Year 9 History Home Study Work Pack

Contents Task Pages When to do What to use Early Empire 1-4 2-4 Week 1 – first half of week Information in booklet Imperial Tension 1-5 5-8 Week 1 – second half of week Information in booklet Capitalism and Communism 1- 9-11 Week 2 – first half of week Information in booklet 6 The Bolshevik Revolution 1-6 12-15 Week 2 – second half of week Information in booklet

Week 1 of home study You are going to begin by studying the early British Empire in Jamaica and Bengal. Early Empire (complete this during week 1 of home study)

TASK 1:

What is an Empire?

What is a colony?

What does ‘to colonise’ mean?

STRETCH:

Why would having a colony make a country more powerful?

TASK 2:

Copy these words into your glossary:

East India Company – the name of the business that explored India and first built colonies, forts and trading posts there

TASK 3:

Read through the information below and highlight the key evidence. The First Empire Jamaica The execution of Charles I in 1649 at the end of the English Civil War led to Oliver Cromwell taking control of England as Lord Protectorate. England was a Protestant country at a time when most European countries were still Catholic. Cromwell was focused on protecting England from Catholic attack and not building an Empire.

In 1664 Cromwell took England to war against Spain. At this time Spain had a huge empire, controlling large parts of South America and the Caribbean. However England was able to use its navy to defeat Spain. Winning the war meant that England also won some of the colonies that had belonged to Spain. Though Cromwell had started the war to defend England from an attack by a Catholic country in 1655 the English government now found itself in control of Jamaica. Controlling Jamaica helped to England a wealthy country. The colony produced sugar which was transported back to England to be sold to ordinary people. This sugar was grown by slaves brought from Africa. Bengal (India) During the reign of Queen Elizabeth a number of businessmen asked the Queen for permission to begin trading with India. These men formed a business called the East India Company and Elizabeth granted them a monopoly (they were the only business allowed to trade with India). This company wanted to buy spices and cotton from India to sell back in England. To protect their business and to stop other European businesses trying to take their trade, the company begun to build armed forts near important cities and employed soldiers to form Flag of the East India the company’s own private army. This allowed Company the East India Company to take control of

Bengal in 1612. The company began to build new towns to help them trade more including cities like Calcutta and Bombay (now called Mumbai). Soon the company began to tax the local population and control the laws in the cities they had built, just like a King or government would do. The English government did not control the company but helped provide it with soldiers and weapons to rule India. The huge amount of trade and profit the East India Company made helped to make Britain a very wealthy country.

TASK 4: Complete the two fact files below – use the reading above to help:

Case Study 1 Name of Colony Date it joined Empire How did Britain take control of the colony? Who controlled the colony? Resources How did it help Britain to become more powerful?

Case Study 2 Name of Colony

Date it joined Empire How did Britain take control of the colony? Who controlled the colony? Resources How did it help Britain to become more powerful?

Imperial Tension (complete this during week 1 of home study) Another area which we covered briefly and will help us prepare for our next unit on World War One is the Imperial Tension between Britain Germany and France. The tasks below will help you to learn about this.

TASK 1

In what way did countries benefit from having an empire?

STRETCH:

When countries like Germany and Italy were going through an industrial revolution why would they need more raw materials?

TASK 2:

Copy the following words into your glossary:

The Panther – a German warship which was powered by steam and had huge guns

Moroccan Crisis – the arguments that France and Germany had over control of Morocco in 1905 and 1911

TASK 3:

Read through the information below and highlight key evidence which tells you why countries wanted colonies and why this would cause tension

Rising tensions

1. What were the problems between Germany and France?

By the time Germany was unified in 1871 France already controlled huge parts of the world. It used these colonies for raw materials, to tax the local population and to supply soldiers to its army.

France feared that Germany wanted to expand its empire by taking French colonies, leading to Germany becoming stronger and France weaker. This worried France a great deal.

Germany knew that France did not want it to grow its empire and that France feared that if Germany gained more colonies it would become more powerful than France. As such Germany was angry and felt that France should allow it to have an empire just like France had. Germany thought it was only fair that France should share some of the colonies it already possessed. Both sides mistrusted the other

Morocco was an important country in terms of having a large agricultural surplus which could be used to trade and feed the population of the country that controlled Morocco. More importantly, Morocco was in between the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Whichever country controlled Morocco would have a lot of power to control ships and trade going between them.

2. What happened in Morocco?

In 1911 there was a riot in the southern city of Agadir in Morocco. France saw this as an opportunity to take direct control of the country. France sent in 20,000 soldiers to stop the riot, but had no plans for the army to leave. It was clear the French were going to use this as an opportunity to take control of Morocco and prevent Germany from taking the colony for itself.

