AN ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE AGTER-HANTAM, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
by
JOSEF J.J. DE BEER
DISSERTATION
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
MAGISTER SCIENTIAE in BOTANY
in the
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
at the
UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR BEN-ERIK VAN WYK
JANUARY 2012
AFFIDAVIT: MASTER’S AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This serves to confirm that I, Josef J.J. de Beer
ID Number 6311115134087
Student number 908203607 enrolled for the
Qualification M.Sc
Faculty of Science (Botany and Plant Biotechnology)
Herewith declare that my academic work is in line with the Plagiarism Policy of the University of Johannesburg which I am familiar.
I further declare that the work presented in the dissertation is authentic and original unless clearly indicated otherwise and in such instances full reference to the source is acknowledged and I do not pretend to receive any credit for such acknowledged quotations, and that there is no copyright infringement in my work. I declare that no unethical research practices were used or material gained through dishonesty. I understand that plagiarism is a serious offence and that should I contravene the Plagiarism Policy notwithstanding signing this affidavit, I may be found guilty of a serious criminal offence (perjury) that would amongst other consequences compel the UJ to inform all other tertiary institutions of the offence and to issue a corresponding certificate of reprehensible academic conduct to whomever request such a certificate from the institution.
Signed at Johannesburg on this 23rd of April 2012
Signature______Print name Josef Johannes Jacobus de Beer
STAMP COMMISSIONER OF OATHS Affidavit certified by a Commissioner of Oaths This affidavit conforms with the requirements of the JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND COMMISSIONERS OF OATHS ACT 16 OF 1963 and the applicable Regulations published in the GG GNR 1258 of 21 July 1972; GN 903 of 10 July 1998; GN 109 of 2 February 2001 as amended.
Typical scene in the Agter-Hantam, where the study was conducted
1 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my supervisor and mentor, Professor Ben-Erik van Wyk, for accompanying and guiding me on this incredible journey of discovery and learning. I am inspired by your enthusiasm and passion, and you have opened a new door for me in my career as a teacher educator, where I can now give guidance on how indigenous knowledge can be incorporated in the Life Sciences curriculum. Thank you for the wonderful field trips, the opportunity to present papers with you at the SAAB and IPUF conferences in Potchefstroom, Keimoes and St Lucia, and for your academic scaffolding that resulted in this work being published in the South African Journal of Botany. Thank you also for venturing with me into unknown terrain, with our publication in The American Biology Teacher. I salute you.
I sincerely thank the University of Johannesburg for their financial support.
I wish to express my gratitude towards my colleagues and friends at the University of Johannesburg. I particular, I would like to thank my supportive dean and good friend, Professor Saartjie Gravett, my colleagues in Science and Technology Education, in particular, Professors Duan van der Westhuizen and Alan Amory, and then Professor Pat Tilney from the Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology. Thank you also to my fellow post-graduate students in Botany for the camaraderie, especially Janneke Nortjé who does similar work in Namaqualand.
A special word of thanks and appreciation goes to the wonderful people of the Agter- Hantam, who participated in this study with such enthusiasm. In particular, I would like to thank Jan Baadjies for sharing his wealth of knowledge, and Bertie and Anna Visagie (farm Perdekraal), as well as Dr Erwin and Alta Coetzee (Hantamhuis, Calvinia) for their kind hospitality and logistical support. Thank you also to Teodor van Wyk, for his assistance during the second field trip.
To Elize Botha, my soul mate ̶ thank you for making it all worthwhile.
2 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
SYNOPSIS
This study aimed to systematically record and thus preserve indigenous plant use information of the Agter-Hantam area in a scientifically accurate way and to make a contribution to the knowledge of Khoi-San ethnobotany. The research work met all the minimum standards for ethnobotanical research as proposed by Heinrich et al. (2009), which includes that field studies should be built on a clear conceptual framework and hypothesis testing, that ethical clearance should be obtained, the methodology/ research procedures should adhere to minimum requirements, and the research should comply with data standards that will make it possible to use specific information in future experimental and applied research. The study area was the Agter-Hantam region, Calvinia district, Northern Cape Province of South Africa, where the ancestors of the supervisor have had a well-recorded presence since the 1770’s. The rapid appraisal methodology was initially used and this was followed by a new rigorous and practical quantitative approach developed during this study ̶ here referred to as the Matrix Method in conducting ethnobotanical field work. The survey has revealed a wealth of traditional knowledge on useful plants amongst people of Khoi-San decent in the Agter-Hantam. The traditional and contemporary uses of 64 plant species were accurately recorded. Previously unpublished information on indigenous plant use revealed by this study includes 14 new species records of useful plants, 20 new vernacular names not recorded in literature, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. Although some work has been done in what Prance et al. (1987) coined as “quantitative ethnobotany”, this study also introduced two new terms- the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI), a quantitative measure of a person’s knowledge of local plant use (with a value between 0 and 1), and the Species Popularity Index (SPI), a quantitative measure of the popularity of each species (value between 0 and 1). In the Agter-Hantam, the EKI of participants varied from 0.20 to 0.93. The best known and most popular indigenous plants in the Agter- Hantam are Aloe microstigma (a new species record, with a SPI of 0.97), Hoodia gordonii (SPI = 0.94), Microloma sagittatum (0.94), Sutherlandia frutescens (0.92), Quaqua incarnata (0.92) and Galenia africana (0.85).
3 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING
Suid-Afrika beskik oor beide ‘n diverse en ryk flora, en ‘n kleurryke en diverse kultuurerfenis. Om hierdie rede sou mens verwag dat etnobotanie, oftewel die studie van hoe verskillende kultuurgroepe plante benut vir voedsel, medisyne en vir ‘n verskeidenheid ander gebruike, baie aandag geniet. Dit is helaas nie die geval nie. Hierdie etnobotaniese navorsing fokus op die ryke kultuurskat van die afstammelinge van die Khoi-San mense van die Agter-Hantam, in die Calvinia distrik, Noord-Kaap. Die Khoi-San mense van suidelike Afrika het in ‘n wye gebied voorgekom, van die Suidwes Kaap tot in Namibië. Hierdie eerste inwoners van suidelike Afrika was meesters van die veld, wat hulle plante goed geken het. Ongelukkig was hierdie inheemse kennisskat ‘n mondelinge erflating, en is baie min daarvan opgeteken in die literatuur. Khoi-San “bossiedokters” is vandag uiters skaars, en een van die min lewende tradisionele genesers van wie daar in hierdie verhandeling geskryf word, Jan Baadjies, is nie meer ‘n jong man nie. Die hipotese waarop die studie berus is dat die gebruik van plante vir voedsel-, mediese- en ander doeleindes deur die afstammelinge van die Khoi-San mense in die Agter-Hantam swak opgeteken is in die literatuur. Omdat hierdie inheemse kennis ‘n mondelinge tradisie is, loop dit die gevaar om verlore te gaan vir toekomstige geslagte.
Terwyl die etnobotanie van sommige kultuurgroepe in Suid-Afrika wel redelik akkuraat opgeskryf is (byvoorbeeld die Zoeloes deur Hutchings, 1996; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk and Gericke 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2009), verwys verskeie outeurs (byvoorbeeld Liengme, 1983 en Van Wyk, 2008) na die gebrekkige literatuurrekords van plantgebruik deur die Khoi-San. Vroeë Nama plantgebruike wat deur Simon van der Stel in 1685 opgeteken is (De Wet en Pfeiffer 1979), is gevolg deur Laidler (1927) en Archer (1990). Die plantgebruik in dele soos die Hantam (Calvinia omgewing in die Noord-Kaap) is egter swak opgeteken. Die enigste opgetekende rekord vir die Agter-Hantam is deur die Sweedse plantkundige, C.P. Thunberg, wie vir Abraham van Wyk, ‘n voorouer van Ben-Erik van Wyk, op die plaas Uitvlugt op 12 Oktober 1774 besoek het. In hierdie omgewing het Thunberg die parasitiese plant Hydnora africana en sy eetbare vrugte aangeteken. Benewens
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hierdie enkele rekord, is daar geen kwalitatiewe of kwantitatiewe gepubliseerde etnobotaniese inligting beskikbaar vir die Agter-Hantam nie.
In hierdie verhandeling is die fokus op die etnobotaniese opname wat gedoen is in die Agter-Hantam area. Die doel was om die kennis van plante wat nog bestaan, sistematies op te teken. Die Hantam area word aan hierdie naam geken sedert die middel van die agtiende eeu. Dit sluit in die gebied rondom die Hantam Berg, met die Bokkeveld na die weste, en die Roggeveld na die suide. Boesmanland omsluit die Hantam in die noordweste, en die Groot Karoo in die noordooste. Dit strek langs die Hantamrivier, en kan met ‘n grondpad bereik word, wat toegang verleen tot bekende plase soos Groot Toren, Brandwag, Klipwerf en Welbedag.
Hierdie studie is gedoen in drie fases: Tydens fase 1 (September 2009) is veldwerk gedoen, en is daar onderhoude gevoer met mense in die Hantam wat oor goeie kennis beskik aangaande die plante en hulle gebruik. Foto’s is van die plantmateriaal geneem, en waar plante versamel is, is dit gedroog, en voorberei as herbarium eksemplare. Alle plante is in ‘n lys opgeneem. Tydens fase 2 (November 2009) is foto’s en herbarium materiaal van die plante wat gelys is tydens Fase 1, vir die deelnemers aan die studie gewys. Vir die ongeoefende oog is dit dikwels moeilik om ‘n planteksemplaar op ‘n herbariumvel te herken, omdat die plantmateriaal dikwels verkleur, en die vorm van plantorgane nie altyd duidelik is op die geperste materiaal nie. Om hierdie rede is foto’s ingesluit op die herbariumvelle.
Vir elke deelnemer is ‘n vraelys voltooi, waarin die volgende aangeteken is vir elkeen van die plante: (1) Herken die persoon die plant (al het hy/sy nie noodwendig ‘n naam vir die plant nie); (2) Kan die person ‘n volksnaam verskaf vir die plant; (c) Kan die persoon enige gebruike (hetsy as voedsel, medisinaal, algemene gebruik of vir kuns en handwerk) noem? Hierdie data is dan gekwantifiseer in ‘n matriks. Die gebruik van Afrikaans tydens die onderhoude het verseker dat fyner nuanses opgetel kon word. Al die deelnemers in die navorsing was Afrikaanssprekend.
Vervolgens is die data ingelees in ‘n matriks van deelnemers teenoor plant spesies. In elke sel is aangedui (1) of die plant bekend is aan die deelnemer, (2) of die
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deelnemer ‘n naam ken vir die plant, en (3) bekende gebruike van die plant. Numeriese waardes van 1, 2 en 3 is respektiewelik toegeken aan die drie kategorieë. Deur die waardes op te tel, word elke deelnemer se kennis van die gebruike van ‘n bepaalde plant gemeet op ‘n skaal van nul tot ses. Deur die getal vir elkeen van die plante op te tel, kan elke deelnemer se kennis aangaande die plante as ‘n indeks aangedui word- die “Etnobotaniese Kennis Indeks” (EKI). Die EKI wissel tussen 0 en 1.
Kwantitatiewe etnobotanie is nie nuut nie. Die begrip is vir die eerste keer gebruik deur Prance et al. (1987), en sedertdien is daar in die buiteland heelparty kwantitatiewe etnobotaniese opnames gedoen. Een van die bekendste voorbeelde is dié van Tardio en Pardo-de-Santayana (2008) in Spanje. Sulke kwantitatiewe werk is egter nog nie in Suid-Afrika gedoen nie. Die nuwe Matriks Metode wat tydens hierdie studie ontwikkel is het sekere belangrike voordele wat dit ‘n nuttiger metodologie maak, as van die ander beskryfde kwantitatiewe benaderings: (a) Dit verskaf kwantitatiewe data van inheemse plantgebruik, en maak dit moontlik om plantgebruike en kennis van nuttige plante in verskillende gemeenskappe met mekaar te vergelyk; (b) Dit maak die studie onafhanklik van blomseisoen of die behoefte om plante in-situ te bestudeer; (c) Dit sluit die moontlikheid van vals negatiewe resultate uit, m.a.w. plantsoorte en gebruike wat wel in die gemeenskap bekend is maar wat om een of ander rede weggelaat word (tydelik vergete inligting).
Verder is daar ook gepoog om die relatiewe belangrikheid van die plantsoorte te kwantifiseer, en wel deur middel van die Spesies Gewildheidsindeks (SGI), gebasseer op die response van al 16 deelnemers in hierdie studie. Die totale telling vir elke plant is gedeel deur die maksimum van 96 (16 X 6). Hierdie kwantitatiewe benadering stel die navorser in staat om aan te toon wat die relatiewe belangrikheid van plante is as bronne van voedsel, vir medisinale gebruik of vir kuns of ander daaglikse gebruike.
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Soos te wagte, is die hoogste EKI aangeteken deur Jan Baadjies (0.93), die tradisionele geneser, gevolg deur Christien Baadjies (0.82) en haar eggenoot, Frans Baadjies (0.81). Die studie was ook daarop gemik om te bepaal of daar ‘n wegkwyning of erosie van inheemse plantkennis is onder die jonger generasie. Om hierdie rede is die deelnemers ingedeel volgens ouderdomme in drie kategorieë. Dit was verrassend om te sien dat volwassenes/middeljariges ‘n hoër gemiddelde EKI (0.67) het as die senior burgers (0.6). Dit dui daarop dat hierdie plantkundige kennis wel oorgedra word aan die volgende geslag. Die gemiddelde EKI van kinders was laag (0.3), maar dit was wel duidelik dat die kinders die voedselplante (veldkos) goed ken. Die kinders het egter swak gevaar in die identifisering van medisinale plante.
Die mees bekende en gebruikte plant in die Agter-Hantam blyk Punica granatum, die granaat, te wees, met ‘n perfekte telling op die indeks van 1.0. Die belangrikste inheemse plant is Aloe microstigma, die veldaalwyn, met ‘n SGI van 0.969. Dit is gevolg deur ‘n belangrike veldkos, Hoodia gordonii, die ghôwa, met ‘n SGI van 0.940. Ander plante met hoë SGI’s is Microloma sagittatum, die bokhorinkie (0.938), Sutherlandia frutescens, die kankerbossie (0.917), Quaqua incarnata, die karoena (0.917) and Galenia africana, die geelbos (0.854).
Tydens fase 3 is die bevindings met die deelnemers gedeel, om die geldigheid van die data te verifieer.
Hierdie studie is geassesseer in terme van Heinrich et al. (2009) se minimum standaarde vir etnobotaniese studies. Daar word aan elkeen van die minimum standaarde voldoen: die studie spreek ‘n leemte in die navorsingsliteratuur aan; ‘n duidelike konseptuele raamwerk word voorsien; duidelik geformuleerde hipotesisse rig die studie; kontekstuele faktore is in ag geneem; daar is voldoen aan etiese riglyne, en die studie is goedgekeur deur die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskappe aan die UJ se Etiese komitee; toestemming is van landeienaars bekom om plantmateriaal te versamel vir die herbarium, en die herbariumeksemplare kan gesien word by die Universiteit van Johannesburg se Herbarium (JRAU); effektiewe metodes is gebruik om data te versamel; ryk beskrywings (Geertz (1973) se “thick descriptions”) word verskaf; goeie betrekkinge is gehandhaaf tussen die navorsers en die deelnemers; ‘n
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statistiese ontleding is verskaf deur die Matriks Metode te gebruik, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die Spesies Gewildheidsindeks (SGI) en die Etnobotaniese Kennisindeks (EKI); en die data het toepassingswaarde in eksperimentele en toegepaste navorsing.
Hierdie navorsing het talle nuwe rekords van plantgebruike deur die mense in die Agter-Hantam opgeteken: 14 nuwe spesierekords van nuttige plante; 20 nuwe algemene volksname wat nog nie in die literatuur opgeneem is nie; en 99 nuwe gebruike van 46 van die plantspesies. Die bevindings beaam die hipotese, naamlik dat Khoi-San etnobotanie nie goed opgeteken is nie, en dat etnobotaniese navorsing ‘n prioriteit moet wees, om te verhoed dat hierdie kultuurskat verlore gaan vir die nageslag.
Algemene uitsig in die studie area, met die noordelike helling van die Hantamberg in die agtergrond.
