Mother and Child Development Organization

(MCDO)

Survey Report on the Status of People Displaced by Drought in and Around Eastern Refugee Camps

In

Somali National Regional State

On 14/02/01 – 08/03/01

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Contents

1) Introduction page 1

2) Background page 1

3) Purpose of survey page 2

4) Methodology page 3

5) Executive Summary page 8

6) Findings page 15

7) Conclusion and Recommendations page 17

8) APPENDIX

I. IDP Profile

II. Questionnaires

III. Team Members

IV. Action Plan of the Team

V. Map of Refugee camps

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MCDO/97/01 19/03/01

SURVEY REPORT ON THE STATUS OF PEOPLE DISPLACED BY DROUGHT IN AND AROUND EASTERN REFUGEE CAMPS IN THE SOMALI NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE

I. Section One

Introduction:

This report is comprised of three main sections: -

Section one contains * Background information * Purpose of the survey * Methodology * Executive summary

Section two contains *Findings

Section three contains *Conclusion and Recommendations

Appendix I. Profile of IDPs

Appendix II: Questionnaires

Appendix III: Team members and Plan of Action 4

A. Background Information

1. The recent drought that hit the Somali National Regional State (SNRS) has resulted in internal displacement and migration of hundreds of thousands of people within its frontiers. The Regional DPPB of the SNRS estimates that the majority of people displaced by drought (henceforth referred to as IDPs in this report) have lost their assets because of lack of pasture and water for their livestock. Although the families who have migrated from the Shinile Zone with some of their cattle have returned home because of improved pasture and water as a result of the last little rains, the majority of IDPs from other districts of the SNRS who abandoned their home villages in search of food are still residing in temporary shelters scattered all over the region including those who moved closer to the existing eight refugee camps in eastern Ethiopia whose number is reported to be increasing.

2. The gradual increase in the number of IDPs near and inside eastern refugee camps has become a matter of serious concern to UN agencies such as UNHCR, UNICEF and the World Food Program. The reported increase in IDPs in this region is said to be comprised of mainly women and children. As the main UN agencies in humanitarian activities in the SNRS, WFP/UNHCR/UNICEF have decided to undertake a survey on the IDPs near the eastern refugee camps through the structure of Mother & Child Development Organization (MCDO), based on SIM/MCDO’s recent experience in undertaking a similar survey on IDP shelter in Fafan of the Jigjiga Zone.

3. In order to undertake the survey, WFP/UNHCR/UNICEF and MCDO signed a contract agreement on 5 February 2001 and 9 February 2001 designating MCDO to undertake the survey around eight refugees camps in eastern Ethiopia. The UN agencies agreed to cover the costs of rented vehicle and pay DSA for the MCDO team members and the co-ordinator’ s salary for the services rendered. For its part, MCDO has assumed responsibility to conduct the survey based on an agreed-upon questionnaire and submit its findings in a form of a report within the proposed deadline.

B. Purpose of the Survey

1. To obtain more accurate understanding of the IDP population currently residing around eight eastern refugee camps as well as their migration movements (seasonal, drought related, etc).

2. To determine special protection needs of women and children during the drought and to understand the “pull” factor that refugee camps may have.

3. To assist in the development of a targeted assistance strategy for IDPs around the eight refugees camps in the SNRS.

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C. Methodology

1. In order to facilitate proper and systematic collection of data in the targeted survey areas near the eight eastern refugee camps, a questionnaire that had been agreed upon to be utilized during the study was translated into Somali and used by enumerators for data collection under the strict supervision of MCDO’s senior management staff. The questionnaire was comprised of three parts: 1) the IOM/WFP Questionnaire on Migration; 2) a UNICEF questionnaire on the situation of women and children; 3) additional UNHCR questions relating to pull factor of refugee camps.

2. The survey work was conducted in accordance with the timetable set forth in the contract and agreed to by the parties of the agreement by appropriating the duration of the contract present for desk work, field work in and around the eastern refugee camps and the collection and analysis of the data and writing the draft report. Accordingly, field visits were made to Aisha, Camabokor, Darwonaji, Daror, Hartisheikh, Kebribeyah, Rabasso and Teferi Ber.

3. IDP households in and around each refugee camp were randomly selected with every 13th household interviewed. Their responses were recorded in the questionnaire for analysis. The selection was made such that one household was interviewed for every 13 households. This was to establish an average family size that would enable us to determine a realistic figure of IDPs in the areas under consideration.

4. Focus Group discussions were held with local administration officials, members of women associations, representatives of Refugee Committees, community elders, religious leaders and birth attendants in order to acquire independent information on the current IDP caseload around the camps.

5. The most recent updates on IDP figures with local administrations of the eight refugee areas were reviewed in conjunction with the figures obtained through random sampling and the average family size established during the study. This was done with the view to determine a fair estimate of IDP population around the eight refugee camps.

6. Fieldwork was conducted by a single team of four enumerators guided by the co- ordinator. Data collection study was done at Teferi Ber, Derwonaji and the Aware camps followed by Hartisheikh, Kebribeyah and Aisha in that order. The information gathered was later processed for the preparation of the draft survey report for an initial discussion with WFP, UNHCR and UNICEF sub offices in Jigjiga. 6

D. Executive Summary

1. The presence of IDPs in and around the eastern refugee camps has been confirmed. The IDPs came from nearby villages and distant areas of the Ogaden. Those who came from the surrounding areas belong to the clan of the camp population while those who migrated from other parts of the SNRS are from different clans. The majority of the IDPs are pastoralists who lost their livestock because of lack of pasture and water. They moved closer in to refugee camps with the expectation that food might be available in one way or another. According to informed sources in the field, they came from other zones traveled by great distances to reach the camps. Some traveled 7-20 days while those from near by areas covered the voyage in about 4 days. It has been found out that the majority of the IDPs have been residing in the respective shelters for the last 12 or more months. Generally, the IDPs lack proper shelter and have no access to social services such as food, health and education, except for minor treatments, when compared to the refugees in eastern camps.

2. There are an estimated 9,272 families with a total of 46,360 people displaced by drought (IDPs) residing near the eastern refugee camps. Out of 9,272 families the team interviewed 714 households in all camps. All data have been verified with the local administration of the camps who registered the IDPs on arrival. The data have also been confirmed with refugee committees and IDP community elders. The highest population is found near Aisha (Degago) refugee camp, comprising of 3,241 pastoralist families from the Issa clan, with a total population of 16,205 persons. Those IDPs have migrated from nearby villages because of the recent drought and have been sheltered at a village called Maro Madobeys situated at 30km away from Aisha town and about 1 km from Degago refugee camp.

The majority of the IDPs are pastoralist families except the recent arrival of about 700 Oromo farmer families from Babile and Fadis who have sheltered in and around Hartisheikh, Teferi Ber, Darwonaji and Kebribeyah camps. See Table 1 and 2 below.

