College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association Your New Catalog Is Ready

27.705 tZU.^cJl. CO __

^HK & HEIEJRCH LFLBHARIEI

May 1961 Vol. 22, No. 3

MAY 2 3 1.981

PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES, A DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION YOUR NEW CATALOG IS READY

Send for your copy today Much of the old and current knowledge of the world is available through one or more of the services of University Microfilms. Early English books, American Culture Series, Gov- ernmental Documents, Backfiles and Current Periodicals, Out-of-Print books, Doctoral Dis- sertations, Masters Theses, Russian Books...are typical of the wealth of resources described in this Catalog No. 12. You'll want to have the facts at your finger tips. A postcard will bring them.

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ELEANOR SHIPLEY DUCKETT THOMAS R. MALTHUS The Gateway to the Middle Ages: Population: The First Essay Italy I France and Britain / Monasticism The classic statement of the problems and pressures Three Volumes: "As full of intellectual excitement as created by overpopulation and the limits of natural those centuries were of military excitement."—Chris- resources. "A basic document for the background of tian Century "New light on the troubled origins of the anyone seriously concerned with the future develop- medieval spirit."—New Republic ment of the world."—ASPO Newsletter *Ssupp. 130 *M 915 (L.C. 38-9112) $4.40 each volume *S 101 *M392 (L.C. A 10-508) $4.40

JOHN STUART MILL SIR EDWARD B. TYLOR Auguste Comte and Positivism Anthropology "A searching and dispassionate estimate of Comte... "Still one of the best introductions to anthropology. no one can again combine the same qualifications for Many of the facts upon which the science is based the work."—Alexander Bain were first published in this book."—Chicago Sunday *S 512 *M125.8 (L.C. 8-875) $4.40 Tribune *S 681 *M574 (L.C. 4-17300) $4.40 SIR LESLIE STEPHEN Hobbes A. E. TAYLOR The life and thought of the seventeenth-century phi- The Mind of Plato losopher, exponent of extreme materialism, and author "A. E. Taylor's THE MIND OF PLATO is the work of a of the LEVIATHAN. scholar of great eminence and the best brief introduc- *S 147 *M132.6 (L.C. 4-18613) $4.40 tion to Plato that I know."—John Wild *S 501 *M142.8 (L.C. 27-10951) $4.40 THOMAS H. HUXLEY Man's Place in Nature GEORGE FRISBIE WHICHER "Another classic of science ... these three essays by This Was a Poet: Emily Dickinson the great British biologist were the first to apply the "This is the best book about Emily Dickinson, and it is principles of evolution to the human race."—New York one of the best books I know about any poet. .."— Times Book Review Mark Van Doren *S 161 *M 572 (L.C. 3-16506) $4.40 *S 77 *M858.6 (L.C. 38-28929) $4.40 JONATHAN EDWARDS The Nature of True Virtue *Page references, for the convenience of those librarians who wish to refer to the listings in Charles B. Shaw: A A major work in moral philosophy by the 18th cen- LIST OF BOOKS FOR COLLEGE LIBRARIES and Philip J. tury Puritan theologian. McNiff: CATALOGUE OF THE LAMONT LIBRARY, HARVARD *S 189 $4.40 COLLEGE. k The University of Michigan Press / Ann Arbor Book Card Cover Signals

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Maurice F. Tauber, Editor Ronald V. Glens, ACRL Publications Officer Contents Editorial Staff: RALPH E. ELLS- WORTH, buildings; JENS NYHOLM, methods; JOHN C. RATHER, SELECTION OF LIBRARY SITES, by Keyes D. news; LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON, Metcalf 183 personnel; ROBERT B. DOWNS, resources. CARLYLE J. FRAREY, CLARENCE GORCHF.LS, EUGENE P. SHELF LIST AS UNION CATALOG, by Donald SHEEHY, assistants to the editor. Coney and George Piternick 193 College and Research Libraries, the official journal of the Asso- ciation of College and Research MACHINES THAT TEACH BETTER THAN Libraries, a division of the BOOKS? by Jay W. Stein 195 American Library Association, is published bimonthly—Janu- ary, March, May, July, Septem- ber, November—at 1407 Sher- A RECENT LOOK AT UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN wood Avenue, Richmond 20, Virginia. Change of address no- ITALY, by Robert Vosper 199 tices, undeliverable copies, and orders for subscriptions should be addressed to American Li- brary Association, 50 East Huron NEWS FROM THE FIELD 211 Street, Chicago 11, Illinois.

Subscription to CRL is included PERSONNEL 217 in membership dues to ACRL APPOINTMENTS 219 of $6 or more. Other subscrip- NECROLOGY 221 tions are $5 a year; single copies, $1.25 or $1 each for five or more copies. SECOND CONFERENCE ON RARE BOOKS 223 Production and Advertising anil Circulation office: 50 East Huron Street, Chicago 11, Illinois. ACRL CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMIT- Manuscripts of articles and cop- TEE REPORT TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ies of books submitted for review should be addressed to the JUNE 1960 224 Office of the Editor, School of Library Service, Columbia Uni- versity, New York 27, New REVIEW ARTICLES 225 York/ SOUND BUILDING ADVICE, William H. Inclusion of an article or ad- vertisement in CRL does not Jesse 225 constitute official endorsement by ACRL or ALA. THE FIRST FREEDOM, Dan Lacy 225 Indexed in Library Literature. CATALOGING PRINCIPLES, Orcena Ma- Abstracted in Library Science honey 226 A bstracts'. EFFICIENCY OF INDEXING SYSTEMS, Gerald Second-class postage paid at Jahoda 228 Richmond, Virginia, and at additional mailing offices. GUIDE TO ART, Jean M. Moore 228 May 1961 Volume 22 Number 3 Just published— the completely revised 3rd edition of THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COLLEGE LIBRARY by Guy R. Lyle, Director of Libraries, Emory University, with the collaboration of Paul H. Bixler, Marjorie Hood, and Arnold H. Trotier The long-awaited 3rd edition of this clear, logical, and self- contained text examines all aspects of library administration as they apply to college libraries. It is designed to give the student and the professional a clear picture of college library work in its entirety and as an integral part of the college educational program.

Detailed chapters cover: The American College Library in the Twentieth Century; Institutional Backgrounds; The Government of the College Li- brary ; Administrative Organization; Cataloging and Classification; Circu- lation Work; Reference Service; The Educational Function of the College Library; The Encouragement of Extra-Curricular Reading; Personnel; Student Assistants; Book Selection and Acquisition; Selection and Acquisi- tion of Special Types of Materials; Business and Financial Affairs; Inter- pretation of College Library Service; The Library Building and Equipment; Evaluation of the College Library. Tables, Charts, and Sample Forms. 437 pages • 6" x 9" • clothbound • 1961 • $7

THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY 950 University Avenue • New York 52

Bibliography of Texas9 1795-1845 Part 111: United States and European Imprints

By Thomas W. Streeter. This final section of the exhaustive bibliography records for the first time a large number of books, pamphlets, and other printed materials about the region that is now Texas, published in the United States and Europe. It especially recognizes the importance of maps in such a bibliography, including 59 main entries for them. Part I, (now out of print) recorded the Texas imprints, Part II, the Mexican imprints. The complete work contains more than 1800 entries. . Part III: in two 7" x 10" volumes, $25.00

ARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS IHI i PUBLICATIONS OF The Graduate School of Library Service Rutgers—The State University

THE STATE OF THE LIBRARY ART, edited by Ralph R. Shaw Volume I, Parts 1 and 2 (in one volume) $8.00 Cataloging if Classification, by Maurice F. Tauber; Sub- ject Heading, by Carlyle J. Frarey Volume I, Parts 3, 4 and 5 (in one volume) $8.00 Classification, by Maurice F. Tauber and Edith Wise; Gifts & Exchanges, by Donald E. Thompson Volume II, Parts 1 and 2 (in one volume) $5.00 Training Laymen in Use of the Library, by George S. Bonn; Bibliographical Services, by Margaret S. Bryant Volume II, Part 5 $8.00 Charging Systems, by Lila H. Kirkwood Volume III, Parts 1-3 (in one volume) $5.50 Library Buildings, by Ralph E. Ellsworth; Shelving, by Louis Kaplan; Storage Warehouses, by Jerrold Orne Volume IV, Parts 1-5 (in one volume) $8.00 Notched Cards, by Felix Reichman; Feature (Peekaboo) Cards, by Lawrence S. Thompson; Punched Cards, by Ralph U. Blasingame, Jr.; Electronic Searching, by Gerald Jahoda; Coding in Yes-No Form, by Doralyn Hickey Volume V, Part 1 $5.00 Production and Use of Micro-Forms, by Reginald R. Hawkins Volume V, Part 2 $5.00 Reading Devices for Micro-Images, by Jean Stewart and others Volume V, Part 3 $8.00 Full-Size Photocopying, by William R. Hawken Metcalf, Keyes D., ed., Studies in Library Administrative Problems $5.00

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Pioneering spirit marks the history of Muskingum College—and guides its future. Chartered in 1837 in New Concord, Ohio, Muskingum was one of the earliest liberal arts colleges to organize a study program in general education as a basis for later concentration and specialization. Muskingum is now engaged in a ten- year development program with the educational goal of meeting the needs of tomorrow's students. A major aspect of this program is the college's new library. This modern structure, planned for present and for increased future enrollment, provides complete study facilities and will house approximately, 120,000 volumes. Globe-Wernicke study carrels, desks, steel book stacks, and other high quality library equipment are part of this library.

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THE GLOBE - WERNICKE CO. CINCINNATI 12, OHIO . . . makes business a pleasure Selection of Library Sites

By KEYES D. METCALF

N PROVIDING A NEW LIBRARY building I for a college or university it might be Air. Metcalf is Librarian Emeritus, Harvard supposed that the logical order of pro- College Library. cedure would be to decide that it is needed, then to decide what sort of building it ought to be, and finally to decide sufficiently convenient. Instead, many where it should be placed. Unfortunately, features of a good building are deter- however, the situation is practically never mined by its site. In order to compare as simple as this. The availability or non- the advantages of two sites, one must availability of a satisfactory site is one of compare the two somewhat different the factors that affect the decision on buildings that could be erected on them. whether or not to build; this was the The problems that have been outlined case at Harvard when replacement of the in the preceding paragraphs indicate that central library building was given up the selection of a library site is so im- more than twenty years ago.1 portant for an institution as a whole that One can hardly determine how much it should be preceded in many instances, space is necessary for an adequate site if not most, by the preparation of a mas- unless one has studied the objectives of ter plan for physical development of the the library and projected its future campus. This master plan should con- growth. One can hardly judge whether sider among other things the following: or not a particular location will be rea- 1. The objectives of the institution. sonably convenient for those who use the 2. The estimated prospective size of library unless one can predict the extent the student body and faculty, including and direction of future physical growth separate figures for graduate and un- of the institution served by the library. dergraduate students and professional If the institution is in its infancy and schools, if there are any. there is ample room, it may be wise to 3. The size of the physical plant that select the library site first and to plan the will be required in the next generation future building program for the whole and, if possible, for a longer period. college or university around it. More of- 4. The parking facilities required for ten, however, the problem is one of fit- faculty, staff, and students. ting a large building into an existing pat- 5. The general landscaping plan for tern that may have made no provision the campus. for it. 6. Policy decisions in regard to the It should be emphasized also that one type and architectural style of the build- cannot design a satisfactory building and ings to be erected. then look about for a parking space, if one is required, that is large enough and Without a master plan for development of the institution's physical plant, 1 The only available site for a new central library at Harvard was more than a quarter of a mile off center. the difficulties of selecting a satisfactory This was not the only reason for the decision that was reached; tremendous costs were involved, and a building site for a new library will be greatly in- large enough to provide for another generation would have had to be so large that professors and graduate creased. It should be noted that there students, to say nothing of undergraduates, would have found it difficult to use. are architects and landscape architects who make a specialty of preparing mas- it is impossible to build a new library ter plans for the development of colleges large enough to be adequate for even and universities. twenty-five years. California planning au- There are five major factors that thorities, because of the tremendous de- should be taken into account in evaluat- mands for additional space in the tax- ing a site. First, is its size adequate? Sec- supported institutions of higher learning ond, what is its re- in that state, have lation to neighbor- in certain instances Mr. Metcalf is engaged in preparing a ing buildings and ruled that new book on the planning of college, uni- to the whole pop- buildings con- versity, and research library buildings. ulation distribu- structed at this "Selection of Library Sites" is the pre- tion and traffic flow time should be liminary version of a chapter from that of the institution? large enough for volume which CRL is pleased to publish Third, what orien- five years only, here as the first of a series of excerpts tation is possible after which a sec- from it. for a library build- ond stage of their Mr. Metcalf xurites: "The author hopes ing erected on it? construction that readers will enable him to improve Fourth, are there should be pro- the final version of the manuscript for advantages or dis- posed. In many my book by letting me have their sugges- advantages in the rapidly growing tions and comments and calling my at- slope of the land? state universities tention to omissions and errors." It should Finally, what com- throughout the be noted here that various aspects of li- plications will arise country the size of brary building problems must be touched from the nature of an addition to an upon repeatedly in the book and that the ground beneath old building or of items which are mentioned only tangen- the building? the first stage of a tially in this chapter on sites (e. g., win- It may be, of new building is de- dows) will be discussed more fully in course, that only termined by the the appropriate portion of the completed one site will be size of the appro- text. available that is priations that the large enough and The research for his book and the writ- university adminis- in an acceptable ing of it is being done by Mr. Metcalf tration is able to location. Even so, as the director of a special project spon- obtain from the the other factors sored by ACRL and the Association of states' fiscal au- should be exam- Research Libraries and supported by a thorities, rather ined to determine grant from the Council on Library Re- than by prospective how they will af- sources (CRL, XI (1960), 136). needs during a spe- feet the proposed cified number of building. How, in other words, can it be years ahead. In private institutions also designed to make the most of favorable the sums that can be made available, circumstances and to overcome the dif- rather than the needs, are too often the ficulties presented by this site? determining factor. Two points concern- ing future needs for space should be SIZE OF THE BUILDING emphasized here. A new building ought to provide for 1. If a new library or an addition to present collections, staff, and readers, an old one is inadequate for space re- plus anticipated growth for at least quirements for the next twenty-five years, twenty-five years to come, and pref- disadvantages will result, and their cost erably for twice that period. There may should not be overlooked. be cases where for one reason or another 2. Serious as the disadvantages in

184 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES question may be, an even more impor- total square footage, the type of library, tant consideration is selection of a site its collections, and use. where a suitable and functional addition A library requiring ten thousand can be added at a later time. The site square feet or less, and often consider- selected, wherever it is, should be large ably more, will usually be more satisfac- enough for additions that will extend tory if it is all on one floor. In larger li- the useful life of the building as long braries, it is often desirable that the as it is adequate functionally. entrance level and the one above, plus Even when a minimum square footage the one below, particularly if it has win- has been determined for a building and dows, be large enough to house the cen- its prospective additions, there is, alas, no tral services2 and provide seating for at formula that will translate this into the least 75 per cent of the readers—particu- minimum dimensions for the site. A larly those who come and go at short in- building does not look good if it fills a tervals. If this is practicable, there will plot too full. Spacing of buildings is an usually be no serious problems with pub- aesthetic problem and is affected by what lic elevators. The most heavily used has been done already on a campus or is books ought to be shelved comparatively planned for the future. Proper landscap- close to the entrance. Other things being ing can often help to make space go equal, the majority of readers should farther than has been expected, and its not have to travel any longer distances possible usefulness in this connection than necessary, either horizontally or ver- should not be neglected. tically, within the building. It may not be out of place here to re- Sometimes a site will prove to be large mind librarians, administrative officers enough for a building and its additions of educational institutions, and even, in only if expansion takes the form of addi- a few cases, architects, that a college or a tional floors. This is expensive and university that prides itself in providing inconvenient, but, even so, may be pref- its students with a good liberal education erable to any alternative. At the Louisi- should appreciate the fact that a hand- ana State University, for example, the li- some, comfortable, and functional library has a central location in the heart brary building may have an important of the campus and fills the available plot contribution to make in bringing about almost completely. This was realized and the desired results of the whole educa- accepted when the building was planned; tional process. A library should not be the architect provided for construction a monument. It should not be wasteful that will make it possible to add two of space. It should be economical in con- more floors when they are needed. struction, always taking the long view The total height of a building above and considering the cost of maintenance, ground is determined by four factors: the as well as the original building costs; but percentage of the building that is below it should provide also an atmosphere that ground level, the number of stories above encourages and helps to make possible ground level, the height of these stories, good hard work on the part of students and faculty. 3 The central services referred to here are generally considered to include the circulation and reference The size of the plot that is needed also desks, with the offices and service areas that go with them, the bibliography and reference collections, with depends on the height of the building, such reading space as they require, the public catalog and in many cases the current periodical collections, which involves functional as well as with an attached reading area, and also accommodations for the use and storage of microreproductions if it is aesthetic considerations. The number of desired to service them from one of the service desks floors that will be satisfactory from the mentioned above. To this should be added at least the work areas housing those members of the processing functional standpoint cannot be deter- staff (particularly acquisition and catalog) who have frequent need for using the catalog and the reference mined without taking account of the and bibliography collections.

MAY 1961 185 and die thickness of the floors between muting students may also be an impor- finished ceilings and finished floors tant consideration. above. If a large part of a building can A location near the classroom center go below the entrance level, as at the is usually preferable to one near the Princeton University library, which in dormitory center; to lengthen the walk some ways resembles an iceberg with the to the library between classes by two major fraction of its square footage in its minutes is more disadvantageous than to three basement floors, the total height lengthen by five minutes the time re- will be correspondingly reduced. It quired to reach the library in the even- should be noted that the percentage of ings from dormitories.3 If there are space required for stairs and elevators dormitories on opposite sides of the cam- increases with each story that is added. pus, as in many coeducational institu- Also, three stories with eight-foot ceiling tions, a location near classroom buildings heights require no more height than two may be approximately equidistant from stories with twelve-foot ceilings, except the dormitories. If a choice must be made, for the thickness of one additional floor. it is preferable to place the library near In buildings with as many as five stories classrooms for the humanities and social above ground the thickness of floors is an sciences, rather than near those for the important factor in its total height; if sciences. If it is much easier, either in the each one, for instance, is five feet thick daytime or evening, to reach the student instead of two, the five would take 5x5, center than the library, a temptation to or 25 feet, instead of 5 x 2, or 10 feet, defer study has been left in the student's making a difference of 15 feet, or enough path. space to provide two additional stack Convenience evidently implies a cen- levels. Thick floors make it easy to plan tral location, but it is possible for a site ducts and services that can be run almost to be too central. Some campuses still anywhere, but it is more economical of have a large unoccupied space in their space and gross cubature to run services central squares, and this might at first vertically in so far as possible, rather glance seem to be an ideal site for a new than horizontally. library. In fact, however, there are usually serious drawbacks. First, because the space is so centrally CENTRAL OR ECCENTRIC? located and conspicuous, the donor, and The library has often been called the less frequently, the officers of the college heart of the university; it is visited fre- and even the architect may be tempted quently by nearly everyone in the insti- to decide that it is the place for the tution and, if a good library, will be used single monumental building on the at least as much as any other building on campus. To be sure, it is possible for a the campus. Obviously, its location ought good library to be a monument, but it is to be convenient. Does this mean near less likely to be a good functional library the dormitories, the classroom buildings, if it is planned primarily as a monument. the laboratories, the student union, or The successful combination is rare. More- the athletic field? over, a monumental building usually costs No one answer is correct for all insti- much more than one that is simply func- tutions. If most students commute to the tional. If funds available for library con- campus, it may be best to place the li- struction are limited, it may be impossi- brary near the transportation center, en- ble to pay for the space that is needed if abling the student to return books on his 3 Some librarians disagree with tliis argument, on the way to classes and borrow others as he is basis that evening study is on the whole more important and that the library should be as close to the dormi- leaving. The location of lockers for com- tories as possible.

