DOCSLIB.ORG

Chinese Intellectuals' Reconstruction of Confucianism in the Late 19Th And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chinese Intellectuals' Reconstruction of Confucianism in the Late 19Th And Chinese intellectuals’ reconstruction of Confucianism in the late 19th and early 20th Century Chi Ho Ivan Hon (113004) June 2005 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MPhil in Study of Religions at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London ProQuest Number: 10672871 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672871 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I undertake that all material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person(s). I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work, which I present for examination. Chi Ho Ivan Hon Abstract This thesis is about Chinese intellectuals’ attempt to reconstruct Confucianism in reaction to the external challenges and internal changes of China in the late 19th and early 20th century. Chapter 1 examines Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan’s re- evaluation of Confucianism. It analyses their discourse on whether Confucianism was a religion, whether it should be transformed into a religion and adopted as the state religion, the religiousness of Confucianism and the religion-secular dichotomy. Chapter 2 examines Kang, Liang and Zhang’s reappraisal of Confucius and reconstruction of his images. It analyses how their different representations of Confucius were linked with their attempts to manipulate Confucius as a national, religious and cultural symbol of China to construct national identity, mobilise Chinese people for nationalist movements and promote cultural nationalism. Chapter 3 examines Kang, Liang and Zhang’s reinterpretation of Confucian notions. It analyses how Kang reinterpreted the Confucian notion of “Three Ages” and synthesized it with modem Western political and social ideas for advocating reforms, how Liang reinterpreted Mencius’ notion of “Primacy of the people” for advocating democracy as well as how Zhang and Kang’s arguments on the interpretation of “Three Ages” were linked with the political and ideological disputes between Chinese reformers and revolutionaries in the early 20th Century. Chapter 4 analyses how the reconstruction of Confucianism influenced the intellectual and cultural development of China in the 20th Century, such as the New Culture and May Fourth Movement, New Confucianism, the discourse on Confucianism’s impact on modernisation and economic development as well as revitalising Confucian ethics and values as national ethical system and contents of moral education to solve the problems of modem societies. In the conclusion, I argue that the reconstruction of Confucianism had influenced Confucianism’s relations with religion, nation, modernity and culture as well as challenged and problematized these notions. 3 Table of Contents Content Pase Introduction 5 Chapter 1: Re-evaluation of Confucianism 11 and the discourse on “Confucian religion” Chapter 2: Reappraisal of Confucius and 38 reconstruction of his images Chapter 3: Reinterpretation of Confucian 65 notions Chapter 4: Impact of reconstruction of 92 Confucianism Conclusion 124 Glossary 133 Bibliography 137 4 Introduction Although China was forcibly opened to the West after the Opium War in the mid-19th Century, the Confucian orthodoxy and the traditional social, political and cultural order of China on which it was based remained intact until late 19th Century. Although attempts had been made to strengthen China and develop its economy by adopting Western science, technologies, military skills and enterprises dining the Self-Strengthening Movement (tWIrMlij 1864-1894), this was confined to learning from the West at a technical level while Confucian orthodoxy was asserted dining the same period. However, China’s military defeat in 1894 by Japan, which had undertaken comprehensive reforms based on Western lines and adopted Western ideas in large scale after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, had convinced many Chinese intellectuals of the need to reconstruct Confucianism, adopt Western ideas and strengthen China on Western lines. Moreover, China was faced with drastic external challenges and internal changes in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. On the one hand, there was intensification of foreign aggression, influx of political and social ideas from the West and increase in influence of Christianity. On the other hand, reforms, revolutions and nationalist movements took place during this period which brought political and social changes in China. Since external events and internal realignment of groups and power encouraged reconstruction and new understandings of collective traditions, which involves reinterpretation of the pattern of memories, values, symbols, myths and traditions that compose the distinctive heritage of the nation(l), Chinese intellectuals such as Kang Youwei (fll^ jij 1858-1927), Liang Qichao 1873- 1929) and Zhang Taiyan ( jpi 3<l 1869-1936) reinterpreted and reconstructed Confucianism, which was a major component of Chinese tradition, in this period. Since Kang, Liang and Zhang were leaders of nationalist movements, their reconstruction of Confucianism was closely linked with the emergence and development of nationalism, nationalist movements and the nation building process of China in this period. It was also closely linked with their attempt to transform Confucianism to serve the interests of reform, revolution, nationalist movement and transforming China into a modern nation as well as to construct and justify their discourse on reform, revolution, nationalism and cultural nationalism. Since nationalism, as a socio-political movement, emphasizes cultural gestation and representation, the ideologies of nationalism require an immersion in the culture of the nation and the rediscovery of its history(2). Therefore, Kang, Liang and Zhang had extensively immersed themselves in Chinese cultural tradition and reinterpreted Chinese history (e.g. Chinese historical figures and incidents) as the basis on which to reconstruct Confucianism for nationalist purposes. 