3. The nature of the settlements of the IDPs differs from one place to another. Those who have sheltered in and around Aisha and Hartisheikh have been settled in areas isolated from the refugees and the local communities while those in other areas have built their shelters within and outside the refugee settlements. The situation in Aisha and Hartisheikh was arranged by the local Administration, as the caseload in both areas was high in comparison to other camps.

4. With regard to the living conditions of the IDPs in and around the refugee camps visited, most of the IDPs are in difficult situations both in terms of food and employment opportunities. Those who came from distance places are the most unfortunate when compared to those who came from nearby areas. For example, about 3,331 families/16,655 persons are from far areas constituting 36% of the entire IDP population. These families are, however, deprived of the opportunity to be engaged in income generation activities such as collecting firewood for sale, as they do not belong 7

to the host communities. The sole means of survival is by begging food from refugees and the selling of their own labor, including their children. Some of the children are engaged in house keeping and livestock herding. The most vulnerable groups among the IDPs are women particularly female-headed households, children and elderly people.

5. In the field of water, the IDPs share resources with refugees and the local communities in all camp areas except Hartisheikh where the IDPs are required to beg or pay for water. In some Fridays particularly during water scarcity the business people are filling barrels and distributing to the IDPs. Also free water is provided to the local administration by ATLAS/UNHCR after assuring that the refugees have enough water. But IDPs are not included in the consideration. In this connection, it was found out that most of the water supply systems were constructed/rehabilitated by UNHCR, other local and international NGOs and the regional bureau for Water Resources Development of the Somali National Regional State. The facilities include shallow wells, boreholes, earth dams and Birkas owned by the local government, local communities and private individuals. It has also been confirmed during the study that the IDPs have no adequate access to social services such as health and education. In fact when it came to education, the IDPs are out of picture but in nutrition-wise the IDP children have been admitted in ARRA heath centres for assistance. For the adults, when it came to referral cases the IDPs have not been allowed to be referred due to non-availability of ration cards.

6. With regard to the condition of IDP women and children in general, it is found out that women and children assume the responsibility of collecting firewood for family consumption and for sale. It is however, reported that women and girls are occasionally raped and intimidated during the above assignments. This brings about increases in unwanted pregnancies among young women, which results in isolation from the local communities. There are also cases whereby young women have abandoned newly born babies and fled to nearby urban country for engagement in income earning activities such as prostitution, which is highly condemned in the Somali society at large.

7. There are a number of pull factors in the eastern refugee camps. Some of the major elements include the availability of food and water, which are not available in the home villages of the IDPs because of the drought. Social services such as health and education are equally absent in home areas. The other opportunity which can be considered as a pull factor is the possibility of employment opportunities in the refugee camps because of commerce across the border. Hartisheikh refugee camp is the best example as being one of the potential areas of attraction for the reason that it is the pathway for importing commercial goods and exporting livestock through the port of Berbera. However, the exporting of livestock is not functioning nowadays according to the information of the business people because of ban by Arab countries. 8

Table 1: Figure on People Displaced by Drought s in/near Eastern Refugee Camps

Refugee Camp H/Holds No. of Total Clan Economic interviewed Population Background H/Holds Teferi Ber 410 32 2,050 Gedebursi, Agro-pastoralist Oromo, Geri & Farmers Jarso Derwanage 658 51 3,290 Gedebursi, Agro-Pastoralist Oromo, Geri & Farmers Jarso Daror 1,094 84 5,470 Edegele, Pastoralist Haberyonis & Ogaden Rabaso 704 54 3,520 Edegele,shekha Pastoralist sh, Shariff & Ogaden C/Aboker 1,325 102 6,625 Edegele, Pastoralist Ogaden, Geboye & Shekhash Hartisheikh 1,620 125 8,100 Ogaden & Pastoralist Oromo Farmers Kebribeyah 220 17 1,100 Ogaden & Pastoralist Oromo Farmers Aisha 3,241 249 16,205 Issa Pastoralist Total 9,272 714 46,360

Note:- The total population of IDPs corresponding to each refugee camp shown above is an estimated figure based on the average family size of 5 persons per household. The family size of 5 per family is an average reached as a result of the random sampling conducted during the current survey. 9

Table 2: Areas of Origin of People Displaced by Drought (IDPs)

Refugee Camp IDP Area of Origin Population Zone Woreda Teferi Ber 2,050 Jigjiga Tefer Ber, Jigjiga & Babile Derwanage 3,290 Jigjiga Teferi Ber, Babile, Chinaksan & Jigjiga Daror 5,470 Degahbour Aware Rabasso 3,520 Degahbour Aware C/Aboker 6,625 Degahbour, Aware, Kebri Dahar, Warder, Qorahey Sheygosh & Bokh Hartisheikh 8,100 Degahbour, Dhanan, Dhuhun, Gerbo, Qorahey, Godey, Babile, Fedis, Sheygosh, Fiiq & Jigjiga Dhobowey, Imey, Kebri Dahar & Aware Kebribeyah 1,100 Godey, Jigjiga & Dhanan, Babile, Fedis, Qorahey Kebri dahar & Sheygosh Aisha 16,205 Shinile Aisha Total 46,360

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II. Section Two

Major Findings

The team paid visits to all camps and carried out discussion forums and interviews with local administrations, refugee committees, religious leaders, community leaders, Women Association representatives and IDPs in the camps and also formulated team observations. The general findings for all camps in general are stated by order:

(a) IDP background (b) Socio – economic living status (c) Distance (days) travelling and length of stay in the camp. (d) Source of income (e) Shelter (f) Education (g) Water (h) Environmental protection (i) Women and child related issues (j) Health (k) Problems encountered while on travel or stay

Note: Details on findings for each specific camp are included in the IDP profile by camp in Appendix 1.

A. IDPs’ Background

There are no separate settlements for IDPs except in Hartisheikh and Aisha. The IDPs in other areas are settled in and around the refugee camps. Some of them are living in poor shelters vacated by people who have been repatriated while others have constructed simple tukuls among the refugees.

There are two kinds of IDPs in the camps: - * Those who moved from surrounding areas of the camp. * Those who migrated from far distant places such as Gode, Korahe, Aware and Babile/Fadis area 11

1) Those IDPs who moved from surrounding areas of the camp, their population figures, area of origin, clan and socio – economic background by camps:

Refugee H/Hold IDP Clan Socio- Economic Place Of Origin Camp Population Background Woreda Zone Teferi Ber 330 1,650 Gedebursi Agro-pastoralist T/Ber Jigjiga Derwonaji 458 2,290 Gedebursi Agro-pastoralist T/Ber Jigjiga Daror 601 3,005 Edegele & Pastoralist Aware Degahbo Haber yonis ur Rabasso 487 2,435 Edegele Pastoralist Aware D/buur C/Aboker 824 4.120 Edegele Pastoralist Aware D/burr H/sheikh ------K/Beyah ------Aisha 3,241 16,205 Issa Pastoralist Aisha Shinile Total 5,941 29,705

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2) Those IDPs who migrated from far distance places, their population figures, areas of origin and socio- economic background by camps:

Refugee Household IDP Clan Socio- Place Of Origin Camp Population Economic Background Woreda Zone Teferi Ber 80 400 Oromo, Geri Farmers Jigjiga & Jigjiga & Jarso Babile Derwonaji 200 1000 Oromo, Geri Farmers Jigjiga, Jigjiga & Jarso Chinaksan & Babile Daror 493 2465 Ogaden Pastoralist Aware D/Buur Rabaso 217 1085 Ogaden, Pastoralist Aware D/Buur Geboye, Gadsen, Shariff & Shekash C/Aboker 501 2505 Ogaden, Pastoralist Aware, D/Burr, Geboye, Sheygosh, Warder & Gadsen, Bokh & Qorahey Shariff & K/Dhehar Shekash H/sheikh 1620 1800 Ogaden & Pastoralist Babile, Jigjiga, Oromo Farmers Aware, Gode, Fiiq Denan, & Qorahey dhuhun & Sheygosh K/Beyah 220 1100 Ogaden & Pastoralist Denan, Gode, Oromo Farmers Babile, Jigjiga & Fadis, Qorahey K/dahar & Sheygosh Aisha ------Total 3,331 16,655

B. Living conditions

The IDPs live in a miserable condition and have no access to any social services. Most families survive on one meal per day through begging or working for the locals and refugees.

The IDPs are divided in three categories: - 1. Poorest of the poor: - Female –headed households with children and the elderly people who have no support. A total of 246 female-headed households were interviewed (35% of total interviewed). 2. Poor: - Families who have sent away their children to work as livestock herders and house servants. 13

3. Normal: - Some IDP families who came from the surrounding areas and are related to the camp residents. They get support and assistance from their relatives and live in better condition than the other two categories. However, they caused a lot of pressure on the local people and refugees.

C. Distance (Days) of Travelling And Length of Stay in The Camps

It took 1-4 days for the IDPs who came from the surrounding areas to reach the camp while it took 7-20 days for those IDPs who came from far distant places to reach the camps.

The IDPs have stayed in the camps and its surroundings for a minimum of one year and maximum of 2 years.

D. Sources of Income

ü Begging dry ration during general food distribution in the refugee camps. ü Begging for food from house to house. ü Selling water but they face problems during dry season because of shortage of water. ü Some children work as shoe shiners. ü Washing clothes for the locals and refugees in Aware camps. ü Few men work as porters in Aware camps. ü Hiring children as livestock herders and as housekeepers. The child is given a two-year- old cow after the service of one year and housekeepers are given monthly payments (30 – 40 EB per month). ü Relief food from DPPB consisting of 12.5 kg of wheat grain per family per month (not regular as there has not been distribution for the last 3 months).

E. Shelter

The IDPs live in very poor shelters made of cartons, empty sacks and soft thin plastic that they get through begging. They are exposed to cold weather, heat and rainfall. In addition to that they lack blankets and utensils. Their shelters have no ventilation and accommodate large number of families (in one small tukul 5-8 persons may sleep) and this could make easy the spread of communicable diseases. Most of the children are bare-footed. (See the photograph)

F. Education

The IDP children, adolescents and women have no access to formal and non-formal education because they are struggling or engaged on survival means. During their stay in their original places children used to go to Koranic schools (non formal education). 14

G. Water Source

The IDPs and local people share water sources with the refugees in the camps except Hartisheik. The IDPs in Hartisheikh could not share water with the refugees because they are settled in the town, which is very far from the camp. During the rainy season they use water from local ponds, which is dirty and unhygienic. There are two earth dams and one haffir dam in each of the three Aware camps that were constructed for refugees. In Teferi Ber, Derwonaji, Kebribeyah and Aisha UN agency constructed the shallow wells for the refugees. There are also private birkas around these eastern camps but most of them are not functioning because they are damaged and the community could not afford to maintain or repair.

H. Environmental protection

The environmental situation of the areas around all visited camps is very poor and alarming because of deforestation activities by the refugees and local people and also due to recurring droughts. Large areas of the forest are destroyed regularly in search of firewood, charcoal and building materials. There is a local NGO named Hope for the Horn, that works primary with UNHCR funds, which is planting nurseries and distributing trees in the three Aware camps only. According to the observation of MCDO team, more efforts are needed because the planted trees are not enough. The environmental protection programme needs full participation by the community throughout all camps.

I. Women and Child Related Issues

ü The majority of IDPs visited were women, children and the elderly. Most of them depend on their living by collecting and selling firewood in which they fetch from far distances. During their traveling they encounter a lot of problems according to the interviews made with IDP women. ü Although rape occurs on rare occasions, two of the IDP women interviewed were raped in Derwonaji and Daror. One was attacked while collecting firewood from the bush. The local people who own the land from which the firewood is collected treated the IDPs badly by intimidating and sometimes beating them, particularly women and children. The other woman who was raped was traveling to a refugee camp. On the way she stopped to ask a camel herder for some camel milk for her children. While the children were drinking the milk, the camel herder and his friend raped the woman. ü Seven girls got unwanted pregnancies in T/Ber and Derwonaji camps due to their condition of need. Consequently they were isolated from their families due to Somali culture. ü The deteriorating situation and worsening need of the IDP has forced their daughters to engage in prostitution which leads them to unwanted pregnancies (which is prohibited in Somali culture). Some of the girls have disappeared to Hargeisa and Jigjiga. ü In Kebribeyah and Teferi Ber four children were thrown, dogs ate two while Women’s Committees of both settlements took the others. (Please see the attached photographs of the children) ü Elderly people have remained without care and as a result mortality cases found among IDPs are mostly elderly people. 15

ü Due to the stress brought by the drought and miserable living conditions eleven women were found to be mentally sick, particularly in Hartisheikh and Rabasso settlement. ü In Aware camps and Hartisheikh, the minority groups of IDP (non-Isaq tribes) live under stress, due to non-clan support. Usually Somalis depend on their own clan protection. This means that if they are living in their own clan areas or if their clan is in the majority, they will have protection. When they become the minority, there is no respect or protection given by the other clans. ü Early marriage has been found in the camps, especially among the IDPs. For example, in Aware camps 13-15 year-old girls who were met by the team were married to unwanted old men of the local community who gave the girls’ families dowries consisting of goats and sheep. The girls were found unhappy and depressed. ü In Hartisheikh and Kebribeyah there are special brokers whose services are to hire the IDP children for the local community by taking small charges. The female servant is more expensive than the male servants are. For example the servant boy for his one-year service will be given a two-year-old cow while the female servant will be given a three-year-old cow. ü In H/sheikh an 8 year-old boy was taken to work as livestock herder. One day he felt hungry and came back to his master’s house to search for food. During his absence a fox ate one sheep. When the family heard about the news, they beat the child cruelly and sent him back to his family. (please see the attached photograph) ü While traveling to Daror camp a lady who had 8 children (5 children of her own and three from another wife) came across 2 camel herders and asked them to give milk to her children by milking the she-camels. After serving the milk both men raped the lady. ü Due to the arising needs and poor living condition most of the IDP men fled their families leaving behind women and children. ü Because of the miserable living condition the few husbands who live with their wives are in constant conflict with them and as a result many divorces have been reported.

