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The Analysis for Alteration in Starch Biosynthesis Metabolism in a Japonica Rice Grain Mutant Which Does Not Accumulate Starch

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The Analysis for Alteration in Starch Biosynthesis Metabolism in a Japonica Rice Grain Mutant Which Does Not Accumulate Starch MOJ Proteomics & Bioinformatics Research Article Open Access The analysis for alteration in starch biosynthesis metabolism in a japonica rice grain mutant which does not accumulate starch Abstract Volume 7 Issue 5 - 2018 Rice grain‒filling is an important agronomic trait that contributes greatly to grain Weidong Xu,1,2 Chunhai Shi,1 Zhenzhen weight. A grain mutant from the japonica cultivar Nipponbare by mutagenesis with 1 1 3 ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), which had no accumulation of starch granules in Cao, Fangmin Cheng, Jianguo Wu 1Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, China endosperm with a transparent liquid during grain filling stage, was used to analyze 2Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute, China the caryopsis development and starch biosynthesis metabolism in present study. 3Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang A&F University, China Measurement of soluble substances in the liquid of developing endosperm showed that there was remarkably higher soluble sugar content in this no starch mutant. Correspondence: Chunhai Shi, Agronomy Department, Semi‒quantitative reverse transcription‒PCR (RT‒PCR) analysis of the starch‒ College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, synthesizing genes revealed that soluble starch synthase1 (SSS1) gene could be Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China, Tel normally expressed in the mutant. Substantially lower expressions of starch branching +86 57188982691, Email [email protected] enzyme1 (SBE1), isoamylase1 (ISA1) and pullulanase (PUL) were detected in the no starch mutant compared with the wild type, whereas the expression of ADP‒glucose Received:‒ September 19, 2018 | Published: October 31, 2018 pyrophosphorylase large subunit 1 (AGPL1) and ADP‒glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 1 (AGPS1) were visibly increased. The measurements of the key enzymatic activities involving in starch biosynthesis suggested that there was a significant reduction in the activities of starch debranching enzyme (DBE) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in the transparent liquid endosperm of the no starch mutant, which coincided with their down‒regulation expression at transcriptional levels. These results suggest that the transparent liquid with no starch accumulation at the filling stage in the glume of the mutant was likely due to abnormal transcriptional and enzymatic activities related to the DBE and/or SBE genes loci mutant. Keywords: no starch mutant, starch‒synthesizing enzymes, physiological metabolism, rice (oryza sativa l) Abbreviations: ADPL1, ADP‒glucose pyrophosphorylase cereal endosperm. In recent decades, a series of mutants related to large subunit 1; ADPS1, ADP‒glucose pyrophosphorylase small deficient starch biosynthesis have been generated and provided new subunit 1; DBE, starch debranching enzyme; EMS, ethyl methane insights into the complex mechanism of starch biosynthesis in cereal sulfonate; ISA1, isoamylase1; PUL, pullulanase; RT‒PCR, reverse endosperms. Several isoforms including SS I, SS II, SS III, SS IV transcription‒PCR; SBE, starch branching enzyme; SBE1, starch and GBSS had specific functions in initiation, elongation, branching branching enzyme1; SSS1, soluble starch synthase1; DAP, days after and debranching of transient or storage starch synthesis in source and pollination; WT, wild type sink tissues, respectively.3 Among all of these SS isoforms, SS I was highly and specifically expressed in rice endosperm and performs Introduction about 70% of total SS activities, and its activity was also higher than that in other isoforms.4 Two related forms of SBE (SBE I and SBE II) Rice (Oryza sativa. L) is one of the most important staple foods exist in cereal endosperm. Loss of SBE I isoform activity could limit worldwide and the development of rice grain is abundantly related the synthesis of starch in a way that cannot be compensated by SBE to growth of the endosperm. The endosperm is initiated by the fusion II isoform; thus, the activity of SBE I was essential for normal regular between a sperm nucleus and two polar nuclei during the double organization of the starch granule whether SBE II existed or not.5 fertilization process and undergoes a series of coordinated cellular and Two DBE families occurred, such as ISA and PUL in plants.6 reported metabolic events, including starch accumulation, cell death and starch 1 that sugary‒1 phenotype was caused by the loss of the activity of granule packaging during the storage phase. Starch generally accounts the PUL enzyme, suggesting that the DBE was