1. Anthony Smith, Nationalism: Theory , ideology, history (Polity Press, 2001), P.201 2. Ibid. P.6-8 5 Kang Youwei was the leader of the reform movement in China in the late 19th and early 20th Century, Kang was impressed with Western institutions during his visits to Hong Kong (1879) and Shanghai (1882) as well as being exposed to modern Western ideas through reading translated Western works in his early years. In 1887, Kang first indicated his idea to reform China in “ Introduction to the notes o f Li Yun /WMYfM" while his ideas of social reform and the “world of great unity” can be traced to his “ Complete work on principles o f truth and universal law published in the same year. In 1888, Kang first petitioned the Chinese emperor to reform China in his “ First petition to the Qing emperor hfftfYWL—-j^”. In 1891, Kang wrote “A Study o f the Forgeries o f the Xin Dynasty which argued that all Ancient Text Classics on which Confucian orthodoxy was based were forgeries. In 1893, Kang began to deify Confucius, transform him into a religious symbol and stress the relation between Heaven and Human in “Dong’s study of Spring and Autumn Annals as the foundation of the religiousness of Confucianism. In 1895, Kang, together with a group of Chinese intellectuals, petitioned the emperor to reform again in reaction to China’s defeat by Japan, which marked the beginning of the reform movement. In 1898, Kang consolidated his reinterpretation of the Gong-yang notion of “Three Ages” as a theory of progressive historical evolution and published “A Study o f the Institutional Reforms o f Confucius fL which stressed the image of Confucius as an institutional reformer. Between June and September of that year, Kang launched a series of reforms in China, including the adoption of Confucianism as state religion. During his exile after the failure of the 1898 reform, Kang reinterpreted Analects, Mencius, Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning between 1901 and 1902 as well as writing “ Book of Great Unity y k /n /0 ” in 1902 which illustrated his ideal of a unified world of equality, democracy and fraternity. Before the 1911 Revolution, Kang wrote a series of articles like “ Republican form of government cannot be implemented in China (1905) and “Study on the difficulty o f differentiating races since there are alien races in the Han race while Yellow Emperor was also the ancestor to the Manchu race 0 M M W f Jlf ^7 •# ” (1911) to continue advocating constitutional monarchy in China while opposing the revolutionaries’ attempt to overthrow the Qing dynasty on a racial discourse and replace it with a republic. After the establishment of the republic in 1912, Kang indicated his concern with the moral decay in China and the loss of Chinese culture and tradition as well as his attempt to solve these problems by adopting Confucian religion as state
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926
    The Guangzhou-Hongkong Strike, 1925-1926 Hongkong Workers in an Anti-Imperialist Movement Robert JamesHorrocks Submitted in accordancewith the requirementsfor the degreeof PhD The University of Leeds Departmentof East Asian Studies October 1994 The candidateconfirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where referencehas been made to the work of others. 11 Abstract In this thesis, I study the Guangzhou-Hongkong strike of 1925-1926. My analysis differs from past studies' suggestions that the strike was a libertarian eruption of mass protest against British imperialism and the Hongkong Government, which, according to these studies, exploited and oppressed Chinese in Guangdong and Hongkong. I argue that a political party, the CCP, led, organised, and nurtured the strike. It centralised political power in its hands and tried to impose its revolutionary visions on those under its control. First, I describe how foreign trade enriched many people outside the state. I go on to describe how Chinese-run institutions governed Hongkong's increasingly settled non-elite Chinese population. I reject ideas that Hongkong's mixed-class unions exploited workers and suggest that revolutionaries failed to transform Hongkong society either before or during the strike. My thesis shows that the strike bureaucracy was an authoritarian power structure; the strike's unprecedented political demands reflected the CCP's revolutionary political platform, which was sometimes incompatible with the interests of Hongkong's unions. I suggestthat the revolutionary elite's goals were not identical to those of the unions it claimed to represent: Hongkong unions preserved their autonomy in the face of revolutionaries' attempts to control Hongkong workers.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Youth in Transition
