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Chemical Composition and Cosmeceutical Potential of the Essential Oil of Oncosiphon Suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö

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Chemical Composition and Cosmeceutical Potential of the Essential Oil of Oncosiphon Suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö plants Article Chemical Composition and Cosmeceutical Potential of the Essential Oil of Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö Selena O. Adewinogo 1, Rajan Sharma 1 , Charlene W. J. Africa 2 , Jeanine L. Marnewick 3 and Ahmed A. Hussein 1,* 1 Chemistry Department, Bellville Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; [email protected] (S.O.A.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-21-959-6193 Abstract: The South African medicinal plant Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö is an important remedy used to treat chronic, respiratory, and skin ailments. From the essential oil (EO) extracted by the hydrodistillation, sixteen constituent components were identified with oxygenated monoterpenes: camphor (31.21%), filifolone (13.98%), chrysanthenone (8.72%), 1,8-cineole (7.85%), and terpinen-4-ol (7.39%) as predominant constituents. In the antibacterial activity study, the EO was found most susceptible against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 6.4 mg/mL; however, it showed the same activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 12.8 mg/mL. The Citation: Adewinogo, S.O.; Sharma, sun protecting factor (SPF) of the EO was found to be 2.299 and thus establishing it as a potentially R.; Africa, C.W.J.; Marnewick, J.L.; important cosmeceutical for sunscreen applications. This is the first report investigating the essential Hussein, A.A. Chemical Composition oil of O. suffruticosum for its chemical composition and skin-related in vitro biological activities viz and Cosmeceutical Potential of the Essential Oil of Oncosiphon antibacterial, antioxidant capacity, antityrosinase, and sun protection factor. suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö. Plants 2021, 10, 1315. https://doi.org/ Keywords: essential oils; Oncosiphon suffruticosum; antioxidant; antibacterial; tyrosinase inhibition; 10.3390/plants10071315 sun protection factor Academic Editors: Daniela Rigano, Hazem Salaheldin Elshafie, Laura De Martino and Adriano Sofo 1. Introduction Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic oily liquids composed of a complex mixture of volatile Received: 15 May 2021 compounds and are produced by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. The volatile Accepted: 24 June 2021 constituents of EOs have been important materials for preventing and treating human Published: 28 June 2021 diseases since the early days [1]. Although mainly used for their agreeable scents, EOs present themselves as excellent candidates to meet the current beauty industry’s demands Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral for two principal reasons. Firstly, research backs up their efficacy as valuable cosmeceuticals. with regard to jurisdictional claims in They have been shown to exhibit properties of antimicrobials [2,3], antioxidant agents [4,5], published maps and institutional affil- antityrosinase agents [6–8], sunscreens [9,10], natural preservatives [11], natural sources iations. of fragrance [12], as well as inhibitors of skin’s degradation enzymes (collagenase and elastase) [13]. Secondly, the small lipophilic molecules that make up their composition grant easy penetration through the skin layers [14]. South Africa (SA) is home to an important and rich botanical diversity. The country Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. boasts over 30,000 flowering species with high endemism and is ranked third in biodiversity Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. in the world [15,16]. A significant fraction of aromatic plant species contributes to this rich This article is an open access article heritage. To date, oil-rich plant species recorded in South Africa belong to the Asteraceae distributed under the terms and family (2300 species), Rutaceae family (290 species), and Lamiaceae (235 species) family [16]. conditions of the Creative Commons Oncosiphon Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Källersjö is an aromatic genus of the Asteraceae family and Anthemideae creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ tribe that counts seven species. Some species of the genus were formerly classified in 4.0/). the Pentzia Thunb. and others in Matricaria L. genera. However, the Oncosiphon genus Plants 2021, 10, 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071315 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2021, 10, 1315 2 of 14 Plants 2021, 10, 1315 2 of 14 Pentzia Thunb. and others in Matricaria L. genera. However, the Oncosiphon genus later aroselater due arose to the due morphological to the morphological differences differences recorded recorded in the now- in theOncosiphon now-Oncosiphon species whichspecies werewhich not werepresent not in present the Pentzia in the genus.Pentzia Mostgenus. of the Most Oncosiphon of the Oncosiphon species arespecies native are to native the Greaterto the Cape Greater Floristic Cape Region Floristic except Region for except O. piluliferum for O. piluliferum (L.f.) Kӓllersjö(L.f.) and Källersjö O. suffruticosus and O. suf- (L.)fruticosus Kӓllersjö.