186 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES CLASSROOM CLASSROOM A BUILDING BUILDING

GYMNASIUM CHAPEL

DORMITORY B DORMITORY

A—Suitable site for library, near classroom buildings. B—Possible site for library, but one closer to classrooms is to be preferred. this space has to be housed in a build- still more expensive if the library decides, ing that is to be the showpiece of the as more and more libraries have done, campus. that the cheapest and most effective way Second, if a library is in the center of to supervise the building is not to have the campus, with students approaching it an attendant in each reading area, but from all directions, there will inevitably to check all readers at the exits as a means be demands for public entrances on all of discouraging unauthorized borrowing. sides. One objection is that each en- If this is done in a building open eighty trance, with the lobby attached to it and hours per week, a very modest number of the corridors leading from it to the cir- hours today when student and faculty culation desk and other central services, pressure is for a midnight or later closing takes valuable space. If, for example, an time, each exit may increase the payroll extra entrance requires an outside lobby by $4,000 to $6,000 annually. It will be of only 100 square feet, plus a small in- hard to resist the demand for additional side lobby of 500 square feet, plus a cor- entrances and exits if the building is too ridor (otherwise unnecessary) 100 feet centrally located; students and professors long and 10 feet wide, there is a total do not like to walk around a building of 1,600 square feet that adds nothing and then have to return part of the way to the building's seating or shelf capacity, as soon as they enter. which may also interfere, sometimes seri- The third, and, in many ways, the ously, with its functional properties, and most serious objection of all to a location costs perhaps $20,000. This is only 4 at the exact center of things is that it per cent of the total in a $500,000 increases the difficulties of making an building, but it would provide space for addition to the building that will be shelving 25,000 volumes or, used as en- aesthetically and functionally satisfac- dowment, would bring in an income of tory. Often, indeed, it makes an appro- $1,000 per year for books or services. priate addition difficult if not impossi- The extra entrance will prove to be ble. A central building tends to be

MAY 1961 187 CLASSROOM CLASSROOM BUILDING BUILDING

CHAPEL

CLASSROOM C BUILDING

If A, B, and C are proposed sites for the library, it may be observed that— A is too small a spate, and an addition would be difficult, if not impossible. B would also be hard to expand, and would call for entrances on all sides; its central location would increase the temptation to erect a monumental structure. C appears to be the most desirable location for the library. symmetrical, and an addition usually but orientation is a factor to be consid- threatens to destroy this symmetry. If it is ered, particularly in areas where ex- also monumental, the cost of an addition tremes of heat or cold, hard winds, or will be greatly increased. Perhaps it intense sunlight may be expected. Near should be emphasized once more that the tropics the sun shines in east and most library buildings, if they continue west more than in south windows. As to serve the purpose for which they were one goes farther north, the southern sun designed, have to be enlarged sooner or becomes more and more of a problem; later, and ought to be planned with this the situation is reversed, of course, south in mind. of the equator. What is wanted, then, is a convenient The extent to which sunlight pene- location, but not one so central that it trates into rooms at the hottest time of calls for an unreasonably expensive, day is a matter of some importance in monumental, and unfunctional struc- most areas. The problem is minimized if ture. The accompanying drawings illus- it is usually cloudy, and, in a country trate some of the points that have been where central heating is not customary, made. the winter sun may be a useful source of heat. More commonly, however, when ORIENTATION direct sunlight streams into a building it NO single orientation is ideal for all creates glare and overheating; if there is seasons, climates, and other conditions; air conditioning, it adds to costs. An

188 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES architect should be able to provide draw- rect sunlight except, possibly, for a few ings showing the penetration of sunlight minutes at the end of the day on a west- into a room at any latitude during any ern exposure. Examples of such screens month of the year for any proposed can be found in the undergraduate li- orientation of a building. brary of the University of South Caro- The amount of direct sunlight, as well lina, the new University of South as heat and cold, that enters a room de- Florida in Tampa, and the New Orleans pends also, of course, on the height of Public Library, to mention only a few. windows, the percentage of wall space Inside the windows, Venetian blinds (ver- that they occupy, and the depth of the tical or horizontal), curtains, or drapes rcom from windows to inner walls. Pre- will help, but these sometimes tend to vailing winds and extremes of heat and interfere with the circulation of air in cold should also be taken into account; an unexpected fashion, and may add to double windows and certain special kinds the air conditioning load in summer and of glass may do much to counteract un- heating in winter. All cost something and favorable conditions, but they are expen- often a good deal. An engineer should sive and sometimes difficult to replace. be asked to supply estimates for the spe- Outside screens have been developed in cific locality. recent years to reduce the problems re- It should not be forgotten that a resulting from excess sunlight. duction in the percentage of glass in the In most parts of the United States the walls will reduce considerably the heat western sunlight is the most difficult to and cold that is transmitted to the in- control. The eastern sunlight generally side. Some architects prefer all-glass presents much less of a problem because buildings, which can be very effective it is rarely as hot and the sun is ordinar- aesthetically. Others prefer to have no ily higher above the horizon and so pen- windows at all, or very few, with a wall etrates a room a shorter distance by the pattern to provide the architectural ef- time the library is open or is heavily fects desired. Though small window used. The southern sunlight becomes areas produce savings on heating and air more of a problem as distance north conditioning, they may necessitate light- from the equator increases. Sunlight ing over a longer period, but the addi- rarely causes trouble in northern win- tional resulting cost is rarely great. A dows of this hemisphere, as it occurs only library open for fourteen hours a day in in early mornings and late afternoons a climate with an average amount of when the sun is not at its brightest, and sunlight will require artificial lighting can usually be kept out during the sum- for reading approximately half the time mer months by relatively inexpensive it is open, even if it has large windows, landscaping. and, while many readers feel the need The use of special glass and screens of windows or tend to have claustro- of one kind or another some distance phobia without them, it should be re- beyond the outside walls has already membered that the light that comes from been mentioned as a means of protection windows is not for reading but for read- from glare and heat. In addition, there ers. are awnings, louvres projecting horizon- It has been said that the western sun- tally from the building above windows, light is the most objectionable through- and metal, vertical Venetian blinds out- out most of the United States. It follows side the building. The screens may be of that a rectangular building with long metal, hollow tile, or wood. They may north and south sides and short east and be placed a few feet beyond the outside west walls is to be preferred if practi- wall and can protect windows from di- cable in other respects. If the long axis

MAY 1961 189 runs directly east and west, objectionable given to avoiding the complications that effects of sunlight will be minimized. If a would arise from large areas of unpro- building faces to the southwest or south- tected glass. east, it will usually suffer from both the southern and western sunlight even more THE SLOPE OF THE LAND than if it faces straight south. In addition, the eastern sunlight will be more If a campus is flat, as many are, one troublesome, and, in late afternoons, it site is like another as far as slope is con- will come in on the northwest side. In cerned. In other cases, however, the ex- other words, a building that is placed at tent to which the ground slopes and the a forty-five degree angle from north to direction of the incline may be impor- south tends to have much greater diffi- tant considerations. culty from excess sunlight than one that A flat site is not ideal; it has distinct has its main axis either straight north disadvantages. If the main entrance is to and south or east and west. be at ground level or only one step up, it If the north side of a building is the will probably be difficult, if not impos- best area for reading, it will be prefer- sible, to have windows in the basement. able, other things being equal, to have This may not be of too great importance, the main entrance on the south, leaving but it is true that, even with the best of the entire north side free for reading air conditioning and lighting, some per- space. Furthermore, if the stronger winds sons are inclined to think that reading and storms usually come from the north and staff accommodations without any and west, an entrance on the south or outside light are substandard. This is east is preferable and may require a particularly likely to be true if the rooms smaller entrance lobby than would other- also have low ceilings, as they often do wise be needed. in basements. A basement is not essen- It should be kept in mind that direct tial, and may be impractical because of sunlight, with its ultra-violet rays, is ground and soil conditions; but a base- harmful to book bindings and paper. ment can provide a large amount of Book ranges should not extend to a wall space comparatively inexpensively. In- where the sunlight can come through deed, with central heating and air-con- windows between them; if ranges extend ditioning plants for whole campuses, to any wall, they should do so only on basement space is often not needed for the north. The ranges should be at right machinery, and there may be as many angles to walls that have windows; if square feet to be assigned to readers or they parallel such walls the full force of books in the basement as on any other the sunlight will strike the volumes in floor—more, usually, than on the main the first range with full force. floor, where a large entrance lobby is It is obvious that the ideal for most almost always needed. If the basement of the United States—a library with its has windows, this space may be highly at- entrance on the south and its long axis tractive, and it has the great advantage running directly east and west—is im- of being only a short flight of steps from practical in many cases because of other the entrance level. It may also make pos- considerations. A convenient location is sible a separate entrance and, if so, can more important than an ideal orienta- house facilities that are open at times tion; but orientation is a factor to be when the rest of the building is closed. considered, and its effect on building It should be noted that a short flight costs should not be overlooked. If other of steps leading to the entrance on the factors dictate a particularly undesirable main floor may make it possible to have orientation, special attention should be a basement with windows all around,

190 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES but it should be remembered that a books and for persons who cannot climb building without such steps, entered di- stairs. rectly from the grade level, is likely to In order to avail themselves of a base- be more inviting. Areaway windows can ment or "minus-1" level, some libraries sometimes provide nearly as much light have an entrance set back from the top of as those above ground, but they entail a hill and reached by a bridge, as at the problems of landscaping and drainage. Carleton College library in Northfield, If the first floor is approximately thirty Minn. Construction of a short ramp up inches above ground level on a flat site, to the front entrance can serve the a loading platform at the rear is auto- same purpose. At the Grinnell College matically available; this is not essential, library there is a ramp and then a bridge but it is a convenience, even now when to the entrance; the result is that, though most shipments reach a library in small the campus is relatively flat, windows parcels rather than in the tremendous could be provided wherever wanted in packing cases that used to prevail. Ship- the basement. ments leave the library also, it should be On the other hand, if there is a sharp remembered. upward slope toward the rear of a build- One further observation on flat sites ing, the back of the first floor may have may be made. If soil conditions permit, to be sunk into the ground; windows may modern earth-moving machinery can not be possible on one or more sides of change ground levels a few feet at small the first floor and there will be none at all expense, and, with adequate landscap- in the basement. This may be a disad- ing, the results may be excellent. It may vantage if natural lighting is desired, thus be possible to have a front entrance and may also involve difficult drainage at ground level, but with a loading plat- problems. form at the rear. If the ground falls off to one side of A considerable slope may be a distinct an entrance and rises on the other side, advantage or disadvantage, depending it may facilitate basement fenestration on its location. In a given site, there is on one side but make it impossible to usually one side where it is obvious that provide windows on the other side of the the main entrance ought to be—a point main floor. It will probably complicate at which traffic to the library naturally the landscaping and make architectural converges. If there is a fairly steep down- planning of the building more difficult. ward slope from this entrance to the It may also seriously complicate plans back of the building, it should be pos- for a subsequent addition. sible to have windows in the basement— In general, then, a site is to be avoided possibly on as many as three sides and if the ground slopes upward from the even part of the fourth. Indeed, if the entrance or if it slopes from one side of slope is sharp enough, there may also be the entrance to the other. A flat site is to windows in a subbasement or, as it is be preferred to one that slopes objec- sometimes called, the "minus-2" level. tionably; but it is better yet if the ground At Princeton, even the "minus-3" level slopes from the entrance downward to- has windows at the rear. A slope of this ward the back of the building. No one kind offers the further advantage of re- of these factors is of first importance. ducing the height of the building above But, other things being equal, they may the entrance level. One may enter a five- prove to be the deciding considerations story building at the middle of its five on site selection. levels; this may make it possible to dis- pense with a public elevator if there is SOIL AND GROUND CONDITIONS a service elevator for the transfer of A site for a library should never be

MAY 1961 191 selected without some knowledge of tidal swamps) it may be necessary to go ground conditions. When general infor- two hundred feet or more below the sur- mation on this subject is not available, face to reach a solid bottom, and the at least one or two and in many cases a cost of driving piles or sinking caissons larger number of preliminary borings to this depth is great. Under certain con- should be made. This may seem expen- ditions it is possible to pour a concrete sive, but it will cost hundreds rather mat on which the building will "float." than thousands of dollars at most, and The library of the Massachusetts Insti- will be well worth the cost if it prevents tute of Technology is floated in this way, great unanticipated expenses for excava- but adoption of this method dictated the tion and foundations—misfortunes that construction of the building around a have been much too common in library large court in order to spread the weight, building. One university library had and this resulted in a disadvantageous spent more than $60,000 on its plans be- circulation pattern. The Yale University fore it realized that foundations alone library is built over quicksand on which for its library would cost approximately a concrete slab was poured, but condi- $500,000 extra because of ground conditions were such that it was possible to tions. build a tower stack, despite the great This is not an engineering treatise, weight of such a structure. and it should suffice to give a brief sum- In many sections of the country there mary of the points that ought to be con- are numerous springs, sub-surface ground sidered. water flow, or other water conditions to If the foundation runs into ledge or complicate the construction of founda- boulders over one-half cubic yard in size, tions. It is possible to excavate for a there may be substantial additional costs foundation, keep the water pumped out, for removing this material. The extra and waterproof the building either out- costs which would result from placing side or in; but this is expensive and, un- a building in this type of soil should be less the construction is of highest qual- carefully estimated by a qualified profes- ity, difficulties will arise sooner or later. sional estimator or a contractor familiar During flash floods, the water table with this kind of work. On the other around the Widener Library at Harvard hand, it should be kept in mind that occasionally rises above the sub-basement solid rock makes a fine foundation for a floor; on two occasions during nearly library; books are heavy, and stack areas fifty years water has come up through in particular need a firm foundation. In the concrete slab in small sections of the excavating for the Lamont Library at floor. Harvard shale was reached before the Another problem sometimes occurs on foundation was excavated to the proper hillsides, which have been particularly depth, but practically all of it was friable recommended, if they slope the right enough to be handled by a power shovel, way, as building sites. In certain ground and, as it was removed, an excellent formations, however, the whole side* of foundation of harder rock was exposed the hill may begin to slide in wet for the footings. weather, as has happened occasionally in If loose, fine sand, soft clay, silt, or canyons of the Los Angeles region. peaty materials are encountered, piles or The Louisiana State University library caissons may have to be driven down at Baton Rouge is built on Mississippi great distances in order to provide an River delta land that can carry only a adequate foundation. Along the Charles limited weight per square foot of surface. River in Cambridge and in the Rack Bay It was necessary to reduce the pressure on section of Boston (areas that once were (icontinued on page 222)

192 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Shelf List As Union Catalog

By DONALD CONEY AND GEORGE PITERNICK

N ATTEMPTING TO ARRIVE at a reasonable I plan of development the libraries of Mr. Coney is Librarian, and Mr. Piter- the seven University of California cam- nick, Library Administrative Analyst, Uni- puses have been exploring for some time versity of California, Berkeley. means of providing the best possible intercampus access to their library collec- of California libraries are located either tions. Since it appears certain that the in Berkeley or Los Angeles, and it ap- student populations of the campuses will pears likely that catalogs of these two expand very rapidly, with corresponding collections, available on all campuses, increases of teachers, faculty interest in would take care of the great majority of improved means of intercampus access is all intercampus interlibrary transactions. high. (In 1959/60, 87 per cent of all inter- One of the access devices frequently campus interlibrary loans within the mentioned in faculty discussions is the University of California were made from well known union card catalog. This bib- the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses.) liographical device appears to have en- The arrangement of such printed cata- trenched itself in the layman's concept of logs offers a variety of possibilities: vital library apparatus. The union cata- Author (main entry). Although this ar- log, however, received its greatest devel- rangement is the most usual and obvious, opment during the Depression as a by- it offers perhaps the least additional product of massive white collar relief benefit to what facilities already exist in projects. Of the many union card cata- the way of intercampus lending aids. It is logs launched during the thirties with not difficult at present, through the serv- W.P.A. and other governmental aid, only ices of the National Union Catalog and a relatively few are alive today, and most the communication facilities now exist- of these are sadly in arrears. It is doubt- ing (which include Teletype), to locate a ful that any conceivable increase in the book in one of the University of Califor- intercampus use of library materials nia libraries if a specific title is wanted. would justify the cost of a catalog of this A printed author catalog would perhaps type at each campus. There is another facilitate the process somewhat, but it means, however, by which the intercam- would be of no practical aid in cases pus availability of books can be adver- where information on a given subject tised, at far lower cost. This is the printed area were the desideratum. It is felt that catalog. this need for subject aid is the major one To obtain union catalog coverage it is facing faculty and research personnel on not essential that the holdings listings of the smaller campuses. the member libraries be interfiled into a Subject. Arrangement by subject in a single catalog, desirable though that may printed catalog has many obvious ad- be. Basically, a group of separate printed vantages. Its disadvantages lie in its rela- catalogs, each containing the holdings of tively greater bulk, and in the alphabeti- one of the campus libraries, constitutes a cal arrangement of fairly specific subject union catalog. Need all the campuses be headings which has the effect of obscur- represented by their catalogs? Fully 85 ing hierarchical subject relationships. per cent of the books held by University Shelf list. A shelf list catalog of a li-

MAY 196 1 193 brary's holdings has one characteristic tages to the use of the shelf list for this which would make it extremely useful in purpose which merit careful considera- meeting the needs envisaged. A printed tion. One, mentioned earlier, is that the shelf list catalog is the closest possible shelf list is the least bulky of the several equivalent to visiting the library repre- card records which can be duplicated in sented and examining the books on its book form and, hence, the least expensive shelves. It is felt that this approach is the to manufacture. The other is that publi- one most desired by the research per- cation of a shelf list could proceed seri- sonnel on the several campuses. ally, each part being useful as published The idea of using a series of separately to a much higher degree than a segment printed shelf lists in book form appears to of an alphabetically arranged list. This be sufficiently unusual to provoke initial same advantage would permit the omis- rejection. To the observation that classi- sion of some sections of the shelf list fied arrangement makes such a list diffi- whose use might be judged to be insuf- cult to use can be opposed the fact that a ficient to justify publication. To the ob- public shelf list has been used successfully jection that the shelf list may offer a less for many decades by students and faculty complete subject presentation of the li- at the Berkeley campus of the University brary's holdings than the subject catalog, of California as a valued supplement to answer can be made that in relation to the author-title and subject catalogs. The cost it may be quite enough, and that the users of this shelf list, employing the Li- subject catalog itself falls short of utter brary of Congress classification schedules perfection. as a key, apparently become accustomed This approach to a substitute for a to going to a particular location in the conventional union catalog will receive shelf list in much the same way as they further study at the University of Cali- learn to go to a particular location in the fornia. The authors of this article would stacks for materials in their fields of in- be interested in having comments on the terest. There are two interesting advan- ideas put forward.

