Olive Oil Yield
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University of California Cooperative Extension First Press Newsletter of Olive Oil production and Evaluation Volume 2, Number 1 Fall 2006 Olive Oil Yield Olive Fly Product Update The long-awaited change in the Factors Affecting Production status of Dow’s GF-120 has occurred; the registration now covers all crops. This The amount of oil a producer gets means that the product is no longer under from an acre depends primarily on the a Sec. 18 for olives, and a permit is no tonnage yield of fruit per acre, which longer required. varies by year, fruit set, irrigation, Non-commercial growers will be pruning, age of trees, etc. This seems able to purchase the product under the straightforward, but it must be noted new registration and apply it without that oil yield and fruit yield do not obtaining an applicator’s certificate. necessarily increase at the same rate. This If you have any product with the old is because olive trees have the ability to label left from last season, you must obtain produce more oil with an increased leaf- a copy of the new label in order to use the to-fruit ratio; this higher oil content in product under the new registration. A label the fruit that is produced during a lower can be downloaded from the following: yield year partially makes up for lower http://www.cdms.net/ldat/ld67P008. fruit tonnage. The amount of oil that a pdf. producer gets from a given amount of The attract and kill device, called fruit depends on many factors: Magnet OL in this country, has generated Oil content of the fruit—varies by a lot of interest. It is a very convenient year, the amount of fruit on the tree method, similar to a trap, that is placed and variety in the trees at the beginning of the season Extractability of the oil from the and removed when the season is over. shoot growth the previous year from fruit—varies by year, water content, It was supposed to be widely available poor tree vigor. This can be caused by fruit maturity and variety during 2006 but that never happened. inadequate irrigation or dry farming, Extraction process—varies by The reason for the delay is the poor weed control, disease, very low paste fineness, malaxation time and acquisition of Agrisense by Suterra; they fertility, or inappropriate pruning. temperature, decanter efficiency, or will now distribute Magnet OL. Check Low yields can also be caused by poor the amount of time and pressure their website for current info: www. weather conditions during bloom, lack used on the press cake. suterra.com. of chilling, frost damage, inadequate For questions about the new GF-120 Yield of olives per acre flower pollination or simply a heavy registration, or pesticide regulatory issues Yields per acre can range from crop the year before. Olives are strongly in general, call your local agricultural less than one to as high as 9 tons per alternate bearing because a low crop commissioner’s office. For descriptions acre (2-20 metric tons per hectare); yield one year will likely promote more of various olive fly control options, a good consistent yield from year to shoot growth, resulting in more flowers go to http://cesonoma.ucdavis.edu/ year would be about 4 tons per acre (9 and higher yields the following year. Horticulture/Horticulture_Publications. metric tons per hectare). Low yields High yields are produced consistently htm, scroll down to Olive Pests, and click usually can be related back to a lack of only from orchards that are very well on Olive Fly Handout for Growers. managed (Table 1). One last note: it’s October and the In this issue An orchard that yields twice the fruit olive fly catches are way up in our research Olive Oil Yield 1 that it did last year does not necessarily trees here in Sonoma County. Harvest USDA Summary 3 yield twice the amount of oil. Normally a may be just around the corner, but don’t Maturity Index 4 doubling of fruit yield will only increase let up on your olive fly control program Calendar of Events 4 the total oil yield by about 75%. just yet! (Oil Yield, cont. on p.2) —Alexandra Devarenne First Press Newsletter of Olive Oil Production and Evaluation Fall 2006 Table 1. Orchard Yield Projections for Oil Olives Fruit Yield Factors Affecting Yield th th • Widely-spaced orchard in the 5 – 6 year; older orchard with close spacing shading out the lower parts of the trees. 1 TON PER • Poor irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. ACRE • Excessively vigorous or weak growing conditions. 2.24 METRIC • Poor pollination conditions from rain, cold, drought stress, or hot-dry wind during bloom, or inadequate pollinizer trees. TONS/ HA • Alternate “off” year of production. • Super-high-density orchard in the 2nd year. th th • Widely spaced orchard in the 6 – 8 year or poor irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. 