5.2 Auswahl der Untersuchungsobjekte ........................................... 94 5.2.1 Die Neue Freie Presse .............................................................................. 94 5.2.2 Der Völkische Beobachter ........................................................................ 97 5.2.3 Die Illustrierte Kronen Zeitung ................................................................ 99 5.2.4 Das Neue Wiener Tagblatt ...................................................................... 100 5.3 Methode und Untersuchungsdesign .......................................... 103 5.3.1 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse....................................................................... 103 5.3.1.1 Kategorisierung ......................................................................................... 105 6 Ergebnisse .........................................................................107
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