Reason Named Rangoon Library Adviser Joseph H. Reason, director of libraries at Howard University, Washington, D. C., has been appointed library adviser to the library of the Social Sciences Faculty of the University of Rangoon, Rangoon, Burma. He will be on leave from Howard for two years. Norman D. Stevens will serve as acting director of libraries there during Mr. Reason's absence. Mr. Reason left for Burma at the end of April. His wife will join him there later in the summer. In his position as library adviser at the University of Rangoon he succeeds Paul Bixler, head librarian of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. The library of the Social Sciences Faculty of the University of Rangoon is a project supported by funds made available by the Ford Foundation and administered by ALA through a committee of ACRL. Robert B. Downs, dean of library administration at the University of Illinois, is chairman of this committee.

194 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Machines That Teach Better Than Books?

BY JAY W. STEIN

THER THAN THE PERSON of the teacher, O most readers would probably con- Dr. Stein is Administrative Associate to the sider the book itself as the best guide to Vice President, Syracuse University. learning. It is unlikely that they have given thought to machines that teach. rect; proceed automatically to the next At a time of serious concern for the point when the student has mastered the teacher shortage in schools and colleges, preceding point, keep detailed records of some civic leaders and educational ad- the progress of each student; and, per- ministrators are ready to turn in any di- form all the stated functions as a con- rection that offers a panacea. Federal and trolled monitor with infinite patience foundation moneys are readily available and completely without bias."1 for experimentation with "automated The machine that purports to perform teaching." There is a danger, however, this superhuman combination of teach- of widespread adoption before adequate ing functions comes in several varieties. experimentation. Unless some of the More than a half dozen firms from coast claims are carefully examined and the to coast have begun manufacture, under book's role upheld, numberless students such trade names as the Programs Scan- will soon be punching the buttons of a ner of the Dyna-Slide Co. (Chicago) and "spoon-fed" machine instead of turning the Visitutor of Hamilton Research As- the pages of books in selected variety. sociates, Inc. (New Hartford, New York). Machine teaching is prelude to a book- Other firms include Foringer 8c Company less generation. (Rockville, Maryland), Rheem Califone At meetings of professional associa- Corporation (Hollywood, California), and tions, educators are hearing and discuss- U. S. Industries, Inc. Western Design Di- ing assertions that machines not only can vision (Santa Barbara, California). Their teach, but that they can do it better than advertising is slick and colorful; the lan- "live" teachers, "who are over-burdened guage is unequivocal. They have strong and subject to human foibles of inef- backing from certain psychologists and ficiency and bias." A panel speaker at the school of education defenders of favorite spring 1960 meeting of the Association for versions of learning theories. Higher Education of the National Edu- A typical machine is the approximate cation Association continued: "They are size of a portable typewriter and bears certainly better teachers than books, some similarity in appearance to a com- which do not teach at all." bination calculator and vendor. A cam- The incredible totality of functions pus newspaper likens it to a slot machine. claimed for the machines is summarized The student presses a button or turns a in the following paragraph: "The teach- crank or dial for the question to appear ing machine may present specific infor- on a small screen or in a "scanning win- mation to the student; examine the stu- dow." He writes his answer on a paper dent on each piece of information as it record or sheet. He retracts a lever, is presented; correct the student's errors; presses a button again, or turns the dial provide additional explanation on points farther for the machine answer to ap- where the student has erred; verify the pear, so that he may grade himself. If his correctness of an answer when it is cor- 1 Automated Teaching Bulletin, 1(1959), 25.

MAY 1961 195 answer is correct, he presses another but- Learning is more effective when the stu- ton to proceed to the next question. If he dent receives immediate knowledge oi is wrong he presses the key to score a the results. Students learn what they wrong response. He then begins the next want to learn and have difficulty in learn- item. Books of no kind enter the scene or ing material which does not interest come into the picture during the "auto- them. They must be motivated. "Auto- mated learning experience." matic feedback" of the correct responses The teachers' presentation through the immediately informs the student of his machine of questions and answers, prob- progress, gives him a basis for revising lems to be solved, or exercises to be per- his errors, and provides a "built-in moti- formed is called "programming." The vation" to learn more. full set of questions covering the material Promotion of the teaching machine to be studied, together with any supple- ranges between extremes of criticizing mentary panels of pictures, graphs or di- and endorsing other modern "mechani- agrams is called the program. Students zation" as suits the needs for professional at their machines form a new classroom and commercial adoption. The recipient pattern, states a message from one firm, of the advertising risks falling into con- but the concept remains that of "the fusion and then, from its sheer weight, time-honored tutor-pupil relationship, succumbing to the adoption of machines combining the Cartesian idea of break- on his campus. It is important that he ing down a problem to its smallest parts, listen carefully to the claims. In objec- and the Socratic method of teaching tion to the often raised criticism that ma- through enlightened questioning." chines are lacking in human understand- Widely acclaimed methods of program- ing, the representative of one firm as- ming information are associated with two serted that school buses, washroom facili- teaching machines pioneers, Dr. B. F. ties, and thermostatic heating systems are Skinner of Harvard and Dr. Sidney Pres- mechanical but no one objects to them sey of Ohio State University. The Skin- on antihuman grounds. Similarly, the ner method requires the student to re- mechanical structure of aids for strength- call the correct answer suggested by the ening the eye movements for faster read- text material, construct the answer, and ing, of movie projectors, radios, televi- write it down before being presented the sion, and phonographs, of the printing correct response. The Pressey principle press are noted as hardly contributing to requires a student to recognize the cor- an inhuman society. The teaching ma- rect answer to a statement by choosing chine, states one sales pitch, is really "an- from several multiple-choice alternatives. other mechanical or automated aid, along The program material may merely in- with many others, although the best." form the student whether he is right or On the other hand, according to A. A. wrong in his selection, or it may include Lumsdaine of the American Institute for with the choice selected an explanation Research, Pittsburgh, writing in Audio- for being right or wrong. A "vanishing" Visual Communication Review,2 teaching principle, especially useful for memoriza- machines differ from films, television, and tion, involves presentation of a complete other audio-visual media in three ways: item, such as a poem, and the subsequent (1) the student responds continuously removal of increasing portions of it until and actively, with practice and testing the student is able to reproduce the en- of each step to be learned; (2) the ma- tire item without a prompt. chine informs the student promptly alter The secrets of success for the teaching machines dwell upon certain accumulat- 3 A. A. Lumsdaine, "Teaching Machines and Self- instructional Materials," Audio-Visual Communication ing evidence from psychological research. Review, VII (1959), 163-181.

196 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES each response whether it is correct, al- pend on teachers who read books in great lowing him to correct his errors; and (3) numbers in order to get the necessary the student proceeds on an individual background for curriculum building, basis at his own rate. course presentation, test-making, and Research aiming at further verification "program construction." They depend on and confirmation of claims made for au- the ability of the learner to read and un- tomated teaching is underway at a num- derstand the questions presented which, ber of institutions, including Earlham unless the result is to be sheer rote and and Hamilton colleges and Harvard, In- verbalism, must relate to wide reading of diana, Illinois, and Arizona State univer- books and other printed matter. sities, and under various commercial and More important are the positions of the military auspices. According to a report reviewer, historian, and librarian who can of the Fund for the Advancement of Ed- show that books have been effective ucation Committee on the Utilization of "teachers" for generations and the insist- College Teaching Resources, the experience of the book reader and scholar that ments suggest that effective learning can the book can do whatever is claimed for take place without the presence of the the machine and may do it better. The teacher who has initially planned for and book can inform, stimulate, present ques- helped guide the student's learning ex- tions and answers, explain the errors and perience. There is little doubt that the verify the correct response, proceed grad- machines can be used for teaching. ually in step-by-step fashion, embody The very important question which Cartesian and Socratic principles of mechanizers have been hesitant to face learning, and do so "with infinite pa- remains: Can and do the machines teach tience" and as "completely without bias" and communicate better than books? Un- as any machine. like the book, properly used, does the ma- Books, it is said, fail to teach because chine unduly fragmentize the student's they are "passive and unprogrammatic learning, make him dependent on mech- and dead." They do not communicate in a anized programming, and discourage in- machine-lively way. Thus, students do dependent thinking and questioning? not give them the respect necessary to as- Does it eliminate appreciation for the sist learning. Such statements as these humanizing warmth of linking author are highly unfair and presumptuous from and reader in a good book. Except for the lips of a machine promoter. For, machine gadgetry and fanfare, one skep- apart from flashes of light, clicks of sound tic asked, is the student really receiving and movement of rollers, tapes, and anything that he should not rather be sheets, the machine is certainly quite receiving from a well-written book em- "passive." These, no less than the "auto- bodying, where pedagogically necessary, matic" corrective measures in the pro- Cartesian and Socratic principles of gramming, still depend upon an unpas- learning? Research has not yet answered sive human being who pulls the levers these questions. Book-minded people, and turns the dials for the activity. however, can think of answers which of- Any discerning reader, writer, scholar, fer satisfaction to anyone who learns and or teacher who has captured a motiva- likes to read. tion and purpose for reading also knows Teaching machines can never substi- the spirit of its being active and alive. tute for the teaching book because of Books have, in fact, "moved mountains," their dependence on the book. The ma- transformed personalities, and "changed chines depend on printed (book) instruc- the world." Teaching machine promoters tions for their invention, assemblage, may not concede these achievements to maintenance, and improvement. They de- books, but they do admit that books can

MAY 1961 197 be programmed and that "teaching ma- standing, it assists clarity of expression in chines" broadly defined include books speaking and writing. The machine pro- written programmatically, "scrambled" grammer may help certain students to books, punch boards, and various printed improve in these communication skills, paper devices. John A. Barlow, coordina- but it appears to be an indirect and di- tor, Self-instruction Project, Earlham verting means to the end of literacy. College, stated that "Even a specially de- That the book is still not doing for signed envelope in some cases fulfills the knowledge and education as well and as function." much as it should is doubtless true. But Without motivation and purpose, any this is no reason to say, "therefore the psychologist will admit, no machine use campus must mechanize and use its can result in effective learning any more money for machines." It provides no basis than can book reading. Moreover, these for comments that in five or ten years our come best from example. In listening to open shelves of library books on all topics, some "book-loving" objections to machine and the rooms for browsing and reserved use, a psychology professor from an east- reading will give way to "classrooms and ern university affirmed vigorously how laboratories" containing rows of booths much he, too, would like more students or compartments, each tabling a machine to read more books, how vital book read- before which the student sits in his very ing was. But when asked whether he read own private learning situation. It is no books, he implied in a stammering nega- reason to say that a publisher's listings tive that he read only books about teach- or bookseller's wares lack "teaching" ing machines. While these so far hardly values. number a half dozen, the quantity in It is rather a reason for improving the preparation is probably large. But he is book still further and teaching more stu- hardly an example to motivate pupils to dents how to read intelligently. It is read in any "general" or "liberal" areas. necessary to stress that while books may Perhaps if he did read widely he, too, wear out after centuries, depending upon would know that books can teach. their use and care and the quality of Talk of machine substitution for books their paper and binding, they never is all the more foolish when one asks the "break down," as the best of machines question, "What function does learning admittedly do. To paraphrase slightly serve?" As much as any, it serves to help the well known statement of Carlyle, "A people read books, reports, newspapers, true university library remains a collec- and magazines, and to read their contents tion of books and shows little possibility with understanding. From proper under- of becoming a collection of machines."

New ACRL Committee Edmon Low, President of ACRL, announces the appointment of a special Ad- visory Committee to the President on Federal Legislation with the following membership: Lewis C. Branscomb, director of libraries. Ohio State University, Colum- bus; Robert B. Downs, dean of library administration, University of Illinois, Urbana; Frederick G. Kilgour, librarian, Yale Medical Library, New Haven, Conn.; Richard H. Logsdon, director of libraries, Columbia University, New York; Stephen A. McCarthy, director of libraries, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. President-elect Ralph E. Ellsworth will serve as an ex-officio member of the committee.

198 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES A Recent Look At University Libraries in Italy

By ROBERT VOSPER

APPILY IN RECENT YEARS a thin line of H contact between American and Mr. Vosper is Director of Libraries, Uni- Italian libraries has been re-established. versity of Kansas. In the 1920's when William Warner Bishop and others had a generous hand in modernizing the catalogs of the Vati- Tate spent three months of the early can Library, under Carnegie Corporation spring of 1956 meeting with librarians at auspices, there was apparently a fair several points in Italy and helping select amount of communication, but pressing a group of eleven librarians who then international events intervened. The spent four months of the summer and story of the destruction of Italian librar- fall of 1956 in the United States pursuing ies during the war and their subsequent a well-organized program of seminars reconstruction is a tragic one, and any and visits to libraries. Stanley West, who review of the current Italian library scene had met with this group in the United must recall the pressing cost, in funds States, then went to Italy in the spring and in human effort, and the recency of of 1957 as a Fulbright grantee and par- that experience.1 ticipated in a series of regional seminars Intensive American aid was, however, arranged through USIS, as a follow-up slow to appear on the scene; we were ap- on the 1956 American tour. parently far more prompt and generous My special charge, as a Fulbright lec- in Japan and Germany. Once the major turer during the three months March task of physical restoration was under through May 1960, was to seek some con- way, Italian librarians felt an increasing tact with the Italian university libraries. interest in bringing their practice of li- Of the group that came to the United brarianship into line with modern de- States in 1956 only one was at the time velopments elsewhere; at this point, a university librarian. There was, on the through United States Information Serv- one hand, some thought that the recent ice and Fulbright auspices, we began to experiences of American university li- offer assistance. In 1951/52, for example, braries would be of interest to the Ital- Anne V. Marinelli was in Italy on a ians, and, on the other hand, it was quite Fulbright research grant and, among clear that most of us in the United States other services, arranged fruitful seminars have been quite ignorant of the present in Florence, Rome, and Naples. During status of Italian university libraries. We the succeeding few years several Italian know something of important develop- librarians were enabled to visit the ments in the several national libraries of United States. More recently Vernon Italy, especially the national central libraries of Florence and Rome. For ex- 1 Reported in detail in La Ricostruzione delle Bib- lioteche Italiane dopo la Guerra 1940-45, (Rome: Dire- ample, in 1957 Florence began to publish zione General delle Accademie e Biblioteche, 1947-53, 2 vols.). See also: Died Anni di Vita delle Biblioteche in monthly fascicles the Bibliografia Italiane, issued by the same body and covering the years 1945-1955. Volume I (1957) treats of "Le Bib- Nazionale Italiana, very much on the lioteche di Stato"; a second volume on non-state li- pattern of the British National Biblio- braries is yet to appear.

MAY 1961 199 graphy, and concurrently to issue printed university libraries; a viewing of "Biblio- cards. I am confident that many of us dynamics," 3 the rather good film on the receive this efficient new national bib- MIT library; an illuminating series of liography. Soon we will hear a good deal, speeches by Italian university professors I hope, about the plans for a new build- and librarians; and a concluding discus- ing for the National Central Library in sion session presided over by Dr. Guer- Rome, to replace the old building that riera Guerrieri, the very able directress was condemned and closed to public use of the Neapolitan National Library. The a year or more ago. I had the special lively Milan sessions were conducted by pleasure in Rome of seeing the detailed the wise and courtly President-General plans, selected in March 1960 after a na- of AIB, Dr. Aristide Calderini, emeritus tional competition, and it is clear that professor of papyrology in Milan's Cath- this, the first major national library olic University. The meetings in Rome building to be built in modern times, were attended by ministerial officials and will be a handsome, generously propor- by an official representative of the Italian tioned, receptive, and effective structure.2 equivalent of the AAUP. In addition to But for me at least, as well as for most visiting university libraries in the cities of the people I talked with in the United already mentioned, I was able also to States, the university libraries of modern have detailed tours of the universities of Italy have been an unknown quantity. Modena, Bologna, Pavia, and Florence. Thus during my stay I read as much as I Everywhere it was clear that I had the could lay hands on, talked with specia- special advantage of being on the scene lists at the Ministry of Public Instruc- at a significant time. The universities of tion in Rome, and visited as many librar- Italy, like our own, are facing rising num- ies as I could reach. Along the way, of bers of students and some demands for course, I talked as best I could with stu- changes in traditional patterns. The pre- dents and professors, both Italian and war attendance figure for universities is American, about their experiences with quoted as 16.6 per 10,000 population; Italian libraries. the current equivalent figure is 31.3. Par- During National Library Week I was ticularly pressing is the relative increase able to participate in programs in Trieste in the number of students actually "in and Padua, including special seminar residence." At the same time, understand- sessions at the two university libraries. ably, there is much strong criticism, by Subsequently during my stay three major librarians and professors, of some deep- regional conferences on university li- seated library problems in the universi- braries were arranged in Milan, Naples, ties, and this occurs in a general atmos- and Rome by the Ministry of Public In- phere of optimistic library development struction (the Division for Higher Ed- in Italy. ucation and the Division for Academies The Italian universities themselves and Libraries), by USIS-Italy, and by the have been described usefully in two fairly Italian Library Association (AIB). At the recent articles and one particularly illum- Naples session, for example, librarians inating pamphlet.4 Briefly,. there are and professors came in from all of south- twenty-four state (that is, national) uni- ern Italy and Sicily for a two-day session that involved visits to selected local li- 3 There is an urgent need for more recent, sophisticated braries; my introductory talk on certain films and slides on American libraries, especially college and university libraries, for display abroad. historical trends in American and British 4 H. K. Newburn. "The Organization and Administra- tion of Universities in France. Italy, and Great Britan," Educational Rccord, XXXIV (1953, 245-274; R. C. Simonini, Tr., "The Universities of Italy," AAUP 2 A resume of the several competing plans appeared Bulletin, XL (1955), 563-592; Frederic C. Mosher, The in L'Architettura V (1960), nos. 10 and 11, whole nos. Administrative Science Program at Bologna (Berkeley: 52 and 53. Bureau of Public Administration, 1959).