8 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge 14 1.3 Khoi-San and Cape-Dutch ethnobotany 15 1.4 Hypotheses and aims with the study 18 1.5 Structure of the dissertation 18
CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY AREA 2.1 Physical location 19 2.2 Climate 21 2.3 Geology 22 2.4 Vegetation 22 2.5 The people of the Agter-Hantam and their culture 22
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Materials 26 3.2 Methodology 29 3.2.1. Introduction to quantitative ethnobotany 29 3.2.2. The three phases which comprised this research 31 3.2.3. The Matrix Method 39 3.2.4. Validity and reliability 42 3.2.5. Assessing the study against minimum standards (Heinrich et al. 2009) 43 3.3. Ethics 50 3.4. Literature consulted 53 3.5. Conclusion 57
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 The diversity of useful plants in the Agter-Hantam 58
9 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction: Diversity of useful plants in the Agter-Hantam 75 5.1.1. The most important food plants in the Agter-Hantam 75 5.1.2. The most important medicinal plants in the Agter-Hantam 75 5.1.3. New common names for Agter-Hantam plants 76 5.1.4. Origin of the name ‘Hantam’ 76 5.1.5. Conclusion 77 5.2. Usefulness of the Matrix Method 77 5.3. Revisiting the two hypotheses 82 5.4. Providing the “thick description” that Geertz (1973) referred to 82 5.5. The use of this data in experimental and applied research 87
REFERENCES 89
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE
Figure 2.1: The Hantam area of the Northern Cape 20 Figure 2.2: Mucina and Rutherford (2006) describe the vegetation of the Hantam-area as Dwarf Karoo shrubland 21 Figure 2.3: Ben-Erik van Wyk and Jan Baadjies at Klipwerf 24 Figure 2.4: The cultural heritage of the Hantam 25 Figure 3.1: Fieldwork in the Agter-Hantam 27 Figure 3.2: Herbarium voucher specimens of (a) Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.; (b) Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne; (c) Ballota africana L.; (d) Hydnora africana Thunb. 28
Figure 3.3: Rapid Botanical Appraisal and Matrix Method followed during study 34
Figure 3.4: The Hantam instrument 35 Figure 3.5: Letter of consent and acknowledgement of payment 36 Figure 3.6: Participants in the study 38 Figure 3.7: Explaining the Matrix 41 Figure 3.8: In his “Travels of the Cape of Good Hope 1772 – 1775”, Carl Peter Thunberg, the great Swedish botanist, made reference to Hydnora africana 53 Figure 3.9: A few of the important authors and publications on which this study draws 57 Figure 5.1: The story of the name ‘Hantam’ 77 Figure 5.2: The EKI values for the participants in the study 81
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE
Table 3.1: Participants in the ethnobotanical survey that were interviewed about traditional plant uses in the Agter-Hantam 37 Table 3.2: Assessing this ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, against the minimum standards identified by Heinrich 46 Table 3.3: Basic principles and guidelines of ethics in research 51 Table 3.4: Main literature consulted in the study 54 Table 4.1: Useful plants of the Agter-Hantam 60 Table 4.2: The Matrix of 64 useful species of the Agter-Hantam 72 Table 5.1: Comparison of the SPI values of specific species used in both the Agter-Hantam and the Kamiesberg 78
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX PAGE
Appendix A: Useful plants of the Agter-Hantam 98 Appendix B: The Hantam Instrument 162 Appendix C: Transcriptions of the Interviews 168 Appendix D: Article published in The American Biology Teacher 204 Appendix E: Article published in The South African Journal of Botany 212 Appendix F: Additional photographs of people and places 226
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
Southern Africa is one of the global hotspots of both biological and ethnic diversity. The subcontinent is rich in angiosperm species, and Germishuizen and Meyer (2003) estimate the angiosperm species count as 21,817. Van Wyk, Van Oudtshoorn and Gericke (2000) estimated that about 3,000 medicinal plants are regularly used in South Africa. Southern Africa also has rich cultural diversity, and Van Wyk et al. (2000) indicate that the traditional medicinal systems and their herbal, animal and mineral material medica have ancient origins which may date back to palaeolithic times (p.10). The combination of botanical and cultural diversity in southern Africa has resulted in a complex regional mosaic of traditional plant uses that have not yet been properly recorded. Although the ethnobotany of some cultural groups has been fairly accurately recorded (e.g. the Zulu, by Hutchings, 1996 and more broadly by e.g. Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk and Gericke 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2009), several authors (e.g. Liengme, 1983 and Van Wyk, 2008) have commented on the paucity of information on Khoi-San plant use. Cape Dutch medicine has been recorded by Pappe (1847, 1850, 1857 and 1868) but many of the plants do not occur in the study area, the Agter-Hantam area of the Northern Cape. Simon van der Stel (1685), Laidler (1928) and Archer (1990) have recorded some Nama plant uses, but the plant species and vegetation of Namaqualand and the Hantam-Roggeveld region are not very similar, with high levels of endemism for both regions. The only published ethnobotanical information from the Agter-Hantam was recorded by the well-known Swedish botanical explorer, C.P. Thunberg, who visited Abraham van Wyk (the direct ancestor of my supervisor, Professor Ben-Erik van Wyk) on the farm Uitvlugt on the 12th of October 1774. Near this farm, Thunberg (1795) discovered an extraordinary parasitic plant which he later described and named as Hydnora africana (Hydnoraceae). He wrote that the plant always grows under euphorbia bushes and that the fruit is eaten by the local people.
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Since most of the Khoi-San information is contained in an oral-traditional system, a large part of it is undoubtedly already lost forever. From a cultural point of view, this is a tragic loss that can never be corrected. This study aimed to systematically record Khoi-San indigenous plant use in the Agter-Hantam in a scientifically accurate way. The study area is the Agter-Hantam region, where the ancestors of the supervisor (B.-E. van Wyk) have had a well-recorded presence since the 1770s (Thunberg, 1795). The study aimed to address the tragic loss of indigenous knowledge by carefully and systematically record whatever fragmentary original plant knowledge has survived.
1.2. Ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge
This is an ethnobotanical study, and it is therefore necessary to shed light on this emerging field of science. The term ethno-ecology has in recent years received considerable emphasis in international literature. This term refers to studies which describe local people’s interaction with the natural environment (Martin, 1995). Ethnobotany is that part of ethno-ecology which concerns plants and has been defined by Balick and Cox (1996) as “the study of the relationships between plants and people” (“ethno” refers to the study of people; “botany” the study of plants). Ethnobotany is therefore the study of the knowledge, skills and daily uses of plants in a particular area which enable the people of the local community to get the most out of their natural environment. Jones and Hunter (2003) and Michie (2000) identified a number of common themes embedded within indigenous knowledge, namely that indigenous knowledge is characterised by the following: • Based on experience • Often tested over centuries of use • Developed as a collective data base of observable knowledge • Adapted to local culture and environment • Dynamic and changing: a living knowledge base • Application of problem solving • Transmitted orally and sometimes encapsulated in metaphor • Inseparably embedded in ethics, spirituality, metaphysics, ceremony and social order
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• Bridging the science of theory with the science of practice • A holistic (IK) versus a reductionist (‘western science’) approach • An ecologically based approach • Contextualized versus decontextualised science.
Today there are two popular research topics related to ethnobotany, namely ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry (Van Wyk, 2002). If one considers the work that is being done and reported on locally at the Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) conferences, as well as the large numbers of scientific papers on southern African medicinal plants published in recent years (Van Wyk, 2008a), one quickly realizes that ethnobotany has now claimed its rightful place amongst the other scientific disciplines. Much of the research discussed at the IPUF and other national and international conferences, focus on ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. This study is neither of the two, and aims to record the ethnobotanical uses of plants and the patterns of indigenous plant use knowledge in a scientifically rigorous way.
1.3. Khoi-San and Cape-Dutch ethnobotany
Large parts of southern-Africa are part of the traditional home of the Khoikhoi (Hottentot) herders, and San (Bushman) hunter-gatherers (Shapera, 1930). Although these two cultural groups are highly diverse, they are often collectively referred to as the Khoi-San people. The interactions between the Khoi-San people and Cape- Dutch (European) people resulted in a distinct healing culture, though poorly studied (Van Wyk, 2008b). Van Wyk (2008b) conceptualized Cape Herbal Medicine as a unique system of healing, and compiled an authentic list of material medica of the system. Unfortunately very few of the original Khoikhoi and San names have survived, and the majority of the medicinal plants in the Agter-Hantam have Afrikaans names.
Early traveller’s accounts, such as those of Van der Stel (De Wet and Pheiffer, 1979), Thunberg (Forbes, 1986) and Lichtenstein (1928) as well as the Floras (Marloth, 1913 – 1932) provide early ethnobotanical records. Laidler (1928) also
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made a contribution by a publication on Nama traditional medicine. Cape Herbal Medicine was also documented in publications of Pappe (1847, 1868) and Dykman (1891). The dictionary of common names of Smith (1966), and publications by Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962), Palmer (1985), Roberts (1990) and Rood (1994) are also rich sources of ethnobotanical information. More recently, books such as “Medicinal Plants of South Africa” (Van Wyk, Van Oudtshoorn and Gericke, 1997) and Van Wyk and Gericke (2000) took a further step in documenting medicinal plant use and southern African ethnobotany in a scientific and rigorous way.
From some of these early anecdotes, it is clear that rituals and symbolism are very much part of Khoi-San medicine. Laidler (1928) for instance referred to the fact that red (plant) substances are often used in treating anaemia’s and weaknesses, since blood is red, and these plant extracts were seen to “strengthen the blood” (p.434). Medicines for the youth are prepared “as the moon grows during the first days of the month, and never prepared when the moon is on the wane” (Laidler, 1928:434). Another example given is when black root (probably Antizoma capensis) is cut in an upward direction it will act as an emetic; should it be cut downwards it is transformed into a purgative. This holistic nature of Khoi-San medicine will be pointed out in this study. Low (2004) states that: “If there is a distinctive Khoi-San medical system it lies somewhere within the Khoi-San world of possibilities and a way of thinking about potency which is rooted in experience of the Khoi-San social and physical environment” (p.250).
It is therefore essential to recognize the holistic nature of Khoi-San healing practices, when compared to the more reductionist western biomedicine. Low (2004:200) acknowledges the risk in ethnobotanical research on the Khoi-San in searching for the familiar (e.g. an understanding from a western perspective) and missing the specific (richness and uniqueness of Khoi-San ethnomedicine, which might be difficult to understand from a western perspective). The latter author also questions the validity of research that approaches Khoi-San healing systems through western categories of analysis, which might not make provision for the supernatural (‘witchcraft’ or paljas) and practices such as massage, bleeding and cupping. I will provide a much more in-depth discussion of this issue in paragraph 5.4, Chapter 5.
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Three main categories of healers need to be distinguished: • The diviner or !gai aup (Laidler, 1928) who treats serious ailments. • The herbalist or bossiedokter who treats minor and chronic ailments. Van Wyk (2008) makes it clear that the term bossiedokter is a designation of honour, referring to highly skilled herbalists. • The poison or snake doctor, who specializes in the treatment of snake bites (Van Wyk, 2008). Snake doctors daily ingest small doses of snake poison to make them immune against snake bite. Laidler (1928:438) referred to Jacob Klaas, whose father was a full-blooded Nama, and who used to be the poison doctor for the northern parts of Namaqualand. His father made two small cuts above the elbow of each of his (Jacob’s) arms, and rubbed a small portion of dried cobra and night adder venom into the cuts. Two weeks later his father prepared a mixture of venoms that he had to put onto his tongue, until he felt “funny and shivery”. In the dry interior of the Cape, snake bite was once a major cause of human deaths, hence the need for a specific category of healer to deal with this threat.
In traditional Khoi-San healing, massage and aromatherapy played an important role (Van Wyk, 2008). Powdered aromatic bushes were often mixed with sheep fat, and used to massage the body. Smith (1966) claimed that the Khoi referred to the San or Sanqua as the “men or people (qua) who anointed their bodies with bushes (son, san)”.
The local, mainly Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Khoi-San people (living in so-called ‘Coloured Rural Areas’ (Archer, 1990), still possess a vast knowledge concerning the use of indigenous plants. Having said that, we need to acknowledge that some of the indigenous knowledge has been eroded, since there is a tendency for the rural populations of South Africa to forsake the traditional ‘veld’ foods, and to rely more on food purchased at the local store (Archer, 1990). The same applies to traditional herbal remedies, which are nowadays replaced by commercial medicine. The “gap” that this study addresses, is to systematically record the traditional plant use knowledge that has survived in the Agter-Hantam area in the Northern Cape.
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1.4. Hypotheses and aims
Two hypotheses were formulated: 1. Indigenous knowledge relating to the ethnobotany of the Agter-Hantam is poorly recorded and incompletely documented. 2. There is a loss of indigenous knowledge regarding plant use in younger generations.
Aims of the study 1. To record most of the useful plants of the Agter-Hantam; 2. To evaluate how complete literature records are of plant use in the Agter- Hantam; 3. To develop a rigorous method of quantifying existing indigenous knowledge in the community; 4. To produce an inventory of the most commonly used plants in the Agter- Hantam.
1.5. Structure of the dissertation In Chapter 2 the study area will be discussed, with brief reference to the physical location, climate, geology, vegetation and the people of the Agter- Hantam. Chapter 3 deals with the materials and methods used. In Chapter 4 the results are provided, and this will be followed by an in-depth discussion and conclusions in Chapter 5.
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CHAPTER 2 THE STUDY AREA
2.1 Physical location
The study was done in the Agter-Hantam area (district of Calvinia) in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Manning and Goldblatt (1997) define the Hantam area quite widely: from the Bokkeveld mountains and Vanrhyns Pass in the west, through Nieuwoudtville to the town of Calvinia in the east, and the Botterkloof Pass in the south. The very prominent mountain, the Hantam Mountain, gets its name from the Nama word ‘heyntam’, that refers to the edible bulbs of some Pelargonium species in the area (Manning and Goldblatt, 1997). Lichtenstein (1815), while standing at the southern foot of the Hantamsberg (Hantam Mountain), had the following to say: “…it resembles Table Mountain from the flatness of its top and the steepness of its sides, but is not so high… What makes it remarkable … is the excellent quality of the grass produced in its neighbourhood; it is reckoned particularly salutary for the feeding of horses”.
Figure 2.1 shows a map of the study area, with the location of the farms in the Agter- Hantam where ethnobotanical work was conducted. Bushmanland can be found to the north of the Hantam, the Roggeveld to the South, and the Karoo to the east. The area along the escarpment near Nieuwoudtville is commonly referred to as “Bokkeveld”. Noteworthy is that Thunberg refers to his visit to Abraham van Wyk on the farm Uitvlug in 1774 in his diary. Northeast of the farm Uitvlug lays Klipwerf, where the supervisor’s (Ben-Erik van Wyk) grandfather, Willem Daniel Benjamin (known as Ben) van Wyk, lived. The Agter-Hantam is the region next to the Hantam River, and can be reached by a dust road, that provide access to farms such as Groot Toren, Brandwag, Perdekraal, Klipwerf and Welbedag. Interviews were conducted mainly at Perdekraal and Klipwerf.
.
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The Swedish botanist, Carl Peter Thunberg, was the first taxonomist who visited the Bokkeveld plateau, or, in his words, the “Bockland’. He collected, described and named a large number of plants during his 1774 tour.
Figure 2.1. The Hantam area of the Northern Cape.
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Figure 2.2. Mucina and Rutherford (2006) describe the vegetation of the Hantam-area as Dwarf Karoo shrubland with nearly equal proportions of succulent elements and low microphyllous karroid shrubs.
2.2 Climate
The Hantam is an arid area, with an average annual precipitation that varies between 100 and 300 mm a year, with a mean of 228 mm at Calvinia (Van der Merwe, 2009). Occasionally the annual rainfall at Calvinia can be higher, such as a peak of 472 mm for Calvinia in 1976 (Weather Bureau, 1988). The rainfall mostly occurs in winter, though a few summer thunderstorms are often experienced. The coefficient of variation in rainfall for the Hantam is about 35% (Van der Merwe, 2009). Areas around Calvinia with a higher altitude generally receive higher precipitation, often in the form of snow (Manning & Goldblatt, 1997). The region is known for its extreme temperatures. In summer the average maximum temperature is about 30° C, although extreme temperatures of as high as 41 ° C have been recorded. In Calvinia, the coldest months are June and July, with minimum
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temperatures of 4° C, although temperatures below freezing point are regularly recorded (Van der Merwe, 2009; Open Africa, 2011).
2.3 Geology
Mucina and Rutherford (2006) describe the geology and soil as sediments of the Karoo Sequence (predominantly Ecca Group shales and Dwyka tillites). Van der Merwe (2009) states that the Hantam is dominated by the Ecca Group towards the east, whereas the Dwyka Group (tillite, sandstone, mudstone and shale) crops out towards the west. The Dwyka rocks were formed when a large glacier covered the Karoo some 300 million years ago. The tillite soils in the Hantam region are derived from the Dwyka sediments (SANBI, 2011). These soils form a hard clay which drains poorly, and is slightly acidic. Locally the soil is known as vaalgrond, due to the grey- yellow colour.
2.4 Vegetation
Mucina and Rutherford (2006) describe the vegetation of the Hantam-area as Dwarf Karoo shrubland with nearly equal proportions of succulent elements (Aloe, Antimima, Euphorbia, Ruschia) and low microphyllous karroid shrubs, particularly of the family Asteraceae (Eriocephalus, Pentzia, Pteronia). The area also has a rich display of spring annuals and geophytes. Acocks (1988) describe the veld type as Mountain Renosterveld, which is equivalent to the Escarpment Mountain Renosterveld of Low and Rebelo (1998). Marloth (1908) was of the opinion that the region is floristically more closely related to the Succulent Karoo, than to the Cape Floristic Region, although Cape floristic elements are clearly present, especially in the Hantamsberg. Species such as Galenia africana, Microloma sagittatum and Oncosiphon suffruticosum are dominant.
2.5 The people of the Agter-Hantam and their culture
Calvinia, the major town of the Hantam, is 986 metres above sea level. The dominant economic activity in the region is farming ̶ particularly sheep farming,
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though wheat and lucerne are also cultivated. The participants are mostly farm labourers, and many of them are illiterate. The fact that a number of the participants cannot read, shows that their knowledge of the plants and its uses was orally passed on from their ancestors- the information was not read in books. The participants in this study are of Khoi-San decent, but their exact ancestry (Nama, Griqua and !Xam) is not known. Van Bleeck’s records show the presence of !Xam (Southern Bushmen) to the North (Katkop). Jan Baadjies, one of the main participants in this study, indicated that he was trained by Kaatjie Hoesaar. In the Calvinia Museum, there is a display of Dia!Kwain (Dawid Hoesaar), a !Xam, who told how the !Xam or shamans, made rain (see Figure 2.4g). This support the claim that this area was home to the !Xam. Aree, the common name used by many of the participants for a Pelargonium species, is a Griqua word. Afrikaans is the home language of most Nama people (Malan and Shaw, 2011). The Afrikaans language is rich in words of Nama origin, such as geitjie, koedoe, kwagga, gogga, boegoe, dagga, koekemakranka, karee, abba, kamma and aitsa (Malan & Shaw, 2011).
Local experts are sometimes referred to as bossiedokters (directly translated: “plant doctors”) when they have considerable experience of the medicinal uses of plants and provide the community with advice on the therapeutic uses and dosages of plants. In the Hantam we were fortunately enough to meet a living bossiedokter, who were trained by a female bossiedokter known as Kaatjie Hoesaar, who apparently had the miraculous ability to transform herself into a lion when she went hunting. Incidentally Jan Baadjies as a boy of 19 was the right-hand man of Willem Daniel Benjamin Van Wyk, the grandfather of the supervisor, whom the latter never knew. The colonisation of South Africa is often associated with the phase of the northwards trek of farmers, known as the Groot Trek, however, the historical facts are that the first “trek” happened in the middle of the 18th century, when parts of the Northern Cape Province were colonised by pioneering Dutch pastoralists. One of these early farmers was Abraham van Wyk (the direct ancestor of the supervisor), who settled on a farm called Uitvlugt (“Escape”), situated at the confluence of the Hantam and Teronje Rivers (close to the farm Perdekraal). The well-known Swedish explorer and student of Linnaeus, Peter Thunberg, visited this Van Wyk on the farm in 1773, and commented on the quality of the food and housekeeping.
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Figure 2.3. Ben-Erik van Wyk and Jan Baadjies at Klipwerf. The dominant plant with yellow flowers is stinkkruid (Oncosiphon suffruticosum).
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Figure 2.4. The cultural heritage of the Hantam. From top to bottom, left to right: (a) an advertisement for “skuinskoek”, a Hantam speciality; (b) Christien Baadjies making “roosterkoek”; (c) “roosterkoek”; (d) the Hantam flag, outside the Hantam Huis, Calvinia; (e) “skilpadjies” made from liver; (f) Abraham Thys (Appie) doing the bobbejaandans (a riel); (g) Dia!Kwain Dawid Hoesaar, a !Xam, who told how the !Xam, or shamans, made rain (courtesy of the Calvinia Museum); (h) entrance to Calvinia, the hub of the Hantam.