    Teaching About Asia Through Youth Culture CONFUCIAN AND COOL China’s Youth in Transition By Robert Moore and James Rizor Kicking Bird could be considered Qingdao University’s first hippie, at least if one were to judge him by his appearance. He had shoulder-length hair and made a point of pub- licly protesting the university’s rules on grooming.1 That was 1994, and even though young Chinese who looked like Kicking Bird could be found in Beijing and Shanghai at that time, they were all but non-existent in provincial cities like Qingdao. In fact, given the conservative grooming of most young Chinese at the time, Kicking Bird’s appearance was striking to say the least. His inspiration came from Hollywood. He had seen the Kevin Costner film Dances with Wolves and, hav- ing been mightily impressed with a Sioux Indian character in that film, had dropped his Chinese name in favor of the character’s and let his hair grow to shoulder length. The university officials were aghast at his be- havior and told him that until he conformed to a more conservative appearance, he wouldn’t be allowed back on campus. Kicking Bird was saved by what might be called the parent-child bond of an enduring Con- fucian mindset—his parents stood up for him and forced the university to back down. We can regard young Kicking Bird as emblematic of the inroads that American popular culture began to make in China once the barriers to outside influences were brought down by the post-Mao reforms initiated in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • EMMA GOLDMAN, ANARCHISM, and the “AMERICAN DREAM” by Christina Samons
    AN AMERICA THAT COULD BE: EMMA GOLDMAN, ANARCHISM, AND THE “AMERICAN DREAM” By Christina Samons The so-called “Gilded Age,” 1865-1901, was a period in American his­ tory characterized by great progress, but also of great turmoil. The evolving social, political, and economic climate challenged the way of life that had existed in pre-Civil War America as European immigration rose alongside the appearance of the United States’ first big businesses and factories.1 One figure emerges from this era in American history as a forerunner of progressive thought: Emma Goldman. Responding, in part, to the transformations that occurred during the Gilded Age, Goldman gained notoriety as an outspoken advocate of anarchism in speeches throughout the United States and through published essays and pamphlets in anarchist newspapers. Years later, she would synthe­ size her ideas in collections of essays such as Anarchism and Other Essays, first published in 1917. The purpose of this paper is to contextualize Emma Goldman’s anarchist theory by placing it firmly within the economic, social, and 1 Alan M. Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880­ 1921 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2001), 14. 82 Christina Samons political reality of turn-of-the-twentieth-century America while dem­ onstrating that her theory is based in a critique of the concept of the “American Dream.” To Goldman, American society had drifted away from the ideal of the “American Dream” due to the institutionalization of exploitation within all aspects of social and political life—namely, economics, religion, and law. The first section of this paper will give a brief account of Emma Goldman’s position within American history at the turn of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese
    Paradoxical Integration: Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese Concepts in Social Theory Xiaoying Qi A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support I have received from a number of people during the research and writing of this PhD thesis. I am grateful to my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Noble, for his support for my application for funds to attend and present a paper at the International Sociological Association XVII World Congress of Sociology in 2010 and for his close reading and detailed comments on the draft and revised chapters, which led to many improvements. My associate supervisor, Professor Peter Hutchings, is thanked for his comments on draft chapters. My gratitude also goes to the three anonymous reviewers of a paper, „Face: A Chinese Concept in a Global Sociology‟, which was published in the Journal of Sociology in 2011. This paper prefigures the arguments of chapter 5. I am also grateful to the University of Western Sydney for granting me a scholarship and for providing me with an opportunity to undertake the research reported and discussed in this thesis. I must also acknowledge the support I received from the staff of the UWS library system, and its inter-library loan provision. The most enduring support I received during the period of research and writing of this thesis was provided by my family. I thank my parents and sister for their belief in my ability and their continuing encouragement. Last but by no means least I thank my husband, Jack Barbalet, for his unfailing love, inspiration, encouragement, guidance, advice and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy Course Offerings – Spring 2019 –
    PHILOSOPHY COURSE OFFERINGS – SPRING 2019 – 200-level Courses (Tier Two) PHIL 272: Metaphysics | Andrew Cutrofello In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates suggests that physics—the study of the physical world—can only tell us so much. There are things that physics cannot tell us about, such as the nature of justice or whether we have immortal souls. These topics belong to what we now call metaphysics. The prefix “meta-“ means “after” or “beyond.” Traditionally, it was the job of poets to deal with metaphysical topics. One of Plato’s goals is to explain the difference between poetic and philosophical approaches to metaphysical topics, while maintaining the difference between metaphysics and physics. Ever since, philosophers have struggled to articulate the relationship between physics, metaphysics, and poetry. Some have argued that as physics has become more sophisticated, it has swallowed up metaphysics. Others have argued that all metaphysics – even that of Plato – is