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Japonisme, Gender, and Enchantment at the 1893 World’S Fair

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Japonisme, Gender, and Enchantment at the 1893 World’S Fair ABSTRACT LOCATING MODERNITY: JAPONISME, GENDER, AND ENCHANTMENT AT THE 1893 WORLD’S FAIR by Rebecca Tinch Intersections of Japonisme, gender, and enchantment represent elements of emerging modernity in American culture at the turn of the twentieth century. Locating the concept of modernity geographically and metaphorically in three locations at the 1893 World’s Fair illustrates points of origin for each of these elements. These locations include the Japanese Pavilion on the Wooded Island; the Women’s Building in the White City; and the Ferris wheel on the Midway. The ways that architects and designers shaped these locations and how they responded to them while the Fair was in progress and afterward provide case studies for understanding how these three geographical points of origin correspond to metaphorical societal shifts toward modernity in the late nineteenth century. Using a micro-historical analysis to examine the “watershed” cultural precedents associated with each location, one can discern how hybridity, ambivalence, and enchantment characterized emerging modernity in the United States in 1893. LOCATING MODERNITY: JAPONISME, GENDER, AND ENCHANTMENT AT THE 1893 WORLD’S FAIR A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Rebecca H. Tinch Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2012 Advisor: _________________________________ Dr. Mary E. Frederickson Reader: __________________________________ Dr. Kimberly Hamlin Reader: __________________________________ Dr. Marguerite Shaffer © Rebecca H. Tinch 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi LOCATING MODERNITY: AN INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 1 Enchantment, Ambivalence, and Hybridity: Cultural Forces at the 1893 World’s Fair........ 2 Historiography: Intersecting Threads ..................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER ONE MODERNITY LOCATED IN TRADITION: JAPONISME AND THE JAPANESE PAVILION ON THE WOODED ISLAND....................................................................................... 14 On the Wooded Island .......................................................................................................... 15 Locating Modernity in Tradition .......................................................................................... 19 Enchantment with Japonisme: Marion Mahony Griffin and Steinway Hall ....................... 22 Frank Lloyd Wright: A Study in Ambivalence..................................................................... 25 Japonisme in Western Architecture: Hybridity and Assimilation ....................................... 29 CHAPTER TWO MODERNITY AND GENDER PERFORMANCE: THE WOMEN’S BUILDING IN THE WHITE CITY............................................................................................................... 37 In the White City................................................................................................................... 38 Locating Modernity in the Professionalization of Women................................................... 42 Fair Women, Fair Men: Creating a Hybrid Gendered Identity............................................. 45 Ambivalence and the Shifting Nature of Masculinity in the 1890s...................................... 49 Society’s Enchantment with Gendered Change: An Assimilation toward Modernity ......... 53 CHAPTER THREE MODERNITY AND ENCHANTMENT: THE FERRIS WHEEL ON THE MIDWAY .............. 60 On the Midway: A Bird’s-Eye View of the White City ....................................................... 61 Locating Modernity in Innovation: Ferris Invents the Wheel .............................................. 63 The White City: An American Interpretation of the Beaux-Arts......................................... 66 Hybridity and Enchantment: Tradition meets Modernity at the Fair.................................... 79 CONCLUSION INTERSECTING LOCATIONS OF MODERNITY: BEYOND GEOGRAPHICAL AND METAPHORICAL BORDERS................................................................................. 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX MAP OF THE EXPOSITION GROUNDS AT THE 1893 WORLD’S FAIR ........................ 108 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Japanese Hō-ōden................................................................................................... 14 Figure 2. Centre of the Wooded Island......................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Japan’s Dedication of the Japanese Pavilion................................................................. 18 Figure 4. The Bridge from the Wooded Island to the White City ................................................ 32 Figure 5. The Women’s Building From the East.......................................................................... 37 Figure 6. Main Entrance to the Women’s Building...................................................................... 38 Figure 7. Interior of the Women’s Building ................................................................................. 39 Figure 8. The Cincinnati Room and the Library of the Women’s Building................................. 40 Figure 9. Eastern Veranda of the Women’s Building................................................................... 55 Figure 10. The Ferris Wheel on the Midway Plaisance................................................................ 60 Figure 11. Looking East from atop the Ferris Wheel ................................................................... 61 Figure 12. Axle of the Ferris Wheel ............................................................................................. 62 Figure 13. Western Entrance to the Midway Plaisance ................................................................ 64 Figure 14. The Court of Honor Looking West ............................................................................. 66 Figure 15. The Administration Building from the Northeast.. ..................................................... 72 Figure 16. The Manufacturers Building From the North Side of the Wooded Island.................. 73 Figure 17. Interior of the Manufactures Building......................................................................... 73 Figure 18. The Transportation Building. ...................................................................................... 74 Figure 19. The Golden Door of the Transportation Building ....................................................... 74 Figure 20. Interior of the Transportation Building ....................................................................... 75 Figure 21. The Court of Honor at Night ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 22. Entrance to the Terminal Station................................................................................. 82 Figure 23. The Administration Building at Night......................................................................... 85 Figure 24. The MacMonnies and Electric Fountains in the South Basin ..................................... 91 Figure 25. The Wooded Island and the surrounding buildings of the White City........................ 94 iv DEDICATION To Jamie, Alec, Luc, Ella and Hana, Always look for the Enchantment in life. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many wonderful people who supported and encouraged me during the writing of this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Mary Frederickson for her patience and wise counsel throughout the writing of this thesis. I would also like to thank my committee, Dr. Kimberly Hamlin and Dr. Marguerite Shaffer, for their feedback and support. Additionally, I want to thank my architectural history professor, Dr. Robert Benson, for his guidance on researching the architecture of the White City. Above all, I am forever grateful to my family for their patience and unwavering support as I finish this incredible journey. vi LOCATING MODERNITY: AN INTRODUCTION …An awareness of the subject positions…of race, gender … [and] location … that inhabit any claim to identity in the modern world… [is necessary] to focus on these moments …that are produced in articulation of cultural differences. These ‘in-between’ spaces provide the terrain for elaborating strategies of selfhood…that initiate new signs of identity, and innovative sites of collaboration, and contestation in the act of defining the idea of society itself. -Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture On one level, any quest to locate modernity is illusionary because the concept is malleable and can be defined in many different ways. One cannot contain or locate modernity in a specific location or definition. Rather, modernity is something that can be located in many places and fulfill many definitions simultaneously, much as one can be enchanted with and disillusioned by something at the same time. This analysis of three specific
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