200 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES versities responsible to the Ministry of their students beyond formal lectures, Public Instruction for slightly over 50 which are regularly mimeographed and per cent of their funds as well as for con- distributed. One continually hears com- siderable legalistic administrative con- plaints from students, especially those trol; three 'free' universities that receive who have studied abroad, about the dis- no financial support from the Ministry ability this situation poses for them. Not but must be officially recognized by it; infrequently the professor does not even and several specialized institutions of live in the city where he teaches; for ex- higher education. I was concerned par- ample I met a Messina University pro- ticularly with the state universities. They fessor who lives in Naples. To top this range in size from Macerata with but one all, professors move frequently from one faculty (in the European sense of the university to another, so that there is, in term) and less than five hundred students, the final analysis, little sense of loyalty to Rome with about thirty-five thousand to a particular institution. This is not to fully enrolled students in an extremely overlook the problems the professors face. complex and scattered institution. In age Their numbers are small, although in they range from a galaxy of the world's recent years there have been increases in earliest universities (Bologna, Padua, the statutory number of docents and as- Modena, Parma, etc.) to Bari founded in sistants, and the learned professor is 1924 and Trieste in 1938. tempted by many outside opportunities It is important to note, in considering to amplify his income, and thus to slight their libraries, that administratively, at his students and colleagues. Behind all the local level, the Italian universities are this however is the medieval concept of centrifugal. To be sure, on a national the professor and the university which basis through the Ministry, they have, as persists to a remarkable degree. do the French, a far higher degree of uni- These factors, then, and others, build formity and centralization than do Amer- up to an uncommon degree of local de- ican or British universities, but the in- centralization, which perhaps explains dividual Italian university has virtually why the concept of "the university li- no center. Physically the buildings tend brary" as we know it hardly exists in to be scattered throughout the city, with Italy. In this regard it must also be reno campus in the American sense. Rec- called that the Italian student specializes tors and deans generally rotate in office rigidly throughout his career in a par- every three years and permanent admin- ticular subject, often a very narrow one. istrative officers are at a minimum. These Within the Ministry of Public Instruc- are common aspects of European uni- tion, the universities come under the versities. In Italy though there is the Directorate-General of Higher Educa- further fact that the individual institutes tion. A coordinate office, the Directorate- and faculties (e.g. the faculty of letters General of Academies and Libraries, has and philosophy, the faculty of mathe- supervision over thirty-three of Italy's matics and physical sciences) have great greatest research libraries, called state autonomous powers within the "loosely- public libraries.5 This group includes the knit" universities. Moreover, as one critic several national libraries; such eminent has observed, "There is no homogeneity and ancient installations as the Marciana within the individual faculties; faculty in Venice, the Medicea-Laurenziana in strength lies wholly in the individual Florence, and the Casanatense in Rome; professors, who often have little or no a few major specialized libraries, such personal contact with their colleagues." as the state medical library in Rome (in- Additionally, the professors, who are not 5 Anne V. Marinelli, "The State Public Libraries of numerous, often have little contact with Italy," Library Quarterly, XXVI (1955), 163-170.

MAY 1961 201 volved also is the pioneering Istituto di General of Academies and Libraries, a Patologia del Libro in Rome); and twelve most enlightened and forward-looking- state, or public, university libraries (Bo- office in modern times, these libraries logna, Cagliari, Catania, Genoa, Messina, have not been isolated from the main Modena, Naples, Padua, Pavia, Pisa, stream of library development in Italy Rome, and Sassari). and elsewhere. They have been able to These twelve state, or public, univer- participate in a common effort, which sity libraries are situated in university they have shared with Italy's other na- communities, often in university build- tional research libraries, that is the state ings, and in fact their major, but not public libraries. The lively Italian Li- their sole, function is service to a uni- brary Association has provided another versity clientele. They have, however, no avenue for cooperative or coordinated ac- direct administrative connection with the tivity. This is in marked contrast, it universities, depending as they do from might be noted here, to the situation in a different section of the ministry, and, almost all of the other libraries within except in an isolated case or two, they the universities, where a cloistered tradi- receive no regularly budgeted funds from tion presses heavily. The twelve operate the universities. As one shrewd Italian under uniform statutes which, among university librarian has pointed out, each other things, assure that they serve gen- of these libraries is carefully called a erously a broader clientele than any of "university library" (biblioteca univer- the libraries administered solely by the sitaria) rather than "the library of the universities. This public service function university" (biblioteca dell'universita).6 may, in fact, explain the legislation which With very few exceptions, these twelve originally brought these libraries, to- are the largest and best organized, and gether with others, under national rather almost the only central, or general, uni- than local control. The senior staffing is versity libraries in the country. Chrono- handled centrally through the Directo- logically they are nothing so old as the rate-General; the result is uniform salary related universities; most of them are scales and an open, competitive pro- mid-to-late eighteenth-century develop- cedure for filling positions. Moreover, ments, and Padua claims that its cen- this permits the librarians to move not tral library, founded in 1629, is the oldest only from one university to another, but Italian university library. It should be readily among the whole group of the noted that a few, notably in Sicily, ap- country's thirty-three top research librar- pear to have earlier, rather confused, ies, with fair assurance of rich and varied monastic antecedents. Rome and Naples, experience. On the other hand, one hears each claiming about 750,000 volumes, are that this administrative pattern prevents the two giants. Bologna has 500,000; the twelve libraries from being sensitive Cagliari and Padua about 400,000 each; to the needs of the universities. This is Pavia and Pisa about 350,000; Genoa, an obvious criticism, but a hard-headed 300,000; and each of the other four, 200,- look at those libraries which universities 000 or less. do operate directly can produce only There are other libraries in the uni- skepticism, except in a few isolated cases, versity communities, in fact a great many, that the universities could do anything but I will deal with them later, concen- like so well. What is true, as will become trating now on the twelve state univer- clear, is that the sharp separation of the sity libraries. Because of their common twelve from the innumerable, generally administrative tie with the Directorate- specialized, libraries operated by the universities, together with the sullenly isola- B Silvano Gerevini, Una delle Pin Gloriose Istituzioni tionist spirit prevailing among the latter Pavesi, la Biblioteca Universitaria (Pavia, 1959).

202 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES group, is seriously hampering the full- The newly developed public reference scale development of Italy's research li- collection at Modena has been classed in brary program. This, specifically, is the Dewey, and Padua is shifting from Bru- central problem I was to investigate and net to Dewey. Many stack collections are which, happily, we were able finally to shelved in order of accession, but this discuss publicly and pointedly in the economical procedure is only logical be- three regional conferences. cause they are generally open only to Immediately after the war most Italian library staff. libraries faced the difficult task of recon- Everywhere libraries have finally come structing buildings as well as reconstruct- into the age of Olivetti, Fiat, and Necchi. ing collections, many of which were Electric typewriters are a common sight, bombed and all of which became dor- microfilm readers are on hand, and li- mant. Now that the most critical of that braries are experimenting with a variety work has been finished, the twelve uni- of interesting procedures for the mechan- versity libraries have been able to put ical duplication of cards, particularly energy into new projects. Most striking for non-Italian books. It should be made is the work on cataloging. All of the clear that these optimistic developments twelve have been saddled with cumber- are not limited to the twelve state uni- some, often imperfect, complicated, and versity libraries; most of the thirty-three varied cataloging patterns. Fixed loca- state public libraries are involved, as tion systems often survived well into an well as a few other far-sighted institu- age when the growth of collections made tions. It should also be recalled that the them grossly anachronistic, and manu- Italian libraries have a long tradition of script cards endured beyond the time producing scholarly printed catalogs of when an elegant script could be expected special collections, especially for early of every clerk, even into the age of Oli- printed books and manuscripts. In this vetti. Since 1956, however, a standard regard they have done a better job than author entry code for cataloging has been most American libraries, and this impor- available,7 and there is now much in- tant work continues alongside more mod- terest in developing efficient subject cata- ern developments. logs. More recently the issuance of In acquisitions work rigorous attention printed cards, for Italian books only it has been given to periodicals and to ref- should be noted, by the National Central erence works and bibliographies. The Library in Florence has had a heartening problem of filling wartime gaps in jour- effect on libraries throughout the coun- nal files is an enduring one, and to this try, despite some complications that has been added the universal problem might well be expected in so young a posed by the rapidly increasing number system. These printed cards, as well as of scholarly journals. Increased intake of typed cards of the international standard current periodicals is the most striking size, have been widely adopted. Some li- change in the post-war acquisitions pat- braries have been encouraged thereby to tern of the Italian university libraries. begin systematically recataloging older Between 1950 and 1958 reports, the list collections and dealing with uncataloged at Rome increased by one-third and arrearages. Involved in this is the grad- Genoa's doubled. Among the thirty-three ual development of a central national state public libraries the number of cur- union catalog. Where appropriate, at- rently received periodicals titles rose from tention is being given to classification. 20,000 in 1945 to 32,000 in 1948 and to 55,000 in 1957. This has posed serious 7 Rrqolc per la Compilazione del Catalogo Alfabetico problems for the university libraries be- per Autori nelle Bibliotcche Italiane, (Rome: Direzione Generale delle Accademie e Biblioteche, 1956). cause funds continue to be severely

MAY 1961 203 limited. Rome and Bologna, each receiv- administered and housed in conjunction ing about 4,500 periodical titles cur- with the great Estense Library, wealthy rently, far outclass the others. According in early printed books and manuscripts to latest information (1956 figures) Cag- (as well as the extensive manuscripts of liari receives about 1,300, Padua and its great early eighteenth-century librar- Pavia each 800, Genoa 700, and Naples ian, Lodovico Muratori), but the director 350. has less than $3,000 in annual acquisi- Total annual book accessions figures tions funds from his two libraries. Occa- are equally spare. Current figures are sionally, if the working relationships are difficult to secure, but the average an- adequate, as at Pavia, the university has nual intake of volumes (regular volumes assisted with special non-recurring grants plus pamphlets) during the decade 1945- to acquire essential library materials, but 55 would appear to be as follows: Rome some university libraries have apparently 9,200; Cagliari 3,700; Genoa 3,500; Bo- never experienced such generosity. Min- logna 3,200; Padua 3,100; Pisa 2,100; and isterial budgets have indeed increased in the others even less. I was told that the recent years, but only slightly and ap- present annual average at Rome is about parently not enough to offset rising costs 10,000 volumes and at Pavia about 2,000, and the postwar devaluation of Italian figures that are in line with the 1945-55 currency.9 statistics.8 In the face of this financial stringency Several, if not all, of the twelve state the university librarians have perforce university libraries receive by statutory concentrated on collections of basic deposit those books and journals pub- source material and reference works. Mo- lished in their local province. Further- dena has opened a new public reference more many of them are increasingly able room, housing a well-developed and mod- to acquire materials through publications ern collection of over twelve thousand exchange. Thus it is obvious that acquisi- volumes on open shelves. The collection tions funds, which come directly from the at Padua is equally impressive, scholarly ministry, are very meager indeed. At and up-to-date. These reference rooms Rome there are in addition some reg- are a heartening sight because many ularly budgeted funds from two of the American scholars have complained university faculties (letters and philoso- about their general lack, suggesting that phy, and law) because by a wise and it is difficult to complete research in uncommon formal agreement the state Italian libraries once the basic source university library, known as the "Alessan- material has been located. drina," became the official library for the Clearly this appalling shortage of ac- two faculties and the repository for their quisitions funds is a primary problem, accumulated books; this arrangement and it is so recognized by the library di- was made in 1935 when the university rectors, by many enlightened professors, moved to University City where the Ales- and by the ministerial officials in Rome. sandrina is housed in the same central While I was there the government was building with the two faculties. At Mo- considering a major financial bill that dena the state university library is wisely would, among other benefits, provide generous special acquisitions grants to 8 There are useful statistics in Died Anni di Vita be spread over a ten-year period. delle Biblioteche Italiane. Other useful sources are Annuario Statistico Italiano (the 1958 edition, giving With financing of this sort it is obvious 1956 figures, is the latest I have seen), issued by the Istituto Centrale di Statistica, and the annual Compendio Statistico Italiano, issued by the same office; volume I 9 See Gerevini, op. cit. The most recent financial in- of Statistiche Culturali, issued by the same office (Rome, formation I have seen, presumably for 1959-60, indicates 1954-57, 3 vols.), gives extensive 1950 data on libaries; that the University of Padua Library had L. 2,950,000 Annuario delle Biblioteche Italiane, issued by the (ca. $4800) for acquisitions, the University of Genoa Direzione Generale delle Accademia e Biblioteche (2d Library L. 1,968,550 and the University of Bologna ed., Rome, 1956-60, 3 vols.). Library L. 1,400,000.

204 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES also that currently the Italian university only 753 full-time staff members whereas libraries are not acquiring remarkable in the French Bibliotheque Nationale bookish riches; they are hardly keeping alone there are 630 and in the British afloat on the tide of modern publishing. Museum Library 680. Figures for 1950 An occasional windfall does come along, reported for Rome 52 staff members (19 as at Genoa where a special ministerial men and 33 women), of whom 23 were grant recently supported the purchase professional, 22 clerical, and 7 volunteer of a four-thousand-volume private library (generally recent students seeking experi- of late nineteenth and early twentieth- ence and hoping that positions may open century Italian culture, and as at Padua up). In the same year Naples had 35, of where an important eight-thousand-vol- whom 19 were professional, 15 clerical, ume collection of early medicine was de- and 1 volunteer; Bologna a total of 21, posited by the university's Institute of of whom 13 were professional and 8 Medical Pathology (Padua is one of the clerical; Padua 19, of whom 11 were pro- early homes of medical teaching), but fessional and 8 clerical; and Pavia 15, of these are rare cases. Moreover, their rela- whom 9 were professional and 6 clerical. tive youth and poverty and the small With such crippling limitations of staff size of the total collections will suggest and of books and journals, the university what is true, that the Italian university librarians have been trying to deal with libraries are in general not great reposi- increasing numbers of readers and at the tories of bookish wealth; one looks else- same time to offer somewhat better serv- where in Italy for extensive rare book ices. During 1936 the 33 state public li- collections. There are exceptions to be braries reported 986,000 readers in seats; sure: Bologna has eminent and large ac- in 1948 this figure was 1,321,000; and in cumulations of early manuscripts, incu- 1957 it had risen to 2,038,435. Much of nabula, and sixteenth-century books, not- the increase apparently resulted from the ably in the natural sciences because here rising numbers of university students. is the private library of Aldrovandus; According to figures reported in 1950 Modena has ready access to, as I have in- Rome's Alessandrina served 87,262 read- dicated, although it does not legally own, ers in seats; in 1958 the figure was 198,- the incomparable Estense Library; Pavia 671. For Genoa the comparable figures is wealthy in complete runs of early Euro- were 25,410 and 79,833; for Bologna 35,- pean periodicals, and its original founda- 536 and 108,775. The numbers of local tion collection, well cared for in a loans rose in proportion. I can certainly handsome special room, is strong in six- testify to completely overcrowded read- teenth- and seventeenth-century books. ing rooms in libraries I visited during Staffing presents another serious prob- academic session and an acute disparity lem, although in view of the small num- between the number of available seats ber of books now being acquired and the and the students to be served. The situa- fairly limited public service hours the tion at the Alessandrina in Rome is situation is probably not critical for cur- especially serious, with only 250 seats rent operation. The shortage of staff does, available, now that the National Cen- however, prejudice any attempt to im- tral Library is closed; an average of 3,000 prove or extend public service functions. readers enter the building each day. Again current figures are not readily There has been little opportunity or available, but one analyst10 has cleverly money for increasing the size of build- publicized the fact that in all of the 33 ings, although here and there an extra state public libraries of Italy there are room or corridor has been somehow al- located for readers, and there are ap-

wIl Segnalibro (Modena), IV, (1960), 2. parently no major building programs in

MAY 1961 205 prospect for any ot the twelve state uni- could not justify on its limited budget. versity libraries. Available funds have This is a surprising and charming phe- necessarily gone into restoring war dam- nomenon in the traditional Italian aca- age. Furthermore several of the libraries demic atmosphere. Some, but not all, of inhabit difficult buildings: Rome's Ales- the twelve have even abandoned the of- sandrina is in the cold, monumental style ficious "bidello" (beadle) who tradition- of the Mussolini period and affords no ally sits at the door of Italian public oportunity for expansion unless the uni- buildings, like the "portiere" in an apart- versity undertakes a major revision of its ment building, to question your right to site plans; Padua's building is reminis- enter. Stack collections are generally cent of a crowded and dowdy American closed to all readers. Carnegie public library, although the re- By American standards the public serv- modelled reference room has a certain ice hours are sharply limited. The Ales- charm; both Bologna and Naples must sandrina in Rome offers probably the struggle with dingy, rambling, palazzo- most generous schedule, from 9 A.M. to 7 type structures, neither attractive nor ef- P.M. every day except Sunday. Evening ficient. The most appealing building that hours beyond 5 or 6 or 7 P.M. are quite un- I saw, housing incidentally the best or- known, as are Sunday hours. Several of dered and most vigorous of the older the university libraries, particularly those university libraries, is at Pavia where the in smaller towns, observe the traditional library occupies a portion of the original long lunch hour, closing from 12 to 2:30 university structure, soft yellow build- P.M. or from 1 to 3 P.M. thus fitting into ings forming a series of quadrangles sur- the rhythm of Italian life. But the lack rounding quiet courtyards with arcaded of evening access, in a society accustomed walks. to very late and lively evening activity, I have indicated that the twelve li- is unfortunate and only accentuates the braries do not unduly restrict access to over-crowding of reading rooms. The their collections. They give particular hours indicated are those for use of the attention to students who may, with cer- reading rooms; the hours for loan serv- tain limitations, withdraw books for ice are much less generous, often two home use. The reference collections and hours morning and afternoon. One un- displays of current journals are generally derstands of course the budgeting prob- on open shelves in rooms accessible to lem involved in longer hours. And at students and outside users, as well as to this point European libraries in general professors. These simple opportunities, it lack the advantage we have in the work- will be noted, do not regularly prevail in ing university student, whose services other academic libraries. I have already often are essential to long schedules. mentioned the new public reference Italian students, unlike the British, are room at Modena, one of the handsomest not well endowed with state scholarships, I have seen anywhere, employing attrac- but many librarians expressed skepticism tive modern Italian furniture, which like about trusting them with responsible the Scandinavian is often far less staid tasks. This is the same attitude which, in and institutional than most American li- many traditional Italian libraries, doubts brary furniture. Pavia has recently that students, not to speak of the general opened a comfortable and well-stocked public, can be trusted with any sort of ready-reference room intended especially open-access book collection. The lot of for students, and the same library proudly the Italian student, it might be noted, is displays a popular rental library which not a rosy one. for a small annual fee provides current In an earnest effort to increase service novels and travel books that the library to their readers most of the twelve uni-