Germany was incredibly angry and wanted to stop France from taking control of Morocco. They sent their strongest and largest warship, the Panzer, to Agadir and claimed it was only there to rescue Germans in South Morocco who were caught up in the riot. However there was only one problem, there were no Germans in southern Morocco at all! France clearly thought that Germany was trying to scare and intimidate them. Germany claimed they had sent their warship just to help manage the situation.

3. How did it end?

The arguments over Morocco almost lead to both countries going to war. However Britain joined in and sided with France against Germany. With both Britain and France against it Germany had to back down. Germany agreed to allow France to have Morocco and in return France gave Germany some land in central Africa it did not want. Both sides had almost started a war over who would control colonies and this tension would continue to grow and develop over the next few years.

TASK 4:

WhyNow did complete France andthe flowGermany diagram both below want Why was Morocco a good place to control? colonies?

How was this event resolved? How would How did tensions increase in Morocco in this increase tension for Germany? 1911?

Stretch: Who would you blame for this crisis? Why? (Consider using the terms short term, long term)

TASK 5:

Now answer the following question. Do this using one PEE paragraph:

How did the emergence of Germany in 1871 lead to increased rivalry with other Imperial powers?

Point – use the words of the question

Evidence – some key facts about the rivalry

Explain – use the words of the question

______

Week 2 of home study In Year 9 you have already studied the French Revolution, when ordinary people rebelled against their king. In 1917, a similar thing happened in Russia. Understanding this helps you appreciate the world today and will prepare you for the GCSE History course. Capitalism and Communism (complete this during week 2 of home study)

TASK 1:

What do you think is better out of these two options? Explain your answer?

A: Some people are rich and some people are poor, but everyone has the opportunity to become rich.

B: Everyone is poor and no one is rich, but everyone is equal.

______

STRETCH: Why would some people be afraid of option B?

______

TASK 2: Copy the words below into your glossary

Communism – where all property is shared by everyone and each person contributes as much as they can and receives as much as they need

Capitalism – where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

TASK 3:

Read the information below – highlight the key evidence

Capitalism and Communism are two economic ideologies that came into conflict with one another at the beginning of the 20th Century. Economic ideologies are beliefs about how trade, money and business should be run. Capitalism and Communism clashed at this time because they are contradictory ideas (they are beliefs in the opposite things) and the people who believed in one ideology felt threatened by the other.

Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote a book called ‘The Wealth of Nations’ in 1776. This sparked the idea of Capitalism. This is a system where everyone has a right to own houses and to make as much money as they can to get themselves a good life. Businesses are free to compete for customers, prices are set by businesses and everyone tries to make themselves richer. The rise and fall of supply and demand have a big impact on how much everything costs. The government has very little control over the economy, so some people become very rich and some people become very poor.

Karl Marx, a famous philosopher from Germany wrote a book called ‘The Communist Manifesto’ in 1848. Marx thought Capitalism made inequality worse, so wrote his book to suggest a way of running an economy that would be more equal. Communism means that production, resource and property are owned and controlled by the government. The idea is that all the profits are shared equally among the people. In this system, the government owns everything on behalf of the people and everyone works for the government. Communism removes the gap between rich and poor and makes everyone the same. Everyone is supposed to work as hard as they can to produce as much as they can for the community. The government decided what everyone needs and gives it to them.

TASK 4: Answer the questions below in full sentences

1. What is an economic ideology?

______

2. Why was there a clash between Capitalism and Communism in the 20th Century? (Two reasons.)

______

3. Who owns businesses in a capitalist system?

______

4. Who owns businesses in a communist system?

______

5. Which system allows individuals to become rich? How does it do this?

______

STRETCH: Which system allows wealth to be shared equally? How does it do this?

TASK 5: Read the table below

CAPITALISM COMMUNISM Basis Rights of the Individual Rights of the Community Government Capitalist countries have a variety of The government needs a lot of control types of government although the over the economy so communist most successful ones in the 20th governments tend to be totalitarian Century are democracies. dictatorships. Production Privately owned businesses produce All farms, mines and factories are and services and manufacture everything everyone owned by the government and the needs. Everyone needs to pay if they government controls how much of want anything. Privately owned everything is made. The government businesses run hospitals, libraries and provides everything for everyone schools, and everyone needs to pay to according to what they need (e.g. use them. healthcare for someone who is ill). Freedom Individual people are free to move Individuals have a duty to their anywhere and do what they want. community, so they are not allowed to They can choose what work they do decide to do something else. People are and can spend their money as they allocated jobs by the government and wish. they are given what they need by the government. Equality If you are successful in business, you Everyone works for the government and will make a lot of money and become is given what they need in return. This very rich. However, if you are not means there is no gap between rich and successful in business and you fail to poor. Everyone is the same and make very much money, you will have everyone is equal. a very hard life. Religion Accepted. Discouraged.

