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American Bolsheviki: the Beginnings of the First Red Scare, 1917 to 1918
Steeplechase: An ORCA Student Journal Volume 3 Issue 2 Article 4 2019 American Bolsheviki: The Beginnings of the First Red Scare, 1917 to 1918 Jonathan Dunning Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/steeplechase Part of the European History Commons, Other History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Dunning, Jonathan (2019) "American Bolsheviki: The Beginnings of the First Red Scare, 1917 to 1918," Steeplechase: An ORCA Student Journal: Vol. 3 : Iss. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/steeplechase/vol3/iss2/4 This Feature is brought to you for free and open access by the The Office of Research and Creative Activity at Murray State's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Steeplechase: An ORCA Student Journal by an authorized editor of Murray State's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. American Bolsheviki: The Beginnings of the First Red Scare, 1917 to 1918 Abstract A consensus has developed among historians that widespread panic consumed the American public and government as many came to fear a Bolshevik coup of the United States government and the undermining of the American way of life beginning in early 1919. Known as the First Red Scare, this period became one of the most well-known episodes of American fear of Communism in US history. With this focus on the events of 1919 to 1920, however, historians of the First Red Scare have often ignored the initial American reaction to the October Revolution in late 1917 and throughout 1918. -
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Wellington House Publications
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86m3dcm No online items Inventory of the Great Britain. Foreign Office. Wellington House publications Finding aid prepared by Trevor Wood Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2008, 2014 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Inventory of the Great Britain. XX230 1 Foreign Office. Wellington House publications Title: Great Britain. Foreign Office. Wellington House publications Date (inclusive): 1914-1918 Collection Number: XX230 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 13 manuscript boxes, 5 card file boxes, 1 cubic foot box(6.2 Linear Feet) Abstract: Books, pamphlets, and miscellany, relating to World War I and British participation in it. Card file drawers at the Hoover Institution Library & Archives describe this collection. Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Great Britain. Foreign Office. Wellington House publications, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Historical Note Propaganda section of the British Foreign Office. Scope and Content of Collection Books, pamphlets, and miscellany, relating to World War I and British participation in it. Subjects and Indexing Terms World War, 1914-1918 -- Propaganda Propaganda, British World War, 1914-1918 -- Great Britain box 1 "The Achievements of the Zeppelins." By a Swede. -
An Analysis of Factors in the Russian Revolutionary
AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IN THE ---- RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT By Rev . Paul OtBrien, S. C. J. A Theaia submitted to the Pacultyot the Graduate Sohool, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment ot the Re quirements tor the Degree of Master of Arts .. · Milwauke., Wisconsin ay, 1948 O(Jl:ltents n.:.1"\9 ~ l1:'efQoe ••••• ~4o ............... jO .. .. .. ', ......... .... " ....... .. 1 lhapter I 'A'he Hist,orioal Ba ok~round , . 'l'he Husstan Intel116eIl1a~:ta ............. ~ ....., ••• ,......... .. 6 The i. r:l t:tngs ot ilJ.exander He r zen ••, ' • .,., ... it ....... ., ..... a ,ahernyehevs1:cl nnd his ldeas, l?ete"r LavrOV ...... jO ..... 10 Bel:1:n.sky end Ba ~~unl n .... I. ;0 '••••••••• ;0 ....., .................11 Tt:;.aohev and Plekhanov f theori ate or revolution ... II •• la tater Russian Ll terature • •••••• '••••• ' ••••' .......... " .la rxinm (lna lta influence ... ....... ...................16 'he Poll tioal. Phaae 11 at'O'noal Qb j eO' tl 'ICS of '1'ea r i ,slG..., it •••' .......... 20 The l:leoembl'i,sts .............. .. ... .. .............. ,.... 23 'rhe re:tr!n of' Mi ollOlu.s II ........................... ... 26 Chapter II 'J.1he lnf,luenoe of .Pe).'~ona11 ties p - l The T·ger Nl chalas II ........ .... '. '... .. ..... II! II! .......... 34 The ..c;mp l,,~ s 9 end Has put111 • •, ••••• , .... .... '" • "'. "' ••• "' .. 39 cn1n •• • '. "". •• Ie !•• •• • " ••• 0 • ~ ••••• • .•• Ct ................, . 44 '.i:rotsk y ........' .,Ii. II ••••••• :0 •••• ;0 .. '" '" w' .... '" '" '. '.... '" ••• ",. 47 Ohapter III The Influ ~ nl3e_ of the fiar The ~. ar and 1 ts effeots •••••• '" . .... ............... 5., 1sta1:;es i ntbe \'lo r e ttort and the! r effeot. "' •••• 5 he Vlar years of Ni aholas II . ........... '0., ••• "' ••• • 57 he lIar and i ts effcot on Huss1an eoonolay ......... 59 The f all of the uonorohy ••••••••••••••••••••••••• G2 Chapter IV Pase The Soviets Strussl. -
