Universidad De Jaén Gasification Applied to The

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Universidad De Jaén Gasification Applied to The UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA TESIS DOCTORAL GASIFICATION APPLIED TO THE VALORIZATION OF OLIVE GROVE AND OLIVE MILL RESIDUES PRESENTADA POR: BÁRBARA DE MENA PARDO DIRIGIDA POR: DR. D. DAVID VERA CANDEAS DR. D. FRANCISCO JURADO MELGUIZO JAÉN, 7 DE ABRIL DE 2017 ISBN 978-84-9159-076-7 Gasification applied to the valorization of olive grove and olive mill residues 2 Gasification applied to the valorization of olive grove and olive mill residues Chapter 1. Introduction. Objectives and structure of the thesis ................................................. 9 Chapter 1. Introduction. Objectives and structure of the thesis .................................................... 10 1.1. Introduction: Why valorise the residues of the olive sector? ........................................... 10 1.2. Objectives of this thesis ...................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Thesis structure ..................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. The olive oil sector in Europe and in Spain................................................................ 15 2.1. The olive oil sector in Europe and in Spain ..................................................................... 16 2.2. Olive oil production methods ............................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. Olive presses ....................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Decanter centrifugation: three phases and two phases ...................................... 20 2.3. Definition and characterization of the olive and olive oil industry residues and by- products ............................................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. Pomace ................................................................................................................................ 22 2.3.2. Orujillo (exhausted pomace) ...................................................................................... 23 2.3.3. Olive stones ................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.4. Leaves and twigs .......................................................................................................... 24 2.3.5. Prunings .......................................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Physico-chemical characteristics of biomass ................................................................. 26 2.4.1. Bulk density ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.4.2. Moisture content .......................................................................................................... 27 2.4.3. Ignition temperature .................................................................................................... 27 2.4.4. Heating value................................................................................................................. 27 2.4.5. Elemental analysis (ultimate analysis) .................................................................... 29 2.4.6. Proximate analysis ....................................................................................................... 30 2.4.7. Ash content .................................................................................................................... 32 2.5. Physico-chemical characteristics of the olive and olive oil industry residues and by- products ....................................................................................................................................... 32 2.5.1. Orujo, olive pomace ......................................................................................................... 32 2.5.2. Orujillo, exhausted olive oil pomace ........................................................................ 33 2.5.3. Olive stones ................................................................................................................... 34 3 Gasification applied to the valorization of olive grove and olive mill residues 2.5.4. Leaves and twigs .......................................................................................................... 35 2.5.1. Prunings ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.6. Availability of the residues in Andalucía (Spain) and their valorization potential .. 36 2.6.1. Orujo, olive pomace ......................................................................................................... 36 2.6.2. Orujillo, exhausted olive oil pomace ........................................................................ 38 2.6.3. Olive stones ................................................................................................................... 39 2.6.4. Leaves and twigs .......................................................................................................... 40 2.6.5. Prunings ........................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3. Biomass valorization technologies............................................................................. 44 3.1. Direct combustion ............................................................................................................... 46 3.2. Pyrolysis ................................................................................................................................ 47 3.3. Gasification ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1. Gasifier types ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.4. Anaerobic digestion ............................................................................................................. 61 3.5. Alcoholic fermentation ....................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4. Technologies applicable to the use of biomass ....................................................... 63 4.1. Internal combustion machines ......................................................................................... 64 4.1.1. Steam turbines ................................................................................................................... 64 4.1.2. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) ......................................................................................... 67 4.1.3. Internal Combustion Engines ......................................................................................... 70 4.1.4. Gas turbines ....................................................................................................................... 73 4.1.5. Microturbines ..................................................................................................................... 74 4.2. External combustion machines ........................................................................................ 75 4.2.1. Externally-fired gas turbines .......................................................................................... 76 4.2.2. Stirling engines ............................................................................................................. 78 4.3. Fuel cells ................................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 5. Comparison between externally fired gas turbine and gasifier-gas turbine system for the olive oil industry ......................................................................................................... 82 5.1. Gasifier and conventional gas turbine ............................................................................ 83 5.1.1. Gasifier subsystem (blocks: 2, 3, 10 and 18) ................................................................. 85 5.1.2. Gas cleaning and cooling ................................................................................................ 86 4 Gasification applied to the valorization of olive grove and olive mill residues 5.1.3. CHP subsystem: microturbine ........................................................................................ 86 5.2. Gasifier and externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) power plant .................................... 87 5.2.1. Plant description ............................................................................................................... 89 5.3. Results obtained ................................................................................................................... 91 5.3.1. Gasification system (FBG-GT) ......................................................................................... 92 5.3.2. EFGT plant ...................................................................................................................... 97 5.4. Comparison between conventional GT and EFGT. Conclusion ................................ 100 Chapter 6. Study of a downdraft gasifier and gas engine fueled with olive oil industry wastes 102
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