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Home , April 1917, July 1917, March 1917, Petrograd Soviet, Provisional Government, Red Guards (Russia)

• Replanning for Prov Gov:

Timeline of all events down the centre, with ‘success blocks’ / fires on each side. Students to shade them in on each side to show success.

• Students to pick the top three events for both Prov Gov and Pet Sov and explain why they have the most impact.

• E.M. Explain why one group was able to win by the end. Do Now: Homework: None, but you can always do extra miles!

Key Words for Events:

7. RussianRussian termterm forfor anan electedelected Parliament,Parliament, promisedpromised byby NicholasNicholas II.II.

8. Bolshevik A branch of Russian , more extreme than .

9. Tsar’s residence in St. Petersburg, grand and heavily guarded.

10. Petrograd TheThe namename givengiven toto St.St. PetersburgPetersburg inin WW1,WW1, toto soundsound ‘less‘less German’.German’.

11. BolshevikBolshevik workersworkers whowho organizedorganized themselvesthemselves intointo aa smallsmall .army.

12. Reds + Whites The two sides in the , reds were Communist, whites were not. Who ruled in 1917?

• In 1917 there are two rival groups competing for power in Russia: • The ‘Provisional ’. • These were only meant to be temporary, to run Russia until an elected Duma (Parliament) could be brought together. • Prince George Lvov was the Prime Minister – a popular and moderate politician. • The ‘Petrograd ’. • This was the Communist workers council of Petrograd (St. Petersburg). • It was mainly run by Mensheviks – more moderate than .

Learning challenge: Summarise this in less than 40 words. Explain why the Provisional government became unpopular. Describe the role of the Provisional Government. Identify key groups and individuals who could have taken power in 1917.

Title: Who gained power after the 1917 February 25 March, 2020 Revolution?

Learning challenge:

A series of events are going to come up on the board. You must decide whether it was a successes for the Provisional Government or the .

Write the date on your timeline, and summarise the event on the left if it was a success for the Petrograd Soviet, and the right if it was a success for the Provisional Government.

We will do the first two together, then you will work on your tables for the rest.

Extra Mile: Note on your timeline how significant each victory was. : The Petrograd Soviet passed ‘Order Number 1’. Order Number 1 stated that ‘the orders of the Petrograd Soviet should take priority over the orders of the Provisional Government’. This order is backed by the Armed Forces. March 1917: Bolshevik Members of the Soviet push for full control of Russia. The wider Soviet refuses them, with the Menshevik majority fearing that the ordinary Russian people liked Prince Lvov (the leader of the Provisional Government) and did not yet like Communism. The Bolsheviks are ignored. March 1917: The Provisional Government disbands the ‘Okhrana’. The old secret police of the Tsar were widely hated, and this gained them significant popularity with the common people. March 1917: The Provisional Government promises free in the summer of 1917. The people of Russia react positively, ready to finally elect a meaningful and free ‘Duma’. 27th March 1917: The Provisional Government makes a ‘ Aims’. The Soviet had just demanded an end to the war, amid great public unrest. Miliukov, the Foreign Minister of the Provisional Government, promises Britain and that Russia would finish the First World War. This results in huge protests, and the Provisional Government collapses. : Prince Lvov sets up a Second Provisional Government. The Prince remains popular, but has been damaged by his association with the First Provisional Government and Miliukov. In order to keep power, he has to invite 6 powerful members of the Petrograd Soviet into the Provisional Government Cabinet. April 1917: The Provisional Government grants Freedom of the Press. This made a huge change for Russia, as the Tsar had previously controlled most publication. It did also give the Bolsheviks / the Soviet free reign in the media… April 1917: The Provisional Government delays elections until ‘the Autumn’. As well as this, the Second Provisional Government has made no attempt to end the war yet. The people are losing patience. April 1917: Lenin returns to Russia. Old political exiles are allowed back into Russia. Lenin returns to lead the Bolsheviks, which greatly boosts their confidence. He immediately makes a powerful speech condemning the Provisional Government. April 1917: Lenin announces his April Theses. Lenin comes up with an incredibly appealing and powerful slogan – ‘Peace, , Land’. This quickly spreads throughout Russia and the other Soviets, drawing attention to the Bolsheviks.

He also demanded ‘All Power to the Soviets’ – rejecting any other form of government. : The First All-Russian meets. All Soviets councils in Russia send delegates to Petrograd to meet. Lenin draws significant attention at the conference. The Soviets are gathering a network of councils and agents all over Russia. June 1917: The Provisional Government start making land confiscations. They begin to deliver on one of their key promises – to make land ownership and access fairer across Russia. This also steals one of Lenin’s most popular policies, and gains the Provisional Government some power. June 1917: National minorities start demanding independence from Russia. Groups in , , and the have marches and protests, demanding independence from Russia. The Provisional Government was extremely ineffective at handling these. June-: One of the worst harvests in Russian memory. The Provisional Government oversees, and fails to react to, one of the worst harvests Russia had ever seen. This was due to a mixture of poor weather that year and failings under the Tsar, but this didn’t stop people from blaming the Provisional Government. This boosted Lenin’s call for ’Food’. 1917: A Bolshevik takeover goes wrong. Things are going extremely badly with the war, and the Bolsheviks attempt to use this to take over the Russian government. They are; however, unsuccessful, as loyal troops in Petrograd defeat them. This humiliates the Petrograd Soviet and greatly damages the Bolsheviks. August 1917: The Kornilov Coup destroys the reputation of the Provisional Government. Emboldened by recent success against the Bolsheviks, Kornilov, an army decides to try and crush the Petrograd Soviet. He marches troops to Petrograd, these meet the new ‘Red Guards’ (Bolsheviks). The Red Guards force Kornilov to stand down. It looks like Kornilov had tried to take control of Russia by force, and that the Bolsheviks had saved them. Homework - Knowledge Organiser

A reminder: the Extra Mile Research tasks are optional, but get rewards!

The Extra Mile Research:

1. Design a propaganda leaflet for either the Bolshevik or Menshevik party.

2. Invent a of the 1905 protests / strikes outside the Winter Palace.

3. Write a letter to the Tsar, from any point, to try and help him avoid Revolution.

4. How convincing is this interpretation about effects of overthrowing the Tsar?

5. Find out more about Father Gapon and his role in the 1905 Revolution.

6. Find out about the women’s movement ‘Zhenotdel’ and Alexandra Kollontai.

7. Who was Rasputin, and what was his role in the Revolution?

Video link: https://youtu.be/etmRI2_9Q_A A high-level video about Russian history. So – who had the most power in Russia in 1917?