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Wildlife Trade 2008 an Analysis of the European Union and Candidate Countries’ Annual Reports to CITES

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Wildlife Trade 2008 an Analysis of the European Union and Candidate Countries’ Annual Reports to CITES Wildlife Trade 2008 An analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES Prepared by United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre PREPARED FOR 219 Huntingdon Road The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Cambridge CB3 0DL Directorate General Environment United Kingdom ENV E.2 – Environmental Agreements & Trade Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Under contract number: Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 070307/2008/497817/SER/E2 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org CITATION ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION UNEP-WCMC (2011). Wildlife Trade 2008: An MONITORING CENTRE analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is the DISCLAIMER specialist biodiversity information and assessment The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect centre of the United Nations Environment the views or policies of UNEP or contributory Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with organisations. The designations employed and the WCMC, a UK charity. The Centre's mission is to presentations do not imply the expressions of any evaluate and highlight the many values of opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity European Commission or contributory knowledge at the centre of decision-making. organisations concerning the legal status of any Through the analysis and synthesis of global country, territory, city or area or its authority, or biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or authoritative, strategic and timely information for boundaries. conventions, organisations and countries to use in the development and implementation of their FRONT COVER PHOTOGRAPHS policies and decisions. Marmoset Callithrix jacchus © Manfred Werner The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and Ariocarpus fissuratus © Michael Wolf scientifically rigorous procedures and services. Apollo Parnassius apollo © Robert Kindermann Afghan Tortoise Testudo horsfieldii © Norbert Kaiser These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the © Copyright: 2011, European Commission development of future scenarios. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................iii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Data included ................................................................................................................................................... 1 3. Species showing noteworthy patterns of trade ........................................................................................... 3 3.1 Criteria used to select species .................................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Species accounts ........................................................................................................................................ 5 3.2.1. Mammals ........................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2.2 Birds .................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2.3 Reptiles ............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.2.4 Amphibians ...................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.5 Fish .................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.6 Invertebrates (excluding corals) .................................................................................................... 28 3.2.7 Corals ................................................................................................................................................ 30 3.2.8 Plants (excluding trees) .................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.9 Trees .................................................................................................................................................. 39 3.3 Candidate countries ................................................................................................................................ 42 4. Analysis of imports in selected groups ....................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Mammals - Hunting trophies ................................................................................................................ 46 4.2 Corals ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 4.3 Cacti .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4 Orchids ..................................................................................................................................................... 54 4.5 Trees .......................................................................................................................................................... 56 5. Changing patterns in trade ........................................................................................................................... 59 5.1. Invertebrate taxa (excluding corals) in trade...................................................................................... 59 5.2. Trade patterns in non-coral invertebrates .......................................................................................... 62 5.2.1 Arthropods ...................................................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2. Annelids .......................................................................................................................................... 65 5.2.3. Molluscs ........................................................................................................................................... 66 6. Exports and re-exports .................................................................................................................................. 72 6.1 Export of wild-collected species............................................................................................................ 72 6.2 High volume exports and re-exports ................................................................................................... 75 7. Trade in non-CITES species .......................................................................................................................... 84 7.1 Annex A species ...................................................................................................................................... 84 7.2 Annex B species ....................................................................................................................................... 84 7.3 Annex D species ...................................................................................................................................... 85 Annex – Purpose and source codes ................................................................................................................ 91 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................ ii Conversion factors .......................................................................................................................................... ii i Glossary Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Appendix-I/II/III species Species listed in Appendix I/II/III to CITES Article Refers to article in the CITES Convention text CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES EU European Union Member States The 27 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2008. Source The source of the species in trade, whether it be from the wild, captive-bred, or Pre-Convention specimens, etc. A full list of sources is provided in Annex 1. Species For simplicity, the term ―species‖ may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species Taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. Species are classified according to formal taxonomic ranks: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. The taxonomy accepted by CITES is followed in this report, see www.cites.org/eng/res/all/12/E12-11R15.pdf. Wildlife Trade Regulations European Commission Regulation No. 338/97 and subsequent updates Conversion factors Trade is reported using a variety of terms
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