206 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES versity libraries, which are centers for At the University of Bologna I was told inter-library loan activity, have recently by a rather harassed American visiting entered on an attempt at local union professor that after a year of searching catalog records so that they may know out books and journals necessary for him- what periodicals and perhaps what books self and his students, he was aware of 99 are available within the university pre- faculty and institute libraries; 48 had re- cincts, but here they run head on against ported to the Union List. Trieste with the crucial library problem of the uni- 2,500 students has about 50 libraries I versities. was told locally. Since my information As for the libraries financed and ad- about the other universities is based on ministered directly by the twenty-four the Union List of American Periodicals, state universities, the typical situation, it is probable that my figures can be mul- both in the twelve that have access to a tiplied by two. In any event, the Univer- state university library and in those sity of Cagliari with less than 3,000 stu- which do not, is that of a great variety dents and 150 teachers (50 professors) has of jealously autonomous, uncoordinated, at least 23 libraries. Ferrara with four and selfishly parochial faculty and in- faculties and slightly over one thousand stitute libraries. The simplest facts about students has at least 15. Modena with these libraries are almost impossible to 3,500 students has at least 30. Padua with secure, for most of them report no in- 81 professors (420 teachers) and 11,000 formation to any national office and ap- students has at least 62. Siena with 1,500 parently to no one locally. At the Uni- students and eight faculties and advanced versity of Rome, for example, informa- schools has at least 25. The University of tion on holdings was gathered, at great Perugia with less than 3,000 students has effort, from eighty-three libraries within 43 professors according to one source and the university for the Union List of forty-three libraries reporting to the American Periodicals in Italy, compiled Union List of American Periodicals. This by Olga Pinto (Rome: USIS, 1958), the Perugia situation, with its one-to-one most extensive listing I could find of ratio, whether precise or not, is at least these intra-university libraries. However neatly suggestive of the tendency, perhaps I was informed by staff members of the of a kind of ideal for many professors, in- Alessandrina that there are probably cluding some American ones. more than two hundred libraries within At the ancient University of Florence the University of Rome, although no one the Library of the Faculty of Letters and could be very specific. At our conference Philosophy, founded in 1659, has well in Naples a professor of economic his- over a million and a quarter volumes, is tory, in preparing a vigorously critical thus the largest academic library in Italy, paper yet to be published,11 had spent and is a very special institution in many some weeks seeking facts about the fi- ways. Three of four other specialized li- nances, personnel, and collections of the braries at Florence have as many as 70,- libraries within his own university; the 000 volumes, but the others are all results were admittedly fragmentary but smaller. At the University of Turin, also significant. Apparently there are over a medieval installation, three of the 30 or one hundred twenty libraries in the Uni- more libraries have about 50,000 vol- versity of Naples, of which 66 reported to umes. Milan, a twentieth century uni- the Union List of American Periodicals. versity, has a quarter of a million volumes in the combined Library of the

11 Domenico Demarco: "Le Biblioteche Universitarie Faculties of Letters and Jurisprudence, Napoletane: Critiche e Proposte," Studi Economici (Univ. di Napoli), XV (1960), 202-211. The Italian but the others are in the 25,000 volume Library Association intends to publish the complete class or smaller. At Padua I was told proceedings of our three conferences.

MAY 1961 207 that there are perhaps as many as a mil- formidable and uniformed functionary, lion volumes in the 60 or so specialized to secure the dictionary, encyclopedia libraries. At Trieste, a very special case, volume, or journal issue to be consulted. there are perhaps 170,000 volumes in the The libraries are generally operated by specialized libraries. Elsewhere no one secretaries or teaching assistants as a part- would even guess, but it is apparent in time chore, or by low level clerks who general that the institute and faculty have no training, little experience with libraries are quite specialized and small, libraries, and little interest in them. The consisting of a very few thousand vol- catalogs and the state of the collections umes. reflect this situation. Hours of access are Access and use in almost all cases is varied and tend to be meager, as from 9 limited to the teachers in the particular A.M. to 1 P.M. Books are seldom allowed institute or faculty and, on a kind of out on loan, except to the privileged pro- sufferance, their own students, who are fessors, and not even out on inter-library seldom allowed to withdraw books. Out- loan, although the responsible professors siders, particularly students from an- are not loath to borrow on inter-library other faculty, are not welcome. A point loan for their own purposes. Book selec- can perhaps be made from one visit I tion often reflects the special needs or made to some of the law libraries at one vagaries of the senior professor, with no great university. I was taken by a rather recognition of other libraries within the apologetic member of the local state uni- university, no matter how close by. There versity library staff to see the libraries of is no overall surveillance, not even any the institutes of the history of law, com- coordination or cooperation. What is parative law, and Roman law. Along the more there is precious little machinery way we passed several other law institute for securing any because of the very na- libraries, but I could not discover how ture of the universities: there are few many there were altogether. Each of the permanent officials, the senate is not a three I saw served only its own group, broadly representative forum as we know each had its own separate collection, gen- it, and professorial advisory or adminis- erally small, generally incomplete, gen- trative committees seem quite unknown. erally duplicative of the others. Each had These strictures are not entirely my its own manuscript card catalog of sorts, own; they reflect the opinions and ex- and none of the holdings were recorded periences of almost all the Italian librar- in any kind of central catalog. ians whom I met as well as of a consider- At the University of Rome I visited able number of Italian university pro several of the institute libraries of its fessors, especially those who have worked Faculty of Letters, all of them in a re- abroad. The problem presented by these cent extension of the building which scattered, uncoordinated, and duplicative houses the Alessandrina, and all of them libraries in the universities—the impos- quite new; in each case all of the books sibility of securing central information were behind locked grill doors, available about their holdings and the consistent only on special request. This is not atypi- frustration involved in trying to use them cal of the situation in the libraries, cen- —has reached almost a neurosis level in tral or specialized, large or small, new or the minds of many Italian librarians. It old, that are operated by the universities rises immediately in any conversation themselves. Frequently all reference about library matters. The librarians books in the main reading room and who are struggling to improve facilities even current issues of periodicals are and services in general are aware of the kept in locked cases so that a would-be overall shortage of modern library re- reader must ask the attendant, often a sources in Italy and are aware of the ad-

208 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES vantages that have come in other coun- pattern falls short of serving much of tries through cooperative efforts and modern research. The sheer numbers of rationalized acquisitions programs. At modern books and journals, and their Modena, Rome, Padua, and elsewhere, as cost, make it impossible for any of these I have indicated, the directors of the state libraries, except for a very few that have university libraries have tried to develop uncommon financing, to develop to a so simple and useful a tool as a local level of modern efficiency.12 To be sure union list of periodicals, and they have there are a few isolated exceptions, in- been thwarted by much inertia and disin- stitute libraries well supported and run terest as well as some outright suspicion with imagination and efficiency. But even and jealous opposition. Such informa- the wealthiest American university would tion as they have put together reveals be hard pressed to support effectively the extensive and expensive duplication of number of libraries that many of the journals, not only between widely scat- Italian universities are faced with, and tered university buildings, but commonly the Italian universities are certainly far within one building. This is tragic of from wealthy. It was pointed out in our course, when total funds are so short discussions that much of the success that and resources so limited. The Alessan- the Americans have had with academic drina two years ago embarked on a sys- libraries has come from our relative suc- tematic venture of developing a union cess in concentrating our resources of catalog of books in the institute libraries books, funds, and staff and our relative of law and letters. There are twenty-three success at cooperative library efforts. such libraries in the same building as the In those universities that lack a state Alessandrina which acts as the central university library there is occasionally, as library for the two faculties but not for at Palermo, a kind of embryonic library the institutes within the faculties. Over of the university (Biblioteca dell'univer- seventy thousand cards have been ac- sita) but generally a very small and weak cumulated already, but this is a slow and institution. Trieste, however, the young- difficult task because of the state of the est university of all, presents a very local catalogs. special exception, made possible no doubt In opening our conference in Milan by its very youth. Here the university's Professor Calderini stated that he had library is vigorous and modern. Although discussed these problems before, but almost of the books are in a large number ways as a vox clamantis in deserto. Pro- of institute libraries, the central library fessor Demarco's paper and others, as by statute must maintain an inventory, well as comments from the floor during which means a union catalog. There is discussion, made it evident that many still, to be sure, some tension between vigorous professors have found their re- the center and the outlying libraries, but search and teaching crippled by the ex- this is a step forward. In some other cases, isting situation. The special virtue of our notably Milan and Florence, the Library conference was the public airing of the of the Faculty of Letters, serving as it point of view of these men, who may does a numerous and bookish clientele, represent a minority but yet an able and tends in a way to serve as a central li- now vocal one. They understand the brary, but still without union catalogs historical and psychological factors be- and without any coordination with the hind the fractionated pattern; these in- 12 The only financial figures I could secure were those stitute libraries are a kind of symbol of in Professor Demarco's paper which indicated that in 1957/58 the University of Naples spent about $125,000 the independent rights of the individual on books and journals for its 120 or more faculty and institute libraries, far more than the local state univer- professor, part of his medieval inherit- sity library had available. Such a sum if concentrated could produce one significant library, but much of it ance. Yet it is also clear that this library disappears into duplicative, uncoordinated buying.

MAY 1961 209 other local libraries. In other cases there Catholic University, a "free" or "private" is no evidence of any sort of central li- university, founded as recently as 1920, brary. operates its library rather on the pattern The Library of the Faculty of Letters we know at Johns Hopkins. The institute at Florence, relatively wealthy in books or seminary libraries are mostly in the and book funds, although not in staff, is same building as the central library another kind of exception because in very which is responsible for all of the uni- recent years it has been run with some versity's books, with full catalog and loan recognition of modern needs. Since the records for the several institute libraries great National Central Library nearby which are in turn manned by central li- receives all Italian books by deposit, the brary staff. Library of the Faculty of Letters spends Thus the picture is not entirely a almost all of its funds on foreign books gloomy one. There is an increasing in- and journals, one of the few planned and terest in change, among an able group coordinated acquisitions programs that I of enlightened librarians as well an an came across, and a particularly significant influential number of professors. The one because whereas the need for foreign ministry is also concerned; in addition literature is very great in Italian research to the financial bill already mentioned, yet its cost, notably of American publi- the government is considering legislation cations, is so oppressive that few libraries to establish, and require, professional po- can afford to buy it. A recent rector sup- sitions for librarians in at least the larg- ported this venture in Florence, for when est faculty and institute libraries. There the new librarian began to issue a bul- are also some excellent and successful ex- letin listing current acquisitions13 the amples to be observed on the Italian rector's "introductory statement deplored scene, as well as abroad. In this regard, the increasing fractionation of university the forceful and successful program re- life, the increasing separation into au- cently developed at the Royal University tonomous and isolated institutes, with Library of Oslo to coordinate the insti- a consequent loss, for both teachers and tute libraries is especially timely and per- students, of any sense of being part of a tinent, because that library, which func- greater organism. He hoped the library tions also as the national library, has a could help provide a sense of unity and basic relationship to its university rather center. He also and wisely hoped that analogous to that of the twelve Italian the new bulletin would facilitate a co- state university libraries.14 The problems ordinated acquisitions program within in Italy, however, are so numerous and the university and even among the sev- so ancient as to give pause to any brash eral libraries in the city of Florence. The American who would presume to be future of Italian academic librarianship critical. He would surely end up, as I hinges on a wider acceptance of Rector did, admiring the courage and the pro- Lamanna's spirit. fessional ability and idealism of his Ital- The Italian universities can observe ian colleagues. He might also end up in- one other forward-looking library pat- creasingly proud of the universal scope tern in their own midst. Milan's great of modern librarianship.

13 Universita degli Studi di Firenze. Bollettino delle 14 H. Tveter&s. "The University Library and the Pubblicazioni Acquistate dalla Biblioteca delta Facoltd Institute Libraries, a System of Co-operation," Libri, di Lettere e Filosofia, no. 1, Jan.-March, 1958. IX (1959), 1-8.

210 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES News from the Field

ACQUISITIONS, GIFTS, COLLECTIONS ing parthenogenesis and regeneration by means of chemical stimuli and for his de- THE LIBRARY of the University of Cali- velopment of the tropism theory, namely, fornia, Los Angeles, has acquired a collection that all ethics are a product of man's in- of ninety-five of the papers of Jacques Necker herited tropisms. Among the papers are let- (1732-1804). The collection consists of papers, ters between Dr. Loeb and his fellow scien- memorials, and reports, issued either pri- tists, a large collection of his experimental vately or in his official capacity as minister notebopks and manuscripts, and proofsheets of finance of France, and includes books and of his books and articles. pamphlets attacking him. Some of the works are of considerable rarity and do not appear ROSARY COLLEGE LIBRARY, River Forest, in the standard bibliographies for the period. 111., has received a gift of 450 books comprising a reference collection of lives of the COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY has been presented saints. The donor was the Thomas Moore with an extensive manuscript collection pro- Association. viding significant new insight into the Jack- sonian era. The papers comprise the bulk SAN JOSE STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY has re- of the letters, diaries, memoranda, bank rec- ceived a gift of a hundred books on the art ords, and accounting books of Thomas Ol- and culture of Japan from the Japanese gov- cott, nineteenth-century financier and phi- ernment in commemoration of the centennial lanthropist. Included are letters from many of American-Japanese diplomatic relations. figures of importance such as Martin Van Buren, William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and }. Pierpont Morgan. The material, given SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY by Douglas Worth Olcott, president of the has acquired the complete library of Dr. Jos£ Mechanics and Farmers Bank of Albany, Mogravejo Carrion of Cuenca, Ecuador. The and its directors, should prove indispensable collection consists of more than seven thou- to anyone studying New York banking and sand volumes on Ecuadorian history, govern- politics during the Jacksonian period. ment, anthropology, and literature.

THE HARRY S. TRUMAN LIBRARY at Inde- STANFORD UNIVERSITY has received the pendence, Mo., recently added to its manu- Harry R. Lange Historical Collection of script collections scrapbooks of newspaper Musical Instruments and Books, to be housed clippings and World War II aerial photo- under the jurisdiction of the Music Library graphs of bombing targets, records of com- at Stanford. The gift of a California busi- missions, committees, and boards appointed nessman, it includes fine violins dating from by the former President, sound tapes of some 1723, violas, a cello, an oboe, and modern of his speeches, and papers of many of the copies of old violas and recorders. government officials during his administration. THE LONGWOOD LIBRARY at Kennett Square, Pa., will be merged with the Hagley KNOX COLLEGE, Galesburg, 111., has received Museum Library near Greenville, Del. The more than thirteen thousand volumes from combined library will be known as the Eleu- the valuable personal library of the late Dr. therian Mills Historical Library and will Clarence H. Haring, professor of Latin occupy a new building being erected on the American history and economics at Harvard original property of the Du Pont Company. University for thirty years. The collection includes personal and busi- THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS has been pre- ness papers of members of the Du Pont sented with the papers of the American family from 1588 to 1954, correspondence, physiologist, Jacques Loeb (1859-1924), best journals, family books, and early records of known for his experimental work in induc- E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8c Company.

MAY 1961 211 THE PIUS XII MEMORIAL LIBRARY, St. Yonge Library of Florida History at the Louis University, has just received the li- University, Senator Holland told library of- brary of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, ficials that he expects to add papers from consisting of over eighty thousand scientific his term in the U. S. Senate at a later date. volumes. The Academy of Science library is These papers are of vital importance as made up of periodicals, books and scientific source materials in the writing of the politi- papers collected since the Academy's found- cal and historical development of the state. ing in 1856. Of use primarily as reference Other recent acquisitions of historical sig- material on the history of science, the ma- nificance to the P. K. Yonge Library of Flor- terial will complement the extensive micro- ida History include the gubernatorial papers film holdings of the Vatican Library Manu- of William Sherman Jennings, eighteenth script collection in this research area. In- Governor of Florida, 1901-05. Presented by cluded are exchange publications from sci- Mrs. William Sherman Jennings and her son entific institutions, universities and museums Sherman Bryan Jennings, the bequest also throughout the world, with many regularly includes some of Mrs. Jennings' papers; Mrs. published papers from behind the Iron Cur- Jennings has been very prominent for many tain. The Academy will continue to collect years in civic and club work throughout the from these sources and augment the collec- state of Florida. tion at Pius XII Library each year, in order to keep the references as up to date as pos- BUILDINGS sible. BELOIT COLLEGE was the chief beneficiary THE LIBRARY of the late Walter Eugene in the will of Iva Marion Butlin, alumna and Clark, Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Har- librarian emerita. An endowment in the vard University from 1928 to 1950 has been amount of approximately $190,000 will be acquired by the library of the University used for the maintenance and operation of of California, Los Angeles. The collection the new Colonel Robert H. Morse Library comprises well over fifteen hundred volumes on the campus. relating to Vedic and Sanskrit literature, A NEW $1,600,000 modular three-story- works of Pali, Tibetan, Buddhist, and Jan and-basement library building will be started provenance in both original editions and at the University of Wichita. This building translations, and materials on Indian phi- will care for 350,000 volumes and provide losophy, religion, folklore, medicine, gram- 1,000 seats for students and faculty. By the mar, poetics, rhetoric, drama, astronomy, addition of a fourth floor room can be pro- mathematics, lexicography, history, and other vided for 500,000 volumes and 1,400 seats. fields.