J. Health

The IDPs have no adequate access to health services because they do not have refugee cards, especially in terms of referral cases. Because of this the following health problem cases were recorded: -

Á Interviewed IDP women complained of back pain, joint pain and vaginal discharges. Á High risk during infant delivery because of untrained TBAs. Á Prevalence of a number of measles cases (Aisha & Hartisheikh). Á Most of the IDP children in the camps have skin diseases, diarrhea, eye infection and anemia. (See the attached photographs) Á Some malnourished children have been observed. Á Traditional healers have benefited by treating IDP women and children through harmful traditional practices such as FGM, burning the skin, ovular cutting and taking out the milk teeth, etc. Á Due to cough, fever, night sweating, poor appetite, poor physical appearance there are many suspected TB cases of IDP in the camps.

K. Problems Encountered During Travel or Stay 16

Á Death (adults/children), sickness, fear and hunger particularly during travel. Á Some women delivered during travel with no assistance thus causing infections, bleeding and even death of mothers and infants. Á Some families have thrown away their utensils and material during travel because they had no energy to carry them. Á Most of the sick adult livestock and all offspring were left on the road during travel because they could hardly walk. Á IDP households who came with some livestock sold their stocks at cheap prices due to the arising needs for food and medicine for children. Á The IDP caused pressure on the refugee and local communities, which is beyond their capacity. Á Lack of health/education services.

III. Section Three

Conclusion & Recommendations

A. There are IDPs in and around eastern refugee camps in the SNRS. According to the current survey, there are about 9272 families/46360 persons categorized as IDPs. The living conditions of the IDPs deserve human intervention in a form of short and long term solutions since they lost all their assets due to the droughts.

1. Short Term Solutions: - - Provision of relief food on regular basis until they return to their original places in order to avoid child labour and prostitution. - Provision of non-food items such as plastic sheets, utensils, and blankets, bedding materials, clothes, jerricans and shoes (for children). - Create opportunities to enable them to share the existing social services in the areas such as health, education and water.

2. Long Term Solutions: - - Facilitate their return home. - Provision of food for nine months until the delivery of the livestock for pastoralists and until harvest for agro-pastoralists and sedentary farmers. - Provide rehabilitation assistance to make them self- supporting. Restocking (sheep/goats) will be a valuable and sustainable project to them and it will be a great benefit to the vulnerable groups of women and children. - For agro-pastoralists in addition to restocking (less number of stocks than pastoralists) provision of farm tools, seed, draught power (oxen). - For sedentary farmers particularly to women/female-headed households provision of seed/cash crop seeds, bee keeping, draught power (oxen), hybrid sheep/goats and poultry farming. - Provision of pack animals (camel/donkey) for fetching water to the family (children/elderly people) and offspring and for transportation when required. 17

B. There are signs of malnutrition among the IDPs in and around the eastern refugee camps. This is particularly true with children, lactating mothers and the aged. Furthermore, the provision of emergency food through the DPPB and NGOs does not seem to fit into the delivery schedule for other drought affected people. It is suggested that a nutritional survey is conducted by the concerned with the view to establish supplementary feeding programs for a targeted group in all IDP shelters around the refugee camps with improved dry ration distribution (particularly Hartisheikh and Aisha).

C. From the viewpoint of humanity, the problem of shelter with all IDP families in the areas visited deserves immediate attention. Children, in particular, need day and night clothes. It is therefore, recommended that the problem of shelter in general be addressed as a matter of urgency.

D. The IDPs do not have access to community services. The possibility of extending such services to the IDPs irrespective of their status must be examined by all humanitarian organizations working in and around eastern refugee camps.

E. The scope of the ongoing environmental protection projects in all the refugee camps needs to be improved. IDPs around the camps need to be encouraged to participate during implementation as much as possible.

F. It is expected that the IDPs will eventually decide to return home as soon as the situation in home villages improve and they are provided with the opportunity to re-start their livelihood with some support. It is therefore, recommended that a detailed census be carried out on the IDP families to acquire detailed information for their orderly return back home with dignity.

G. Raise community awareness against all harmful traditional practices. Create other income opportunities for the FGM practitioners. (In this point, another survey is necessary.)

H. Conduct training of traditional birth attendant’s (TBA) and community health agents (CHA) during their stay in the camps and in their original places.

I. Provide health education on TB and HIV/AIDS.

J. To mitigate further damage on the environment, to raise environmental awareness programs in all camps.

K. To create school facilities in their home areas.

L. For the water issue of Hartisheikh we would recommend that administrators and ARRA/UNHCR should give consideration to the IDP and provide water services directly to them until they return to their original places.

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M. Creation of skills-training program, such as embroidery, crocheting, tailoring or cooking skills, for the female youth of DDS at their home villages and in the camps should be considered in order to give them opportunities to work instead of going for prostitution.

N. Awareness on the rights of children has to be provided to the communities. This should include topics such as security, education, family responsibility and protection from evil actions (i.e. forced child prostitution, child labor, and child abuse). The family should be provided with financial assistance in order to enable the children to return home from their forced labor attempts.

O. Clinic facilities should be established in their home areas.

P. The IDPs should be returned to their home villages with support as soon as possible other wise the adaptation of dependency will take place. 19

APPENDIX I

IDP (People Displaced by Drought) PROFILE

In general the IDPs are divided into three types: pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, and sedentary farmers.

There was another group of people who were not included in this survey. During the survey, the team observed some households who were returnees from Somalia and who lived in the refugee camps getting regular ration as refugees. These households received repatriation package and returned to their original places to restart their normal living through cultivation and livestock herding. Unfortunately the recent severe droughts affected them and they lost their assets completely; they were forced to return to the refugee camps where they previously lived to get some kind of support. At present their living condition is serious and alarming. They live with many of the same situations as the IDPs.

A. Pastoralists – They rear livestock such as sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. Their living depends on the livestock. Whenever there is a need in the family, they sell some of their stock (mainly male animals) and exchange the proceeds for food, clothes, medicines for both family members and their livestock, and water during dry season. The IDP pastoralists, who constitute the majority of IDPs, have migrated mainly from the Ogaden area such as Degahbour, Gode, Fiq, Aware area and Aisha.

B. Agro-pastoralists – These people rear some livestock, mainly cattle and shoats, as well as cultivate crops, such as maize and sorghum. Their livelihood depends both on livestock and crop production. After harvesting, they put their crop production into traditional stores under the ground. They use the grain for food consumption and for selling the surplus to exchange the proceeds for their own needs. Their animal livestock is used for milk and ghee production for the children and other family members while they sell the surplus milk/ghee to customers in towns. They will also sell their livestock (mainly male animals) and exchange the proceeds for food, medicines for both family members and their remaining livestock, and water when there is a need. Sometimes they will exchange the money received for oxen as draft power. Whenever there has been a poor harvest the agro- pastoralists will sell their livestock to cover their needs. IDP agro-pastoralists are mainly from the T/Ber and Darwonaji camps.