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CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Materials
In this section I will briefly describe the materials that were used during this ethnobotanical research. Firstly of course, I had to do a literature overview, to determine what has been published on the ethnobotany of the Agter-Hantam. This literature will be discussed in paragraph 3.4. The discussions and narratives were recorded by using a digital voice recorder (the transcriptions are provided in Appendix C). The plant material was pressed using a plant press, and when it was dry, the plant specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets (see Fig. 3.1 and 3.2). The plant species were then all identified and the identities were verified in the National Herbarium in Pretoria (PRE). Mounted herbarium specimens were enriched with photographs showing the habit and flowers of the plant. A total of 64 herbarium sheets with photographs were used in structured interviews (see Matrix Method in section 3.2.3).
During Phase 2 (November 2009) 16 persons of the local community were interviewed. The herbarium specimens were shown to them, and a questionnaire was completed for each participant to accurately record his or her knowledge of each plant, and its uses. The instrument that was used for the interviews is shown in Figure 3.4. Each participant was also asked to sign a consent form, in which they acknowledge informed prior consent and also acknowledge having received payment of an honorarium for their assistance with this research. Lastly, this information was recorded in a matrix- see Table 4.2 in the next chapter.
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(a) Using a digital voice recorder, to record the participants’ comments. (Here Jan Baadjies is talking about the uses of Microloma sagittatum, the bokhorinkie).
(b) Teodor van Wyk pressing the plants for later mounting.
Figure 3.1. Fieldwork in the Agter-Hantam.
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Figure 3.2. Herbarium voucher specimens for (a) Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.; (b) Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne; (c) Ballota africana L.; (d) Hydnora africana Thunb.
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3.2. Methodology
In this section I will provide a comprehensive description of the newly developed Matrix Method (De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011) that was used in this ethnobotanical research study. Heinrich et al. (2009) proposed some conceptual and methodological minimum standards for ethnopharmacological field studies, and in paragraph 3.2.5 I will assess this study, according to these criteria or minimum standards that were suggested.
3.2.1. Introduction to quantitative ethnobotany
Heinrich et al. (2009) make it clear that it is no longer acceptable in ethnobotanical studies to simply provide uncritical lists of species and plant families used by a certain community or in a certain region. These authors refer to Einstein who said that “information is not knowledge” (p.11). Descriptive statistics, that classify and summarize data, is needed. Prance et al. (1987) coined the term “quantitative ethnobotany”. The purpose of such quantitative work is to indicate the relative importance of plant taxa to different cultural groups. A number of authors have developed indices based on the researcher’s often subjective views of the importance of each plant use. Turner (1988) coined the cultural significance index (CSI), by quantifying “quality of use”, “intensity of use” and “exclusivity of use” for plant species. Pieroni (2001) created a cultural food significance index (CFSI) for wild food plants. Prance et al. (1987) constructed a use value index (UV), in which they used a value of 1 for major uses, and 0.5 for minor uses. (My criticism of this is- minor or major use according to whom- the participant, or the researcher?). Phillips and Gentry (1993) modified the index of Prance et al. by also including the number of informants that cite a particular plant use. This resulted in quite sophisticated statistical calculations, using the following formula:
= 푈푖 푈푉푠 � 푁
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where UVs is the use-value for a species, Ui is the number of different uses mentioned by each informant (i) and N is the total number of informants interviewed in the survey.
Based on the above work, Pardo-de-Santayana (2003) developed a Relative Importance Index (RI), and Tardio and Pardo-de-Santayana (2008) a Cultural Importance Index (CI), calculated as follows:
URui/N = P 푈푁퐶 푖푁 퐶퐼푠 ∑푈=푈1 ∑푖=푖1 where UR refers to use-report, and NC the total number of use categories.
The above authors made use of descriptive statistics, calculating means, standard deviations and Spearman correlations, and yet they indicate that the CI index “…does not take into consideration relevant cultural aspects such as intensity, types, and multiplicity of uses; role in narratives, ceremonies, or in symbolism; naming and terminology in language” (p.35).
Trotter and Logan (1986) introduced another index, namely the Information Agreement Ratio (IAR), also called the Informant Consensus Factor, and is calculated as follows:
. . Fic = 1 푛 푈푅 − 푛 푡푎푥푎
푛푈푅 − where n is the number and UR is the use reports (anecdotes). This IAR or FIC provides information about the consensus or consistency of the information for a certain use category.
Weckerle, Cabras, Castellanos and Leoti (2011) introduced the Bayesian approach, a new method that allows botanists to compare medicinal floras with the overall flora of a given area and to investigate over- and underused
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plant families. This Bayesian approach takes into consideration the inherent uncertainty around the proportion of medicinal species in taxonomic groups as well as the flora as a whole (p. 842). Once again, the Excel computation suggested by the authors asks of the ethnobotanist to have a sound understanding of advanced statistics.
My study leader and I had a number of problems with these statistical approaches described, and we felt that there is a need for a simple yet effective method to introduce the rigour of a quantitative approach, but still recognize the context in which the South African ethnobotanist often works. In rural areas where such ethnobotanical surveys are done, many participants cannot read or write; people often know a plant, without necessarily being able to provide a name for the plant; and many plant uses are related to ‘paljas’ or ‘magic’, which the above-mentioned indices do not account for. These indices also do not measure the level of traditional knowledge for individual participants, thus limiting their usefulness for wider comparisons between communities. The main aim of this study was to generate high quality data in such a way that quantitative comparisons (of rural communities and plant species) will be possible in future studies.
The above criticism resulted in the conceptualization of the Matrix Method (De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011) which will be described in paragraph 3.2.3.
3.2.2. The three phases which comprised this research
The survey was conducted in the Agter-Hantam, in the district of Calvinia, over a period of just over a year.
(a) Phase 1: Rapid Ethnobotanical Appraisal During Phase 1 (September 2009), field survey work was conducted to interview local experts, notably Jan Baadjies, a traditional healer. Without knowledgeable people reciding in the Agter-Hantam, this study would not have been possible. Contact was made with Jan Baadjies, a respected
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bossiedokter in the area. Jan accompanied us (my study leader and I, as well as co-workers who assisted with herbarium voucher specimens, photography and interviews, such as Prof. Pat Tilney, and Teodor van Wyk) on field trips, and we collected plant material of the plants commonly used in the Agter- Hantam. Although Jan Baadjies was the main source of data during the rapid ethnobotanical appraisal, other knowledgeable people in the community were also consulted. The reason for this is that a single use report carries less weight, than multiple uses reports. A rapid appraisal methodology was followed (Martin, 1995). As the name implies, a rapid ethnobotanical appraisal is a study that only lasts a few days. This method borrows its tools from disciplines such as rural sociology, anthropology and ecology, and is an adaptation of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) (Martin, 1995). One of the disadvantages of this methodology is that it does not allow the researcher to develop a relationship with the community (Martin, 1995). Careful documentation of the cultural and biological aspects of local knowledge is not always possible, because there are time constraints for making voucher collections, transcribing local names, or talking with a range of informants. In rapid ethnobotanical appraisal (and PRA) local people (the community investigated) are full participants in the study, rather than being merely the objects of the investigation (Martin, 1995).
I did not experience the above pitfalls that Martin highlights, mainly because of the fact that my study leader, Ben-Erik van Wyk, is well-known and respected in the area. Some of the participants also personally knew his father and grandfather, who lived at Klipwerf (Figure 2.3). We identified knowledgeable people in the community (amongst others, Jan Baadjies), and were fortunate that the interviews could be conducted in Afrikaans, the mother tongue of both researchers and all the participants. This assisted in recording finer nuances that might have otherwise been lost. Ethical conduct and equitable relationships were ensured by following the principles contained in the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology (International Society of Ethnobiology, 2006; see also Crouch et al., 2008). (Ethics will be discussed in more detail in paragraph 3.3). The aims, anticipated outcomes,
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and benefits of the study were explained to every participant, and they were all asked to sign consent forms (see Figure 3.5). The participants assisted us in collecting plant material for herbarium voucher specimens. We also took photographs of the plants (especially of the flowers), and we used these photographs to enhance the visual representations of the herbarium voucher specimens (See Figure 3.2). Where plant material was collected for herbarium voucher specimens, it was done with the permission of the landowners.
This phase ended with a qualitative assessment, i.e. list of all the species and their uses (see Table 4.1).
(b) Phase 2: The Matrix Method During the second phase (November 2009) 16 participants in the Agter- Hantam (the farms Perdekraal, and Klipwerf), all descendents of the Khoi-San people and of different ages, were shown a collection of 64 herbarium voucher specimens (further enriched by colour photographs, typically showing habit, flower colour and other features that are not visible on herbarium specimens- see Fig. 3.2). People were selected randomly, representing different farms in the Agter-Hantam, and of different age groups and gender. This turned out to be quite a challenging task, because of the participants’ enthusiasm- it was extremely difficult to manage one-to-one interviews, since other members of the community loved to join in.
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(a) and (b) Fieldwork (Rapid Ethnobo tanical Appraisal), 2009
(c) Structured interviews with people (d) Interviews with people in the Agter-Hantam (Matrix Method)
Figure 3.3. The Rapid Botanical Appraisal and Matrix Method followed during the study.
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Name: ...... Nickname: ...... Date of birth: ...... Where did you grow up?………………………………………………………………...... How well do you know the plants of the Hantam? ...... How/where did you obtain your knowledge of plants? ......
Plant Use (Jan Baadjies) Know plant? If yes, do you Use(s) of plant?
have a name for it? Galenia africana Wash yourself with it- skin (Geelbos) diseases/ moulds.
Viscum capense Drink as a tea (voëlent; mistletoe) Sutherlandia Treating cancer, back ache, frutescens stomach problems, kidneys,
(Kankerbos; diabetes and high blood kalkoenbos) pressure. Hoodia gordonii Used for mouth rush; (ghoba; edible- suppresses appetite. bitterghaap) Hydnora africana Edible; used especially to (kanniekan) conquer thirst.
Figure 3.4.The Hantam instrument that was used to systematically record data for each of the herbarium voucher specimens that was studied. (This is only an excerpt- the instrument included 64 plants; see Appendix B for the complete instrument).
Once again, all the participants were asked to sign letters of consent. Since many of the participants could not read or write, we realized that it would be better to rather verbally explain the nature of this research, and what participation in the research would entail. Many of the participants signed the consent letters by making a cross. A modest honorarium was paid to every participant, and the amount varied between R100 and R300, depending on (a) the time spent to complete the questionnaire, and (b) the contribution of the participant towards the research (e.g. some of the participants wanted to show us where some of the plants were growing, or wanted to show us other plants not included amongst the 64 specimens).
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Departement Plantkunde en Plantbiotegnologie Universiteit van Johannesburg Posbus 524, Auckland Park, 2006
ETNOBOTANIE VAN DIE HANTAM NAVORSINGSPROJEK
Liewe Deelnemer
Ons sal aan u mondelings verduidelik dat hierdie navorsing poog om plantgebruike in die Agter- Hantam op te teken, sodat hierdie waardevolle kultuurskat nie vir die nageslag verlore gaan nie. U is welkom om enige onduidelikhede met ons te bespreek. Indien u bereid is om deel te neem aan hierdie navorsingsprojek, word u versoek om asseblief hierdie brief waarin u toestemming gee dat ons die inligting wat u met ons deel kan gebruik in wetenskaplike publikasies, te onderteken.
Baie dankie
Prof. Ben-Erik van Wyk en Dr. Josef de Beer
TOESTEMMINGSBRIEF EN FAKTUUR VIR KONSULTASIEFOOI
Ek, …………………………………………(naam) verklaar hiermee dat die aard van hierdie opnames in die Agter-Hantam met my bespreek is, en dat my rol in die navorsing aan my verduidelik is. Ek verklaar myself gewillig om deel te neem aan die navorsing, en verleen toestemming dat die inligting wat ek met die navorsers deel, vir publikasie doeleindes aangewend mag word.
………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. Handtekening van deelnemer Datum van etnobotaniese opname
Ek erken ontvangs van die volgende bedrag, wat in kontant deur die navorsers aan my betaal is, as konsultasiefooi: Vervoeruitgawes: …………………………………………… Konsultasiefooi: …………………………………………….. Totale bedrag ontvang: R ……………………………………
……………………………………………… ……………………………………………….. Handtekening van deelnemer Handtekening van navorser (UJ)
Figure 3.5. Letter of consent and acknowledgement of payment.
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Table 3.1. Participants in the ethnobotanical survey that were interviewed about traditional plant uses in the Agter-Hantam (Calvinia District, Northern Cape Province, South Africa). The abbreviations given in brackets are used in Table 4.1. The name in square brackets is the pseudonym or nickname (“klein naam”) by which the person is known in the local community.
Name of Date of birth Geographical Origin of plant use participant origin (farm name) knowledge [nickname in square brackets] Bertus Baadjies 1989-03-01 Agter-Hantam Parents; school (BB) [Clyde] (Perdekraal) Christien Baadjies 1966-09-07 Agter-Hantam Mother (CB) [Koenênie] (Brandwag) Danster Baadjies 1946-11-08 Agter-Hantam Father (DB) [Toties] (Klipwerf) Elizabeth Baadjies 1965-11-17 Agter-Hantam Father (EB) [Bet] (Klipwerf) Frans Baadjies 1964-06-20 Agter-Hantam (Groot Father (FB) Toren) Hendrik Baadjies 1950-04-22 Agter-Hantam Jan Baadjies (HB) [Pompies] (Klipwerf) Kato Baadjies (KB) 1966-08-21 Agter-Hantam Parents [Tolie] (Klipwerf)
Jan Baadjies (JB) 1942-10-30 Agter-Hantam Kaatjie Hoesaar, a (Klipwerf) legendary bossiedokter; to a lesser degree, Jane Hoffman. Hendrik Gouws 1952-11-07 Agter-Hantam Adults (HG) (Brandwag) Gert Swarts (GS) 2000-03-01 Agter-Hantam School teacher (Renosterkop) Abraham Thys 1968-02-24 Agter-Hantam Jan Baadjies (AT) [Appie] (Brandwag) Andreas Thys 1996-01-16 Calvinia Father (Martiens Thys) (AnT) Jakob Thys (JT) 1951-01-03 Agter-Hantam Adults (Brandwag) Martiens Thys (MT) 1954-08-13 Agter-Hantam Parents [Groys] (Brandwag) Rachel Tromp (RT) 1952-05-24 Agter-Hantam Father [Rakkies] (Klipwerf) Izak Waterboer 1954-04-05 Voor-Hantam Father; workers on farm (IW)
37 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Jan Baadjies Christien Baadjies Frans Baadjies Abraham Thys
Gert Swarts Andreas Thys Rachel Tromp Danster Baadjies
Kato Baadjies Hendrik Gouws Hendrik Baadjies Izak Waterboer
Elizabeth (Bet) Bertus Baadjies Jakob Thys Martiens Thys Baadjies
Figure 3.6. Participants in the study.
Next this data was entered into a matrix, and the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) was calculated for every participant. The Species Popularity Index (SPI) for each of the 64 plant species was also determined. This will be further discussed in paragraph 3.2.3.
(c) Phase 3: Feedback to the community The aim of phase 3 was to provide feedback to the community, and to share the data and findings with them. Amongst others, a poster on the most important
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Hantam plants were made, for distribution to local schools and the community centre.
3.2.3. The Matrix Method
The basic steps of this new method are: (1) Compilation of a checklist (with voucher specimens and/or photographs) of all ethnobotanically relevant plant specimens of the study area. (2) Preparation of an “image” (typically a herbarium specimen enriched with photographs) for each of the ethnobotanically relevant species in the checklist. (3) Structured interviews with several members of the community to accurately record information about each of the plant species. Each participant is asked to answer three simple questions: 3.1. Do you know this plant? (Score: no = 0; yes = 1); 3.2. Do you have a name for the plant? (Score: no = 0; yes = 2); 3.3. Do you know of any use or uses for the plant? (Score: no =0; yes = 3) The total score (out of a possible maximum of 6) is calculated for each plant species. (4) A matrix of plant species against participants is compiled, with each cell containing four digits (e.g. 1236, if the person knew the plant, its name and uses, or e.g. 1001, if the person knew/ recognised the plant but did not know its name or uses). (5) Calculation of the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) for each participant (total score obtained divided by the maximum possible score; this gives an index value of between 0 and 1). (6) Calculation of the Species Popularity Index (SPI) for each plant species (total score obtained for each plant species divided by the maximum possible score; this gives an index value between 0 and 1).
The Matrix Method (De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011) has the following advantages: (a) It allows for the generation/ acquisition of comparatative quantitative data of indigenous plant use; (to allow for comparisons within and between
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different communities on plant use; comparisons of the plant use patterns in different communities and the relative importance of a particular plant species for specific uses in different communities); b) It makes the study independent of flowering season and the need to study the plants in situ (participants are sometimes old and frail, not able to walk long distances); (c) It excludes the possibility of false negative results. In all or most surveys done thus far, the data were based on information given by participants, and it is very likely that important plants were left out- not because they are not well known, but because they were momentarily forgotten.
The true significance of this new methodology is perhaps not immediately obvious. For example, the first question “Do you know this plant?” is not trivial, because it establishes whether the person is familiar with the plant, even if he/she does not have a name for it. Young participants in the Agter-Hantam typically knew many plants, for which they did not have names. They often recognised the plants by their flowers, colour or leaves, and can point them out in the veld. The second question, namely the name of the plant, allows for an accurate recording of the full variation of vernacular names of the species. Vernacular names often vary subtly from person to person, or farm to farm, in spelling and pronunciations. (It is important to note that the results of this study lead me to believe that the acquisition of knowledge of plants follow a predictable progression from young to old people. Young people (children) first learn to recognise the edible plants, and are later able to communicate about them by learning their names.
Those interested in plants will typically be observant, and will learn to recognize a large number of other species, e.g. medicinal plants, without necessarily bothering to learn their names. In the Hantam children could recognise a large number of plants, although they could not provide names for them. Adults know the names of a wider range of species, including those that are used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, e.g. crafts. The elderly people fall in three categories; (1) those reasonably ignorant of plants and their uses; (2) people with knowledge about those plants that are in daily use in the community, and (3) local experts with a profound knowledge of
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the plants, their identities, and their sensory and medicinal properties. The last mentioned category may have become extinct in large areas.
The values entered into the matrix are explained in Figure 3.7, and the Matrix for the Agter-Hantam study is provided in Table 4.2. The last digit represents the sum of the three values (with a maximum value of 6). By adding the scores for each participant, a quantitative measure of his or her knowledge of useful plants is obtained. I expressed each participant’s ethnobotanical knowledge as a fraction (ratio) of the maximum possible score of 384, obtained by multiplying the total number of plants (64) with the maximum score for each species (6). The value of this “Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index” (EKI) thus varies between 0 and 1. For example, the highest EKI in this study was 0.93 (as expected, for the most knowledgeable participant, Jan Baadjies).