(L.) These Källersjö. two species These twoalso speciesgrow in also Australia grow inand Australia are respectively and are respectivelyknown as Globeknown Chamomile as Globe Chamomileand Calomba and Daisy. Calomba Oncosiphon Daisy. Oncosiphon species bearspecies the bearAfrikaans the Afrikaans name “stinkruid”name “stinkruid” which means which stinkweed means stinkweed due to their due pungent to their aroma. pungent Among aroma. them, Among O. pilu- them, liferumO. piluliferum, O. suffruticosus, O. suffruticosus, and O. africanum, and O. are africanum importantare materials important of materials Cape Dutch of Cape ethnobot- Dutch anyethnobotany and Khoi-San and medicine Khoi-San [17]. medicine [17]. TheThe O.O. suffruticosum suffruticosum (L.)(L.) Källersjö Källersjö herb herb features features hairless hairless and and thin thin leaves leaves (Figure (Figure 1).1). It It bearsbears a typical a typical sharp sharp and and po powerfulwerful scent scent like like other other OncosiphonOncosiphon species.species. The The herb herb grows grows up up toto 50 50 cm cm tall tall annually annually and and is isdistributed distributed in inthe the southern southern part part of ofAfrica Africa from from the the Western Western CapeCape to toNamibia Namibia [18]. [18 ].In Intraditional traditional healing healing practices, practices, oral oral administrations administrations aim aim to totreat treat asthma,asthma, gastric gastric disorders, disorders, convulsions, convulsions, diabet diabetes,es, rheumaticrheumatic fever,fever, typhoid typhoid fever, fever, colds, colds, and andinfluenza influenza [19 ,[19,20].20]. Additionally, Additionally, the herbthe herb is used is used topically topically as a leaf as poulticea leaf poultice to treat to scorpion treat scorpionstings and stings inflammation and inflammation [20]. [20]. (a) (b) FigureFigure 1. Photographs 1. Photographs of ofO. O.suffruticosum suffruticosum. (a.() Uprooteda) Uprooted branch; branch; (b) ( bflower) flower heads. heads. These These photographs photographs werewere taken taken during during the the summer summer season season (December, (December, 2018) 2018) at atthe the Cape Cape Flats Flats regions regions of ofCape Cape Town, Town, South Africa. South Africa. SinceSince time time immemorial immemorial,, plants plants have have been been renowned renowned sources sources of of bioactive bioactive materials materials usedused in intraditional traditional therapies therapies and and a reservoir a reservoir for for innovative innovative cures cures in inmodern modern medicine. medicine. The The useuse of ofplants plants ranges ranges from from culinary culinary preparations, preparations, medicine, medicine, to toperfume perfume compositions compositions [21]. [21 ]. However,However, only only a few a few SA SA medicinal medicinal plants plants are are explored explored commercially commercially [22] [22 and] and investigated investigated scientificallyscientifically [20]. [20 ].According According to tothe the literature, literature, the the essential essential oil oil of ofO.O. suffruticosum suffruticosum hashas never never beenbeen studied studied before. before. In Inthe the quest quest to toexplore explore the the South South African African flora flora for for novel novel cosmeceutical cosmeceutical ingredients,ingredients, the the aim aim of the of thepresent present research research was wasto elucidate to elucidate the chemical the chemical composition composition and studyand studythe biological the biological studies, studies, antimicrobial antimicrobial activity, activity, antioxidant antioxidant capacity, capacity, antityrosinase antityrosinase activity,activity, and and photoprotection photoprotection of of the the essential essential oil oil of of O.O. suffruticosum suffruticosum. 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Chemical Composition of O. suffruticosum Essential Oil The hydrodistillation of fresh aerial parts of O. suffruticosum gave an average essential oil yield of 0.23% (v/w). According to the present GC-MS analysis, sixteen components representing 85.09% of the EO in composition were identified (Table1). Plants 2021, 10, 1315 3 of 14 Table 1. GC-MS analysis of O. suffruticosum essential oil. Component Composition Experimental Literature RT (Min) Mass Spectral Matching Identification
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