C. Sedentary farmers – The IDP sedentary farmers depend solely on crop production. They cultivate crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, as well as cash crops such as chat, onions, beans, potatoes, etc. Their living depends on their crop production. In addition to that, the household may have several cows for milking and oxen for cultivating their farms. The IDP sedentary farmers migrated from Babile and Fadis areas.

The droughts recurring in the last three years affected both the livestock and crop production. As a result a great number of livestock perished due to the lack of pasture and water. In addition to that there wasn’t any harvest during the drought. 20

When the people lost their assets (livestock/crop production) they migrated from their original places in order to search for places where they could find food and water. Due to that, the refugee camps became the most attractive places to travel to where they could find same of their needs met.

FGM FGM practices are common among Somali communities. However, the belief in FGM practices is often more strict among pastoralists/nomads in general, and thus the majority of the IDPs. They have never received any community awareness seminars on the harmful traditional practices whereas the refugees in the camps have had opportunities to attend community awareness seminars on such practices.

Therefore the traditional healers in the camps have a greater opportunity to practice their skills among the women IDPs. Due to the lack of health services, IDP mothers take their children for treatment, including FGM, to traditional healers where they pay out money received from begging, etc.

IDP Profiles by Camp

IDPs around Teferi Ber/Darwonaji Refugee Camps - - For the last couple of years the inhabitants of Derwonaji, Awbare and other parts of the region encountered severe droughts which caused large number of people to become displaced after they lost their livestock. - Previously drought used to affect only certain areas and the people used to move to better area of prosperity, where they could find different kinds of support such as crop, milk, shelter and some times traditional restocking. However at present the drought affected the whole regions and inflicted current common poverty to the communities. This current drought is named (iskuma ciirsato) which literally means (no where to depend upon). Consequently, the drought affected community moved directly to towns and refugee camps. - The displaced people arrived for the last 3 years (1998 – 2000) and put a great pressure on the environment and the refugees in the camps because they don’t reside in separate places but are dispersed through out the camps . - The IDPs migrated from the surrounding areas of Awbare and Babile such as Ilaale dheer, Dilac, Sh. Ali, Sahlaley, Haliso, Af –as, Galawadhile, tulli and fesise site. Similarly the IDPs in Darwonaji migrated from - Bodhley, Gogt, tulli, Babile, Fiq , Chinaksan,, Arabi, shabeeley and laylakal sites. - According to information collected from administration, IDPs, refugees and refugee committee, the main factor that influenced the IDPs to move the refugee camps area:- § To search for labour/employment such as selling water and firewood § To depend on their relatives in the camps who received general food distribution from UNHCR. § Begging food from house to house § Begging dry ration during the distribution

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Based on the outcome of the interview made with the district and kebele administrations, as well as the observation made by the survey teams, the minimum estimation of the internal displaced households are ad depicted in the table below:-

S/No Name of the Estimated Female headed Previous Total No. of survey camps interview displaced household occupation beneficiaries household 1 Aw-barre 82 18 Agro- 410 T/ber pastoralists 2 Darwonaji 200 32 Agro- 1000 pastoralists Total 282 50 1410

According to the documents of the food Aid distribution that have been made by DPPC with the collaboration of the districts executive committee, interviewed refugee committee and observation made the team have revealed that the number of the internal displaced household and their original clan as illustrated in the following table.

S/N Name of No. of Oromo Gadabursi Gerri Jarso Ogaden Hawiye Bursug Abasku the estimated surveyed displaced camps household 1 Aw-bare 82 17 39 11 10 2 2 - - 2 Darwanaj 200 20 70 15 15 20 50 6 4 e Total 282 37 109 26 25 22 53 6 4

Living Condition of IDPs

Regarding interviews made with IDP surveyed households the living condition of these groups is very poor and alarming. Their main sources of income are: - § Begging food during general distribution and house to house. § Selling water but they face problems during dry season because of shortage of water § Selling of firewood, however collection of firewood created a lot of problems among the local people and it takes them 18 hours to collect. § Hiring children for herding (boys) and as servants (girls) § Relief food from DPPB consisting of 12.5 kg of wheat per families per month (not regular – No. Distribution for the last 3 months)

Shelter They have no shelter and they are exposed to cold weather, heat and rainfalls. They also lack blankets, bedding and utensils. In addition to that they don’t get any health service because IDPs don’t have refugee ration cards.

Malnutrition was not observed among IDP children. However most of them are naked and bare footed. 22

Education IDP children have no access to formal and non-formal education because they are engaged on survival means.

Protection § A number of IDPs depend on their living by collecting and selling firewood in which they fetch from far distances during their travel they encounter a lot of problems according to the individual interview made with the IDPs.

§ One woman was raped in Darwanaje while she collecting firewood from the bush. The local people who own the land from which firewood is collected treat the IDPs badly by intimidating them and some time beating them particularly the women and children. § Four IDPs girls got unwanted pregnancy in Aw-barre and Darwonaje camps, due to their condition of need and consequently they were isolated from their families. § A 7 days old baby who was thrown by his mother was found in the out skirts of Aw-barre camps while another baby was found in Aw-barre valley two years ago. § Elderly people have remained without parental care and as a result the mortality rate found in IDPs are mostly elderly people.

IDPs around Rabasso, Camabokor and Daror

In general information the team collected almost the same information’s on the status of IDPS in Rabasso, Camabokor and Daror, which are located east of Jigjiga and as a result one comprehensive report has been compiled from these camps. The local community around the camps has no access to social services such as health, education, and water but they share the resources with the refugees.

Name of the Distance from Population no. of No. of surrounding Main clan camp Jigjiga the household village Rabasso 232 km 6191 23 Edegelle Camabokor 200km 3739 05 Edegelle Daror 280km 9397 33 Edegelle & Haberyounise

Daror camps

On arrival the team met with the administration officials of Daror. According to the information received from administration Daror is located 280 km east of Jigjiga and has a local population (9397 hots) 33 villages are under this kebele. To 70% of the population are pastoralists. The main clans of Daror are Edegele and Haberyonise of Isaq tribe.

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There is no school and health service for the local community but they share the services with the refugees. There are 2 earth dams and one haffir dam, which were constructed for the refugees. In addition there are local private birkas but most of them are in poor condition and are empty.