Species JB DB HB HG SPI 1. Acacia karroo 1236 1236 1001 1236 The cell with 1236 for 2.Agathosmabetulina 1236 0000 0000 1001 Hendrik Gouws (HG) 3. Aloe dichotoma 1236 1203 1203 1203 should be interpreted as 4. Aloe ferox 1236 1034 1001 1236 5. Aloe microstigma 1236 1236 1203 1236 follows: 6. Aloe variegata 1236 1236 1203 1236 1= he recognized/knew the 7.Anisodonteatriloba 1236 1001 0000 1203 plant 8.Apiumprostratum 1236 1001 1236 1203 2 = he could provide a 9.Aptosimumindivisum 1236 1236 0000 1001 name for the plant 10. A. spinescens 1236 0000 1001 1203 3 = he could mention uses
for this plant Average EKI (0.3) 6 = total score (adding up)
Figure 3.7 Explaining the Matrix. By way of example, reponses to only 10 plants are provided. In the Matrix (Table 3.2) there are 64 plants. The EKI for every
person is calculated by deviding the total score by 384 (64 X 6), and is a value between 0 and 1. Only based on his knowledge of
10 plants, Hendrik Baadjies (HB) would have an EKI of 18 ÷ 60 = 0.3 (His actual EKI, based on knowledge on 64 plants, is 0.56).
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The matrix also provides an indication of the importance or popularity of each species, as measured by the number of participants who knows the plant and its uses. I express this “Species Popularity Index” (SPI) as a fraction (ratio) of the maximum possible score of 96, obtained by multiplying the number of participants (16) with the maximum score for each species (6). For example, the highest SPI in this study was 1.00 for Punica granatum L. (a popular, non-indigenous, cultivated fruit tree that also has traditional medicinal uses), followed by 0.97 for Aloe microstigma Salm-Dyck and 0.94 for the popular veld food, Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.
The result of the method is a matrix of plants vs. participants, which allows for various statistical analyses, that leads to answers for important questions, e.g.: • Which are the most important and widely used food plants? • Which are the most widely used medicinal plants? • What is the most commonly used vernacular name for a plant?
I sampled 16 participants of various age groups, and ensured that I had young people, middle-aged people as well as elderly people, in order to test the second hypothesis.
3.2.4. Validity and reliability
The study-leader is an expert in ethnobotany and South African flora, and participated actively in all the phases of the study. He could easily establish whether participants are knowledgeable on local plant use. In order to ensure that anecdotes are accurately recorded, a digital data recorder was used, and all the interviews were later transcribed. These transcriptions are provided in Appendix C. All field notes were afterwards compared with the transcriptions.
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3.2.5. Assessing this study against the minimum standards for ethnopharmacological or ethnobotanical field studies, as developed by Heinrich et al. (2009)
In an insightful article, Heinrich et al. (2009) attempted to develop minimum standards or criteria for ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical field studies. These authors acknowledge that their attempt is not so inclusive that it closes the door for additions or revisions, and clearly state that the aim was to “highlight the minimum conceptual and methodological requirements” (p.14) that researchers should consider. The following minimum standards were identified (my own interpretation, numbering and categorization):
1. Field studies should be built on a clear conceptual framework and hypothesis testing 1.1. What is the “gap” that this study addresses? 1.2. There should be a clear conceptual framework or lens that is used for eventually analyzing and interpreting the data. This standard asks of the researcher to clearly define his/her rationale (goals) with the field study. What are the scientific concerns addressed e.g. • How does traditional knowledge account for the use of the environment/ sustainability? • How can the knowledge be assessed in the context of biomedicine or phytochemistry? • How does the use of medicinal plants in an area compare, for example, to their use in a neighbouring community? (Heinrich et al., ibid.)
1.3. There should be a clearly formulated hypothesis 1.4. Contextual factors should be considered Heinrich et al. (ibid.) also flag the issue that one should “recognize that the logic of non-western cultures is often more expansive than is our more science-driven system of thought” (p.8). The authors refer to plants used for “magical” purposes, that is sometimes overlooked or ignored by researchers.
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2. Ethical clearance/ approval should be obtained
2.1. Researchers should familiarize themselves with the basic ethical requirements that should be met (e.g. the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology (http://ise.arts.ubc.ca/global.coalition/ethics.php). Amongst others, aspects such as benefit sharing should be considered. 2.2. Ethical permission/ clearance should be obtained from the relevant ethical review board.
3. The methodology/ research procedures should adhere to the following minimum requirements: 3.1. Relevant permits/ permission must be obtained, for collecting plant materials. 3.2. Herbarium voucher specimens should be collected, and these voucher specimens should be kept in an accessible herbarium. 3.3. Using the best, most applicable methods, e.g. ethnobotanical walks with participants during fieldwork, individual or focus-group interviews, or the use of questionnaires during ethnobotanical surveys. 3.4. Anthropological considerations should be kept in mind. Plants are not used in a cultural vacuum (Heinrich, 2009, p.9), and the study should describe the ecological setting (e.g. a particular dry area, or an area with poor people), the socioeconomic basis of the culture, linguistic and cultural characteristics, gender-specific questions of knowledge contribution, etc. 3.5. Through triangulation of data, the researcher should get to what Geertz (1973) called a “thick description”- a rich and detailed description of the plant use of the specific group of people. 3.6. There should be a positive relationship between the researchers and the “keepers of traditional knowledge”, based on mutual trust and equitable benefit sharing. 3.7. Ethnomedical considerations should be addressed, and it is advisable that a medically qualified research collaborator is involved, who could conduct a clinical assessment of patients, and help to translate indigenous and local diagnosis into biomedical terms.
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3.8. The information should be quantified. There are two aspects of importance here: 3.8.1. Descriptive statistics should be used. Heinrich et al. (ibid.) make it clear that, in ethnobotanical research, it is no longer sufficient to simply provide lists of species and plant families used. The authors refer to Einstein’s saying that “information is not knowledge”, and highlight that descriptive statistics, that collect, classify, summarize and (graphically or numerically) present the data, will move ethnobotany forward. 3.8.2. Applying inferential statistics. The authors also recommend that, for hypothesis testing, inferential statistics are applied. This inferential statistics is useful in inter-cultural comparisons, where data of one ethnic group, culture or region is compared to that of another.
3.9. Databases should be established for the storing and subsequent analysis of information. Heinrich et al. (ibid.) state that ethnopharmacology has become an information science, with dependency on expert-curated databases to manage the data generated from research findings. This also asks for adherence to data standards that will facilitate data consistency, exchange of data and comparative analysis (p. 13).
4. The research should comply with data standards that will make it possible to use specific information in future experimental and applied research 4.1. How can the data be used in experimental research? Heinrich et al. (ibid.) give the interesting example of on-going development of novel anticancer agents based on traditional European knowledge of Euphorbia peplus L. When defining standards in this category, one needs to consider the fast developing field of biological assays available. The authors refer to the example where experimental setups often result in the vast majority of extracts tested being active (p.14). This often indicates that the researchers considered dose levels as active which are far too high and not of physiological relevance, or secondly, that the assay has no discriminatory power. 4.2. How can the data be used in applied research?
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An example is how particular data might be relevant in the context of biodiversity conservation.
In Table 3.2 I will now assess this research project against these minimum standards.
Table 3.2 Assessing this ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, against the minimum standards proposed by Heinrich et al. (2009) Minimum standard Assessment of this project
1. Field studies should be built on a clear conceptual framework and hypothesis testing 1.1. What is the “gap” that this study With the exception of Thunberg’s addresses? reference to Hydnora africana, there is no published information on the ethnobotany of the Agter-Hantam. In a wider context, it should be noted that Khoi-San ethnobotany is very poorly documented and that this knowledge is rapidly being lost due to cultural changes and other factors. 1.2. A clear conceptual framework is Unlike many of the studies in countries provided like Spain, Brazil and India, the ethnobotany of the Agter-Hantam is not described in literature. The framework for this study was to systematically record how the descendants of the Khoi-San people in the Agter-Hantam use (mainly indigenous) plants as sources of food, and for medicinal and other uses. The documentation of Khoi-San ethnobotanical knowledge is a matter of extreme urgency, because it is only the older (mostly illiterate) generation that still has detailed “original” knowledge about plants and their uses. The Khoi- San people are the oldest human lineage and culture on earth and their traditional home range overlaps with the Cape Floral Kingdom, known to be one of the richest and most unique floras on earth. This work is therefore of international importance because it may contribute to a better understanding of the ecological context in which modern humans evolved.
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1.3. Clearly formulated hypothesis Two hypotheses directed this investigation, namely: 1. Indigenous knowledge relating to the ethnobotany of the Agter-Hantam is poorly recorded and incompletely documented. 2. There is a loss of indigenous knowledge regarding plant use in younger generations. 1.4. Contextual factors considered This study will contribute to a wider documentation and conceptualization of what Van Wyk (2008) called “Cape Herbal Medicine” (i.e. a supposedly unique healing culture based on Khoi- San and Cape Dutch traditional medicine). It will also add important comparative data (at community level) for determining the patterns of plant use in various parts of the Cape region. Most of the participants in the fieldwork were amateur “botanists”, and the researchers showed respect and appreciation for their eagerness to share their indigenous knowledge. In the Khoi-San culture “paljas” or magical uses of plants is important, and this was also recorded as plant use in this study.
2. Ethical clearance/ approval should be obtained
2.1. Basic ethical requirements met This is addressed in more detail in Table 3.3. In short, the nature of the research was clearly explained to the holders of IK, who willingly participated in the study. Reciprocity was addressed by paying a monetary amount to participants, and the community shared in the dissemination of the findings of the most important Hantam plants. Posters will be made available to libraries, schools and community centres. 2.2. Ethical clearance obtained This project was approved by the UJ Faculty of Science’s Ethics Committee, and I prescribe to the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology. 3. Methodology/ research procedures adhering to minimum requirements
3.1. Permission obtained to collect plant Land owners (such as Bertie Visagie)
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materials gave permission for collecting herbarium specimens on their farms. 3.2. Herbarium voucher specimens The voucher specimen numbers are collected, and kept in an accessible provided in Table 4.1, and specimens are herbarium kept in the University of Johannesburg Herbarium (JRAU). 3.3. Using the best, most applicable Ethnobotanical walks with participants methods during fieldwork, and individual interviews using a questionnaire to record participants’ plant knowledge; quantification by using the the newly conceived Matrix Method. The accurate recording of data was ensured by comparing the questionnaires to the transcripts of the interviews, provided in Appendix C. 3.4. Anthropological considerations kept People of Khoi-San decent living in the in mind Cape region of South Africa have adopted the culture and language of the original Dutch settlers – these groups are all referred to as Afrikaners. The two researchers who conducted the interviews are from the same culture. (Unlike most ethnobotanical studies, there were no “we” and “they” in this study).The fact that Afrikaans was used as medium of communication ensured that finer nuances were not lost during the recording of data. Plant use was considered holistically, also recording ‘paljas’ or magical uses. 3.5. “Thick descriptions” provided The local names of plants, and spectrum of plant uses, were recorded, and compared to what has been published. This resulted in 14 new species records of useful plants, 20 new vernacular names not recorded in literature, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. A historical overview of the Khoi-San bossiedokters is given in this dissertation, providing context to the research. 3.6. Relationship between the Prof. Ben-Erik van Wyk’s ancestors researchers and the “keepers of came from this area, and this contributed traditional knowledge” to a good relationship. Researchers also had the privilege to socially interact with local participants over meals, which further enhanced the trust relationship. 3.7. Ethnomedicinal considerations The focus of this research was not to do
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bio-assays to test anti-microbial, anti- inflammatory, anti-secretory or immune- modulatory properties. However, my study leader, Prof. Van Wyk, is the author of titles such as Medicinal Plants of South Africa, and his vast knowledge ensured that we could make sensible value judgments while recording the data. 3.8.1. Descriptive statistics should be The Matrix Method resulted in two new used indices being used: the Species Popularity Index (SPI) and the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI). In paragraph 3.2.1 I compare the SPI and EKI indices to other indices found in literature, such as the CSI, CFSI, UV, RI, CI and IAR. 3.8.2. Applying inferential statistics The purpose of this study was not to compare the data on indigenous plant use between different cultural groups and or between different regions, and therefore there was no need for inferential statistics. (The references to SPI’s in Namaqualand were merely provided to show the versatility of the Matrix Method). 3.9. Databases should be established This study of the Agter-Hantam is the first of a series of studies (others include Nortje’s work in Namaqualand) using the Matrix Method. Future plans include the establishment of a national database on the plant use of the Khoi-San nationally, by utilizing this new rigorous approach. 4. The research should comply with data standards, that make it possible to use specific information in experimental and applied research
4.1. Use in experimental research This research recorded 14 new species records of useful plants, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. The identification of these useful plants, now allow for ethnopharmacological studies and bio-assay work to determine anti- microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti- secretory, immune-modulatory, etc. properties of active ingredients. 4.2. Use in applied research The SPI’s provide information on the most commonly used plants, and research should now be conducted to establish whether these plants are
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harvested sustainably or whether they have commercial potential. Another outcome of this study, though not research related, is that it initiated a discourse on the inclusion of such indigenous knowledge in the national and international Life Sciences school curricula (e.g. with the publication of an article by De Beer and Van Wyk (2011b) in The American Biology Teacher. The current school population is tomorrow’s ethnobotanical researchers, and it is important that the young generation’s interest is stimulated.
It therefore seems as if the research in the Agter-Hantam comply with all these minimum standards, with the exception perhaps of 3.7 and 3.8.2. However, my focus was not to do biological assays on medicinal plant extracts, neither did I try to compare indigenous plant use between different groups of people.
3.3. Ethics
The basic principles of ethics that guided this research are summarised in Table 3.3. This is a list of criteria and principles that I compiled from Tapela et al. (2009) and the research guidelines of the South African Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) of which I am a member. This also reflects the spirit of the International Society of Ethnobiology’s Code of Ethics.
The purpose of the research was explained to the participants, and that participation is voluntary. All the participants signed letters of consent, also indicating that they were paid for sharing their time and expertise. One of the aims with this study was to produce a full-colour poster (non-commercial) of the most important plants in the Hantam, and this will be made available (free of charge) to schools, libraries and community centres.
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Table 3.3. Basic principles and guidelines of ethics in research (adapted from Tapela, et al., 2009, and the Research Guidelines of the Indigenous Plant Use Forum, 2004)
Principle How this principle guided us in doing this research 1. Respect We showed respect for the people we worked with, the background, culture and life choices of the people.
2. Historical awareness Showing respect to (possible) historically disadvantaged social, political and economic positions of many communities.
3. Reciprocity, mutual benefit and Both parties in the research benefited from equitable sharing the interaction. Participants were all paid a monetary amount, and will be provided with copies of an envisaged field guide. Learning materials will be made available to schools in the Hantam, and the library in Calvinia.
4. Process A fair process of negotiation was followed, that foregrounded flexibility rather than rigidity.
5. Full disclosure The community was fully informed of the nature and purpose of the research.
6. Communication and due All participants are honoured in Figure 3.5 of acknowledgement the dissertation, as well as in the field guide. Their contributions are also explicitly recorded and acknowledged in the publication by De Beer and Van Wyk (2011). The contributions of each participant are recorded in the table of main results.
7. Acknowledgement of different Granting equal status to formal (e.g. types of knowledge scientific knowledge) and informal (e.g. local or traditional indigenous knowledge). The participants were pleased that a respected author like Prof Van Wyk values their indigenous knowledge.
Criteria (according to IPUF) How we met this criterium
Clearance must be obtained This project was approved by the UJ Faculty of Science’s Ethics Committee.
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Full consultation should be The research was explained to all the ensured with all potentially affected participants in the study, and Anna Visagie communities also wrote an article about the intended research for the local newspaper, inviting the broader community to be involved.
Agreements were reached on This project does not have any commercial equitable benefit-sharing interests; all participants were paid a monetary amount, and the community benefit from the educational material that was made available. Should any commercial developments emanate from the plant species recorded in this study, the sources of knowledge are clearly recorded so that the question of intellectual property rights will have a sound factual basis.
No data, publications (including This has been explained to participants, and photographs or video recordings) they all signed letters of consent to this or broadcasts shall be undertaken effect. unless there has been full disclosure to the community Potential risks of the research There were no risks involved; we were so should be explained pleased that people participated with such enthusiasm, realising that they assist in recording the rich Khoi-San ethnobotany.
Researchers must respect what is We appreciated and respected the holistic sacred, secret or confidential view on human well-being, including the physical and spiritual, by the community. Where Jan Baadjies, for example, did not want to provide more detail on his mentor’s (Kaatjie Hoesaar) bodily transformation, we respected it.
Include a local institution as a All the participants were partners in the partner in the research research. The outcomes of this research (educational material) will be shared with schools, libraries and the community centre.
The researchers must ensure that Monetary amounts ranging from R100 to assistants are appropriately R300 were paid to participants, depending remunerated for time and expertise on the time they spent with us (which in average ranged from 45 minutes to 2 hours). This documentation is available for auditing. We also presented many of the participants with small gifts, such as food, or one of Prof. Van Wyk’s books, as an additional token of our appreciation.
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Academic institutions should help This study is one of many, in which my set up a national system to protect supervisor is attempting to develop a indigenous knowledge national database on the indigenous plant use of the Khoi-San.
Ethical considerations are of the utmost importance in ethnobotany, due to factors such as the acknowledgement of intellectual property rights and bioprospecting. Crouch et al. (2008) refer to the fact that globally many nations are legislating access for bioprospecting purposes to their biological and genetic resources. However, the focus of our fieldwork was to record the rich ethnobotanical knowledge in the Agter- Hantam, and we have no commercial interests in this regard.
3.4. Literature consulted
Table 3.4 provides an overview of the main literature that was consulted in this study. As already mentioned, the only specific reference to the Agter-Hantam, is that of Thunberg. However, many of the plants in the Agter-Hantam has a wider distribution, and numerous publications were valuable in this research. Some of the literature was consulted to aid the methodology of the study, such as Martin (1995) and Heinrich et al. (2009), which are listed separately.
Figure 3.8. In his “Travels of the Cape of Good Hope 1772 – 1775”, Carl Peter Thunberg, the great Swedish botanist, made reference to Hydnora africana.