Revolution in Real Time: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917
ODUMUNC 2020 Crisis Brief Revolution in Real Time: The Russian Provisional Government, 1917 ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction seventy-four years later. The legacy of the Russian Revolution continues to be keenly felt The Russian Revolution began on 8 March 1917 to this day. with a series of public protests in Petrograd, then the Winter Capital of Russia. These protests But could it have gone differently? Historians lasted for eight days and eventually resulted in emphasize the contingency of events. Although the collapse of the Russian monarchy, the rule of history often seems inventible afterwards, it Tsar Nicholas II. The number of killed and always was anything but certain. Changes in injured in clashes with the police and policy choices, in the outcome of events, government troops in the initial uprising in different players and different accidents, lead to Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. surprising outcomes. Something like the Russian Revolution was extremely likely in 1917—the The collapse of the Romanov dynasty ushered a Romanov Dynasty was unable to cope with the tumultuous and violent series of events, enormous stresses facing the country—but the culminating in the Bolshevik Party’s seizure of revolution itself could have ended very control in November 1917 and creation of the differently. Soviet Union. The revolution saw some of the most dramatic and dangerous political events the Major questions surround the Provisional world has ever known. It would affect much Government that struggled to manage the chaos more than Russia and the ethnic republics Russia after the Tsar’s abdication. -
World War I Timeline C
6.2.1 World War I Timeline c June 28, 1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia are killed by Serbian nationalists. July 26, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia. Russia, an ally of Serbia, prepares to enter the war. July 29, 1914 Austria invades Serbia. August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia. August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France. August 4, 1914 German army invades neutral Belgium on its way to attack France. Great Britain declares war on Germany. As a colony of Britain, Canada is now at war. Prime Minister Robert Borden calls for a supreme national effort to support Britain, and offers assistance. Canadians rush to enlist in the military. August 6, 1914 Austria declares war on Russia. August 12, 1914 France and Britain declare war on Austria. October 1, 1914 The first Canadian troops leave to be trained in Britain. October – November 1914 First Battle of Ypres, France. Germany fails to reach the English Channel. 1914 – 1917 The two huge armies are deadlocked along a 600-mile front of Deadlock and growing trenches in Belgium and France. For four years, there is little change. death tolls Attack after attack fails to cross enemy lines, and the toll in human lives grows rapidly. Both sides seek help from other allies. By 1917, every continent and all the oceans of the world are involved in this war. February 1915 The first Canadian soldiers land in France to fight alongside British troops. April - May 1915 The Second Battle of Ypres. Germans use poison gas and break a hole through the long line of Allied trenches. -
A Chronology Ofv. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924)
A Chronology ofV. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924) 1870 April: V. I. Lenin (born Vladimir Illich Ulyanov) is born in 1870 in the town of Simbirsk on the Volga River 1887 June: Lenin graduates from gymnasium (high school) 1887 May: Lenin's brother Alexander is executed 1887 August: Lenin enters the University of Kazan 1887 December: Lenin is arrested for participating in student protests 1887 December: Lenin is expelled from the University and exiled to the village of Kokushkino near Kazan' for one year 1891 November: Lenin graduates from the University of St. Petersburg 1893 Autumn: Lenin joins a Marxist circle in St. Petersburg 1894 Nicholas II becomes tsar 1895 December: Lenin is arrested and spends 14 months in prison. 1897 February: Lenin is sentenced to three years exile in Eastern Siberia 1898 July: Lenin marries Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia 1898- 1900 In exile, Lenin writes The Development of Capitalism in Russia 1900 July: On returning from exile, Lenin goes abroad to Switzerland and other countries 1901 Lenin, who has been known until this point as Ulyanov, adopts the name N. Lenin 1901- 1902 Lenin writes What Is to Be Done? and edits Iskra (The Spark) 1903 July-August: Lenin attends the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and helps to split the party into factions: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 1904 February: Beginning of Russo-Japanese War 162 CHRONOLOGY 163 1904 December: Surrender of Port Arthur to Japanese 1905 january: The "Bloody Sunday" massacre; The First Russian Rev olution begins 1905 june-july. -