just a kind of poetry. Still others have followed Plato in trying to carve out a special domain for metaphysics. In this class we survey various approaches to this problem. We will begin with Plato and then move on to Immanuel Kant, Kitaro Nishida, Susan Howe (a poet, writing about the philosopher Charles Peirce), and Werner Heisenberg (a physicist, writing about the relationship between physics and metaphysics). PHIL 274: Logic | Harry Gensler This course aims to promote reasoning skills, especially the ability to recognize valid reasoning. We'll study syllogistic, propositional, modal, and basic quantificational logic. We'll use these to analyze hundreds of arguments, many on philosophical topics like morality, free will, and the existence of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution Was Also a Radical Educational Institution Modeled After Socialist 1991 36 for This Information, See Ibid., 58
    only by rephrasing earlier problems in a new discourse that is unmistakably modern in its premises and sensibilities; even where the answers are old, the questions that produced them have been phrased in the problematic of a new historical situation. The problem was especially acute for the first generation of intellec- Anarchism in the Chinese tuals to become conscious of this new historical situation, who, Revolution as products of a received ethos, had to remake themselves in the very process of reconstituting the problematic of Chinese thought. Anarchism, as we shall see, was a product of this situation. The answers it offered to this new problematic were not just social Arif Dirlik and political but sought to confront in novel ways its demands in their existential totality. At the same time, especially in the case of the first generation of anarchists, these answers were couched in a moral language that rephrased received ethical concepts in a new discourse of modernity. Although this new intellectual problematique is not to be reduced to the problem of national consciousness, that problem was important in its formulation, in two ways. First, essential to the new problematic is the question of China’s place in the world and its relationship to the past, which found expression most concretely in problems created by the new national consciousness. Second, national consciousness raised questions about social relationships, ultimately at the level of the relationship between the individual and society, which were to provide the framework for, and in some ways also contained, the redefinition of even existential questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflection 19
    1. Editor’s Message 2. Can Animals be Moral Agents? 3. Intersectional Feminism 4. The Millennial Identity 5. A Brief Overview of Buddhist Ethics 6. World Philosophies 7. An Argument for Veganism 8. Philosophy of Language: The Linguistic Turn 9. A Question Concerning Agency of Self-driven Cars 10. Reflections on Heidegger’s “The Question Concerning Technology” 11. Abstraction and Interpretation in Art 12. Artworks and Photography 13. Activity Report 14. Appearance and Reality Greetings! Reflection – the annual newsletter of Department of Philosophy – is an endeavour to celebrate introspective thought in philosophy, and provides a forum to the students to express and share their deliberations on the topics and concerns they feel strongly about. The current issue of Reflection presents a collection of short essays, artworks and photographs, and a glimpse at the events last year. Contributors have presented their philosophical reflections and have raised crucial questions on a range of topics in areas like morality and ethics, philosophy of language, technology and art. We highly appreciate all the contributions and sincerely thank all the teachers for their constant guidance and support. Happy Reading! I hear a woman arguing with the guard about a sign recently placed outside the elevator doors which says “Pets not allowed”. She is holding the leash of her husky, and ardently pleading that it’s not just a dog, “He is her son.” Just like this woman, people of New York found an ingenious way to evade the “pets not allowed on the subway, unless they are in a carrier” rule by carrying their not-so-small pets in huge tote bags.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Feng Guifen and His Contributions to Tax Rationalization in Southern Jiangsu in 1853-74
    ß Protecting Regional Interests: Feng Guifen and His Contributions to Tax Rationalization in Southern Jiangsu in 1853-74 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Mingxin Xiong aus Hubei Hamburg 2017 I Angenommen vom Fachbereich Orientalistik (Asien-Afrika-Institut) der Universität Hamburg Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kai Vogelsang Datum der Disputation: 9.12.2015 II Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Friedrich for the continuous support of my Ph.D study, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me throughout researching and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D study. I am deeply indebted to thank my advisor Prof. Zhu Weizheng who passed away three years ago for guiding me into the field of intellectual history and for enlightening me to deal with Feng Guifen study. I would like to thank Prof. Vogelsang, who provided me an opportunity to join his textual criticism work of Jiaobinlu kangyi. My sincere thanks also goes to my friends Yaxinlinglong, Dong Lihui, Yuan Yi, Ma Yunhui, Wang Ying, Daisy Cheung, Li Mengyan, Fu Chong, Yuan Wenjun, Liu Haibin, Alice Chang, Christian Textor, Max Jakob Fölster, Wang Bin, Zhu Wenjin for their kind assistance, encouragement and companionship. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. III CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: The Grain Tribute Tax in Southern Jiangsu ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-US Relations and Ulysses S. Grant's Mediation