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Table 3.4 Main literature consulted in the study (listed alphabetically, and not in order of importance to this study)
Author Title Date of Notes publication Archer, F.M. Planning with people- 1990 The uses of more than 300 ethnobotany and African uses of different plant species were plants in Namaqualand. documented amongst Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuer knowledgeable agro-pastoralists in Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg. Namaqualand. Archer, F.M Ethnobotany of Namaqualand: 1994 This mammoth work (for a MA The Richtersveld. M.A. thesis, degree) focused on the University of Cape Town. ethnobotany of the Richtersveld. This study was of interest, since it also focused on the indigenous knowledge of the Khoi-San, and though it was in a different region, some of the Agter-Hantam plants also occur in the Rictersveld. Arnold, T.H., Medicinal and magical plants of 2002 Based on MEDBASE (a Prentice, C.A., southern Africa: an annotated computerized information system Hawker, L.C., checklist. Strelitzia 13. National for southern African medicinal Snyman, E.E., Botanical Institute, Pretoria. plants, this important book includes Tomalin, M., 215 families, 1240 genera and Crouch, N.R., 3689 taxa of medicinal and magical Pottas-Bircher, C. plants. De Wet, G.C., Simon van der Stel’s journey to 1979 Simon van der Stel provided an Pheiffer, R.H. Namaqualand in 1685. Human early account of Nama uses (Eds.) and Rossouw, Cape Town. (1685), and amongst others, refered to some of the Pelargonium species. In Chapter 4 I will discuss the significance of this. Forbes, V.S. (Ed.) Carl Peter Thunberg Travels at 1986 As mentioned, Thunberg described the Cape of Good Hope 1772– Hydnora africana, and also 1775. Van Riebeeck Society, described his visit to the farm of Cape Town. ISBN 0620109815. Abraham van Wyk, Uitvlugt. Germishuizen, G., Plants of southern Africa: an 2003 Provided a useful checklist for the Meyer, N.L. (Eds.) annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. study, including author citations of National Botanical Institute, scientific names. Pretoria
Laidler, P.W. The magic medicine of the 1928 Important is his reference to Bo- Hottentots. South African Journal Meester (p.439),indicating plants of Science 25, 433–447 of important significance- a term we also encountered during fieldwork. Several Agter-Hantam species are mentioned in this work, amongst others, Viscum capense and interesting uses namely for epilepsy, and Sutherlandia frutescens (chicken pox). Le Roux, A., Namaqualand and Clanwilliam. 1981 A useful field guide for plant Schelpe, T. South African Wild Flower Guide. identification. Botanical Society of South Africa, Kirstenbosch, Claremont, South Africa. ISBN 0 7984 0112 5 Manning, J. and Nieuwoudtville, Bokkeveld Plateau 1997 A useful field guide for plant Goldblatt, P. and Hantam: South African identification, and argueably the Wildflower Guide 9. Botanical most relevant field guide for the Society of SA, Kirstenbosch. Agter-Hantam. Marloth, R. Dictionary of the Common 1917 It provides a comprehensive list of Names of Plants. The Speciality nearly 2,000 common names of Press, Cape Town. South African plants, and close to 1200 indigenous plants.
54 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Author Title Date of Notes publication Marloth, R. The Flora of South Africa. 4 Vols. 1913–1932 An important historical book, for Darter, Cape Town and William any ethnobotanical study. Wesley, London Pappe, L. Florae Capensis Medicae 1850 One of the great classics. A few Prodromus. A. S. Robertson, important listings in this work is Cape Town. that of Pelargonium antidysentericum (p.4) where the name Hantam had its origin (see Chapter 4). It also gives an interesting account of the use of the roots and leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens (when dried and pulverized) for eye diseases (p.11). Rood, B. Uit die veldapteek. Tafelberg 2004 Provides interesting anecdotes of Publishers, Cape Town. ISBN 0 indigenous medicinal plants. 624 03318 X. Shapera, I The Khoisan peoples of South 1930 Provides a good historical and Africa. Bushmen and Hottentots. cultural context of the Khoi-San Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. people of southern Africa. Skead, C.J. Skead’s historical plant incidence 2011 This book meticulously documents in southern Africa. A collection of the observations of several early travel records in southern European travelers, notably Africa compiled by C.J. Skead. Thunberg. He also records Edited by J.C. Manning and N.C. Lichtenstein’s description of the Anthony. National Biodiversity Hantamsberg, that dominates the Institute, Pretoria. study area. Smith, C.A. Common Names of South African 1966 This monumental work contains Plants. Memoirs of the Botanical over 9000 records of common Survey of South Africa 35. names. Information is also given Department of Agricultural on the derivation and modification Technical Services, Pretoria. of the names as the history of South Africa unfolded. Tanaka, J. A study of the comparative 1978 Provides valuable historical and ecology of African gatherer- cultural data on the Khoi-San. hunters with special reference to San (Bushman-speaking people) and Pygmies. Senri Ethnological Studies 1, 189–212. Van Wyk, B.-E. A review of ethnobotanical 2002 An important publication assessing research in South Africa. South the advances in ethnobotanical African Journal of Botany 68, 1– research. 13. Van Wyk, B.-E. A review of Khoi-San and Cape 2008 In this publication Cape Herbal Dutch medical ethnobotany. Medicine as a distinct and unique Journal of Ethnopharmacology healing system is conceptualized 119, 331–341. for the first time, together with a first compilation of the authentic materia medica of the system. Van Wyk, B.-E., People’s Plants: a guide to useful 2000 A monumental work, focusing on Gericke, N. plants of southern Africa. Briza indigenous plant use in South Publications, Pretoria. ISBN 978 1 Africa. Where “Medicinal Plants of 875093 19 9 SA” only focuses on medicinal plant use, the focus here is more holistic, also on the use of plants as food, cosmetics and soap, and for cultural practices. Van Wyk, B.-E., Medicinal plants of South Africa. 2009 This ground-breaking publication Van Oudtshoorn, 2nd ed. Briza Publications, lists a selection of 150 plants, and B., Gericke, N. Pretoria. ISBN 978 1 875093 37 3 the criterium for inclusion was their understanding of its use as a herbal medicine. Twenty of the medicinal plants in the Agter- Hantam are listed in this book.
55 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Van Wyk, B.-E., De An ethnobotanical survey of 2008 This ethnobotanical survey Wet, H., Van medicinal plants in the produced a blueprint that was Heerden, F.R southeastern Karoo, South Africa. useful for the Agter-Hantam study. South African Journal of Botany 74, 696–704. Watt, J.M., Breyer- The present position of our 1928 An important historical publication Brandwijk, M.G. knowledge of South African in ethnobotanical studies, as medicinal and poisonous plants. general reference list. South African Journal of Science 25, 227–236. Heinrich, M.; Ethnopharmacological field 2009 The minimum standards identified Edwards, S.; studies: A critical assessment of in this publication was used to Moerman, D. and their conceptual basis and assess the research in the Agter- Leonti, M. methods. Hantam. Martin, G.J. Ethnobotany- a ‘people and 1995 The principles of the rapid plants’ conservation manual. ethnobotanical appraisal London: Chapman and Hall. methodology was followed in this study.
In Table 4.1 in the next chapter I provide detailed literature references, and notes on known uses of the Agter-Hantam plants. Interesting anecdotes on the use of the Agter-Hantam plants are also provided in Appendix A, where I provide photographs of all the 64 plants used in the survey.
56 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
b b a
e f c d
i j g h
Figure 3.9. A few of the important authors and publications on which this study draws. (a) Simon van der Stel; (b) L. Pappe (Florae Capensis Medicae Prodromus); (c) Colour plate from Marloth’s ‘The Flora of South Africa’; (d) Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk’s The medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern Africa; (e) C.A. Smith’s ‘Common names of South African Plants’; (f) the useful field guide by Manning and Goldblatt, Nieuwoudtville, Bokkeveld plateau and Hantam- S.A. Wildflower Guide 9; (g) Ben-Erik van Wyk, and some of his publications in (h) – (j); (h) Muthi and Myths; (i) Medicinal plants of South Africa; (j) People’s plants.
3.5. Conclusion
The rapid ethnobotanical appraisal approach, linked with the newly conceptualized Matrix Method, is an effective methodology for ethnobotanical studies, and meet all the minimum standards that Heinrich et al. (2009) identified for ethnopharmacolo- gical and ethnobotanical research. In Chapter 4 the results of the research will be provided.
57 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
4.1. Introduction
The results of this study are summarized in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2. In Table 4.1 the useful plants of the Agter-Hantam are listed, common names (those recorded in literature, as well as the Hantam names) are provided, the uses in the Agter-Hantam are briefly discussed, and important literature references to each plant are provided. In Table 4.2 the matrix of 64 useful species are provided, and the Species Popularity Index (SPI) of all 64 plant species are provided, as well as the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) of each of the 16 participants.
4.2. Diversity of useful plants in the Agter-Hantam
A wide diversity of plants in the Agter-Hantam is still a source of food and medicine or is used for various other purposes. There are some interesting new records of plants that are locally important and widely used in the study area, but which have not been documented before. Several new vernacular names and new uses were also recorded. These new records are indicated in bold in Table 4.1. Of special interest are two new food plants – Apium prostratum [used in the same way as A. graveolens (celery)] and Thesium lineatum (the fleshy drupes are eaten as a snack).
The following 14 species are here reported for the first time as having ethnobotanical relevance: Aloe microstigma, Anisodontea triloba, Apium decumbens, Aptosimum spinescens, Boophone haemanthifolia, Chamarea longipedicellata, Euchlora hirsuta, Hermannia johanssenii, Melolobium candicans, Otholobium arborescens, Pelargonium carnosum, Septulina glauca, Thesium lineatum and Veronica anagallis- aquatica. In addition, 99 new uses of often well-known medicinal plants and food plants have been documented. For example, new medicinal uses were recorded for Aloe dichotoma, namely to treat cancer and asthma. Literature references to the use of A. dichotoma (the well-known quiver tree or kokerboom) include using hollowed stems for quivers, timber for the construction of wagons and farming implements
58 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
(Pappe, 1850; Smith, 1966), nectar from the flowers as a food source (Archer, 1994) and root infusions for treating unspecified ailments (Archer, 1994). The exotic fruit tree Punica granatum was known to all participants, not only for its edible fruits but also for the medicinal value of the fruit rind. Amongst the indigenous species, Aloe microstigma was known to practically all the participants and several new uses were recorded. The leaves are dried and eaten as an energy booster or they are eaten to clean the stomach. Decoctions are used to treat back pain and baked leaves are applied to wounds as a dressing. Several new uses for well-known medicinal plants were recorded, for example the use of Ballota africana to stimulate milk production in pregnant women and the use of Hoodia gordonii to “clean the blood” and to treat oral thrush. Similarly, a new use was recorded for Sutherlandia frutescens, namely that the leaves are placed on a cavity in a tooth (or bitten into it) to alleviate toothache. Galenia africana is one of the dominant plants in the Hantam area and is also well known locally for a variety of uses that have not been recorded before, including the use of an infusion with which the head is washed to treat pimples, rashes, dandruff and lice. I recorded an interesting use of Dodonaea viscosa, namely that the powdered leaves are used as snuff to treat headache and fatigue. Amongst the more unusual plant uses that were recorded are the value of Aloe variegata in forecasting changes in the weather.
59 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Table 4.1. Useful plants of the Agter-Hantam (Calvinia district, South Africa).
Unidentified species (or those of doubtful identity) were excluded. Species names in bold indicate new records. References [pre- 1800 references are cited from: aDe Wet and Pfeiffer (1978) and bScott and Hewett (2008)]: A 1= Archer(1994); A2= Archer (1990); B1 = Boerhaave (1727)b; B2 = Burman (1759)b; B3 = Burchell (1922-1824); B4 = Barry (1827), cited by Theodore (1972) and Magee et al. (2007); B5 = Batten and Bokelman (1966); B6 = Batten (1986); C 1= Commelin (1697-1701)b]; C2 = Coates-Palgrave (1977); C3= Cunningham (1988); D1 = Dykman (1908); D2 = Dyson (1994); D3 = Dlamini (1981); E = Ellis (1989); G1 = Gelfand, Mavl, Drummond and Ndemera (1985);G2 = Githens (1948); H1 = Herman (1687)b; H2 = Houttuyn (1776)b; H3 = Hartwich (1911); H4= Hutchings, Scott, Lewis and Cunningham (1996); H5 = Hedberg and Staugard (1989); H6 = Hobson, Jessop, and Ginn (1970);J = Johnson and Sokutu, (1985); K 1= Kling (1923); K2= Kellerman, Coetzer and Naude (1988); L = Laidler (1928); M1= MacOwan (1897); M2 = Marloth (1915); M3 = Marloth (1925); M4 = Marloth (1932); M5 = Mabogo (1990); M6 = Mavi (1994); N = Neuwinger (1996); P1 = Pappe (1847); P2 = Pappe (1850); P3 = Pappe (1857); P4 = Palmer (1985); P5 = Phillips (1917); P6 = Pooley (1993); R1 = Roberts (1992); R2 = Roberts (1983); R3 = Rood (1994); R4 = Reynolds (1970); S1 = Smith (1895); S2 = Smith (1966); S3 = Steyn (1934); S4 = Shearing (1994); T = Thunberg (1785)b; V = Van der Stel (1685)a,b; V2 = Van Wyk, Van Oudtshoorn and Gericke (1997); V3 = Von Koenen (1977); V4 = Van Wyk and Dugmore (2008); V5 = Van Wyk (2008); V6= Van Wyk, De Wet and Van Heerden; W1 = Wehdemann (1836)b; W2 = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1928); W3 = Wilman (1946); W4 = Wright (1963); Z = Zwicky (1914). In column 1, the following five categories are indicated in square brackets: [1] = Cape endemic species still in everyday use; [2] = South African species with a wide distribution that are also used in other (Sotho and Nguni) healing systems; [3] = species of current commercial interest; [4] = species that are mainly of historical interest; [5] = non- indigenous species (early introductions) that became an integral part of the materia medica.{MI = Middelpos} Key to participants in Hantam survey: JB = Jan Baadjies; CB = Christien Baadjies; FB = Frans Baadjies; GS = Gert Swarts; RT = Rachel Tromp; AT = Abraham Thys; KB = Kato Baadjies; HB = Hendrik Baadjies; DB = Danster Baadjies; EB = Elizabeth (Bet) Baadjies; JT = Jakob Thys; HG = Hendrik Gouws; IW = Izak Waterboer; BB = Bertus Baadjies; MT = Martiens Thys; AnT = Andreas Thys.
60 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Common names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes on known *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic Hantam names New uses are indicated in bold; Abbreviations uses species underlined; newly (JB, DB, etc) refer to the key participants. (Family name in brackets) recorded common Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to names in bold (* Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU known vernacular (numbers starting with P indicate a names that have photograph in the case of well-known been applied to species); new species records in bold other species) Acacia karroo Hayne (Fabaceae) P91 doringboom, The bark is used to treat aching legs (JB); used P1-3; D1; K1; L;A1; B5; G1; G2; H4; J; soetdoring; witdorin as fire-wood (DB, confirmed by EB, JT, HG, IW). M5; N; P4; R1; R3; S2; V2. Bark and g; witpendoring leaves are remedies for diarrhea and dysentery. Gum used as food. *Agathosma betulina (P.J. Bergius) boegoe, buchu, The leaves (sometimes dried) used to treat B3; P1-3; D1; K1; L; E; G2; P4; R1; R2; Pillans (Rutaceae) P92 letuling, bookoo colds (JB), and stomach aches (JB); used for R3; S2; V2; W2 sores (‘rou sere’) in which case the leaves are Were used by the Khoi-San to anoint the often mixed with fat (JB); an infusion of the Body; used to treat stomach problems. leaves also drunk for treating ulcers (JB). Aloe dichotoma Masson kokerboom The stem is used as medicine. Mainly used to A1; S2; V2 (Asphodelaceae) VW4468 treat cancer and asthma. Put stem in water for Archer refers to the fact that stems were 2 – 3 days. Cut in blocks, and leave in used in the construction of houses; Smith refrigerator. Pieces can be made into a tea (1966) referred to the use of branches when needed (JB). for quivers by the Khoi-San. An infusion is used for back ache (drink as a tea). (FB, confirmed by CB). Leaves are placed in water of chickens to control fleas and diseases (BB). * Aloe ferox Mill. (Asphodelaceae) P93 aalwyn, Drink an infusion of the leaves for kidneys and P1-3; S1; K1; L; M2; B5; C2; E; G2; H4; J; bitteraalwyn; bladder (JB); stomach problems (JT, confirmed N; P4; P5; P6; R1; R3; S1; S2; V2; W2. Kaapse aalwyn by HG); used for back pain (RT); put leaves in An important laxative medicine; leaves and the drink water of chicken for lice and chicken roots also used to treat arthritis, eczema diseases (‘piep’)(DB, confirmed by EB, HG, BB). and hypertension.
61 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic species underlined; newly (Family name in brackets) recorded common Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van names in bold (* Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers known vernacular starting with P indicate a photograph in the case of names that have been well-known species); new species records in applied to other bold species) Aloe microstigma Salm-Dyck veldaalwyn The leaves are dried and eaten as an energy No references to medicinal uses (Asphodelaceae) VW 4396 booster (CB); leaves eaten to clean the in literature stomach (BB); used to treat back pain (JB, confirmed by IW); treating lice in chickens, by putting leaves in drink water (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, GS, AT, KB, JT, HG,MT, AnT); bake the leaves, and use as a wound dressing (RT, confirmed by HB, DB, MT); energy boost (general tonic) (CB). Aloe variegata L. (Asphodelaceae) kanniedood Leaf is cut open, and used as a warm compress D1,B6; R4; S2; V6; W2. VW 4441 for wounds (CB, confirmed by FB, KB, DB, EB, Callosites or bunions; boils; burn wounds. JT, HG); cleanse the body (JB); used in spells (JB); used as a weather indication (colour shows whether it will rain- bright red = rain; pink= drought); rub legs with leaf pulp to treat pains (RT). Anisodontea triloba (Thunb.) Bates * wilde salie A leaf infusion is used to treat colds and No references to medicinal use in (Malvaceae) VW4439 asthma; headaches. Drink as a tea; mixes with literature other herbs (JB); used to treat stomach ailments (JB). Apium decumbens Eckl. and Zeyh. (=A. * seldery Edible- used in soups (JB, confirmed by FB, A new record of an indigenous edible prostratum Vent.) (Apiaceae) VW4465 CB, AT, HB). plant.Apium graveolens (celery) well known. Aptosimum indivisum Burch. ex Benth. kannie, A infusion of whole plant is used to treat S2; W2 (Scrophulariaceae) VW4449 kinkhoesbos stomach ache/ upset stomach (JB, confirmed Uses poorly recorded in literature by CB, FB); toothache and headache (JB). Aptosimum spinescens Thunb. sandboega Leaves dried and used as a snuff for headache R3; S4; S2; V3 (Scrophulariaceae) VW4454 (JB); stomach-ache (JB, confirmed by RT); Uses poorly recorded in literature back ache (JB, confirmed by RT).
62 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic underlined; newly species recorded common (Family name in brackets) names in bold (* Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van known vernacular Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers names that have starting with P indicate a photograph in the been applied to other case of well-known species); new species species) records in bold *Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. wildeals, wilde-als, Roots and leaves used to treat colds and chest C1; C2; C3; D2; E; G1; G2; H5; H4; P1-3; P4; (Asteraceae) P96 als, alsem, African (‘toegetrekte bors’) (used with wynruit and wilde R1; R2; R3; S1; D1; K1; V2; W2; W3 wormwood als- CB) (JB, confirmed by FB, RT); treating Used mainly for coughs, colds and influ- pains, especially back ache (RT, confirmed by enza; also references that it is used to treat KB, EB, MT); stomach pain (BB); kidneys (JT, fever, colic, headache, malaria and intesti- confirmed by HG). nal worms.