IDPs background

There are two different categories of IDPs § Those who came from villages around Daror kebele § Those who came from village around Aware district

Rabasso

1. IDPs who came from villages under Rabasso kebele, MCDO survey team have interviewed 25 household.

Place of origin No. Of estimated Clan Remark IDPs household Qolbulale 213 Edegelle Among this IDPS Lankhert celyo 168 Edegelle MCDO ssurvey Iglada 54 Edegelle team have Libax Qodhama 19 Edegelle interview 25 Labi sagaale 33 Edegelle households Total 487 Edegelle

B. IDPS who come from other parts of region five particularly (Dhegahbuur zone) the team interviewed 15 households

Place of origin No. of estimated Clan Remark IDPs households Kore 48 Ogaden Among this MCDO Durgumi 63 Geboye teams interviewed 15 Dudumacad 19 Sheriff household s Cadaadxey 37 Shekash Shebeelley 36 Dusma 14 Total 222

There are two IDPs categories in Camabokor A. Those who come from village around Camabokor kebele B. Those who come from other part of region five

A. Table showing no. of estimated IDPS households and their clans, Those who come from village of Camabokor

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Place of origin No. of estimated Clan Remark IDPS households Kaam tuug 340 Edegelle Camabokor Axmed 213 Edegelle Camabokor area 271 Edegelle Total 824

B. Table showing no. of estimated IDPS households and their clans, Those who come from other part of region five Place of origin No. of estimated Clan Remark IDPs households Dig 87 Ogaden Gunagado 162 Shekhash Bulaale 76 Sherif Dhegaxbuur 101 Gaadsan Qabridahar 22 Gaboyae Qardheer 28 Hawiye Aware 25 Total 501

C. Those who come from Aware Area.

Place of origin No. of estimated Clan Remark IDPS households Dig 193 Ogaden Among this groups Mustarigh 201 Gaboye MCDO survey team Lako 78 Shekhash interviewed 20 Anano 21 Gaadsen households Total 493

Reason for moving

· Due to the prolonged drought that has affected them and their livestock: in order to get water and food they have approached to the settlement of refugees and locals.

Assistance received so far There was no special assistance for the IDPs.

Source of income Most of the IDPS are women and children some of their husbands disappeared some died and rest went back to the original place to look after the remained livestock. These families are surviving in the following ways: · Most of the children are looking after the local livestock on the traditional based agreement the child will be away for one years after twelve months he will get one small cow age of 2 year. The child will have two meals. 25

· Some children are shoe shiners · Some of the girls have crossed the border to Somaliland to works as servants.

IDPs background There is no separate settlement for the IDPs but they are scattered in the refugee camps and local settlements. The IDPs live under poor shelter and have no plastic sheets, blankets, sleeping and cooking materials (utensils).

The IDPs teams observed that the IDPS are divided in to three categories:-

1. Very poorest of the poor:- female headed household with children and elderly people who have no support. 2. Poor:- families who sent away them children to work as herds and servant. 3. Normal:- IDPs families who come from surrounding areas and who get support formal assistance from their relatives. They created pressure on relatives they live in better condition than the other two categories.

The following tables from the 3 camps indicate the estimated number of IDPS households, their place of origin, clan etc. The greatest number of IDPS, particularly the Ogaden live in bokor because the ogaden sub clan of rer Isaq have very close marriage relations with the Edegelle of camp Camabokor.

Main factors that influenced the IDPS to move to the refugee camps:-

· Prolonged drought which caused livestock to perished and brought about failure of crop production · To search for food through begging · Availability of water (free service in refugee camps) · To search for labour

Living condition The IDPs live in a very poor condition and have no access to social service. Their main sources of income are begging and hiring their children for service.

Sources of income · Begging food from house to house · Begging dry ration during general distribution in refugee camps · Collecting and selling firewood (women and teenage girls bring firewood on their back from far distance). · Hiring children for service as livestock herders and house servants. The child is given 2 years old cow after services of one year. The girls who work as house servants are given monthly payment. · Some children work as shoe shiners. · Selling water.

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Occupation 80% of the local people in these 3 camps are pastoralists and their living depend on livestock (mainly camel, sheep and goat).

Water source The DPS and local people share water resources with the refugees in these camps. There are 2 earth dams and one haffir in each camp, which was constructed for the refugees. There are private birkhas around each camp but most of them are not functioning because they are damaged and the communities could not afford to maintain and repair them.

Environmental situation The environmental situation of the areas around all visited camps is very poor because of deforestation activities by the refugee and recurrent droughts.

Education IDPs children do not have access to formal and informal education because they are engaged on survival activities.

· Women wash clothes for the locals and refugees · Few IDPs men work as porters (particularly problems encountered during travel) · Death (adults and children), sickness and hunger · Some women delivered during travel with no assistance thus causing death of mother and infants. · Some families have thrown away their utensils because the have no energy to carry. · Most of the sick adult livestock and all off springs were left on the road.

Problems encountered · IDPs who come with some livestock sold their stock at cheap prices due to the arising needs for food and medicine for children. · The deteriorating situation and worsening need of the IDPS forced their daughters to prostitution and unwanted pregnancy which s prohibited in Somali culture. · The IDPS caused pressure on the refugee and local communities, which is beyond their capacity.

Health IDPS have no access to health services because they do not have refugee cards. Because of this the following problems cases were recorded:- · Interviewed IDPS women complained about back pain joint, vaginal discharges. · High risks during delivery because of untrained TBAs. · Prevalence of a number of measles · Most of the IDPS children in the camps have skin diseases, diarrhoea, eye infection. · Some malnourished children have been observed (marasmas, kwashawkor) · Due to the lack health services, traditional healer have benefited by treating IDPS women and children through harmful traditional practices such as FGM, burning skin, ovulla cutting etc. 27

· Due to cough, fever, night sweating , poor appetite, poor physical appearance there are many suspected TB cases of IDPS in the camps.

Protection

· Some IDPS daughters disappeared and no one knows their where about (suspected of prostitution in main towns such as Hargeisa and Jigjiga. · Minority groups of IDPS (non Isaq tribes) live under stress and they are not allowed to collect firewood from the bush. · In Daror camps a 13 years old IDPS girls who was met by the team was married to an old man of the local, people who gave the girl’s families a dowry consisting of five goats and 2 sheep. The girl was found unhappy and depressed.

IDPs in Kebrebeyah

Kebrebeyah is located 52 km from Jigjiga. It is an agro-pastoral area, relying both on agriculture and livestock. The local population, estimated at 150,000, is mainly from the Abaskul clan.

There is a health center and a primary school for the local community, separate from the social services inside the refugee camp.

The number of IDPs is estimated at 1,100, coming from Gode and Korahe zones. There are also Oromo farmers from the Babile area. The IDPs have no access to social services.

IDPs background: · In general the team found similar situation of IDPs in Kebrebeyah as in the Aware camps. There is no separate settlement for the IDPs—they are scattered in tukuls inside and around the refugee camps

Living conditions · The IDPS live in a very poor condition and have no access to social services. Their main sources of income are begging and hiring their children for service.

Water Sources · The IDPs share water resources—shallow wells—with the refugees.

Health/Education · IDPs do not have access to health and education services.

Protection

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· Child labour-- there are special brokers whose services are to hire the IDP children for the local community by taking small charges. The female servant is more expensive than the male servants are. For example the servant boy for his one-year service will be given a two-year-old cow while the female servant will be given a three-year-old cow.