    Looking for a Friend: Sino-U.S. Relations and Ulysses S. Grant’s Mediation in the Ryukyu/Liuqiu 琉球 Dispute of 1879 Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chad Michael Berry Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2014 Thesis Committee: Christopher A. Reed, Advisor Robert J. McMahon Ying Zhang Copyright by Chad Michael Berry 2014 Abstract In March 1879, Japan announced the end of the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Kingdom and the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in its place. For the previous 250 years, Ryukyu had been a quasi-independent tribute-sending state to Japan and China. Following the arrival of Western imperialism to East Asia in the 19th century, Japan reacted to the changing international situation by adopting Western legal standards and clarifying its borders in frontier areas such as the Ryukyu Islands. China protested Japanese actions in Ryukyu, though Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) leaders were not willing to go to war over the islands. Instead, Qing leaders such as Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) and Prince Gong (1833-1898) sought to resolve the dispute through diplomatic means, including appeals to international law, rousing global public opinion against Japan, and, most significantly, requesting the mediation of the United States and former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). Initially, China hoped Grant’s mediation would lead to a restoration of the previous arrangement of Ryukyu being a dually subordinate kingdom to China and Japan. In later negotiations, China sought a three-way division of the islands among China, Japan, and Ryukyu.
    [Show full text]
  • Confucianism, "Cultural Tradition" and Official Discourses in China at the Start of the New Century
    China Perspectives 2007/3 | 2007 Creating a Harmonious Society Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century Sébastien Billioud Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 septembre 2007 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Sébastien Billioud, « Confucianism, "cultural tradition" and official discourses in China at the start of the new century », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2007/3 | 2007, mis en ligne le 01 septembre 2010, consulté le 14 novembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2033 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2033 © All rights reserved Special feature s e v Confucianism, “Cultural i a t c n i e Tradition,” and Official h p s c r Discourse in China at the e p Start of the New Century SÉBASTIEN BILLIOUD This article explores the reference to traditional culture and Confucianism in official discourses at the start of the new century. It shows the complexity and the ambiguity of the phenomenon and attempts to analyze it within the broader framework of society’s evolving relation to culture. armony (hexie 和谐 ), the rule of virtue ( yi into allusions made in official discourse, we are interested de zhi guo 以德治国 ): for the last few years in another general and imprecise category: cultural tradi - Hthe consonance suggested by slogans and tion ( wenhua chuantong ) or traditional cul - 文化传统 themes mobilised by China’s leadership has led to spec - ture ( chuantong wenhua 传统文化 ). ((1) However, we ulation concerning their relationship to Confucianism or, are excluding from the domain of this study the entire as - more generally, to China’s classical cultural tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Bluestar Holds 2011 Centralized Purchase and Logistics Management Meeting
    ISSUE 80 March 30th, 2011 Bluestar Holds 2011 Centralized Purchase and Logistics Management Meeting Bluestar Strategic Purchase Dept. luestar held its 2011 centralized purchase and logistics management meeting on March 18, where President Robert BLu and COO Mark instructed the participants from purchase departments and logistics departments of Bluestar subordinates as to how to plan for this year's purchase and logistics activities and reduce costs. At the meeting, commendations were extended to companies and individuals for their outstanding performance in centralized purchase and logistics management in 2010. Changsha Design and Research Institute Grows Stronger through Technological Innovation Zeng Jinqi hina Bluestar Changsha Design and Research in the national best engineering design award for three of CInstitute has become a domestic technology leader its design products and over 20 best engineering design and in some cases even a world leader in the development awards at the provincial or ministerial level. In 2010, the and comprehensive utilization of potassium resources institute's "construction project of technical service platform by constantly meeting the market demand and pursuing for industrialization of high and new technology for the technological innovation, enjoying technology leadership in development and comprehensive utilization of potassium the development of phosphorus resources and pyrite. It has resources in salt lake" was included in the national torch set up a good reputation and corporate image both inside program of 2010, a result of the institute's greater efforts in and outside the industry with outstanding achievements. the development and comprehensive utilization of salt lake During the 10th and 11th five-year plan periods, a 1.2 resources through innovation.
    [Show full text]