Ballota africana L. (Lamiaceae) VW 4420 kattekruie; Leaf infusions are used by women, who gave A1; C2; D1;D2; E; G2; K1; L ; P2-3; P4; R1; kattekruid birth (afterbirth), and to stimulate milk R3; V2; W2 production in pregnant women (JB, confirmed Was used by the Khoi to treat fevers and by CB, FB); put leaves in hot water, to make a measles. Infusions are used to treat asthma, tea, to treat fever (JB); wash aching legs with it. heart trouble, hysteria, headaches and (HB, confirmed by RT, HB). liver problems. Boophone haemanthifolia F.M.Leight gifbol;bushman The outer scales of the bulb are used to treat B3, B5; C3; D3; G1; G2; H4; K1; M6; N; P4; R1; (Amaryllidaceae) VW 4443 poison bulb asthma - take layers in the bulb, and use to fill R3; S1; S2; S3; V2; W2; W3; W4. pillow, and put on chest. (JB, confirmed by FB, Outer scales of the bulb used as dressing CB, RT, AT, HB, DB, EB, BB, MT); also used as after circumcision; for septic wounds; a compress on paining knees. (JB, confirmed weak decoctions used for headaches and by FB, CB). eye conditions. *Carpobrotus edulis L.Bolus P102 suurvy, Edible (JB, confirmed by JT, HG, CB, FB, DB, T; P1-3; P4; D1; K1; L; A; C3; H4; R1; (Mesembryanthemaceae) ghaukum,vyerank, EB, MT); the leaf juice is used to treat oral R2; R3; S2; V2; W2; W4 nautsiamma, thrush (tandesproei) (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, Leaf juice gargled to treat infections of rankvye,sour fig AT, DB, EB, IW, MT); used for sores and the mouth and throat; taken orally for wounds (rub skin with plant) (RT). dysentery. Applied externally to treat eczema, wounds and burns.
63 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic underlined; newly species recorded common (Family name in brackets) names in bold (* Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van known vernacular Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers names that have starting with P indicate a photograph in the been applied to other case of well-known species); new species species) records in bold Chamarea longipedicellata (Apiaceae) chamare (see Root is edible (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, DB, Chamarea capensis first recorded by V1. VW4467 also gli); *vinkel EB, JT, HG, MT); help for headache (RT). Edible plant
Chrysocoma ciliata L. (Asteraceae) beesbos A leaf decoction is used for colds (boil with B5; H6; R3; S4; S2; S3; W2 VW4388 Tulbachia sp.) (JT); medicine for the stomach Uses poorly recorded in literature (JB); pain (especially aching legs) (HB). Conyza scabrida DC. [syn. C. ivaefolia oondbos, Infusions used for cramps during labour (‘trek G2; H4; R3; S1; S2; S4; V5; W2 (L.) Less.] (Asteraceae) VW 4436 oondbesembos, plant vir nageboorte en pyn’), afterbirth Infusions taken for stomach, chest, heart, *meidebos, (nageboorte) (JB, confirmed by RT); used for influenza and for women’s ailments. perskebos pain and bladder infections (RT, confirmed by KB, HB, EB); used to treat colds (steam under a blanket) (AT, confirmed by HG, MT); for swollen feet and hands. (CB, confirmed by FB). Cotyledon orbiculata L. (Crassulaceae) plakkie, The fleshy leaves are used as an ointment or A1; B6; D2; E; G2; H4; K1; P1-3; P4; P5; R1; P108 varkoor, beesore dressing for wounds (CB, confirmed by FB). R3; S1; S2; S4; V2; V3; W2 Used to treat warts; leaf juice used as drops for earache and toothache. Crassula muscosa L. (Crassulaceae) klein koorsbos, Back ache (JB); oral thrush (‘tandesproei’) (JB, A1; G2; L; S2; V3; W2 VW 4447 *skilpadbos confirmed by FB, CB, JT, HG). Decoction taken for fever Dicoma capensis Less. (Asteraceae) karmedik (2), wilde A decoction is used as a tea for colds and flu A1; K1; S4; V2; V3; W2 VW4463 karmedik, hen-en- (both leaves and roots are used) (JB, confirmed Widely used to treat fever; also for upset kuikens, hen-met- by RT, AT, EB); used to treat high blood stomach and numerous other ailments, die-kuikens; pressure (JB); stomach pains (CB, confirmed by including influenza, diarrhoea and dermbos, FB, HG); tonic for the liver (FB); even cancer. teringbos, back pains (FB, confirmed by KB, HB; asthma koorsbossie (JB).
64 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic species underlined; newly (Family name in brackets) recorded common Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van names in bold (* Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers known vernacular starting with P indicate a photograph in the case of well-known species); new species records in names that have bold been applied to other species) Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.var.angustifolia ysterhout(toppe), A decoction of leaves is made to treat colds and A2; G2; P1-3; P6; D1; K1; L ; R3; S2; L.f. (Benth.) (Sapindaceae) VW 4437 sandolien, influenza, and a variety of other ailments (JB, V2; W2 t’koubi; basterolien confirmed by CB, FB, RT, AT, HB, MT). [Used in Decoction of leaves a remedy for fever; conjunction with vaalsalie and wynruit Stomach trouble, measles, arthritis and sore (Confirmed by MT)]; bladder and kidney throat. problems (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); use powder as a snuff; helps with headache and fatigue; slimy chests in children (JB); to treat pain (RT, confirmed by JT, HG). Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less. renosterbos, Used as firewood (DB). P1-3; P4; D1; K1; R1; R3; S2; S4; V2; W2 (Asteraceae) P110 anosterbos Infusions of branches in brandy a medicine for ulcers,indigestion, andstomach cancer. Euchlora hirsute (Thunb.) Druce noorsbol Used to treat hangovers (JB); used as No uses recorded in literature Fabaceae VW4435 firewood (FB, confirmed by CB). Fockea sp. (Apocynaceae) P129 kambroo, Edible; make jam from it (CB, confirmed by AnT, V1; V5; L camarebi, camao AT); can be used to treat headache (cut in Tuber used as food; diuretic; fresh sliced small pieces, and use as compress on head) Tuber applied to snake bites and stings. (JB). Galenia africana L. (Aizoaceae) VW kraalbos, Make an infusion, and wash head to treat A2; K1; K2; L; S2; V3; V5; W2 4422 t’kooidabee; geelbo pimples, rashes on head (‘kopsere’)(JB, Small amount of leaves chewed for s confirmed by CB, RT, AT, DB, EB, BB); used to toothache. treat dandruff and lice (JB, confirmed by JT); treatment of dry skull (KB); leg pains and swollen legs (KB, confirmed by IW); used to clean wooden floors (CB); lye of fruit, e.g. prunes (loog van pruime) (Anna Visagie, confirmed by CB)
65 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Galium tomentosum Thunb. (Rubiaceae) rooihoutjie, Make a root infusion, and use as a general tonic A1; A2; S4 VW4424 rooivergeet, nooit (DB, confirmed by JT) (root can also be chewed Uses are poorly recorded vergeet, rooistorm; raw); used against witchcraft spells (paljas) klein kleefatjie/ (JB, confirmed by AT); wash body with it; assist kleefa in relieving pains. The root is used; mixed with salt solution as body wash (JB). Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.)W.T. Aiton melkbos, tontelbos Wash painful legs with a decoction (JB). A1; C3; G1; H5; H4; K2; M5; P4; P5; (Asclepiadaceae) P113 R1; R3; S3; S4; V2; V3; W2 Grielum humifusum Thunb. snotwortel Edible field food (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, GS, Edible; poorly recorded. (Neuradaceae) VW4455 AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, MT) (eaten raw, or can be made into a porridge). Hermannia cuneifolia Jacq. var. kwaaiman, Use an infusion of the leaves to treat diabetes H6; R3; S2; V6; W2 cuneifolia (Sterculiaceae) VW4442 geneesbossie, (JB); used to treat cancer (JB); and as a The traditional uses of Hermannia species pleisterbossie, remedy for colds (JB). are poorly recorded. wilde heuning Hermannia johanssenii N.E.Br. *heuningbos Make a tea (infusion) and use for piles No uses recorded in literature (Sterculiaceae) VW4429 (aambeie) (JB). Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex ghaap, ghôba, Veld food - “to clean blood”. Use to suppress P2-3; K1; L; M4;R3 Decne (Asclepiadaceae) VW 4452 ghôwa appetite (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, RT, GS, AT, Popular veld food, and used as appetite KB, DB, EB, IW, BB, MT, AnT); also various supressant medicinal uses, namely for oral thrush (tandesproei) (JB); to treat slimy chests (JB); for measles (JB) and to treat heartburn (JB). Also used to treat stomach pains (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, MT). Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) kannikan; kanni; Used as veld food (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, JT, A1; C3; H4; R3; T; W2 VW4453 jakkalskos; !Nau HG, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, BB, MT); used for Edible plant oral thrush (CB). Jamesbrittenia atropurpurpea (Benth.) geelblommetjie, Leaves used for toothache (JB); used as P1-3; K1; S2; V3; W2 Hilliard subsp. artropurpurea saffraanbossie, chewing tobacco (FB, confirmed by DB, JT, Antispasmodic, stimulant, used for (Scrophulariaceae) VW 4444 *tandpynbos MT); for general pains (HB). convulsions, cough, bronchitis. Massonia depressa Houtt. *soetprop Drink the nectar (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, Edible plant. (Hyacinthaceae) VW4459 KBDB, EB, JT, and HG).
66 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic underlined; newly species recorded common (Family name in brackets) names in bold (* Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van known vernacular Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers names that have starting with P indicate a photograph in the been applied to other case of well-known species); new species species) records in bold Melianthus comosus Vahl (truitjie-) kruidjie- A leaf decoction is used for swollen feet and leg G2; H4; K2; P4; R1; R3; S1; S4; S2; S3; (Melianthaceae) VW 4421 roer-my-nie; pains. Bathe feet with it, and cover in blankets to V2; V3; W2; W3 koffiebos; kriekiebo keep warm. (Poisonous- can’t drink) (JB, Leaf decoctions used to treat septic s confirmed by RT, HB). Rheumatism (JB)- wounds, sores, backache and rheuma- surprisingly JB mentions that 3 spoonfuls should tic joints. be drank- though it is poisonous!) Melolobium candicans (E.Mey) Eckl. wilde A decoction of the stem and leaves is drunk to No references in literature and Zeyh. (Fabaceae) VW4438 dagga; naeltjiedor treat asthma (JB); tuberculosis (JB); ing sometimes smoked and confuses the person (JB, confirmed by MT); used to treat colds (RT) and stomach problems (JT). Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Lamiaceae) balderjan, baldrian, Infusion of leaves drank as a tea; warm leaves A1; P1-3; L ; P4; P5; R1; R3; S2; W2. VW 4423 t’kamma; ballerja used as a compress (JB); to treat headaches Main use for coughs, colds and asthma; (put a leaf compress under hat on head) (JB, To treat headaches, fevers, indigestion, confirmed by CB, FB, AT, DB, EB, IW, BB); to flatulence, hysteria, painful menstruation, treat stomach pains (JB); used for paljas, and urinary tract infections. against witchcraft spells (JB); wash acking legs with it (HB); used for kidneys (DB); flu and colds (JT). Very often it is used with other herbs (JB). Microloma sagittatum (L.) R.Br. bokhorinkie, peule “Veldkos”; young pods are edible (JB, G2; W2 (Asclepiadaceae) VW4434 bos confirmed by FB, CB, GS, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, Popular veld food. EB, JT, HG, BB, MT, AnT). Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö stinkkruid, Leaves and flowers are used for sweaty and P1-3; P4; R3; S1; D1; K1; L; S2; V3; W2 and O. piluliferum (L.f.) Källersjö wurmkruid, smelly feet; dry the flowers, and put in shoes. Smith (1966) refers to the fact that the (Asteraceae) VW 4430 wurmbos, miskruid (“nat voete”) (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, AT, MT); Khoi-San made a mixture that included
67 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
use to clean oily and dirty hands (MT); used stinkkruid to cure infantile to treat stomach problems (RT, confirmed by JT, convulsions. HG); for back ache (HB). Otholobium arborescens C.H.Stirt. *wildegranaat Infusion used to treat cancer (make a tea) (JB); No records (Fabaceae) VW4433 for treating back ache (JB) and headache (HB). Parmelia spp.; Xanthomaculina klipblom, klipmos This lichen is used as a female medicine K1; L; V5 hottentotta (Ach.) Hale-Müll. klipbuchu, (cleaning the womb) (“maak baarmoeder Infusions for back pain; mouth wash for (Parmeliaceae) [syn. P. hottentotta skoon”) (CB); treating general pains, especially oral thrush; lichen used for anointing (Ach.) Ach.] VW4389 back and kidneys (JB, confirmed by RT, HB, DB, the body. Matsiliza and Barker (2001) JT); grind, and use as an ointment for burns and recorded the oral and topical use of rock wounds (HB); treating colds (IW); bladder lichens against gonorrhoea. diseases (MT). Pelargonium abrotanifolium (L.f.) Jacq. *bergsalie Infusion used for chest problems (JB), and for P4 (Geraniaceae) VW4451 treating colds and flu (CB, confirmed by FB, Uses poorly recorded in literature AT, BB, MT). Pelargonium antidysentericum (Eckl. t’namie, t’kamie, Used for treating wounds (RT). A1; G2; P1-3; P4; K1; L; R1; R3; S2; V2; and Zeyh.) (Geraniaceae) Kostel. P127 naniewortel; *wilde W2 aree Decoctions in milk for dysentery Pelargonium carnosum L. L.Herit aree; oupa- A popular food (‘veldkos’) - the stem is roasted Popular veld food. (Geraniaceae) VW4460 aree, oupa arrie in ash, and eaten; fresh leaves also edible (JB, confirmed by CB, AT, MT, DB, EB, HB, KB, GS, JT, RT). Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L’Her. rooirabas Decoction used to treat asthma and a tight R3; S4; S2; W2. Smith (1966) indicates (Geraniaceae) P128 chest(‘toe bors’) (JB). that the plant was used to induce abortions; amenorrhoea Pelargonium ramosissimum (Cav.) Willd. dassieboegoe; das Infusions used to treat back ache (JB, G2; R3; S1; S2; W2 (Geraniaceae) VW 4445 siebos confirmed by RT, JT, HG); for asthma; used as Infusion or tincture, for colds, tuberculosis, as a mixed herb (JB); for colds and flu; coughs (JB, nerve tonic. confirmed by FB,CB, RT,AT, HB, BB); treating headaches (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); for kidneys and bladder (KB); stomach problems (BB).
68 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Species Hantam names Uses in the Hantam Literature references and notes *indigenous but not in Hantam; **exotic underlined; newly species recorded common (Family name in brackets) names in bold (* Voucher specimen: all numbers refer to Van known vernacular Wyk, De Beer and Tilney in JRAU (numbers names that have starting with P indicate a photograph in the been applied to other case of well-known species); new species species) records in bold Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze ankerkaroo, Leaves are chewed to treat stomach cramps H6; P4; S4; V3; V6; W2 (Asteraceae) VW4428 karoobos, (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, AT, HB, JT, MT, Stomach problems and diarrhoea; colds. skaapkaroo, skaap AnT); leaves also used to treat general pain bos (GS confirmed by RT – especially kidney pains, KB).
Psilocaulon sp. asbos Stems/ leaves are used for lye (loog) (fruit) (JB, S2 (Mesembryanthemaceae) VW4461 confirmed by AT, MT); treating dandruff (plant Not well documented in literature. material burned, and ash added to water, and left overnight. People wash hair with this water) (JB); making soap (CB, confirmed by DB, EB); building shelters (skerms) (AT, confirmed by KB, AnT). Pteronia divaricata (P.J.Bergius) Less. boegabos; flip-se- Make an infusion (tea) for influenza (AT). No records in literature (Asteraceae) VW4401 bos **Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) P121 granaat(skille), The peel is used for oral thrush (JB, confirmed P3; R2; S1; D1; K1; V2; W2 granaatbas by CB, FB, JT, HG, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, The dried rind is a remedy for diarrhoea and IW, BB, MT). Stomach ache. The root bark is used to treat tapeworm. Quaqua incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns karoena Eat raw as field food. (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, S2; A1 (Asclepiadaceae) VW4469 aroena GS, RT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, IW, MT). One of the most popular ‘snacks’ from the veld. **Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) kasterolie(boom) Used to treat painful knees/ joints (heat A1; C3; D1; D3; G1; G2; H4; K2; M5; P122 leaves, and put on affected area) (JB, confirmed M6; N; P1-3; P4; P6; R1; R2; R3; by FB,CB, RT, AT, IW, HB, BB, MT). S1; S2; S3; V2; V3; W2 A well-known purgative medicine; leaf infusions
69 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
used for stomach ache. **Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) P123 wynruit, wynruik Leaf infusions are taken for colds and flu (JB, D1; G2; J; K1; P4; R2; R3; S2; V2; W2 confirmed by JT- add aspirin; AT- add bergsalie; Leaf infusions taken for fever, and DB, EB, BB); treatment of headache (JB); use fits in children. Alcoholic tinctures popular to chase lice away (‘verdryf weeluise’)- put for respiratory problems and heart under mattress (CB); for pain (KB, confirmed by diseases. Bruised leaves used to treat HB, EB); stomach (BB, confirmed by AnT). toothache and earache. Salix mucronata Thunb. (Salicaceae) wilger, rivierwilger Leaves are used to treat pain (HB). A1; B5; C2; D1; J; M5; R1; S1; V2; W2 P124 Willow tips are used to treat rheumatism and fever. Salvia dentata Aiton (Lamiaceae) bergsalie Leaf decoctions used for various ailments; often A1; A2 VW4440 mixed with other herbs; general tonic, e.g. for Uses poorly recorded in literature fatigue (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); colds; (CB, confirmed by JT and HG- together with dassiebos, BB, AT); back ache (AT); kidney diseases (JT, confirmed by HG).
Salvia disermas L. (Lamiaceae) VW4419 terpentynbos, Leaf decoctions used to treat swollen feet P4; R1; S4; W2 muishondbos (make water blisters, if feet is kept too long in it) Uses poorly recorded in literature (JB); For treating head fungi (wash skull with plant extract) (CB, confirmed by FB); wash tired feet and painful legs (DB, confirmed by EB). Sceletium emarcidum L. and other kanna(wortel), It is baked in the fire, and used as intoxicant (JB, V1; P1-3; H3, Z, L; species (Mesembryanthemaceae) P116 (“channa, confirmed by AT, MT); people chew the plant A2; G2; R3; S2; S3; V4; W2 canna”) kougoed (kougom/ kougoed) (CB, JT- like chewable Van Wyk and Dugmore (2008) tobacco) (Confirmed by DB, EB, MT); used for indicate that washing acking legs (RT); tooth ache (EB). the Nama people chewed this plant to uplift the spirit and release stress. Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A. Barkley karee; kruboom Edible berries (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, RT, G1; M5 (Anacardiaceae) VW4426 AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, BB, MT). The berries are edible.
