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Characteristics of the California Olives 101 Olive Industries
California produces 99% of US Olives 16,000 to September 2011 165,000 tons per year 25,000 acres in the Central Valley, declining. 2/3 in the San Joaquin Valley (Tulare County). 1/3 in the Sacramento Valley (Tehama, Glenn and Butte Counties). Bill Krueger 25,000 acres table vs. 25,000 oil UCCE 95% of table olive are black ripe style Glenn County
Climatic Considerations
Mild Winters- less than 20 degrees F can result in winter injury Glenn, Butte and Tehama Long, warm dry summers – rain during the summer can Counties result in leaf diseases San Joaquin Winter temperatures between 35 and 65 are ideal for County supplying necessary winter chilling
Tulare County
Propagation Freeze Injury
Leafy cuttings with hormone treatment and misting 12 to 18 months Micro propagation – 12 months Truncheon- wood 1-3 inch dia by 6 inches
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Factors Effecting Freeze Irrigation Severity • Cold temperatures and the duration of Traditional freezing Flood • Acclimatization Currently • Variety- Manzanillo most susceptible followed by Sevillano, Ascolano, Baroni and Mission Micro irrigation • Tree age Drip • Irrigation Micro sprinklers • Time of Pruning Crop coeficient – Kc .75 of reference ETo • Previous Crop load
Olive oil Irrigation Summary … To optimize olive oil production, don’t fully irrigate trees Oil production is optimized between 40 and 70% ETc . Best production is at the high end of this range . Best oil quality is at the lower end Full irrigation increases pumping costs, promotes unnecessary vegetative growth, can reduce flowering, and increases pruning costs
Bearing Habit fruit born on last years shoots
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Pruning to Many Olive Pollination Varieties are Control partially self Alternate compatible, they will benefit from Bearing cross pollination when conditions are less than ideal for example isolated Manzanillos will benefit from cross pollination from Sevillano
Parthenocarpic Fruit Set Fertility
Nitrogen- 100 to 150 lbs N per Acre per year (1/2 to1.5 lbs/tree). Potassium deficiency, rare, corrected with annual or mass doses of K2SO4 or KCl- 5 to 20 lbs/tree banded on soil surface Boron deficiency-rare (foothills) corrected with soil or foliar application
Potassium Deficiency
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Potassium Deficiency
Olive Knot Pseudomonas syringae,pv.savastoni
Developing Olive Knot Freeze Damage
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Hail Damage Olive Knot Variety Susceptibility
Very susceptible – Manzanillo, Arbequina Susceptible – Empeltre, Sevillano, Hojiblanca, Koroneiki, Moraiolo, Penedolino, Picual Resistant – Ascolano, Blanqueta, Frantoio, Leccino, Mission
Peacock Spot symptoms Peacock Spot Variety Susceptibility
Very susceptible – Mission, Blanqueta, Cornicabra, Empeltre, Picual Susceptible – Aglandou, Arbequina, Sevillano, Manzanillo, Pendolino, Picudo Resistant – Beauteillan, Cayon, Coratina, Leccino, Maurino, Moraiolo Very Resistant – Frantoio, Arbosana, Koroneiki
Control-Continued Verticillium Wilt
Use same materials for both diseases •Soil borne fungus
Copper Sprays •Survive in the soil as microsclerotia – 30 Timing-preventative yrs. Moved with soil or More sprays are better infected plant part
Central Valley recommendation- 2 sprays, fall •Grow into root and plug vascular tissue and spring. resulting in wilt
Fall for Peacock Spot spring for olive knot •Infections in cool moist soil in winter Spray after injury which creates openings •Symptoms in spring and summer
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Verticillium Wilt Variety Susceptibility Insects
Very susceptible – Arbequina, Cornicabra, Olive Fly Hojiblanca, Picual, Picudo Black Scale Suceptible – Kalamata, Leccion, Manzanillo, Mission, Maraiolo, Pendolino Resistant – Aglandou, Ascolano, Koroneiki Very resistant – Oblonga, Empeltre, Frantoio
Olive Fly Olive fly in California
• First detected in 1998 in Los Angeles County • Blue: 1998 • Yellow: 1999 • Orange: 2000 • Green: 2001 • Purple: 2002
Adult female Walnut Husk Fly
Male Female Olive fly on
Photo: R. Copeland trap Oviposition punctures
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McPhail Trap
Oviposition 1st instar 3rd instar
Feeding chamber
Emergence Feeding tunnels hole Torula Yeast tablets
Olive fly biology Puparia
Application of Bait Spray AgriSense “attract & kill” trap