2 TONS PER • Excessive shading. Alternate “off” year of production from very heavy production last year. ACRE 2.48 METRIC • Excessively vigorous or weak growing conditions. TONS/ HA • Poor pollination conditions from rain, cold, drought stress, or hot-dry wind during bloom, or inadequate pollinizer trees. • Super-high-density orchard in the 3rd year. th th 3 TONS PER • Properly spaced orchard in the 9 – 10 year with good irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. ACRE • Probable maximum yield from a coastal hillside orchard. 6.73 METRIC • Some shading problems. Some poor weather during bloom or a lack of pollinizer trees. TONS/ HA • Super-high-density orchard in the 3rd year. th 4 TONS PER • Properly spaced orchard in the 10 year + with good irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. ACRE • A great sustainable yield if everything is done right and nature cooperates. 8.97 METRIC • Trees have the correct vigor and growing conditions. TONS/ HA • Well managed super-high-density orchard in the 4th + years. th • Properly spaced orchard in the 10 year + with excellent irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. 5 TONS PER • An excellent yield especially if it can be sustained each year. ACRE 11.21 METRIC • Alternate “on” year of production from a low yield last year. TONS/ HA • Perfect growing conditions and doing everything right. • Very well managed super-high-density orchard in the 4th + years. th > 6 TONS • Properly spaced orchard in the 10 year + with excellent irrigation, weed control, pruning and nutrient management. PER ACRE* • Yield that probably cannot be sustained each year. > 13.45 • Alternate “on” year of production from a very low yield last year. METRIC • Perfect growing conditions and doing everything right. TONS/ HA • Excellent management in a super-high-density orchard in the 4th + years. * Yields have been recorded in table olives in California at 12 tons per acre (26.9 metric tons per hectare). This is usually preceded by a light crop and followed by a very light crop. (Oil Yield, cont. from p.1) First Press is produced by University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd, Suite 109 Santa Rosa, CA 95403 707-565-2621 www.cesonoma.ucdavis.edu Paul Vossen, Farm Advisor Alexandra Kicenik Devarenne, Staff Re- search Assoc. (Editing, Design & Layout) Thick, dry paste, from Frantoio olives, that does not emulsify and separates easily. Note clean Articles published herein may be paddles due to coating of free oil. Over-watered, very ripe Manzanillo paste that reprinted, provided no advertisement for a forms an emulsion between oil and water, Yield of oil per ton increasing oil loss in pomace or wastewater. commercial product is implied or imprinted. Note paste sticking to paddles. Please credit First Press, University of The quantity of oil in the fruit is a California Cooperative Extension Sonoma built-in genetic factor, but it can vary assures the highest yield of oil, though it County, citing volume and number, or complete from year to year due to tree vigor, crop will change some flavor characteristics, date of issue, followed by inclusive page load, fruit maturity, and fruit moisture and extractability if the weather is rainy. numbers. Indicate © [date] The Regents of the The extractability of the oil from University of California. Photographs may not content. Oil content varies by variety be reprinted without permission. from less than 10% to about 30% on a the fruit is heavily influenced by fruit © 2006 The Regents of the wet weight basis. Since oil accumulation moisture content, maturity, and many University of California peaks when the fruit is quite mature, specifics of the extraction process delaying harvest until the fruit is ripe such as paste fineness, (cont. on p.3) 2 First Press Newsletter of Olive Oil Production and Evaluation Fall 2006 Progress on the USDA Specialty Table Olive Processing Course This course concentrates on the natural processing of Standards for Olive Oil table olives as traditionally done around the Mediterranean. Dick Nielsen, COOC Board Member, and I recently Find out about history, culture, health & safety and met with several representatives of the US Dept of equipment. You will also learn the steps involved in Agriculture (USDA) Processed Products Branch in processing, and applicable standards. The course is led by Stockton. This meeting brought together USDA staff from Stan Kalis, olive and olive oil specialist and professional Washington DC and elsewhere with experience enforcing fellow at the School of Plant Biology, University of Western standards for various commodities. It was part of two Australia. days of discussion on the proposed olive oil standards November 14 & 15, UC Davis that included the COOC taste panel leaders talking about www.extension.ucdavis.edu sensory evaluation on day one.