THE MENSHEVIKS in 1917 by Olegpmwkov Bachelor of Arts
THE MENSHEVIKS IN 1917 r:. = BY OLEGpmwKOV Bachelor of Arts Moscow State Pedagogical Institute Moscow, USSR 1983 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS July 1992 THE MENSHEVIKS IN 1917 Thesis Approved: Thesis Advisor 0 Dean of the Graduate College 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to Dr. George F. Jewsbury and Dr. Joel M. Jenswold for their encouragement and advice throughout my graduate program. Many thanks also go to Dr. W. Roger Biles for serving on my graduate committee. Their suggestions and support were very helpful throughout the study. To Wann Smith for his expert typing and proofing skills; to Oscar Kursner for his help in translation. My wife, Y elaina Khripkov, encouraged and supported me all the way and helped me keep the end goal constantly in sight. Thanks go to her for her undivided time in the final stages of the project. She prov 1ded moral support and was a real believer in my abilities. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. The Main Approaches to the Study of the Russian Revolution in American Historiography 2 The Study of Menshevism in the U.S. 6 Soviet Scholars on Menshevism 8 Sources 1 2 Themes and Problems 14 II. Tiffi "HONEYMOON' OF Tiffi REVOLUTION_~-~-~! 8 The Necessity for the Dual Power 1 8 The Essence and Structure of Dual Power 2 7 Establishing of the Revolutionary Defensists Policy3 5 III. THE APRIL CRISIS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES _____4 7 The First Clash. -
Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution India and the Contemporary World Society Ofthefuture
Socialism in Europe and II the Russian Revolution Chapter 1 The Age of Social Change In the previous chapter you read about the powerful ideas of freedom and equality that circulated in Europe after the French Revolution. The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. As you have read, before the eighteenth century society was broadly divided into estates and orders and it was the aristocracy and church which controlled economic and social power. Suddenly, after the revolution, it seemed possible to change this. In many parts of the world including Europe and Asia, new ideas about individual rights and who olution controlled social power began to be discussed. In India, Raja v Rammohan Roy and Derozio talked of the significance of the French Revolution, and many others debated the ideas of post-revolutionary Europe. The developments in the colonies, in turn, reshaped these ideas of societal change. ian Re ss Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation of society. Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift, to those who wanted to restructure society radically. Some were ‘conservatives’, others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’. What did these terms really mean in the context of the time? What separated these strands of politics and what linked them together? We must remember that these terms do not mean the same thing in all contexts or at all times. We will look briefly at some of the important political traditions of the nineteenth century, and see how they influenced change. -
The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 2 Studies “Lessons learned” in WWI: The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917 Christian Stachelbeck The Battle of Arras in the spring of 1917 marked the beginning of the major allied offensives on the western front. The attack by the British 1st Army (Horne) and 3rd Army (Allenby) was intended to divert attention from the French main offensive under General Robert Nivelle at the Chemin des Dames (Nivelle Offensive). 1 The French commander-in-chief wanted to force the decisive breakthrough in the west. Between 9 and 12 April, the British had succeeded in penetrating the front across a width of 18 kilometres and advancing around six kilometres, while the Canadian corps (Byng), deployed for the first time in closed formation, seized the ridge near Vimy, which had been fiercely contested since late 1914.2 The success was paid for with the bloody loss of 1 On the German side, the battles at Arras between 2 April and 20 May 1917 were officially referred to as Schlacht bei Arras (Battle of Arras). In Canada, the term Battle of Vimy Ridge is commonly used for the initial phase of the battle. The seizure of Vimy ridge was a central objective of the offensive and was intended to secure the protection of the northern flank of the 3rd Army. 2 For detailed information on this, see: Jack Sheldon, The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914-1917 (Barnsley: Pen&Sword Military, 2008), p. 8. Sheldon's book, however, is basically a largely indiscriminate succession of extensive quotes from regimental histories, diaries and force files from the Bavarian War Archive (Kriegsarchiv) in Munich. -