• Aerial • Direct spray into applications not upper half of tree recommended • Use dilutions • Use alternate from 1: 1.5 to 1: 4 row coverage parts GF-120 to • Treat north or water * ammonia (white) and pheromone (blue) lures attached to trap east sides of • 4 - 5 mm droplets * 20 mg of lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid coat entire surface trees are best * reportedly lasts for 5-6 months in Europe
OLIPE Hang in the inside of the Surround south side of the tree in Olive Fruit Fly the shade Trap from Spain
1.5 to 2.0 liter plastic bottle. Three to six 4-5mm Fill 2/ full with a 3-5% (30- 3 3 ( /16 – ¼ inch) holes 50 grams per liter) solution drilled or melted of di-ammonium phosphate into neck or ammonium bicarbonate and water. Sometimes vinegar and protein hydrolysate bait is also added June – Sept. 8-10 traps/acre If stings exceed 3% - one mg of microencapsulated liquid Sept. – Dec. spiroketal pheromone is 16-20 traps/acre added 3 Torula Yeast Tablets From Varela & Vossen 2002
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Black Scale Damage Black Scale Crawlers
Suck sap from tree- honeydew Suity mold Reduces photosynthesis and respiration Can reduce fruit bud formation, cause leaf drop and dieback
Pre-ovipositional-rubber stage
Biological Control Control Control ants-deny access to tree Biological Scutellista Cool environment is cyanea preferable Don’t disrupt
Promoted by open airy canopy Spray crawlers with oil
Monitor for crawler emergence with 2 sided sticky tape Metaphycus helvolus
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Oil/ and or Insecticide Treatment Varieties
Crawler emergence (July 1) to Aug. 1 Manzanillo
To prevent damage to subsequent crop Sevillano Post Harvest Ascolano Until scale develops to rubber stage Mission Light to moderate populations Barouni Kalamata
Manzanillo Manzanillo Fruit
Spain - 1875 Low spreading growth Most popular variety Frost sensitive Oval and uniform in size Medium size ave. 4.8 Susceptible to olive knot grams, 6/oz. disease Freestone Alternate bearing Good flesh to pit ratio 8.2 to 1 Roots easily-rooted cuttings 20% oil on own root
Partially self incompatible
Manzanillo Uses Sevillano (Gordal)
Lye cured – Spain (Seville) 1885 black and Approximately 20% of acreage green ripe Moderate vigor Spanish Moderately susceptible to olive knot style – Lye + Resistant to peacock spot fermentation Difficult to root – grafted tree (Mission) Fermented Alternate bearing Oil Used to pollinate Manzanillo
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Sevillano Fruit Uses for Sevillano
Canned ripe (Lye cured) – black or green Ovate to elongated oval Large – ave. 13 grams, 2 -3/oz. Green
Harvest green – Oct. Lye + fermentation – Spanish Clingstone Fermented – Sicillian Flesh to pit ratio 7.3 to 1 Parthenocarpic fruit set – Shot Oil for blending berries Low oil – 12% Soft when ripe
Ascolano Ascolano Fruit
Italy – 1885 Round to oval Vigorous rounded shape Large 10-11 grams, 2.5 to Cold hardy 3/oz. Regular bearer Freestone Disease resistant Good flesh to pit ratio 8.2 to1 olive knot Soft fruit shows bruises peacock spot Uses- black and green ripe some resistance to verticillium wilt fermented green ? Vegetatively propagated – own root oil
Mission Mission Fruit
Broad oval, elongated slightly Selected at Spanish missions pointed Brought from Mexico in 1769 Small to medium size – ave. 4.1 Vigorous upright tree grams, 6 to 7/oz. Cold hardy – has survived lows of 8 Flesh to pit ratio 6.5 to 1 degrees F. Late maturing – Nov. to Dec. Susceptible peacock spot Firm when ripe and bitter Resistant to olive knot Freestone Medium rooting- propagated by 22 % oil cuttings on own root
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Barouni Mission Uses Tree –small and spreading, cold resistant, Green and black ripe Regular bearing, susceptible to olive knot Salt dried Somewhat resistant to peacock spot Oven dried Fruit – oval to elongated, large, Naturally fermented Flesh to pit ration 6.8 to 1 Oil content 16.5% Green
Black Harvest- mid Oct. to early Nov. Oil Uses – fresh market for home curing, Black ripe, green fermented?
Kalamon (Kalamata) Kalamon Fruit
Source – Greece Medium size Upright extremely vigorous tree Asymmetric and elongated and Susceptible to peacock spot and pointed moderately susceptible to olive knot Firm fruit holds up in processing Medium cold hardiness Freestone Flowers later than Manzanillo, Harvest when black – Nov. to Dec. Sevillano and Mission depending on crop load. Mediumn to low rooting – propagted on Risk – light frost can cause the rootstock – Mission or Frantoio fruit to shrivel Oil – medium per cent
Kalamon – Uses Arbequina Olives
Greek style black olive brine cured fermented Oil
Spain Small Clingstone
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Italy Frantoio Small Clingstone
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