IDPs in Hartisheikh

Hartisheikh is located 75km east of Jigjiga and is a commercial and business center. It has a population estimated at 14,885 person and main clan living in and around the town is Habar Awal of Isaq tribe. 17 villages come under Hartisheikh town.

There are two different settlements of displaced people around Hartisheikh town called Iswadh I and Iswadh II

Iswadh I

This settlement is located at the entrance of the town from Jigjiga just adjacent to the church. The residents stayed in Hartisheikh for a period of 3-4 years and they are mainly Hawiya (Somali) who come from south Somali and their population is estimated at 1300 households. In addition to that there are 400 households which are recently arrived Oromo who come from Babile and Fedis areas due to the recent droughts.

Iswadh II

This settlement is located south of the local administration office of Hartisheikh. The residents stayed in Hartisheikh for a period of 11/2 years and they are mainly from Ogaden tribe who come from Degahabour, Kabri-dahar, Gode and Fiq zone. Their population is estimated at 1220 households. The details of their status are mentioned below: -

Place of their origin Estimated no. of IDP Clan Remark households Dagah-buur 473 Ogaden Kabri-Dahar 338 Ogaden Gode 276 Ogaden Fiq 133 Ogaden Total

These people come to Hartisheikh for survival after they lost their livestock due to the drought occurred in region 5.

As already known Hartisheikh is a big business center and this is the main pull factor that attracted the displaced people.

Main factors which influence IDPs to come to Hartisheikh

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· Opportunity of employment · Get food and money through begging

Living condition They are living in a very poor condition and most of the families do not get even one meal food a day.

Sources of income · Begging food and money (mostly children and disabled people do begging activities because people feel more sympathy to them. · Income from daily labor activities such as ' Cleaning and collecting rubbish or water materials from the business center. ' Fetching water from tankers to business owners ' Shoe – shining ' Hiring children as livestock herders and house servants. ' Received food assistance 3 families from an Arab NGO, Libya embassy and DPPC.

Health/Sanitation The IDPS in Hartisheikh do not get any health services. However there is one local clinic in Hartisheikh town in which money is charged for treatment and IDPS can not afford to use the clinic.

Main health problems facing children are: ' Malnutrition ' Cough ' Diarrhoea ' Skin diseases ' Eye infection ' Swelling of the lymph gland with pus.

Main health problems of women ' Back pain ' Vaginal discharge ' Joint pains ' Burning of loins

Main health complaints of men ' Cough ' Fever ' Night sweating ' Poor physical appearance

The sanitation of the settlement is very poor and unhygienic.

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' There is no waste disposed pit and rubbish and waste materials are dispersed in front of the houses. ' There are no pit latrines. They use open land neat the settlement for defecation thus attracting a lot of flies to roam around the houses. ' Due to shortage water there is very poor personal hygiene (dirty clothes, unwanted cooking utensils) ' Crowded tukuls, which makes easy for the spread of communicable diseases.

Education Although there is one primary school (1-8 grade) in Hartisheikh town but the IDPs children do not attend the school because they are involved for searching of their daily food requirement.

Water The sources of water for IDPs are : · Begging water from tanker owners, restaurants, shops-- they do not get any water during water scarcity. · Buying water from the income through begging (0.25 cents for 5 liter container) · Some times (usually Fridays) the local merchants provide 1 or 2 tankers to the IDPs settlement. 31

Aisha

Aisha camp is located 325km east of Jigjiga. The town is very hot in climate and has local population of 1,109 persons. The main clan living in and around the town is Ciis. There are 11 kebeles under this woreda. There is one primary school and one clinic for the locals. The water resources of the local is two shallow wells, one of which currently one is not functional. The environmental situation of Aisha area is very poor and there is no land for pasture.

IDPs background

There is a separate settlement for the IDPs at the place called Maro madobeys which is located near Dhegago refugee camp and has a distance of 390 kms east from Aisha town. The displaced households arrived at this place for the last 1½ years(one and half). They immigrated from vicinity areas (villages) of Aysah woreda. Based on the out come of the interviewed made with the district and kebeles administrations, as well as the IDPs community leaders also the observations of the survey team, the estimated no. of the internal displaced households are as shown in the table below:-

Place of origin Estimated no. of Clan Remark households Buur dhegax madow 734 Ciise Sermaan 613 Ciise Hadhagaale 431 Ciise Shimbirale 297 Ciise Feydh 475 Ciise Saaweer 691 Ciise Total 3241

Main factors which influenced people to come ' Similar to other camps

Living condition ' They are in poor living condition

Sources of income ' Relief food consisting of 25kg of wheat grain and 1 tin of (4 liter) of oil per households per month was given by

· CRS – 2 TIMES · ARAB NGO – 2 TIMES · DPPB – 3 TIMES ' Begging dry ration during refugee general food distribution ' Hiring children to work as a livestock herders and house servants (girls cross the border to Djibouti to work as a house servants). 32

Health Although there is one ARRA/UNHCR health center in the refugee camp the IDPs do not get regular health service.

Education There is no education service.

Water The IDPs get water from shallow wells, which is ½ km far from their settlement. Water is free of charge.

Shelter The IDPs live in very poor and small shelters which is made of cartons and soft plastic sheets from cargo consignments, which they collect from the business stores through begging. Their main bedding materials are cartons and they lack of cooking utensils. Most of the families use powder milk cans for cooking while others share cooking materials. Small shelters accommodated large families. They are exposed to sun, cold weather and rains. 33

APPENDIX II UNICEF Questionnaire on the Situation of Drought-Affected Women and Children

Observations by the Interviewer Questions for family

History Where did you come from? Reason for coming to this location? Reason for leaving your previous location? How long have you been here? How long did it take to travel to this location? Did you experience any problems during this travel (deaths, rapes, child abuse, etc)? What is the size and composition of this family (age and sex)? What were your previous living assets (livestock, agriculture, etc)? Do you have any livestock remaining? When do you intend to leave this area? How do you intend to leave this area?

Food and Nutrition What kinds of food do you give to adults? Number of times given per day? What kinds of food do you give to children? Number of times given per day? How do you obtain your food (grow, buy, trade)? Is relief food available? If yes, where? What type of food is it? Amount and frequency given?

Sources of income Who in the family is working for money? What are they doing (begging, selling firewood or water, etc)? Are any of the children working? Doing what? (as livestock herder, shoe shine, etc?)

Water and Sanitation What is the source of the water you use (Birka, pond, wells, tanker, etc)? What is the distance to the water point? Is the water free or is there a charge for it? What is the hygiene condition of water points (used by people and animals, availability of fencing, rubbish/sewage around water points, etc)? Who is the person responsible for fetching water (child, woman, man)? What is the reason for using that person? What is the quality of the water used (how clean is it)? How much water do you use every day (liters per day)?

Shelter What kind of shelter are you using? What is available in it? Bedding? Cooking utensils? Blankets? Clothes? Etc How many people are living in the shelter? Is there plastic sheeting available? Are latrines and rubbish pits available?