Chapter 23: War and Revolution, 1914-1919
The Twentieth- Century Crisis 1914–1945 The eriod in Perspective The period between 1914 and 1945 was one of the most destructive in the history of humankind. As many as 60 million people died as a result of World Wars I and II, the global conflicts that began and ended this era. As World War I was followed by revolutions, the Great Depression, totalitarian regimes, and the horrors of World War II, it appeared to many that European civilization had become a nightmare. By 1945, the era of European domination over world affairs had been severely shaken. With the decline of Western power, a new era of world history was about to begin. Primary Sources Library See pages 998–999 for primary source readings to accompany Unit 5. ᮡ Gate, Dachau Memorial Use The World History Primary Source Document Library CD-ROM to find additional primary sources about The Twentieth-Century Crisis. ᮣ Former Russian pris- oners of war honor the American troops who freed them. 710 “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” —Winston Churchill International ➊ ➋ Peacekeeping Until the 1900s, with the exception of the Seven Years’ War, never ➌ in history had there been a conflict that literally spanned the globe. The twentieth century witnessed two world wars and numerous regional conflicts. As the scope of war grew, so did international commitment to collective security, where a group of nations join together to promote peace and protect human life. 1914–1918 1919 1939–1945 World War I League of Nations World War II is fought created to prevent wars is fought ➊ Europe The League of Nations At the end of World War I, the victorious nations set up a “general associa- tion of nations” called the League of Nations, which would settle interna- tional disputes and avoid war. -
World War One Blog July to September 1917 Adobe
Irish Voices from the First World War A blog based on PRONI sources Monitoring the pace, accuracy and effect of bombardment and the ebb and flow of infantry attack was indispensable to trench warfare, D1981/1 July to September 1917 British Army commanders were convinced that the Western German army would have been close to defeat by later 1917, had not the Russian front begun to crumble in September, as revolutionary insurgents, crucially assisted by the German state, took over the Russian administration in a vast upheaval. Following the misery of Passchendaele where teeming rain created perhaps one of the bleakest landscapes of battle in the war, the British Army revived in confidence by virtue of promising success in the mass use of tanks during the first days of Cambrai. In spite of formal adherence to international rules of combat, how prisoners were treated, by all sides, depended greatly on the state of mind of attacking troops hour by hour, D1981/1 Document 1: Journal entries of Captain Godfrey John Mulholland (4th son of Henry, 2nd Baron Dunleath, Ballwalter Park), Horse Transport, Army Service Corps, June 1917. The A.S.C. was responsible for supply of food, equipment and ammunition to forces on front line. Mulholland proud of equestrian assignment and skills [D4179/9/2/] 4th June – Went on Leave 14th June – Went to very good Corps Horse Show near Mardeuil in which we won 1st prize for best stripped H.D. horse. Went to still better Army Horse Show at Camblain l’Abbé, excellent jumping and turns out. A Portuguese officer won the jumping. -
TIMELINE of EVENTS March 1917 Tsar Nicholas Abdicates and The
TIMELINE OF EVENTS March 1917 Tsar Nicholas abdicates and the Provisional Government takes over supported by the Soviet. It now has to deal with all the problems which led to the downfall of the Tsar – the war, food shortages and peasant demands for land…. April 16th 1917 Lenin arrives in Russia. He makes a speech demanding an end to the war with Germany, land for the peasants and nationalisation of banks. He insists that no support be given to the Provisional Government – instead the Soviets (there are Soviets in other cities) should get together and form a new government. These ideas became known as the April Theses. June 1917 The Provisional Government orders the armies to attack Austria. This fails and turns into a retreat. Soldiers began to desert in large numbers. Many go to Petrograd and join the Bolsheviks demanding an end to the Provisional Government July 1917 100000 soldiers and Bolsheviks are out in the streets demanding ‘All power to the Soviets’. These three days of rioting in Petrograd are known as the July Days. Kerensky sends loyal troops into the city to deal with the uprising. He claims the Bolsheviks have been paid by Germany to make trouble and Lenin is a German agent. Lenin has to leave Russia to avoid arrest and goes to Finland. Other leading Bolsheviks are arrested. The Bolsheviks have become unpopular and weak. August 1917 Kerensky become leader of the Provisional Government. He has to deal with a challenge from General Kornilov, Commander in Chief of the army who wants to take control.