Septulina glauca (Thunb.) Tiegh. voëlent Berries are edible (KB, confirmed by DB, BB, Uses poorly recorded in literature (Loranthaceae) VW4456 AnT); used as a mouthwash for babies (CB).
70 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Solanum tomentosum L. (Solanaceae) gifappel, Numerous medical uses, e.g. to treat open B5; H4; P5; R3; S2; W2 VW4462 vuilsiekbossie, wounds (‘rou sere’) (JB); breathing problems Archer refers to the use of its root, which doringappeltjie, (‘tight chest’) (JB); backache and stomach is placed in milk to sour it, and give it a !nuheis;slangbessie ache (JB); kidney problems (JB); toothache good taste. bos, bitterboelabos (put a leaf in the mouth, on aching tooth) (CB, confirmed by FB, JT, HG, MT - grind leaf, and put ointment on tooth); wash body with it- general medicine(DB). Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. and kankerbos(sie), An infusion is made from the leaves, and drank A1; A2; B5; D1; D2; E; G2; L; other species (Fabaceae) VW4431 kalkoenblom; kalko for various reasons, e.g. nausea (JB); diabetes/ P1-3; P4; P5; R1; R3; S1; S2; S4 enbos treating sugar (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); high V2; W2; W3 blood pressure (JB); kidney stones; gall; cleanse Used to treat stomach problems, colds, the bladder (JB, confirmed by AT, KB, HB, DB, influenza, chicken-pox, diabetes, piles, EB); if chewed in mouth (bitten), it helps with inflammation, liver problems, rheumaticm toothache. (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); rushes and cancer. on skin (JB); back ache. (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, HG, MT); stomach problems (EB, confirmed by BB, AnT); for treating colds and flu (JT). Thesium lineatum L.f. (Santalaceae) *koringbos Fruits are edible (though stems and leaves Uses poorly recorded in literature VW4458 poisonous for animals) (JB, confirmed by DB, EB, HG).
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. waterboege Make a tea from the leaves; to treat cancer No references in literature (Plantaginaceae) VW4427 (JB); for treating back ache; mix with dassiepis (JB); wash painful legs and feet (RT, confirmed by EB). Viscum capense L.f. (Viscaceae) VW voëlent,voëlink , Drink as a tea (JB, confirmed by KB, DB, EB, H4; P1-3; D1; K1; R2; R3; S2; V2; W2 4425 litjiestee JT, HG); used to treat diabetes (high sugar Used for diarrhoea, asthma, and irregular levels); stomach cramps; chest diseases in menstruation. Antispasmodic; epilepsy in children (JB). Should be growing on ‘n children. “kruboom” (Rhus). Oral thrush (‘tandesproei’) (CB, confirmed by FB, AT). Total number of species per survey: 64
71 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Table 4.2 The Matrix of 64 useful species of the Agter-Hantam, with scores reflecting the knowledge of 16 participants of each plant, its name and use(s). Participants: Senior citizens – JB = Jan Baadjies; DB =Danster Baadjies; HB = Hendrik Baadjies; HG = Hendrik Gouws; IW = Izak Waterboer; JT = Jakob Thys; MT = Martiens Thys; RT = Rachel Tromp. Adult participants – AT = Abraham Thys; CB = Christien Baadjies; EB = Elizabeth Baadjies; FB = Frans Baadjies; KB = Kato Baadjies. Young people – AnT = Andreas Thys; BB = Bertus Baadjies; GS = Gert Swarts.Explanation of the four digits in each cell: (1) does the participant know the plant? – score 1 or 0; (2) does the participant have a name for the plant? – score 2 or 0; (3) can the participant name any use for the plant? – score 3 or 0; (4) total score (out of 6; in bold); SPI = Species Popularity Index = ratio of total species score divided by maximum possible score (96); EKI = Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index = ratio of total personal score divided by maximum possible score (384).
Species Senior citizens (age 55+) Adults (age 30–54 ) Children (age 10–18) JB DB HB HG IW JT MT RT AT CB EB FB KB AnT BB GS SPI 1. Acacia karroo 1236 1236 1001 1236 1236 1203 1203 0000 1203 1203 1236 1203 0000 0000 0000 1203 0.54 2. Agathosma betulina 1236 0000 0000 1001 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.08 3. Aloe dichotoma 1236 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1236 1236 1203 1236 1203 1203 1236 1203 0.66 4. Aloe ferox 1236 1034 1001 1236 1203 1034 0000 1236 1203 1203 1034 1203 1203 1203 1236 1203 0.60 5. Aloe microstigma 1236 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0.97 6. Aloe variegata 1236 1236 1203 1236 0000 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1236 1203 1203 1203 0.38 7. Anisodontea triloba 1236 1001 0000 1203 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 1236 1034 1236 1034 0000 0000 0000 0.31 8. Apium prostratum 1236 1001 1236 1203 0000 1236 0000 1001 1236 1236 1203 1236 1001 0000 0000 0000 0.46 9. Aptosimum indivisum 1236 1236 0000 1001 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 1001 1203 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.25 10. A. spinescens 1236 0000 1001 1203 0000 1001 0000 1236 1203 1203 1001 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.28 11. Artemisia afra 1236 1203 0000 1236 0000 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 0000 0.69 12. Ballota africana 1236 1203 1034 1203 0000 1203 1203 1236 0000 1236 1203 1236 0000 0000 0000 1001 0.47 13. Boophone haemanthifolia 1236 1236 1236 0000 1203 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 1236 0000 0.66 14. Carpobrotus edulis 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 0000 0000 1203 0.75 15. Chamarea longipedicellata 1236 1236 0000 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.59 16. Chrysocoma ciliata 1236 1203 1236 1001 0000 1034 1001 1001 1203 1203 1203 1203 1001 1203 0000 0000 0.40 17. Conyza scabrida 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 0000 0.75 18. Cotyledon orbiculata 1203 0000 1001 1203 0000 1001 0000 1001 1203 1236 1001 1236 0000 0000 1203 0000 0.29
72 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
JB DB HB HG IW JT MT RT AT CB EB FB KB AnT BB GS SPI 20. Dicoma capensis 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1203 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 0000 0.69 21. Dodonaea viscosa 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1001 0000 0000 0.70 22. Elytropappus rhinocerotis 1203 1236 1203 1203 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1203 0.21 23. Euchlora hirsuta 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1236 0000 1034 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.17 24. Fockea edulis 1236 1203 1203 1236 1203 1203 1203 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 0.78 25. Galenia africana 1236 1236 1203 1203 1034 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0.85 26. Galium tomentosum 1236 1236 1203 1203 1203 1236 0000 0000 1236 1203 1203 1203 0000 0000 0000 1203 0.47 27. Gomphocarpus fruticosus 1236 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 0.53 28. Grielum humifusum 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1001 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 1236 0.76 29. Hermannia cuneifolia 1236 1203 0000 1001 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 1203 1001 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.19 30. H. johanssenii 1236 1203 1001 1001 0000 0000 1001 0000 0000 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.16 31. Hoodia gordonii 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0.94 32. Hydnora africana 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1001 1236 1001 0.83 33. Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea 1236 1236 1236 1001 0000 1236 1236 1203 1001 1236 0000 1236 1001 1001 0000 0000 0.51 34. Massonia depressa 1236 1236 1034 1236 0000 1236 0000 1001 1203 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.52 35. Melianthus comosus 1236 0000 1236 0000 0000 0000 1203 1236 1203 1203 0000 1203 1203 0000 0000 0000 0.34 36. Melolobium candicans 1236 0000 0000 1203 0000 1236 1236 1236 0000 1203 0000 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.34 37. Mentha longifolia 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1001 1236 1236 1236 1236 1001 0000 1236 0000 0.71 38. Microloma sagittatum 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0.94 39. Oncosiphon suffruticosum 1236 1203 1236 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 0000 1203 1203 0.78 40.Otholobium arborescens 1236 0000 1236 0000 0000 0000 1203 0000 1203 1203 1001 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.26 41. Parmelia sp. 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1203 1203 0000 1001 0.73 42. Pelargonium abrotanifolium 1236 0000 1203 0000 0000 0000 1236 0000 1236 1236 1001 1236 0000 0000 1236 0000 0.41 43. P. antidysentericum 1203 1001 0000 0000 0000 1001 1001 1236 0000 1203 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.17 44. P. carnosum 1236 1236 1236 1203 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 1236 0.78 45. P. grossularioides 1236 1203 1001 1001 0000 1203 1001 1203 0000 1203 0000 1001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.23 46. P. ramosissimum 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 0000 0.81 47. Pentzia incana 1236 1203 1236 1203 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 0.78 48. Psilocaulon sp. 1236 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1034 1203 1203 0.64 49. Pteronia divaricata 0000 1001 1001 1001 0000 0000 0000 0000 1236 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.08
73 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
JB DB HB HG IW JT MT RT AT CB EB FB KB AnT BB GS SPI 50. *Punica granatum 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1.00 51. Quaqua incarnata 1236 1236 1236 1236 1034 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 1203 1236 0.92 52. Ricinus communis 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 1236 1203 1203 1236 0000 0.75 53. *Ruta graveolens 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1203 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0.78 54. Salix mucronata 1001 1203 1236 1203 0000 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 1203 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.35 55. Salvia dentata 1236 1236 1203 1236 0000 1236 0000 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 0000 1236 0000 0.59 56. Salvia dissermas 1236 1236 1203 1203 0000 1203 1001 1203 1203 1236 1236 1236 1203 1203 1001 0000 0.55 57. Sceletium emarcidum 1236 1236 1203 1236 1001 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1001 1001 0000 1203 0.72 58. Searsia lancea 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1001 1236 0000 0.82 59. Septulina glauca 1001 1001 0000 1203 0000 1001 0000 0000 1203 1236 1001 1236 1034 1034 1236 1236 0.44 60. Solanum tomentosum 1236 1236 1001 1236 0000 1236 1236 0000 0000 1236 1236 1236 0000 1203 0000 1203 0.57 61. Sutherlandia frutescens 1236 1236 1236 1236 1001 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1236 1203 0.92 62. Thesium lineatum 1236 1236 0000 1236 0000 1236 1203 0000 1203 1203 1236 1203 0000 1203 0000 0000 0.47 63. Veronica anagallis-aquatica 1236 1236 1001 0000 0000 0000 1001 1236 1202 1203 1236 1203 1203 1203 1203 0000 0.43 64. Viscum capense 1236 1236 1236 1236 0000 1236 1203 1203 1236 1236 1236 1236 1034 0000 1001 0000 0.67 EKI 0.93 0.68 0.56 0.61 0.20 0.65 0.56 0.58 0.64 0.82 0.64 0.81 0.43 0.27 0.37 0.27 Average EKI 0.60 0.67 0.30
74 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
5.1. The diversity of useful plants in the Agter-Hantam A wide diversity of plants in the Agter-Hantam is still used as a source of food, and for medicinal reasons. There are some interesting new records of plants that are locally important and widely used in the study area, but which have not been recorded before, as indicated in the previous chapter.
5.1.1. The most important food plants in the Agter-Hantam The most popular and widely known indigenous food plants in the Hantam (arranged by their SPI values) are Hoodia gordonii, the ghôba or bitterghaap (0.94), Microloma sagittatum, the bokhorinkie (0.94), Quaqua incarnata, the karoena (0.92), Hydnora africana, the kannikan or kanni (0.83), Searsia lancea, die kruboom (0.82), Fockea sp., the kambro (0.78) and Grielum humifusum, the snotwortel (0.76). The two new food plants that were recorded had relatively low SPI values, namely Thesium lineatum (0.47) and Apium decumbens (0.46).
5.1.2. The most important medicinal plants The most important medicinal plants include Aloe microstigma (veldaalwyn) with a SPI of 0.97, Sutherlandia frutescens (kalkoenbos or kankerbossie) with a SPI of 0.92, Galenia africana (geelbos) with a SPI of 0.85, Pelargonium ramosissimum (dassiebos or dassieboegoe) with a SPI of 0.81, Oncosiphon suffruticosum (stinkkruid) with a SPI of 0.78 and Pentzia incana (skaapbos) with a SPI of 0.78. Other important medicinal plants include Conyza scabrida (0.75), Carpobrotus edulis (0.75), Parmelia sp. (0.73), Sceletium tortuosum (0.72), Mentha longifolia (0.71), Dodonaea viscosa (0.70), Dicoma capensis (0.69) and Boophone haemanthifolia (0.66).
A few interesting records will now be briefly discussed. The papery scales of the bulb of Boophone haemanthifolia are used to treat asthma –several participants indicated
75 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
that the scales are used to stuff a pillow, which is then either applied to the chest, or slept on by the patient.
A number of exotic plants have become an integral part of the local culture. Of special importance is Punica granatum (1.00) which has both food and medicinal uses. Another very important cultivated exotic is Ruta graveolens (0.78) which is one of very few medicinal plants that are specially grown in the Agter-Hantam for local use. The other is the indigenous Artemisia afra (0.69) which is not native to the Calvinia area but nevertheless well known and widely used for colds, and to treat chest problems and stomach pain. Ricinus communis (kasterolie) is also a popular medicinal plant, with a SPI of 0.75. For the latter plant a new use was also recorded: the leaves are heated, and placed on knees and joints for pain relief.
5.1.3. New common names for Agter-Hantam plants Table 4.1 includes at least 20 vernacular names that are not listed in Marloth (1917), Smith (1966) and Powrie (2004) and which are therefore presumed to be recorded for the first time. An additional 11 common names (indicated by an asterisk in Table 4.1) are well known but have previously been applied to other (often unrelated) species.
5.1.4. The name ‘Hantam’ Of special interest are the names aree (for Pelargonium carnosum) and wilde aree (for P. antidysentericum). The only original record of this vernacular name is in the “Dagh Register” of Simon van der Stel’s Namaqualand expedition (Van der Stel, 1685), where it is listed as the Griqua name for two species of Pelargonium (the Nama equivalent is given as Heyntame). It is therefore suggested that the name “Hantam” is derived from the Nama generic name for Pelargonium, a genus which is well represented (and commonly used) in the region around the Hantam Mountain.
76 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Figure 5.1. The story of the name ‘Hantam’. (a) Simon van der Stel listed Heyntame as the Nama name for two species of Pelargonium; (b) The leaves of Pelargonium antidysentericum; (c) flowers of Pelargonium antidysentericum; (d) roots of Pelargonium antidysentericum; (e) and (f) the Hantam Mountain.
5.1.5. Conclusion
These few examples, as well as the statistics on new species records (14), new use records (99) and newly recorded vernacular names (at least 20) illustrate that scientific knowledge of Khoi-San ethnobotany is incomplete and that each survey of this type can make substantial contributions towards a more complete synthesis of what is believed to be the most ancient of human cultures. This study highlights the need for a comprehensive and systematic account of Khoi-San ethnomedicine.
5.2. Usefulness of the Matrix Method
The quantification of the Agter-Hantam data as presented in Table 4.2 seems to be very useful in quantitative studies. All 64 species are listed with their Species
77 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Popularity Indices (SPI) and all 16 participants with their Ethnobotanical Knowledge Indices.
The advantages of the new method are: (1) It provides comparative quantitative data of indigenous plant use, allowing for future comparisons within and between different communities (e.g. average EKI- values) and between the same plant species in different communities (e.g. average SPI-values); (2) It makes the study independent of flowering season and the need to study the plants in situ. The most knowledgeable participants are often old and frail and are not able to walk long distances; (3) It excludes the possibility of false negative results. In all or most surveys done thus far, the data were based on information given by participants, and it is very likely that important plants were left out – not because they are not well known, but because they were momentarily forgotten.
Two examples of such comparisons of quantitative data between different communities are provided in Table 5.1, where the SPI values of a number of species used in both the Agter-Hantam and the Kamiesberg in Namaqualand are compared. The study in the Kamiesberg was done by Nortjé (2011), and in both these studies there were 16 participants, of different age groups.
Table 5.1. Comparison of the SPI values of specific species used in both the Agter- Hantam and the Kamiesberg (Nortjé, 2011)
Plant species SPI in Agter- SPI in Hantam Kamiesberg Agathosma betulina 0.08 0.16 Aloe dichotoma 0.66 0.72 Aloe ferox 0.60 0.72 Aloe microstigma 0.97 0.80 Aloe variegata 0.38 0.30 Artemisia afra 0.69 0.68 Ballota africana 0.47 0.97 Carpobrotus edulis 0.75 0.88 Chrysocoma ciliata 0.40 0.27 Conyza scabrida 0.75 0.61 Cotyledon orbiculata 0.29 0.61 Crassula muscosa 0.53 0.53
78 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Plant species SPI Agter-Hantam API Kamiesberg Dicoma capensis 0.69 0.76 Dodonaea viscosa 0.70 0.95 Elytropappus rhinocerotis 0.21 0.74 Galenia africana 0.85 0.84 Galium tomentosum 0.47 0.55 Gomphocarpus fruticosus 0.53 0.67 Hoodia gordonii 0.94 0.33 Hydnora africana 0.83 0.35 Mentha longifolia 0.71 0.79 Oncosiphon suffruticosum 0.78 0.81 Parmelia spp. 0.73 0.73 Pelargonium antidysentericum 0.17 0.06 Ricinus communis 0.75 0.80 Ruta graveolens 0.78 0.85 Salix mucronata 0.35 0.66 Salvia dentata 0.59 0.80 Solanum tomentosum 0.57 0.28 Sutherlandia frutescens 0.92 0.92 Viscum capense 0.67 0.83
It is interesting to note that for three species (Crassula muscosa, Parmelia spp. and Sutherlandia frutescens) the SPI values are exactly the same in the Agter-Hantam and in the Kamiesberg. The SPI’s for the cultivated exotic Ruta graveolens is also very similar (only a difference of 0.07), and for the indigenous Artemisia afra that does not occur natively in the study areas, there is a minute difference of 0.01. The species where the SPI values differ most, are Hoodia gordonii (0.61 higher in the Agter-Hantam), Elytropappus rhinocerotis (0.53 lower in the Agter-Hantam), Hydnora africana (0.48 higher in the Agter-Hantam) and Ballota africana (0.5 lower in the Agter-Hantam).
Where such SPI values differ, there might be a number of possible reasons: (a) The distribution of the plant species, where it is more commonly found in one of the areas or absent; (b) There might be other plants that are considered more important as food- or medicinal source for specific uses, as the species in question; (c) It might also reflect on the socio-economic status of a particular community, e.g. more affluent communities might be less dependent on food and medicines from the veld.