BETHANY NAZARENE COLLEGE recently THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARY broke ground for the new library building has recently acquired many groups of manu- planned with funds from businessmen, firms, scripts. Among them are the Drumheller and members of the Nazarene churches in the Family Papers which include the diary of Oklahoma City area. Leonard J. Powell, former president of the University of Washington; and the Edwin B. THE LIBRARY of the College of Education Stevens Papers, correspondence and papers at Cortland, N. Y., will move to a new build- relating to the administrations of presidents ing late this summer or early fall. The three- Graves, Kane, and Suzzallo of the University story structure is located in the center of a of Washington. rapidly expanding campus and cost $1,100,- 000, exclusive of furnishings and equipment. VALUABLE ADDITIONS to the University of Florida holdings of Florida manuscript let- THE OFFICIAL OPENING of the new John M. ters include the gift from United States Sena- Olin Research Library at Cornell University tor Spessard L. Holland of papers covering was heralded by extensive publicity. The his terms as a member of the Florida Senate Cornell Daily Sun issued a souvenir edition (1932-1940) and as Governor of Florida (1941- February 10, containing pictures, editorials, 1945). In presenting the papers to the P. K. special articles, comments by the dean and

212 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES by professors, a history of the library, and an In addition, there will be three seminar account of the ceremonies marking its open- rooms that can be converted into one large ing. The picture page of the Ithaca Journal, lecture hall. Nineteen study carrels for the February 11, was devoted entirely to interior use of faculty and graduate students are views including the study carrels, the catalog planned. If the appropriation is passed in section, and the business office, and a photo- the present legislative session, construction graph of the exterior was carried on the front will be started in the fall. page. In addition, John M. Olin Library In- troductory Guidebook (Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell WORK HAS BEGUN on major alterations University Library, 1961, 14 p.) describes the planned for the far eastern library of die services and gives the floor plans. University of Washington. Expansion and remodeling will include doubling of the THE NEW WAHLERT MEMORIAL LIBRARY on present stack capacity, increasing the read- the Loras College campus in Dubuque, Iowa, ing area, and adding new and renovated with a total seating capacity of 644, can ac- space for the staff and office of the librarian. commodate nearly half of the student body Other improvements planned are new at one time. Its stack area has a capacity for stacks, special shelving for unbound periodi- 300,000 volumes. The building is a two-story cals and newspapers, and improved lighting structure in the shape of an asymmetrical and air circulation. cross, built of red Tudor brick. The main section of the building is 222 feet long and GRANTS AND SCHOLARSHIPS 62 feet wide. The extensions to north and south are of unequal size, that to the north Two GRANTS TO UNIVERSITIES have been being 62 x 60 feet, that to the south, 42 by made recently by the Council on Library 42 feet. The four end-sections have glass and Resources, Inc. The library of the University wall bays reaching from ground level to the of Illinois, Chicago Undergraduate Division, projecting gable roof. The reference and received $50,000 to apply advanced data pro- reading room contains 6,000 volumes and cessing techniques to university library pro- seats 282 readers. Sixteen double steel carrels cedures, to develop and overall system utiliz- provide individual study cubicles for 32 stu- ing latest electronic equipment, and to adopt dents. business machines for library use. Louis Schultheiss, serials-acquisitions librarian, is WHILE WORK on the new $2,679,000 Uni- the director of the project. The University versity of Nevada Library at Reno goes of Pittsburgh received $58,886 to test and steadily forward with an anticipated com- refine techniques developed by its computa- pletion date of early fall, plans are under tion and data processing center for informa- way for a library building at the Las Vegas tion retrieval in the legal field. campus. Each is distinctive. The Noble Get- chell Library at Reno will be a completely THE MIDWEST INTER-LIBRARY CENTER has air conditioned building three stories high been awarded a grant by National Science with 91,125 square feet of floor space. It will Foundation for continued partial support of seat 1400 students and accommodate 300,000 the Scientific Journals Center. The center is volumes. The collection will be on open intended to assure that the midwest area shelves in a divisional arrangement—hu- receives one copy of every significant journal manities, social science, and science and published anywhere in the world in the fields technology. of chemistry and biology. The project is sup- • Plans for the library building at the Las ported jointly by the group of twenty mid- Vegas campus represent a novelty in library western universities that are members of the design in the area. The general plan is cir- Midwest Inter-Library Corporation and the cular, with access to all working areas con- National Science Foundation in the interest trolled from the main desk. The stack area of making the latest scientific discoveries in will have a capacity of 100,000 volumes and these fields available to American scientists. will be open to the patrons. The building will contain separate rooms for listening, for THE A. W. CALHOUN MEDICAL LIBRARY, audio-visual materials, and for microfilms. Emory University School of Medicine, and

MAY 1961 213 the Biochemical Library, University of Cali- als and resources, documentation, and a sum- fornia at Los Angeles, have received grants mary of the library's mission and program in from the U. S. Public Health Service for the the next two decades will round out the to- training of medical librarians. Each will offer tal library picture. three internships yearly to outstanding grad- uates of library schools accredited by ALA. "THE NATIONAL LIBRARY of Medicine In- Applicants must be U. S. citizens or have re- dex Mechanization Project," issued as Part ceived their first citizenship papers. Each in- 2 of the January issue of Bulletin of the tern will receive $4,800 for the year, plus tu- Medical Library Association (96 p.) is avail- ition and a travel allowance to attend the able from the National Library of Medicine, annual meeting of the Medical Library Asso- Washington, D. C. The report describes the ciation. Program for the coming year will be- details in transforming the Current List of gin June 8, 1961. Inquiries may be addressed Medical Literature, compiled and published to Mildred Jordan, Librarian, A. W. Calhoun in the traditional manner, into the Index Medical Library, Woodruff Research Build- Medicus, now published as the end-product ing, Emory University, Atlanta 22, Ga., or to of a mechanized system. The new procedure Louise Darling, Librarian, Biomedical Li- results in a significant increase in coverage, brary, University of California Medical Cen- faster reporting, and superior presentation. ter, Los Angeles 24. The Care and Repair of Books (New York, 1960, 122 p., $6.15) has been published PUBLICATIONS in a revised edition by Bowker Company. THE COMMISSIONER'S COMMITTEE on Refer- Regarded as standard in its field by librari- ence and Research Library Resources, New ans, booksellers, and collectors, the work was York, has issued a report entitled A Coopera- originally written by Harry M. Lydenberg tive Program for the Development of Refer- and John Archer. Brought up to date by ence and Research Library Resources in New John Alden of the rare book room of the York State, an interim report to Dr. James Boston Public Library, the new edition em- E. Allen, Commissioner of Education. Rec- phasizes new scientific developments and in- ommendations include the establishment of cludes material on the special problem of a state reference and research library board, book preservation in southerly climates. It establishment of a network of five regional stresses methods most likely to be widely reference and research library systems, as- available and practicable, and possible to sistance by the state in establishing and de- use without recourse to exceptional skill or veloping cooperative library programs by machinery. providing a minimum annually of ten dollars for each student enrolled in each cat- Cooperative Library Service to Higher Ed- egory in the fall semester, state assistance in ucation (New York, 1960), issued by the developing a cooperative program by allot- Council of Higher Educational Institutions, ting five dollars annually for each profes- reviews the problem of cooperation, and sional person in New York, and a review of facts relating to students, colleges and their the entire program after five years of opera- libraries, and student use of New York li- tion. braries. As a solution, it recommends a cooperative program, and a supplementary "THE FUTURE OF LIBRARY SERVICE: Demo- academic library system. It concludes with an graphic Aspects and Implications" is the title estimate of costs and outlines the role of the selected for the combined July and October Council of Higher Educational Institutions. issues of Library Trends. Editor of the issue is Frank L. Schick, assistant director, Library KRAUS REPRINTS, INC. is publishing a photo- Services Branch, U. S. Office of Education. offset edition of the Catalogue of the John Some twenty librarians will contribute sec- Carter Brown Library, 1919-1931. For it the tions dealing with the future of library serv- staff of the John Carter Brown Library has ice from 1960 to 1980 in public, school, col- marked with an asterisk the entries that have lege and university, state, and federal li- been corrected or emended in their own braries. Library education, personnel, materi- interleaved copy and urges users to write

214 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES for further information about individual be a series of general lecture and demonstra- items. The library has prepared a mimeo- tion sessions as well as small group discus- graphed list of the corrections for owners sions of pertinent problems. Earl C. Bor- of the original edition who would like to geson, librarian of the Harvard Law School, mark their copy. director of the institute, is accepting reservations. The association's annual meeting is PHENOMENAL GROWTH of traditional serv- scheduled the following week, June 25-29, at ices of the Library of Congress is evident in the Sheraton Plaza Hotel in Boston. the Annual Report of the Librarian of Con- gress for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, THE SIXTH SEMINAR on the Acquisition of i960. Substantial increases are reported in Latin American Library Materials will be Congressional inquiries, in the number of held July 6-8 at Southern Illinois University, book catalogs and printed catalog cards sold, Carbondale. Problems related to acquiring and in the number of claims to copyright, to library materials from Colombia and Venezu- name a few. New developments include es- ela, problems of bibliographic information tablishment of a Near Eastern and North on Latin America, and reports of progress African law division, and creation of an Afri- made on previous seminar recommendations can section in the reference department. will be the chief concern of the meeting. About 868,980 items were added to the refer- Further information may be obtained from ence materials, bringing the total number William A. Bork, Director, Latin American available to the government and the pub- Institute, Southern Illinois University. lic, 38,995,221 items of diverse nature. A STUDY OF INDEXING of conference reports Guidelines for Library Planners, edited by by C. W. Hanson and Marian Janes, of the Keith Doms and Howard Rovelstad, (Chi- Research Department of ASLIB (England), cago: ALA, 1960, illus., 128 p., $3.75) is an revealed that of 205 publications examined, authoritative work on library planning and 103 had no index whatsoever. Of the reconstruction, based on the proceedings of mainder, 32 had no author index; and 18 the 1959 Library Buildings and Equipment had no subject index; thus, only 52 of the Institute sponsored by the Buildings and 205 had both subject and author index. Fur- Equipment Section of Library Administra- ther study revealed that the situation is tion Division. The report includes discus- growing worse rather than improving as sions by experts in architecture, library publications increase. The investigators con- consulting, and researching, as well as included that organizers of conferences, con- formation regarding layout, interiors, floor- gresses, and symposia could materially in- ing, equipment, specifications, lighting, heat- crease the usefulness of the reports of their ing, and ventilation. proceedings by providing them with indexes. Results of the study were published in MISCELLANEOUS Journal of Documentation, XVI (1960), 65- 70. A STUDY of library costs and operations of THE PHILADELPHIA CHAPTER of ACRL Purdue University is being made for the will meet Saturday, May 20, at Lincoln Uni- business office by Gerald L. Quatman, Ph.D. versity, near Oxford, Pa. At 10:30 A.M., candidate in industrial psychology and part- Dean Jack Dalton, of the School of Library time research assistant at the library. The Service, Columbia University, will speak purpose of the study is to determine portions on "The Work of the ALA Interna- of total expense of various types of library tional Relations Office." At 2:00 P.M., Mrs. service and to establish total costs per stu- Eleanor B. Allen, librarian, Lippincott Li- dent or per faculty member. The informa- brary, University of Pennsylvania, will speak tion will be of value in negotiating research on "Library by Remote Control—Karachi" contracts with sponsoring organizations. and Dr. Yu-shu Pu, assistant technical serv- THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LI- ices librarian, Drexel Institute Library, will BRARIES will hold the Fifth Biennial Law Li- speak on "The Libraries and the National brarians Institute at the Harvard Law School Classification System of the People's Repub- in Cambridge, Mass., June 19-23. There will lic of China."

MAY 1961 215 THE EXECUTIVE BOARD of the Pennsylvania lege, Marshall, Tex., February 16; Sarah L. Library Association has approved the follow- Wallace, public relations director, Minneap- ing resolution: olis Public Library, at the inauguration of Owen Meredith Wilson as president of the Recognizing that an effective educa- University of Minnesota, February 23; Pa- tional program at the college level re- tricia Paylore, assistant librarian, University quires intelligent and efficient use of a of Arizona, Tucson, at the inauguration of variety of educational materials to meet G. Homer Durham as president of Arizona curricular demands, be it resolved: State University, Tempe, March 11; Sidney That the Executive Board of the B. Smith, director of libraries, Louisiana Pennsylvania Library Association re- State University, Baton Rouge, at the inaug- quest the Middle Atlantic States Asso- uration of Herbert Eugene Longenecker as ciation of Colleges and Secondary president of Tulane University, New Orleans, Schools and the Library Education Di- April 15; Lewis C. Branscomb, director of vision of the American Library Asso- libraries, Ohio State University, Colum- ciation to recommend that library orien- bus, at the inauguration of James Mor- tation, covering formal instruction in gan Read as president of Wilmington Col- the use of books and libraries, be re- lege, Wilmington, Ohio, April 30; Jens Ny- quired of all freshmen; and further, holm, university librarian, Northwestern that credit be given for such a course. University, Evanston, 111., at the inauguration of George Wells Beadle as chancellor of ALA REPRESENTATIVES at collegiate cere- the University of Chicago, May 4, and Wen monies this year were Mary D. Herrick, as- Chao Chen, librarian, Kalamazoo College, sociate librarian, Boston University, at the Mich., at the inauguration of James Miller inauguration of James Forrester as president as president of Western Michigan Univer- of Gordon College, Beverly Farms, Mass., sity, Kalamazoo. October 12; Wyman W. Parker, librarian, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., at SEVEN AMERICAN librarians are touring the the Silver Convocation honoring President Soviet Union as part of a cultural exchange Albert N. Jorgensen on the occasion of the mission. The American exchange mission left twenty-fifth anniversary of his service at the New York City early in May and are study- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn., ing library techniques in the USSR for about November 12; Jens Nyholm, university li- thirty days. Their Russian counterparts vis- brarian, Northwestern University, Evanston, ited the United States during April. The 111., at the inauguration of William Graham American librarians who are touring Russia Cole as president of Lake Forest College, include: David C. Clift, executive director of Lake Forest, 111., November 19; John H. the ALA; Mrs. Frances Lander Spain, presi- Knickerbocker, director, Civil War Institute, dent of ALA; Rutherford Rogers, chief assist- Gettysburg College, Gettsyburg, Pa., at the ant to the Librarian of Congress; Raynard dedication of the library building at Mount C. Swank, director, International Relations Saint Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md., Office of the ALA; Melville Ruggles, vice November 19. president Council on Library Resources, Inc.; Emerson Greenaway, director, Free Li- Mrs. Frances Lander Spain, coordinator, brary, Philadelphia, Pa.; and Sallie Farrell, children's services, circulation department, field representatitve of the Louisiana State New York Public Library, at the inaugura- Library. tion of Edward J. Mortola as president of Pace College, New York City, January 19; THE MIDWESTERN, Mississippi Valley, and Humphrey G. Bousfield, librarian, Brooklyn Plains-Mountains regional groups are jointly College, at the inauguration of Lawrence Lee sponsoring a regional meeting of the Biblio- Jarvie as president of the New New City graphical Society of America at the Rowfant Community College, Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb- Club, Cleveland, Ohio at 2:?0 P.M., 10 July, ruary 16; Mildred Wyatt, librarian, Stephen for all members of the society or of the Row- F. Austin State College, Nacogdoches, Tex., fant Club. Speakers at this meeting will be at the inauguration of Howard Clifton Ben- Kenneth Nebenzahl, Robert Vosper, and nett as president of East Texas Baptist Col- David Kaser.

216 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Personnel

SAMUEL ROTHSTEIN, associate librarian of and growing student population of the met- the University of British Columbia, Van- ropolitan area. couver, will be the director of its new In addition to preparing a report recom- school of librarian- mending the development of a regional li- ship, scheduled to brary system designed to serve higher educa- open in September tion, Mr. Haas completed a study of the use 1961. students make of libraries other than those Dr. Rothstein re- at their own schools, reviewed the holdings ceived his bachelor's of many academic libraries, prepared a di- and master of arts rectory of the resources of the collegiate li- degrees from British braries in the area, and conducted several Columbia in 1939 other specialized studies of library services and 1940 and subse- and resources available to students in the quently did graduate New York City area. Mr. Haas will continue work in romance his work with the Council on a part-time languages at the uni- basis for several months until the research Samuel Rothstein versities of California program is completed. and Washington. Af- Before coming to New York City, Mr. ter service in the Canadian army he obtained Haas was acquisitions librarian and later his bachelor of library science degree from assistant librarian of the Johns Hopkins Uni- the University of California, Berkeley in versity Library. From 1950 to 1952 he was 1947. with the Racine, Wis., Public Library. In 1951 Dr. Rothstein received a grant Mr. Haas, who is thirty-six years old, is a from the Carnegie Corporation for ad- graduate of Wabash College. He did gradu- vanced study at the University of Illinois, ate work at the University of Wisconsin, and and he was awarded the doctorate by the is a graduate of the library school of that university in 1954. His thesis was published university. He is a member of Phi Beta as an ACRL monograph as The Develop- Kappa. ment of Reference Services Through Aca- demic Traditions, Public Library Practice, ROBERT VOSPER assumes administrative and Special Librarianship (1955). control of libraries at the University of Cali- Dr. Rothstein joined the University of fornia at Los Angeles in July as university British Columbia Library staff in 1947 and librarian and profes- has served successively as head of acquisi- sor of library service. tions, assistant librarian, and associate li- He succeeds Law- brarian. rence Clark Powell, who as dean will de- WARREN J. HAAS became associate director vote full-time to the of university libraries at Columbia Univer- new library school. sity January 1. In this capacity he will serve This is a return to as operations officer for some thirty different familiar scenes for professional school and departmental library Mr. Vosper, who was collections. For the past year and a half, Mr. head of the acquisi- Haas has been library consultant to the tions department and Council of Higher Educational Institutions later associate li- in New York City. He has conducted the R. Vosper brarian at UCLA Council's Library Research Program with from 1944 to 1952. the objective of finding effective cooperative This position carries unusual responsibil- solutions to some of the problems colleges ities. New graduate programs and student- and universities encounter in providing li- body growth present obvious administrative brary service and materials for the large problems. UCLA has in recent years in-

MAY 1 961 217 creased its holding percentagewise faster going to UCLA in 1944 and to the Univer- than any other large university library. The sity of Kansas in 1952. He has had many im- budget has more than doubled since 1952. portant assignments and offices in ALA and Under its new chancellor, Franklin Mur- for the Association of Research Libraries, phy, formerly of the University of Kansas, and takes special satisfaction from his role UCLA has undertaken commitments which in establishing a unit within ACRL concern- will greatly increase the present rate of col- ing rare books when president of ACRL. lection building and may make this the lead- He has exercised leadership in these and ing American institution in library acquisi- other professional circles by a rare combina- tions. Much of the future of the institution tion of independent thinking, tactful per- will depend on the knowledge, judgment, suasiveness in council, and diligence in exe- and vision of the new librarian. cution. He is equally effective before a Mr. Vosper has much in common with thousand people or with one key personal- his great predecessor, Lawrence Clark ity in a quiet corner. His past accomplish- Powell. Both have been men of vision and ment and tested abilities augur well for the courage. Both have been aggressive in get- future of libraries at UCLA. We will miss ting financial support. Both are wise book- the frequent references in our literature to men, widely read, with uncanny skills in the banks of the Kaw and rolling plains ferreting out valuable libraries and arrang- golden with harvest, but these will doubtless ing transfer of title and transportation. On be replaced with equally refreshing pictures the trail of a collection Mr. Vosper organ- of the azure skies and majestic, white-crested izes his resources and armament with the combers of southern California.—Arthur T. zest, skill, and detail of a Teddy Roosevelt Hamlin, University of Cincinnati. setting off for a shoot in Africa. Both librarians have been imaginative, re- sourceful administrators in building pro- EDWARD N. MAC CONOMY became the li- grams, organization of services, and staff brarian of Albion College, Albion, Mich., procurement. When faced with a low salary on February 1, 1961. Born near Albion in scale and few applications, Mr. Vosper ran 1916, Mr. Mac Conomy received his B.A. an ad in The Times Literary Supplement degree from the College of William and that is, five years later, still pleasantly re- Mary in 1938. He completed the M.A. in membered in British library circles. From it political science at the University of Mary- came some seventy applications, and a series land in 1943 and the M.A. in library science of talented librarans. at the University of Michigan in 1951. He is Mr. Vosper (like Mr. Powell some years at present completing work on the Ph.D. de- ago) spent 1959/60 in England on a Gug- gree in political science at the University of genheim fellowship. His letters to his staff Michigan with the dissertation topic "The are redolent with references to mossy stone Political Thought of William Temple, Arch- cottages, pubs with draught Guinness, fine bishop of York, 1929-1942, Archbishop of old libraries, and second-hand bookstores Canterbury, 1942-1944." Mr. Mac Conomy's where he leisurely gathered books for K.U. scholarship has been recognized by election and data on his research topic. to Phi Beta Kappa, Pi Sigma Alpha, and Seemingly this good man has unlimited Phi Kappa Phi. time for bookstore browsing, catalog reading, From 1940 to I960 he was a member of and sundry other academic whittling. He the staff of the Library of Congress, since takes time with his family of three teen-age 1948 as an analyst in political science (Amer- daughters, young son, Stevie, and talented, ican national government) in the Legislative attractive wife, Loraine. Slight of frame and Reference Service. He brings to his new gentle in manner, he delights in the in- position an extensive background in refer- formality of tie-less, short-sleeved shirts, walk- ence librarianship and bibliography and a ing shorts, and even sandals. strong interest in academic libraranship. His Robert Vosper has both his B.A. and M.A. rare sense of humor and sound perspectives from the University of Oregon. He went to toward men and books will distinguish his Berkeley for his library certificate (1940) and career at Albion.—Stephen Ford, University served briefly there and at Stanford before of Michigan.