also involved in for about 70% of the total dry weight in cereal grains and serves as a 2 starch biosynthesis apart from its function in starch degradation in primary source of food with a wide range of industrial applications. conjunction with other hydrolytic activities Rice, barley and maize In previous reports, many efforts have been made to elucidate the sugary mutants were generally caused by the lack of ISA genes and metabolic mechanisms underlying the starch biosynthesis pathway low DBE activity, accompanied with a decreased starch accumulation in developing endosperms, and some key enzymes, involving ADP‒ in the endosperm and alterations in the fine structure and numbers glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), sucrose synthase (Susy), soluble of starch granule.7 At least three ISA genes were present in plants. starch synthase (SSS), granule‒bound starch synthase (GBSS), starch Among them, ISA 1 was highly expressed in the cereal endosperm branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzyme (DBE) and the reduced levels of ISA 1 could be found in the synthesis of have been considered as necessities for the starch biosynthesis in phytoglycogen in the antisense‒expression of transgenic rice plants,8 Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com MOJ Proteomics Bioinform. 2018;7(5):162‒167. 162 © 2018 Weidong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: The analysis for alteration in starch biosynthesis metabolism in a japonica rice grain mutant which does 163 not accumulate starch ©2018 Weidong et al. which suggested that ISA 1 played a crucial role in proper starch by reciprocal crossing with hand emasculation. After two and a half biosynthesis. Down‒regulation of a PUL inhibitor activity in barley hours, the pistils were removed and directly stained with aniline causes a reduction in the small (B‒type) granules, and also reduces blue on a glass slide for a few minutes before observation by UV amylose content, alters amylopectin glucan chain‒length distribution microscopy (LEICA DM IRB). Germinated and elongated pollen and reduces starch content.9 Moreover, the low activity of SBE 1 refers to the pollen grains attached to the stigma whose tube growth was also detectable for some Sugary mutants apart from the much can be detected by UV fluorescence. lower DBE activity in endosperms, resulting from the lack of ISA genes.10,11 The visible reduction of SBE 1 activity in the flo2 mutant Measurement of soluble sugar contents in rice grains endosperm of rice implied that the activity of SBE 1 was partially Soluble sugar contents in rice grain of no starch mutant were 12 responsible for the aberrant structure of storage starch. reported that determined by the method.19 A sample of 20‒dehulled rice were the PUL gene encoding a pullulanase was highly expressed during the weighed and ground with mortar and pestle in 2ml of 0.7M perchloric entire seed development period with a peak mid stage. It is possible acid and allowed to thaw to 4ºC on ice for 30min. The insoluble that these enzymes do not function separately but constitute a larger material was separated from the soluble metabolites including sugars enzyme complex, which could determine the fine structure of starch. by centrifugation at 12000g for 10min at 4ºC. The pellet was washed These enzymes could cause the differences in abnormal metabolism by re‒suspension followed by re‒centrifugation in 2ml of 0.7M of starch synthesis in RNA transcription and protein expression perchloric acid and then the supernatant was neutralised with KOH/ 13 level. The results from some endosperm mutants, such as sugary, MES/KCl (2M KOH, 0.4M MES, 0.4M KCl), centrifuged at 2000g shrunken and floury revealed that the reduction of cytosolic ADP for 5min at 4ºC to remove insoluble potassium perchlorate and four glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in shrunken endosperm could 0.2‒ml replicate aliquots of the resulting supernatant were assayed for not inhibit granule initiation, but severely restrain the subsequent sugars. Sucrose was converted to glucose and fructose by the addition enlargement of granules, in which the shrunken endosperm often of 0.1ml 0.22M sodium acetate (pH 4.8) containing 3.7U invertase developed pleomorphic amyloplasts containing a large number of (β‒fructosidase) to two of the aliquots and incubated at 37ºC for 2h. 14‒16 17 underdeveloped granules. Moreover, documented that rice SPK, The other two aliquots were incubated as above but with no invertase. a Calmodulin‒like domain protein kinase, was required for storage Glucose and fructose were assayed in all 3 samples with standard starch accumulation via catalyzing sucrose synthase phosphorylation spectrophotometric techniques employing hexokinase, glucose 6‒ the substrate of which could be supplied for starch biosynthesis. phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP‒dependent) and phosphoglucose However,
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