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Women and Children’s Issues Have you/do you know anyone in your village that has experienced sexual requests in return for relief items? Do you know anyone in your village that has engaged in prostitution due to loss of their livelihood as a result of the drought? Do you feel that you or your children are exposed to risk of rape because of the environment of the camps? Have you/do you know any one in your village who has been subject to any violence such as beating? Have you experienced depression as the result of the current drought and its effects? Do you give extra work to your children due to the demands of the drought? If yes, what kind of work does your child do? What kind of work do you allow your child to work in the household? Does your child complain about heavy workload this year compared to one of the good years (good rain years)? Have your children ever received formal or informal education? Does the drought stop your children from attending school? Do you encourage your children to early marriage or marriage without consent due to the extra demands brought by the drought on the household?

Health What is the health condition of your family at this time? Is anyone sick, and if so, what is the problem? Is anyone in your family pregnant or lactating at this time? Do you presently have access to a health facility? Where? What is the distance to the nearest health center? What kind of health services do you get? Have you ever vaccinated your children? If yes, which kind of vaccination? Where? When? What health problems have your children experienced in this area? What health problems have the adults in your family experience in this area? Do you/your family have problems with water related diseases such as malaria, scabies, lice infestations, etc? Do you/your family have problems with water-borne diseases (diarrhea, dysentery, etc)? Do you have symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases?

Questions for the Community What are the most common diseases in adults in this community? What are the most common diseases in children in this community? Are there any Marasma/Kwashiorkor cases in this community Do pregnant mothers get MCH services? Are there TBA’s in this settlement? Are they trained?

Observations by Interviewer What is the hygiene condition of water points (used by people and animals, availability of fencing, rubbish/sewage around water points, etc)? What is the quality of the water? Do you see any livestock? What is their condition? What is the distance of the shelters between each other? Do you observe any Marasma/Kwashiorkor cases in this community? 35

APPENDIX IIA: IOM/WFP Questionnaire on Population Movement (Migration)

The groups will be of different origin/type, have migrated for different reason, will be different needs. Please answer the questions for each group of different origin/type.

1.0 Location of migrants In town In separate settlement If separate settlement, then what is the distance from main town? Km

1.1 Type of migrant Internally displaced people Cross-border in-migrants Returnees Other ______Out-migrants

1.2 Demography of Group (circle Entire families all the apply) Partial families If partial please specify: Men Women Children Elderly Other 1.3 Number of persons or Total ______households, please specify. Men______Women______Children (under 5) ______

1.4 Origin Country ______Region ______Zone ______Wereda ______Locality (PA) 1.5 Livelihood of majority of Pastoral (cattle/camel/shoats-circle) migrants Agro pastoral Rain fed farmers Irrigated farmer Urban/trade Other

1.6 If pastoral, did they move with Did not move with animals the animals? What is the condition Move with animals of the animals? Condition of animals______

1.7 Period of arrival Month ______(month/season/year) Season ______Jiilaal (Jan-Mar) GU (Mar- May) Year______Karan/Hagga (Jul- Sep), Deyr (Oct-Nov)

1.8 Normal or unusual migration Normal for this period (per elder, official Unusual or your expert opinion) If not unusual, why?

1.9 Reason for migration (such as clan conflict, food shortage, water shortage, pasture shortage)

1.10 If conflict please state names 1. ______(this location) of clans. and Clan 1 being those displaced in 2. ______(different location______) this location. 1.11 coping mechanisms in order Livestock sales ______of importance (1=most important) Other asset sales______Charcoal/firewood sales______Petty trade______Wage labor______Depending on family members______Depending on host community ______Begging ______Going to camps______37

1.12 Physical condition of migrants (visual assessment) Normal Poorer than normal Severe 1.13 Needs in order of priority (1- Food ______(specify type of food) 5) Water______Clothing ______Shelter______Health______Protection______Other______1.4 Planning return to place of If returning, month______origin Season______Year______If not returning, why? ______-

How can return be facilitated? ______

1.15 What activities can be Agriculture implemented to stabilise the Seeds population movement or hasten Other input their return to their original? Irrigation (circle all the apply) Others______Livestock Restocking Restocking (for gain/cash) Veterinary services Other ______Water development Land access Shelter Wage labour Handicrafts Other trade

1.16 Where do that prefer to In place of origin implement these activities Other ______If other, why______1.17 What other types of activities could migrants do for food for water? 1.18 Describe the food aid operation for migrants (source, frequency of distribution, duration, ration, food basket) 1.19 Have there been major conflicts Yes ______as a result of this movement No______38

1.20 If yes, indicate main reason (s) Scarce resources for conflicts? Clan difference Political difference Other

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MCDO/97/01

Team Members

(1) Amina Ahmed MCDO Co-ordinator & Reporter

(2) Faisa Abdulahi MCDO Numerator

(3) Anwar Ali MCDO Numerator

(4) Yusuf Osman MCDO Reporter

(5) Hassen Ahmed MCDO Numerator

Mother and Child Development Organization P.O.BOX 441 Jigjiga Tel: 751393

Plan of Action for the IDPs Survey Surrounding 8 Eastern Refugee Camps

C. Date Days Working 12/02/2001 Monday Meeting with WFP and submission of document 13/02/2001 Tuesday Meeting with ARRA and preparation of the teams 14/02/2001 Wednesday Traveling to Tefferi – berr discussion with the officers survey 15/02/2001 Thursday Conducting the survey at Tefferi – berr. 16/02/2001 Friday Traveling to Derwanaje and discussion with the officers survey 17/02/2001 Saturday Conducting survey at Darwanaje 18/02/2001 Sunday Travelling back to Jigjiga and preparation of the traveling for Aware camps. 19/02/2001 Monday Traveling to Daror and meeting with officials 20/02/2001 Tuesday Conducting survey at Daror camps 21/02/2001 Wednesday Conducting survey at Daror camps 22/02/2001 Thursday Traveling to Rabaso and meeting with the officials. And conducting survey. 23/02/2001 Friday Conducting survey at Rabaso camps. 24/02/2001 Saturday Traveling to camps Abokor and meeting with the officials and conducting survey. 25/02/2001 Sunday Conducting survey at camp Abokor 41

26/02/2001 Monday Traveling back to Hartisheik and discussion with the officials 27/02/2001 Tuesday Conducting the survey at Hartisheik camp. 28/02/2001 Wednesday Traveling to Kabribayah and discussion with officials. 01/03/2001 Thursday Carrying out survey at Kabribayah camps. 02/03/2001 Friday Traveling back to Jigjiga and preparation of travel to Aisha 03/03/2001 Saturday Travelling from Jigjiga to Dire Dawa 04/02/2001 Sunday Travelling from Dire Dawa to Aisha and discussion with the officials 05-06/03/2001 Monday – Tues. Conducting survey at Aisha 07-08/03/2001 Wed. – Thursday Travelling back to Jigjiga 09/03/2001 Friday Survey team meeting 10-18/03/2001 9 days Data compiling and report writing