218 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Appointments

MRS. EDNA ALCOMBRACK is a library asssist- RICHARD DAUBERT is assistant loan librar- ant in the book order section of the acquisi- ian, University of New Hampshire. tions division, University of Washington, GEORGE B. DAVIS is head librarian, Bennett Seattle. College, Hillbrook, New York. MRS. ESTHER BOATRIGHT ANDERSON is cur- RICHARD DAVIS is assistant professor, riculum materials and serials librarian, Sa- graduate school of library science, Drexel In- vannah (Georgia) State College. stitute of Technology, Philadelphia. JOHN C. L. ANDREASSEN, formerly director DESIREE DE CHARMS is music library assist- of administration, Library of Congress, is ant, University of Illinois, Urbana. now archives and records management consultant, Bureau of Government Research, MRS. DORIS DODDS is documents assistant, New Orleans. University of Illinois Library, Urbana. GILBERT DONAHUE is research librarian, WILMER BAATZ is chief, library branch, Federal Aviation Agency, Washington, D. C. Wayne State University, Detroit. ROBERT E. DYSINGER, formerly assistant li- JULIUS BARCLAY has been named chief librarian of the division of special collections brarian, Bowdoin College, is now librarian, at Stanford University Library. Alton Center, Southwestern Illinois Campus, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville. PATRICK T. BARKEY, formerly head of circulation, University of Notre Dame (Indi- ROBERT WILKINSON EVANS will become head ana) Library, is now head of circulation, East- of the acquisitions and binding department ern Illinois University, Charleston. of the Oberlin (Ohio) College Library July 15. ROBERT BECKER, formerly a staff member of the Bancroft Library reference division, MRS. CAROLYN W. FIELD is a staff member University of California, Berkeley, is now of the graduate school of library science, assistant director of the library. Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadelphia. MRS. LEA M. BOHNERT, formerly with RCA STUART FORTH will become associate di- and lecturer at the American University, is rector of libraries, University of Kansas, now chief, information retrieval section, li- Lawrence, on July 1. brary branch, Federal Aviation Agency, LORNA D. FRASER, formerly head of the Washington, D. C. cataloging department, University of To- WILLIAM BRACE is on the faculty of the ronto, is now the assistant librarian and library school, Florida State University. head of the cataloging department of York GEORGE CALDWELL will become head of the University, Toronto, Ontario. reference department, University of Kansas EDWIN BLACK GEORGE, formerly chief of Library, Lawrence, on July 1. the economics division in the legislative ref- PATRICIA CHIN-WEN CHANG, formerly li- erence service, Library of Congress, has been brary service fellow, University of Michigan, appointed deputy director of the legislative is now with the catalog department, Univer- reference service. sity of California, Los Angeles. MISS HOWARD W. HUBBARD, formerly ad- DWIGHT L. CHAPMAN, formerly senior di- ministrative assistant to the assistant director visional librarian in charge of Museums Li- of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, is now as- braries, University of Michigan, is now assist- sistant director of the ALA Washington of- ant librarian, Amundsen Junior College, fice. Chicago. FRANK JACOBS is assistant librarian in HOWARD F. CLINE, director of the Hispanic charge of public circulation, Loyola Univer- Foundation, Library of Congress, has been sity, Chicago. appointed an advisory editor of The Ameri- RICHARD D. JOHNSON is administrative as- cas: A Quarterly Review of Inter-American sistant to the director, Stanford (California) Cultural History. University Library.

MAY 1961 219 DOROTHY KAHN is librarian for Science brary, University of California, Los Angeles. Research Associates, Chicago. JESSE SHERA has been appointed director WALDEMAR KLUNDT is a staff member of of Western Reserve University Center for the humanities division library, San Jose Documentation and Communication Re- (California) State College. search. He continues as dean of the School FRANCES LIVINGSTON is professional assist- of Library Science. ant to the head of the serial record depart- Miss SIEGLINDE SEILER is library assistant ment, University of Louisville (Kentucky) in the catalog division, University of Wash- Library. ington, Seattle. ELLEN MAYEUX, formerly reference li- DONALD L. SIEFKER is reference librarian, brarian, National Library of Medicine, is Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. now the librarian, medical library, Federal WENDELL SIMONS is on the staff of the Aviation Agency, Washington, D. C. University of California Library, Santa Bar- AARON I. MICHELSON is assistant professor bara. of library science, College of Arts and Sci- PETER SPYERS-DURAN is circulation li- ences, University of Oklahoma, brarian, University of Wichita, Kan. DONALD MILLER is now on the staff of the PETER STECKL, formerly branch librarian, catalog department, University of California, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Santa Barbara, not Berkeley as reported in is now assistant librarian, University of Sas- the March issue. katchewan, Canada. CORA L. MULDERS is librarian of the United RALPH STENSTROM, formerly circulation li- Nations Library, Mexico City, Mexico. brarian, Beloit College, is now education, JACK POOLER is engineering librarian, Stan- philosophy and psychology library assistant, ford University. University of Illinois, Urbana. DONALD A. REDMOND, formerly librarian of JOSEPHINE T. SUN is catalog assistant, Uni- the Nova Scotia Technical College, is now versity of Illinois Library, Urbana. science and engineering librarian, University JOHANNA TALLMAN is lecturer in the of Kansas, Lawrence. School of Library Service, University of Cali- VIRGINIA REED is research librarian, Up- fornia, Los Angeles. john Company, Kalamazoo, Mich. CAROLYN URQUHART, is principal library

JAMES H. RENZ, formerly librarian, Florida assistant in the reference department, Uni- collection, Miami (Florida) Public Library, versity of California, Los Angeles. is now head of acquisitions department, Col- TORDIS VATSHAUG, formerly on the staff of lege of William and Mary Library, Williams- the acquisitions division, National Library burg, Va. of Medicine, is now reference librarian, Fed- eral Aviation Agency, Washington, D. C. GLADYS ROWE is associate librarian of the Laboratories for Applied Sciences, Univer- LUCILE VICKERS is head librarian and as- sity of Chicago. sociate professor of library science, Buena MICHAEL J. SADOSKI, formerly engineering Vista College, Storm Lake, Iowa. librarian, Stanford University, is now engi- MARJORIE WEST is reference librarian, In- neering librarian with Convair, San Diego, dustrial Relations Center, Chicago. Calif. THOMAS J. WHITBY is Slavic science ac- MRS. RUTH M. SAMARIN, recently returned quisitions specialist for science and technol- to this country after spending nearly ten ogy, Library of Congress. years teaching with the Foreign Missionary Society of Brethren Church in the Central MURIEL YIN, formerly a staff member of African Republic, is now senior library as- the White Plains (New York) Public Library, sistant in the catalog department, Univer- is now on the staff of the education library, sity of California, Berkeley. University of California, Los Angeles.

MRS. NORMA L. SCHULTE, formerly engi- LINDA ZORN is library assistant in the engineering librarian, Hughes Aircraft Company, neering branch library, University of Wash- is now in the business administration li- ington, Seattle.

220 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Necrology

ROBERT DEVORE LEIGH died suddenly of books in countless library schools. He taught a heart attack on January 31 in Chicago, for twenty years as a visiting lecturer at the where he had gone to attend the midwinter London University School of Librarianship, meeting of ALA. He and his interest in classification was caught was born in Ne- up by S. R. Ranganathan who attended his braska in 1890 and lectures in 1924, and who himself has gained grew up in Seattle; an international reputation for his work in but he was always this subject. In the United States Bliss and proud of his New later, Shera have paid their tributes to his England ancestry, influence. and he came back If these had been his only contribution to east to attend Bow- librarianship, they would have been more doin College. He than most of us can hope to do. But Sayers was graduated in was a full man: he wrote ten books alto- 1914 as valedictorian. gether, and they covered aspects of library In 1927 he earned work as diverse as work with children, anno- Robert D. Leigh his doctorate in po- tation in catalogues, and methods of stock litical science at Co- control. Some of them went outside library lumbia. He taught at Reed College, work: he wrote the standard biography of 1914-19, and at Williams College, 1922-28; Coleridge-Taylor, and the official history of then he was Bennington's first president, Croydon in the Second World War (one of 1928-41. the worst bombed towns in England). Dr. Leigh became well known to librari- The needs of his chosen profession deans when he was director of the Commission manded that he should teach (and with his on Freedom of the Press, 1944-46, and of love for young people, he never refused to the Public Library Inquiry, 1947-50. He help them) and so he taught and wrote served Columbia's School of Library Serv- textbooks on library techniques. But he was ice, 1950-59, as visiting professor, acting dean, no biblio-technician: he had a glowing love and dean. for literature, and was himself a lyricist of He brought to the School of Library Serv- no mean ability. His knowledge of nine- ice a vigorous and far-sighted leadership teenth-century writers was unrivalled, yet supported by close attention to details and his receptivity to new writing made him fore- tempered by unfailing personal kindness to most among the admirers of James Joyce's colleagues and students. In his many assign- Finnegan's Wake when it first appeared, to ments outside the school, his voice and vote the consternation of the weekend book re- were always clear, forceful, and kindly—and viewers. He was a librarian who read, but always guided by trained good judgment and was never lost. innovating vision. For my generation of British librarians His first wife, Mildred Boardman, died however, his passing signifies the loss of a after long illness in May 1959. In September respected older friend, for he was already 1960 he was married to Mrs. Carma Zimmer- the outstanding name in British librarian- man, librarian of the California State Li- ship when we entered the profession over brary.—A. T. Hazen, Columbia University. twenty years ago: yet when we grew a little older he could find time and opportunity to encourage us in our professional interests, The name of W. C. BERWICK SAYERS is however obscure the libraries from which known throughout the world of librarian- we came. Our gaucherie and dogmatism ship for his works on the theory of library never irritated him. He was a great man, classification. His Introduction to Library and I count myself honored to have known Classification has appeared in nine editions him so well in the last fifteen years.—Ber- and his Manual of Library Classification in nard I. Palmer, The Library Association, three. These have become standard text- London.

MAY 1961 221 EUGENE F. GILROY, librarian of St. Joseph's PHILIP KRICHBAUM, a staff member of the College, Philadelphia, Pa., died suddenly on subject cataloging division, Library of Con- December 23, 1960. gress for nearly twenty years, died January VLADIMIR GSOVSKI, chief of the European 14. law division in the law library, Library of JEROME VALENTINE, senior research ana- Congress, died January 12 at the age of sixty- lyst in the air research division, Library of nine. Congress, died January 18.

Selection of Library Sites (icontinued from page 192) the bearing strata by removing the over- up, were possible, with two more without burden. This made it necessary to in- windows below them. It was possible to clude a basement in the building, and have the entrance level, plus its mezza- this involved a drainage problem. The nine, a full second floor, and a penthouse basement and the drainage diffiiculties with a good deal of useful space in it; even could have been avoided if the site had the latter is closer to the ground than the not been so small that it was necessary main reading room in Widener. More- to plan for a five-story building. over, the building, which would have been a little large for its site if it had SUMMARY been taller, does not give that impression. A specific example illustrating some of 5. Policy decisions on the part of the the considerations involved in the selec- university permanently limiting the size tion of a site may be provided by the of the undergraduate college and on the Lamont Library at Harvard. This site part of the library limiting the size of was selected from four possibilities after the undergraduate book collection meant some weeks of discussion and prepara- that provision did not have to be made tion of rough sketches of a suitable build- for a future extension. ing in each location. Its actual position To recapitulate, the site must be large was chosen because: enough to provide for the building and 1. It was the only remaining available for projected additions, and it must be in site in the Yard large enough for a build- as convenient a location as possible. This ing of the desired size. A location in the does not mean that it ought to be in the Yard close to the two other central li- exact center of the campus; but it ought brary buildings, Widener and Houghton, to be readily accessible from classroom to which it could be connected by tunnel, buildings, particularly those for the hu- was an important factor. manities and social sciences. The orienta- 2. It was so placed that the freshmen tion, ideally, should be on a long axis had to pass its front entrance six times a running directly east and west, with the day going to and from their meals in the entrance on the south. A site that slopes Freshmen Union. It was on a main walk downward from the entrance to the rear between the houses where the upper may be advantageous, and costs of con- classmen lived and the classrooms, and struction may be greatly increased if closer to the latter. ground conditions are unsatisfactory. 3. It had a long east-west axis, giving Parking and delivery problems should the most desirable long north and south not be forgotten. Since a site will rarely exposures for the reading areas. be found that is ideal in every respect, 4. The ground slope was such that careful assessment of the advantages and two levels with windows below the main disadvantages of each possible site is entrance, which was only one short step called for before a decision is made.

222 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Second Conference on Rare Books

ACRL's RARE BOOK SECTION will have its pont Morgan Library; Ellen Shaffer, Free Li- second special conference as a preliminary to brary of Philadelphia; Thomas R. Adams, ALA's conference this summer. The rare John Carter Brown Library; J. Terry Ben- books meeting will be in Oberlin, Ohio, der, The Grolier Club; Howard H. Peckham, July 6 through July 8. Accommodations for William L. Clements Library; David Randall, the registrants will be in a dormitory of Lilly Library; H. Richard Archer, Chapin Oberlin College, and the program meetings Library; Harold W. Tribolet, Lakeside Press, are scheduled for Oberlin's Hall Auditorium. and others. Walter Muir Whitehill of the Attendance at the rare books meeting will Boston Athenaeum, Frederick G. Kilgour of not be limited to members of this section or the Yale Medical Library, and Richard E. of ALA, and early registration is strongly Banta of Crawfordsville, Ind., will be the advised as the total number of registrants speakers for special programs. Leading dis- must be limited to two hundred, somewhat cussions on special interests will be Robert less than the total registration at the similar O. Dougan, Henry E. Huntington Library; meeting at Charlottesville, Va., two years ago. Irvin Kerlan, Washington, D. C.: James The fee for the entire meeting, including Wells, Newberry Library; Mrs. Frances quarters and meals, will be thirty dollars per Brewer, Detroit Public Library; Helmut person. Reservations or inquiries should be Lehmann-Haupt, New York City; and John directed to Robert W. Evans, Librarian, Cook Wyllie, University of Virginia Library. Muskingum College Library, New Concord, There will be a short business meeting of Ohio. The deadline for registration will be the section on Friday, July 7. Mr. Archer will June 6. Announcements of the meeting have report on the status of the preliminary man- been mailed to all members of the Rare ual for rare book librarians and Mr. Wyllie Books Section and to all institutional mem- will make a report from the group's Com- bers of ACRL. mittee on Appraisals. Officers of the Rare The care and preservation of rare books Books Section are Frederick Goff, Library of will be the general theme of the meeting. Congress, chairman; Mrs. Frances J. Brewer, Considerable time will be left in the sched- Detroit Public Library, vice chairman and ule, however, for informal intermingling of chairman-elect; and William H. Runge, Uni- the participants. versity of Virginia Library, secretary. Mr. Discussants of the basic theme of the meet- Cahoon is the section's representative on the ing will include Herbert T. F. Cahoon, Pier- ACRL Board of Directors.

Harwell Resigns ACRL Post Richard Harwell has resigned as Executive Secretary of ACRL and Associate Executive Director of ALA to accept an appointment as librarian of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., beginning September i. He will continue his work with ACRL through ALA's Cleveland Conference and until the end of July. It is expected that the appointment of a new Executive Secretary of ACRL can be announced in the July issue of CRL.

MAY 1961 223 ACRL Constitution and Bylaws Committee Report to the Board of Directors, June 1960

On June 19 and 22, 1960 the committee met at die Montreal Conference to consider necessary changes in the ACRL Constitution and Bylaws as printed in College and Re- search Libraries, September 1957, and as amended at the San Francisco Conference, 1958. The changes to be considered by the committee are necessary to bring the ACRL Con- stitution and Bylaws into agreement with the Constitution and Bylaws of ALA. The committee recommends the following changes or amendments: Constitution ARTICLE III, MEMBERSHIP Sec. 1. Members—Change first sentence to read: Any . . . member (deleting the words, "personal or institutional or life".) Sec. 2. Suspension and Reinstatement.—Delete entire section. This is taken care of by ALA Constitution, Article III.

ARTICLE VIII. BYLAWS Sec. 1. Adoption, Suspension, and Amendments.—Change last sentence to read: "provided that notice of the proposed changes has been published not less than one month before final consideration." Bylaws ARTICLE II. NOMINATIONS AND ELECTION Sec. 4. Right to vote. In accordance with amendments at San Francisco, delete the last 13 words: "and the director who will represent that section on the Board of Directors." Sec. 5. Elections. (b) Sections.—Change section to read: "Elections to elective positions for sections shall be made as each section determines. The election of officers shall be reported to the Executive Secretary."