TASK 6: Answer the question below and complete the mind map

1. What are the advantages of capitalism to business owners?

______

2. What are the advantages of communism to workers?

______

The Bolshevik Revolution (complete this during week 2 of home study)

TASK 1:

What is capitalism?

What is communism?

STRETCH: - Why would a rich business owner and poor factory worker disagree about which system is better?

TASK 2: Copy these key words into your glossary

Bolshevik Party: The section of the Communist Party that wanted to make a revolution happen to change Russia

Tsar: The King of Russia (Nickolas II at the time of the revolution)

TASK 3: Read the information below and answer the questions

1. Why do you think Russia was hard to control?

______

2. Why would it be easy to rebel?

______

TASK 4:

Read the information below and highlight key evidence about why Russians were angry and what happened when they rebelled

BOLSHEVIC REVOLUTION

1. Long term causes.

The Romanov dynasty had ruled Russia for 300 years but Nicholas II, who ascended the throne in 1894, turned out to be the last tsar (king) of Russia.

A big reason why the Romanov dynasty failed in 1917 was that it was out of date. The Tsar had three main groups of supporters, the Russian Church, the wealthy nobles and the loyal peasants. However, these things hadn’t changed since medieval times (about 400 years). Meanwhile, new, modern forces were threatening the Tsar such as the middle class, an industrial working class and Marxism (the Communist ideology, written by Karl Marx). These new groups hadn’t existed before and were a new threat to the old dynasty.

In 1894, Nicholas II ruled alone and unquestioned, but he had a weak personality, and his power was increasingly based on the military might of the Cossacks (elite Russian soldiers) and on the Okhrana (the secret police). These were both a strength and a weakness - they kept him in power, but they made him increasingly unpopular.

2. WW1 and Russia.

The First World War proved the last straw for the Tsar's government. Russian troops were slaughtered in their millions. Nicholas made things worse by going to the front to lead the army. This made him responsible for the defeats in most people's eyes. It also left the government in the hands of the tsar's wife, the tsarina, and the mad monk, Rasputin, who the Russian people didn’t trust.

The war effort caused economic chaos. By February 1917, people in the towns were starving and freezing because the food and coal had been sent to help in the war. The revolution was started by the women - on 8 March 1917 they went on a march demanding bread, which turned into rioting.

The tsarina called in the troops. However, on 12 March they mutinied and started to help the rioters. Workers and soldiers set up the Petrograd Soviet to coordinate the revolution.

The Tsar was so upset he couldn’t make any decisions. When the Duma realised the government was collapsing, it set up a temporary government (The Provisional Government), and on 15 March forced the Tsar to abdicate. 13

3. Provisional Government.

In March 1917, when the tsar's government collapsed, the members of the Duma (the king’s advisers) set up the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky.

The Provisional Government never really ruled Russia. Right from the Alexander Kerensky start, it had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet, which had a rule (Order No.1) that its members should only obey the Provisional Government if the Soviet agreed with it.

Disastrously, the Provisional Government - because it was only a temporary government - did not really carry out any major reforms. All it did was abolish the Okhrana (the secret police) and press censorship, and allow political freedom. This gave the government's opponents - such as Lenin's Bolsheviks - the freedom to attack the government for the problems it was not solving.

The main problem of the Provisional Government was that it tried to continue to fight in WW1. In June 1917, it organised an attack on Austria. When the attack failed, people began to turn against the government. Instead, they started to follow Lenin whose big message was: 'Peace, bread, land'.

4. Bolshevik Revolution.

Lenin was now convinced that the time was right for the Bolsheviks to seize power in the name of the Soviets:

The Provisional Government had been seriously weakened by its inaction during the Kornilov Revolt and it had little control over the army. The Bolsheviks were now in control of the Petrograd Soviet and in a much stronger position to realise their goal of bringing about the revolution they desired.

The actual takeover of Petrograd was organised by Trotsky. On 24 October, units of the Red Guards took control of the city. Key buildings, power stations, railway and tram stations, important bridges were in Bolshevik hands. A large warship that was sympathetic to the Bolsheviks, the "Aurora", steamed up the river Neva and trained its guns on the Winter Palace, where the Provisional Government was located.

Note: This Revolution has a number of names – On the night of the 25th/26th October, the but don’t be fooled, they all mean the same thing: Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government. Lenin • Bolshevik Revolution now proclaimed a new government of Russia, • October Revolution by the Soviets. The Congress of Soviets met • Russian Revolution and endorsed the action of the Bolsheviks. • Communist Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution was now a fact.

TASK 5:

Now complete the flow diagram below using the reading sheet above to help