ARTICLE III. QUORUM Sec. 2. Association.—Change to read: "100 members shall constitute a quorum of the Association for the transaction of all business except elections by mail.

ARTICLE VI. VACANCIES Sec. 1. Elective Positions. (c) Change to read: If vacancies occur in the offices of president and vice-president within the same term, the Board of Directors shall elect as president one of the directors- at-large [deleting "directors or"] for the remainder of the term. When a regular election is next held, a president and a vice-president shall be elected.

The committee recommends that these proposed changes or amendments be presented at two general meetings of the Association and be printed in College and Re- search Libraries one month before final consideration in accordance with Article IX of the Constitution. The committee has carefully studied the Constitution and Bylaws of ACRL and can find no other apparent conflicts with the ALA Constitution and Bylaws. Respectfully submitted, Ruth K. Porritt, Chairman 1959/60 ACRL Constitution and Bylaws Committee EDITOR'S NOTE: The foregoing report is printed in compliance with the recommendation of the committee and with Articles VIII and IX of the ACRL Constitution.

224 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Review Articles

The author has a fine sense of what is Sound Building Advice generally accepted and what is an exception. Planning the College and University Library This is most important, especially when the Buildings: A Book for Campus Planners book is to be used by people without ex- and Architects. By Ralph E. Ellsworth. perience. He faithfully points out in each Boulder, Colo.: The Author, 1961. 102p. case what he considers an Ellsworth idea as compared to generally accepted practice. If $5.00. he had not done this, the book could be dan- gerous in that his own ideas on library opera- Ralph Ellsworth has published a very use- tion and building might be assumed by the ful and timely book which should prove to uninitiated to the standard practice. Some be of considerable value to officials of col- readers of course will want to adopt the ex- leges and universities who are planning new ception, but they should know when they library buildings. And there are a great many are doing so.—William H. Jesse, University new buildings now in the planning stage. of Tennessee Library. This short book covers every facet of the planning process. It does not attempt to de- scribe in detail all parts of a library building. Ellsworth has kept the various types of readers in mind throughout. This includes librarians who are familiar and those who are The First Freedom unfamiliar with library building planning The First Freedom: Liberty and Justice in problems. He has also kept constantly in the World of Books and Reading. Edited mind architects of both types—those who by Robert B. Downs. Chicago: ALA, 1960. have had library building experience and xiii, 469p. $8.50. those who have not. Although he assumes nothing—or at last very little—on the part Robert B. Downs has brought together a of the reader, he nevertheless manages not fascinating and masterful anthology of recent to offend the intelligence of the oriented. writings on the censorship of books. The It is well written, and although Ellsworth opening and closing sections present a broad claims that the book is a "personal" docu- definition of issues in the perspective of his- ment, he has remained extremely objective tory and of the future. Other chapters pre- in nine-tenths of the book. sent the principal judicial opinions on the Readers of reviews on library-building censorship of books, a variety of writings on books may grow weary of being constantly private pressure groups, studies of the prob- reminded that Keyes Metcalf is working on lem of defining obscenity, essays on political a definitive book for college and university censorship, collections of statements by au- library buildings. Nevertheless, it is neces- thors and writers' groups and by librarians sary to bear this in mind; all of us (and this and library associations, a group of essays on includes Ellsworth) should and do remain the censorship of textbooks, and two illumi- aware of that fact. T here are a lot of unan- nating assemblages of writings on censorship swered questions which we hope die Metcalf in Ireland and under Fascism and Commu- book will answer. It may be several years nism. before that book is completed, but meanwhile The editor has chosen to confine his selec- there are millions of dollars worth of academic tions to British (including Irish) and Ameri- library structures which must be planned, can writings since 1900 and to those dealing and I am sure others will share my en- specifically with the censorship of books. thusiasm for Ellsworth's having gone ahead Within those limitations this search has been with this excellent publication, since it gives thorough and his selections admirable. Many planners so much sound direction and ad- of the selections are conveniently available vice. nowhere else; all of them benefit from being

MAY 1961 225 brought into association with each other and later chairman of the Intellectual Freedom with Mr. Downs' stimulating and illuminat- Committee of that association, and now as ing notes. Altogether it is an invaluable, in- editor of this volume, he has distinguished deed an indispensable collection. No other his procession as well as himself.—Dan Lacy, anthology approaches it in its field. American Book Publishers Council. One can regret that the limitations im- posed by the editor exclude some earlier statements of basic principle, as in the writings of Milton, Williams, Jefferson, and Mill, Cataloging Principles but they are easily available elsewhere. A greater latitude in including writings, espe- The Principles of Cataloguing. By L. Jolley, cially judicial opinions, relating to newspa- London: Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd., pers and films and even comic books, when 1960. 147 p. 15s. they are applicable in principle to books, would have permitted including opinions in This little volume is so timely that those such cases as Near v. Minnesota (a newspa- librarians particularly concerned with cata- per case establishing the "no prior restraint" log code revision might wish it had appeared principle), the Miracle and Lady Chatterley's a few months, or even years, earlier. This is Lover film cases, and the Winters case relat- not to imply that its interest is limited to a ing to comic books, all of which have had a few catalogers or even to catalogers only. In significant l'ole in protecting the freedom of spite of its being at times pedantic, most books. "Admittedly," says the editor, the librarians would find something of value in book "has a bias, reflecting the liberal view, The Principles of Cataloguing. It is well as contrasted to the advocates of censorship." written, although some of the idioms and This bias, which I wholly applaud, together choice of words sound strange to the Ameri- with the paucity of intellectually respectable can ear. "Whilst" and "amongst" indicate defenses of censorship, has led to the failure that the author was not educated in America. to include any vigorous advocacy of censor- Mr. Jolley is an Australian, writing at the ship. Perhaps such advocacy has a place, even University of Glasgow, where a "programme in a volume designed wholly to oppose cen- for the revision of the catalogue" became the sorship, if for no other reason than that there source of this work. Mr. Jolley also acknowl- is hardly a better way to illumine the values edges his indebtedness to Charles A. Cutter, of freedom than to allow a Comstock or a Seymour Lubetzky, and Andrew Osborn. In McCarthy or even a better-intentioned Post- the preface, he says: "Cataloguing is one of master General to advance the arguments for those fields of human endeavor in which it censorship. may be safely assumed that if an idea is worth having, it will have occurred to more These are trifling additions to wish for, than one person." however, in view of the abundance afforded in Mr. Downs' generous selection. Unquestionably the prime importance of This volume is published by ALA, using Mr. Jolley's study is his discussion of topics the remainder of a grant from the Fund under scrutiny by the ALA Catalog Code Re- for the Republic that had supported the vision Committee. The first chapter, "The Freedom and Justice Awards. It is altogether Function of the Catalogue," presents one of fitting that ALA should be its publisher and the controversial topics to be discussed at Mr. Downs its editor. No professional associa- the IFLA International Conference on Cata- tion in the United States has more clearly loguing Principles in October. He makes the distinguished itself in the defense and en- statements, "The function of the catalogue largement of the first freedom than ALA. is to interpret the library to the reader" and And its struggle has been not only gallant, "The catalogue is an instrument of com- but also well-planned and successful. The munication" and then repeats a few pages ALA has not only fought battles for freedom; later, "The object of the catalogue is to serve it has usually won them. That this is true is the needs of the reader" and "The catalogue in major part due to the courage and judg- is an extremely complex communication sys- ment of Robert B. Downs. As president of tem. It must therefore be based on existing the ALA during the McCarthy nightmare, as habits." Throughout this chapter, he reiter-

226 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ates his basic principles by pointing out some be attained is a number of approximately of the major flaws in the 1949 ALA Code, satisfactory entries," and "a general library which he says fails to present an orderly and can certainly function without a subject cat- consistent development of a few leading alogue, but the possession of a subject cata- principles. "There is general agreement that logue is a great convenience," the chapter it is cluttered up with overlapping and re- presents a lucid explanation of the difference dundant rules." A clearer explanation for between the subject heading catalog and the the need for a complete new code of rules classified catalog and makes a definite con- could hardly be found. The assumption that tribution to the literature on subject head- the catalog should be all things is brushed ings. A discussion of "Uniterms," Rangana- aside by statements like, "The catalogue is than's concept of "chain procedure," and its only part of a whole system of bibliographi- use in the British National Bibliography is cal references. . . . There can be no doubt followed by the statement: "It must still be that cataloguers would save much trouble if agreed that the union of chain procedure they ceased to look on the catalogue as a index and classification produces a combina- reference tool always complete in itself. . . . tion as new as it is powerful." The author catalogue is not meant in any In the chapter on descriptive cataloging, way to act as a biographical dictionary." It is Mr. Jolley first regrets that recent cataloging unlikely that anyone would agree with all codes provide separate rules for audior and such premises, but in context they sound title entries and for descriptive cataloging very convincing. and then goes on to say that few British li- In succeeding chapters Mr. Jolley discusses braries have found it possible or desirable in detail principles that are sometimes dif- to indulge in all the detailed description ficult to grasp upon a first casual reading but prescribed by the Joint Code. He admits that which become quite logical and clearly stated the Library of Congress rules are valuable when given careful and close attention. The because of the guidance they give on the chapter on corporate authorship is of par- presentation of a standardized entry and then ticular interest because of the current discus- says they prescribe a degree of description sions of the corporate concept in connection few British libraries find necessary. Small with the establishment of international cata- public libraries can take comfort in die state- loging principles. He says: "All existing codes ment: "In descriptive cataloging the size of are 'non-author headings' but not all in the the library has a direct bearing on the cata- same instances or for the same purposes. In logue entry." many cases these headings can be regarded as Certainly all librarians concerned with cat- an extension of a conventional title." And alog code revision will want to read this again: "To act as an author, a corporate volume, and for all serious students of cata- body must not merely be intellectually re- loging it should be required reading. It is sponsible for a work, it must possess a name, highly recommended for those who would it must have a defined if fugitive existence like to be brought up to date on current and an accepted name." These simple sen- thinking about cataloging and the impetus tences demonstrate the lucidity of Mr. Jolley's behind code revision. Most catalogers will approach to a complex problem. be grateful for one of Mr. Jolley's closing Another chapter that has timely signifi- statements: "Only harm can be done by set- cance is the one on the subject catalog. Ever ting standards which are impossibly high. No since the death of David Haykin, who was code can make certain that every book is working on a subject heading code, cata- everywhere catalogued in the same way. No logers have been expressing the desire and catalogue can succeed always in bringing to- need for such a code. According to Mr. Jol- gether all the works of one author, or all ley, "The reasons for this comparative neg- editions of one work. What the cataloguer lect are to be found not in the lesser impor- can hope to do is construct a catalogue on tance of the subject catalogue, but in the such lines that it will be a source not of con- intractability of the difficulties it presents." fusion, but of instruction to its users."— In spite of other statements such as, "The Orcena Mahoney, Executive Secretary, Re- subject catalogue can be judged only by the sources and Technical Services Division, criterion of convenience and the best that can ALA.

MAY 1961 227 The recent history of indexing systems is Efficiency of Indexing not without its paradoxes. Advocates of traditional indexing systems have cited as one Systems of their systems' advantages the fact that ASLIB Cranfield Research Project, Report relationships among component parts of the on the First Stage of an Investigation into index entry can be brought out. In recent the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing years attempts have been made to bring out Systems. By Cyril W. Cleverdon, Cranfield, relationships among concepts in coordinate indexing systems, thereby reducing the co- England, College of Aeronautics, 1960. 166 ordinate index's false drops (though also its P- flexibility). In this study Cleverdon decided In 1957, the British National Science to omit indications of relationships among Foundation awarded a grant to ASLIB (Asso- component parts of the alphabetic subject ciation of Special Libraries and Information headings in view of the difficulties involved. Bureaux) to study the comparative efficiency Whether an indication of relationships is of four indexing systems. The indexing sys- required in either traditional or coordinate tems selected were the Universal Decimal index entries will be answered at least in Classification, an alphabetic subject catalog, part in the second step of the study, the a faceted classification scheme, and a Uni- testing of the indexes with 1600 questions. term system of coordinate indexing. This While merits and faults of indexing sys- report covers the first phase of this study, the tems are reported on at great length, com- indexing of eighteen thousand journal arti- parative studies of indexing systems based cles and reports in the field of aeronautics. on experimental work are rare. Cleverdon's Two other variables were also selected foi work is such a study and is a real contribu- this experiment: the training of the indexer tion to our knowledge of the subject.—Ger- (whether technical knowledge of the subject ald Jahoda, Esso Research and Engineering but no indexing experience, indexing experi- Company, Linden, N. J. ence in the subject field, indexing experience in another subject field, or theoretical knowledge of indexing) and time allotted for in- Guide to Art dexing a document. Guide to Art Reference Books. By Mary W. The detailed discussion of problems en- Chamberlin. Chicago: ALA, 1959. xiv, countered in indexing should be required 418p. $10.00. (though not easy) reading for anyone involved with installing or revising indexing Until the appearance of this excellent systems. The U.D.C., faceted classification guide neither the librarian nor the student system, and alphabetic subject catalog are working in the burgeoning field of art his- discussed extensively. The alphabetic subject tory had available a satisfactory English- catalog, for example, is discussed in terms language tool for finding the basic reference of cross references, structure, relationship books and sources on the subject. among component parts, word order, and Mary Chamberlin, fine arts librarian a l specificity of subject headings. Cleverdon's Columbia University, has surveyed the tre- decision on one of these points, the indica- mendous volume of literature in the field tion of relationships among component parts and skillfully selected a large core of titles of a subject heading, warrants further dis- that will help both the beginner and the cussion. This point can best be illustrated advanced scholar locate authoritative infor- with an example. If the subject of missiles mation and materials. Her selection is based controlled by gyroscopes were to be indexed, not only on long experience in art reference subject headings with and without indica- work during which she could observe actual tions of relationships among the subject use of the titles, but also on extensive per- heading's component parts would be: sonal use of American and European art Missiles—controlled by—gyroscopes (with libraries and on consultation with a consid- relationships) erable number of distinguished specialists. Missiles—gyroscopes (without relation- Her interpretation of the term reference ships). books is a broacl one and ranges all the way

228 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES from useful introductory texts for the gen- main body of the Guide. An appendix de- eral reader to specialized collections of docu- scribing some seventy-five art research librar- ments and sources basic for research. Her ies in the United States and Western Europe emphasis, clearer in her preface than in her precedes in index. title, is on materials for study and research It is, of course, very difficult to organize in art history. such a large body of material in a way that So vast indeed is the literature on art that will satisfy all of its potential users. Many a number of important limitations were librarians will find its arrangement conven- considered essential. The six basic areas cov- ient because it to some extent reflects that of ered are architecture, sculpture, drawings, their own collections, but the specialist may painting, prints and engravings, and applied not agree. The medievalist or the orientalist, arts. Many peripheral fields had to be omit- for instance, will wish to find all his mater- ted, including (among others) advertising art, ials brought together regardless of media, book arts, landscape gardening, numismatics, and so will the scholar working on the art and interior decoration. Much of special in- of a particular nation. Happily this problem terest to this last area is to be found, how- is fairly easily overcome by the excellent and ever, in the section on applied arts. Also detailed index, the intelligent inclusion of certain types of art books were excluded, cross references diroughout the text, and the among them how-to-do-it books and catalogs consistent inner arrangement of each of the of museums, exhibitions, and private collec- subject sections. tions. Monographs on individual artists, Bibliographical description of each title monuments, and sites are understandably in the Guide is full and the level of accuracy not included since even a selective guide exceptionally high. Contents or special sec- covering these would constitute another tions and features are noted when they whole volume. Some of these omissions will might prove useful or shed light on the scope cause inevitable disappointment, but in many of the book. Exact page references are given cases the reader will find in the Guide val- for bibliographies and indexes, although it uable leads to other sources for discovering would seem that in many cases those for the them, including such titles as the still very latter might have been omitted unless the useful 1952 Harvard List of Books on Art index were a divided one or had a special by E. Louise Lucas. Once the limitations feature important enough to be emphasized. of the Guide had been decided upon, there The brief and often qualitative annotations remained a tremendous amount of material which accompany each entry include espe- from which to select for the areas the author cially useful notes on other editions, transla- proposed to cover. Given such a situation, it tions, and related works. is inevitable that each serious user will find The section on documents and sources will a favorite title or two not included, but the be a particularly valuable one for the ad- selection on the whole is extremely good. vanced student beginning to specialize and Arrangement of the 2489 bibliographic for the librarian needing to go back to items in the main part of this volume is by original sources. Collections in this important form and subject. Ten introductory sections, section cover a number of areas and require comprising nearly a third of the entries, the use of the index or cross references to cover general reference materials in the field. relate them to other material. These include sections on such forms as bib- The selection of 250 art periodicals, al- liographies, indexes, dictionaries, and ency- though it omits museum bulletins, is a good clopedias, and also on some types, especially one and made especially useful by notes re- important in art history and often elusive, garding change of title and by indications of such as sales records, reproductions, and where the titles are indexed. Inclusive dates iconography. These are followed by more ex- of indexing are given for the Art Index but tensive sections on each of the six basic sub- not for the twenty other indexes cited. ject areas, which in turn have their own sub- The final bibliographical section is a list divisions, both for kinds of reference books of more than a hundred art series, both cur- and for materials on individual countries or rent and discontinued. Because complete list- regions. Special lists of documents and ings proved impractical, only representative sources, periodicals, and series complete the titles appear under each entry and these

MAY 1961 229 selections have not usually been included in lem has been partially met by the addition the index since they are given simply to of a number of later titles, either published show the type of title to be found in each or announced while the volume was in pro- series. duction. While it made possible the inclusion The appendix on art research libraries of the new and important Encyclopedia of brings together in one geographically ar- World Art, the difficulties in this procedure ranged list those libraries and photographic are reflected by the inclusion of such things archives most important for research. Since as the publisher's projected contents for the much of this material can be found else- Spanish Ars Hispaniae from which he has where, although not conveniently, the since deviated in actual publication, and strength of the section lies in the author's Karpel's important bibliography on modern valuable notes on the collections. In most art, Arts of the 20th Century, which has been cases she was able to survey and evaluate announced repeatedly for years but which them at first hand, and this record is partic- still remains an aggravating ghost. ularly helpful. This criticism seems very minor, however, One serious problem faced by both the when viewed in the light of the total ac- compiler and publisher of such a work as complishment of the Guide which is so well this one is the need to have the book rea- executed that it should create its own de- sonably up-to-date at the time of publication. mand for some means of keeping it up to This is of special importance in an era of date. It is a significant contribution to art prolific publishing in the subject covered. In literature of which the author and the li- this case the terminal date of January 1, 1958 brary profession can be immensely proud.— and the publication date of December 1959 Jean M. Moore, Art Librarian, University of leaves a gap of nearly two years. The prob- California at Los Angeles.

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