79 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
The significance of this new Matrix methodology is perhaps not immediate obvious. For example, the first question “Do you know this plant?” is not trivial, because it establishes whether the person is familiar with the plant, even if he or she does not have a name for it. Young participants in the Agter-Hantam typically knew many plants for which they did not have names. They often recognised the plants by their flowers, colour or leaves, and can point them out in the veld. The second question (the name of the plant) allows for an accurate recording of the full variation of vernacular names of the species. Vernacular names often vary subtly from person to person, or farm to farm, in spelling and pronunciation. The results of our study indicate that the acquisition of knowledge of plants follow a predictable progression from young to old people. Children and young people first learn to recognise the edible plants and are able to communicate about them by learning their names. Those individuals that are particularly curious and interested in plants will typically be observant, and will come to know many other species, e.g. medicinal plants, without necessarily bothering to learn their names. In the Agter-Hantam area, children could recognise a large number of plants, although they could not provide names for many of them. Adults know the names of a wider range of species, including those that are used for non-medicinal purposes, e.g. crafts. The elderly people fall in three categories; (1) those reasonably ignorant of plants and their uses; (2) people with knowledge about those plants that are in daily use in the community, and (3) local experts with a profound knowledge of the plants, their identities, and their sensory and pharmacological properties (in this survey, notably Jan Baadjies, with an EKI of 0.93). In our experience, the last-mentioned category is fast becoming rare and even extinct in large parts of the Cape region. This last category of people is typically the herbalist or bossiedokters (literally “plant doctors”; doctors that used plants to heal) (Van Wyk 2008). In the Agter-Hantam we were fortunate enough to record the knowledge of one of the last bossiedokters (Jan Baadjies, who did his apprenticeship under a legendary female bossiedokter known as Kaatjie Hoesaar).
It is most interesting to compare the EKI values of the different age groups. Older people in the community (average age of 60) had an average EKI of 0.60, whereas adults (average age of 45 years) had a slightly higher EKI of 0.67. Children (average age of 15 years) had an EKI of 0.30. Comparative data from other rural localities are
80 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
necessary to evaluate the full significance of these results but the method provides a tool for studying the broader patterns and persistence of ethnobotanical knowledge in the Cape region. Based on the experience gained in other surveys, I predict that the Agter-Hantam EKI values will prove to be relatively high, reflecting the fact that indigenous plants still make important contributions to the nutritional and medicinal needs of the Agter-Hantam community. (It is higher, for instance, than the EKI values of the Kamiesberg).
Jan Baadjies Christien Baadjies Frans Baadjies Abraham Thys
0.93 0.82 0.81 0.64
Gert Swarts Andreas Thys Rachel Tromp Danster Baadjies
0.68 0.58 0.27 0.27
Kato Baadjies Hendrik Gouws Hendrik Baadjies Izak Waterboer
0.61 0.43 0.56 0.20
Elizabeth (Bet) Bertus Baadjies Jakob Thys Martiens Thys Baadjies
0.65 0.37 0.56 0.64
Figure 5.2. The Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) values for the participants of the Matrix Method applied in the Agter-Hantam area.
81 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
5.3. Revisiting the two hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: Indigenous knowledge realting to the ethnobotany of the Agter- Hantam is poorly recorded and incompletely documented. The new records of indigenous plant use revealed by this study show that the ethnobotany of the Hantam was incompletely recorded and that there is an urgent need to document this wealth of traditional knowledge in other parts of southern Africa, before it is lost forever. Khoi-San vernacular names still in everyday use (such as aree, ghôba, ghôwa, kanni and karoena) are of considerable historical and cultural interest. The new quantitative method described here may be a useful way of exploring the spatial patterns and the preservation of indigenous plant knowledge in a rigorous and comparable way. This study also highlights the need for a comprehensive and systematic account of Khoi-San ethnomedicine. Hypothesis 2: There is an erosion of indigenous knowledge regarding plant use in younger generations. The study showed that the EKI of people in the Agter-Hantam is relatively high. Whereas the average EKI of children was relatively low (0.30), children seem to know the food plants well. The prediction is that those children that are particularly curious and interested in plants will typically be observant, and will come to know many other species, e.g. medicinal plants, later in their lives. On the long term much of the oral tradition, especially paljas uses of plants, will be lost for future generations, if not recorded.
5.4. Providing the “thick description” that Geertz (1973) referred to, regarding the people of the Agter-Hantam’s EKI
The anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1973) introduced the term “thick description” to describe his own way of doing ethnography. Very central to his work, is the role of symbols in constructing meaning. Geertz emphasizes that a researcher should also interpret signs, symbols and paticipants’ body language, when doing fieldwork. This notion has infiltrated other fields as well; also ethnobotany. One of the limitations of questionnaires is that participants
82 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
might give answers to try and please the researcher. One of the questions that I need to answer, is how authentic this recorded ethnobotanical knowledge is. In the questionnaire, participants were asked where they obtained their ethnobotanical knowledge. However, Geertz alerted me to also study the participants’ behaviour, and to not just focus on their answers to the questionnaire. Does their knowledge stem from an oral tradition of learning about plants from their ancestors, or did they read about a specific plant use in books? The fact that many of the participants are illiterate, and had to sign the consent forms by making a cross, tells me that their ethnobotanical knowledge does not stem from books. Did the participants try to please the researcher, or do they really value their ethnobotanical heritage? I had to be alert to also look for evidence of whether the participants actually use the plants in the way they described. During fieldwork with Jan Baadjies, it was interesting to note that he collected plant material for his own use. Frans Baadjies showed me how he uses kalkoenbos (Sutherlandia frutescens) and dassiebos (Pelargonium ramosissimum) for relief from back ache (he suffered a back injury- see clip DS300071 in Appendix C).
As mentioned, this study aimed to record the rich ethnobotany of the Khoi- San in the Agter-Hantam. Tavernier (cited in Gelfand, 1971) concluded from his voyages, completed by 1670, that the Khoi-San were experts in treating wounds, could treat ulcers in 15 days, and could defeat the finest surgeons in Batavia. Literature also refers to the Khoi-San use of massage, by using animal fat to which aromatic herbs (buchu) were added (Laidler, 1928; Low, 2004). I have already alerted the reader to the question of how authentic the knowledge of today’s descendants of the Khoi-San is. Whereas the original Khoi-San people living in this part of the Northern-Cape undoubtedly had a rich knowledge on plant use, one can ask how this has been eroded, seeing that the descendants of the Khoi-San today live on farms, or in small or large urban settlements, and were influenced by ‘modern education’. Low (2004) is of the opinion that, despite the fact that the world of the descendants of the Khoi-San has undoubtedly changed, especially due to exposure to education and changes in the environment, they still “utilise cultural ways of thinking” (p. 23). Low’s findings showed that (western) educational concepts are built into
83 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
a new world view by the Khoi-San, but still nested in the Khoi ˗ San world of possibilities. The following excerpt from his work in Sesfontein substantiates the above statement: “Sesfontein children and young adults would describe to me human anatomy as they learned it in school, and, when asked, could replicate the pictures from their school book. The same people would tell me in the next breath how organs could move around in the body, how the cold dropped a man’s testicles into his feet, how the liver was in the centre of the abdomen and a big, god given, worm lives in the forehead of everybody” (p.24).
Many of the participants in this study undoubtedly have a good knowledge on indigenous plant use, if one looks at the relatively high EKI values.
Another aspect of Khoi-San medicinal practices and culture that needs to be acknowledged is its metaphysical or ‘magical’ component. An interesting example in literature is the use of buchu mixtures by the /Xam in “rain- making”, as recorded by Bleek and Lloyd (1933) and Low (2004). The /Xam thought of rain as male and female- heavy rain and thunder was thought of as being male, and light rain as female. The /Xam medicine men, called !Khwa- ka!gi:ten, entered the spirit world (using buchu mixtures) to capture the rain- bull from the waterhole where it lived. Laidler (1928) cites sa as an alternative name for buchu. Galton (1850), cited in Low (2004) noted that sããb was a general Nama name for powders. It is therefore difficult to tell whether sã is used as a generic name for powders, or as a synonym for buchu.
Low (2004) concludes by stating that the Khoisan carry ideas from one lifestyle setting to the other. This is true of the participants in the Agter- Hantam. First of all, Jan Baadjies, very knowledgeable on how plants can be used to treat several medical conditions (and often referring to these conditions in terms of ‘western medicine’ descriptions or terminology), also refer to many magical or paljas uses of plants, and interesting metaphysical manifestations, such as the miraculous transformation by Kaatjie Hoesaar into the shape of a lion. As a researcher I did not always know how to interpret these narratives. It is undoubtedly part of the Khoi-San worldview, and
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therefore a rich description of the ethnobotany of the Khoi-San should also include these aspects. Although the EKI does make provision for the paljas uses of plants, one should acknowledge that the metaphysical aspects were probably downplayed, and that the focus was more on the use of plants for food and medicines.
Low (2004) refers to the fact that the Ju/’hoan, /num or /Gais is culturally seen as the ‘power’ that lives within the healer. This /num or /Gais give the healer certain abilities- in this case the transformation into a lion, though we could not establish whether it is meant metaphorically. Jan Baadjies might have referred to intense ‘energy flow’ or n/um, as discussed by Lee (1967), or Marshall’s interpretation of n/um as ‘magic medicine’ or a ‘fight’ (as quoted in Low, 2004). Low (2004) refers to Köhler (1963) who noted that, in Khoi-San culture animals (e.g. lions) are seen as being able to bewitch people with tḉó, meaning ‘coming down’ or ‘cause sickness’ (p.178). Jan Baadjies might therefore be referring to a practice of placing spells on people. However, in this study we took note of Low’s questioning of the validity of a study on Khoi- San culture by only using western categories of analysis, and the risk of searching for the ‘familiar’ and missing the ‘specific’.
Some ethnographers (such as Hahn, cited in Low, 2004) suggest that language is an important point of entry into the world of the Khoi-San. Hahn refered to the “agglutinative peculiarity” of Khoi-San languages, wherein related ideas run through derivative roots, and suffixes serve to further develop the root idea into an abstracted meaning. Low ibid. (p.201) provides the following interesting example: /au.b, snake; /au.b, blood; /au.s, fountain; /au, to blead; /au, to bear ill-feeling; /avi, to rain; /ava, red. The above author further states that there is a distinct relationship between language and the environment. According to Low, many Khoi-San cultures believe that if a bird flies over a baby and the shadow falls on the baby’s head, the baby will fall ill. The Hai//om calls the bird //gores. A !Kung woman described the bird as making a ‘koo’ noise, and people say that the bird will
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/gou the child (explicitely related to the sound of the bird). The Hai//om uses a plant, named //gori, to treat this disease.
In the Agter-Hantam study, Afrikaans was used as medium of communication, which is also the mother tongue of the participants. It was not possible to further explore the richness of the Khoi-San languages, and the clues it gives in order to understand the nuances in original Khoi-San plant use. However, the descriptive language used by the participants was noteworthy, as the following excerpt shows (the complete transcriptions are provided in Appendix C. For the benefit of English readers, direct translations into English, which may not be grammatically correct, are provided): (Interview with Frans and Christien Baadjies; here we are talking about Hydnora africana)
Deelnemer 2: Hy duik vol met sy kop onder die grond. Deelnemer 1: Duik so. Deelnemer 2: Dis reg. Hy't so 'n knol en by sy boom kan jy hom onder oopgrawe. Navorser: O, ja. Deelnemer 2: As jy hom uithaal dan sit die bolletjie onder. Maar dan haal jy daai skil af... Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: dan eet jy daai binneste. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Ja, en daai uh, hy help sommer vir die babatjies ook vir mondsere en so. Hy is mos so vrank. Smeer jy hom so aan en dan gaan daai sere weg wat die tande vrot soos wat hulle sê.
English translation: Frans and Christien Baadjies, discussing Hydnora africana: Participant 2: He dives with his head into the ground. Participant 1: Dive thus. Participant 2: That’s right. He has such a tuber and at his tree you can dig him up. Researcher: O yes. Participant 2: If you remove him, the tuber is at the bottom. Then you remove the peel… Researcher: Yes. Participant 1: Then you eat the inside. Researcher: Oh yes. Participant 2: Yes, and it helps also for babies with oral thrush. It is rather acid (sourish). If you apply it, those sores that cause the teeth to rot disappear.
The following excerpt from the interview with Frans and Christien Baadjies is also interesting, where they refer to their Khoi-San ancesters as the ‘boesmans’ (Bushmen):
86 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 2: Hier onder staan mos hierdie bos wat hulle altyd gesê het is die pruimbos, ek weet nie of Meneer hom ken nie. Navorser: Ja, pruimbos. Nee. Deelnemer 2: Ja, hy staan hierso onder in die vallei, dit het die boesmans ook gebruik sommer, hulle het mos hierdie boomtak gehad wat hulle altyd die pruim van gemaak het. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan sit hulle sommer daar, pluk hulle die blaartjies af, hy skeur so 'n dunnetjie en dan word hy ook so drietjies, … en dan gebruik hulle dit sommer vir 'n kou twakkie...
English translation: Frans and Christien Baadjies discussing their Khoi-San ancestors: Participant 2: Here below stands a bush that they called the pruimbos, I do not know if Sir knows it. Researcher: Yes, pruimbos. No. Participant 2: Yes, it stands below in the valley, the boesmans (Bushmen) used the twigs to chew (pruim) it as tobacco. Researcher: Oh yes. Participant 2: Then they sit there, tear the leaves off, rip off a thin one, and then he becomes threefold, … and then it is used as chewing tobacco…
The use of plant names such as aree by the participants might signal a Griqua ancestory.
In conclusion, The EKI of people in the Agter-Hantam is relatively high, and people still make use of plants in the veld. This has been verified by also looking for the “signs” (Geertz, 1973) while doing fieldwork, like looking for plant materials in the house, that is used by the family. The average EKI of children was relatively low (0.30), but it became evident that the children know the food plants well. Modern medicine definitely has an influence (people will often seek medical attention at clinics), and therefore it is essential to record the rich ethnobotany of South Africa, before it is loss forever.
5.5. The use of this data in experimental and applied research
As mentioned in paragraph 3.2.5, the focus of this study was not to do bio- assays to test anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-secretory or immune- modulatory properties. However, this is a recommendation for future research. In the case of some of the plant species, a lot of biochemical and pharmacological work has been done by other researchers. However, as Heinrich et al. (2009) highlight, very often these studies show that the vast
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majority of extracts being tested are active. This might indicate that researchers considered dose levels as active which are far too high, and not of physiological significance, or alternatively that the assay has no discriminatory power. A classic example is Sutherlandia frutescens. Albrecht (2011) draws attention to the fact that Sutherlandia frutescens is sometimes compared to a Swiss Army knife with multiple functions. Various review articles have indicated many medicinal uses of Sutherlandia: it is used as a treatment for cancer, diabetes, stomach ailments, influenza, eye wash, inflammation, appetite stimulant, chicken pox, fever, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, bladder infections, liver ailments, stress-related ailments and severe depression (Albrecht, 2011). In this study we have added another use: that of a drug to relieve tooth ache. However, what clinical studies are there to support these claims, and what commercial products have been developed as a result of such studies? One of the proven applications of Sutherlandia frutescens in medicine, is its use in treating diabetes. ProBetix is a drug, mainly consisting of derivates of the Sutherlandia plant, that is now effectively used commercially for the treatment of diabetes. This study resulted in the recording of 14 new species records of useful plants, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. Rigorous bio-assays should be done to test these medicinal claims, according to the minimum standards that Heinrich et al. (2009) have formulated.
As a teacher educator, I was very concerned about how teachers should implement one of the recommendations of the Life Sciences school curriculum, namely the infusion of indigenous knowledge in the teaching of Life Sciences. This study resulted in a publication in the ISI-acccredited The American Biology Teacher, where my supervisor and I have provided guidelines to teachers on how an ethnobotanical survey can be conducted in the Life Sciences classroom (see Appendix D). A poster of the most important medicinal- and food plants in the Agter-Hantam produced will be made available to schools and community centres in the area, further enhancing the educational agenda discussed above.
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APPENDIX A
Inventory of useful plants of the Agter-Hantam
Key to symbols * Indigenous but not in the Hantam (cultivated) ** Exotic JRAU: Herbarium of the University of Johannesburg
1. Acacia karroo Hayne (Fabaceae) doringboom, witdoring; witpendoring; soetdoring
Voucher specimen: P91 (JRAU)
The bark and leaves are a Cape remedy for diarrhea and dysentery (Van Wyk et al., 1997).
In the Agter-Hantam the bark is used to treat aching legs (JB); used as fire-wood (DB, confirmed by EB, JT, HG, IW).
98 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
2. * Agathosma betulina (P.J. Bergius) Pillans (Rutaceae) boegoe, buchu, letuling, bookoo
Voucher specimen: P92 (JRAU)
Buchu is part of the cultural heritage of the Khoi-San people, and reference in literature to sa or sããb is common. It was commonly mixed with animal fat to annoint the body (aromatherapy). Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that buchu is used for treating kidney and urinary track diseases.
In the Agter-Hantam the dried leaves, obtained from shops, are used to treat colds (JB), and stomach aches (JB); used for sores (‘rou sere’) in which case the leaves are often mixed with fat (JB); an infusion of the leaves also drunk for treating ulcers (JB).
99 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
3. Aloe dichotoma Masson (Asphodelaceae)
Kokerboom
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4468 (JRAU)
In the Agter-Hantam the stem is used as medicine. Mainly used to treat cancer and asthma. Put stem in water for 2 – 3 days. Cut in blocks, and leave in refrigerator. Pieces can be made into a tea when needed (JB). An infusion is used for back ache (drink as a tea). (FB, confirmed by CB). Leaves are placed in water of chickens to control fleas and diseases (BB).
100 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
4. * Aloe ferox Mill. (Asphodelaceae) aalwyn, bitteraalwyn; Kaapse aalwyn
Voucher specimen: P93 (JRAU)
An important laxative medicine (Van Wyk et al., 1997), and also used for arthritis, eczema, hypertension and stress.
In the Agter-Hantam a number of uses were recorded (the product, aloe lump, is obtained from shops): Drink an infusion of the leaves for kidneys and bladder (JB); stomach problems (JT, confirmed by HG); used for back pain (RT); put leaves in the drink water of chicken for lice and chicken diseases (‘piep’) (DB, confirmed by EB, HG, BB).
101 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
5. Aloe microstigma Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae)
Veldaalwyn
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4396 (JRAU)
In the Agter-Hantam the leaves are dried and eaten as an energy booster (CB); leaves eaten to clean the stomach (BB); used to treat back pain (JB, confirmed by IW); treating lice in chickens, by putting leaves in drink water (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, GS, AT, KB, JT, HG,MT, AnT); bake the leaves, and use as a wound dressing (RT, confirmed by HB, DB, MT); energy boost (general tonic) (CB).
102 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
6. Aloe variegata L. (Asphodelaceae)
Kanniedood
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4441 (JRAU)
Leaf is cut open, and used as a warm compress for wounds (CB, confirmed by FB, KB, DB, EB, JT, HG); cleanse the body (JB); used in spells (JB); used as a weather indication (colour shows whether it will rain); rub legs with leaf pulp to treat pains (RT).
103 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
7. Anisodontea triloba (Thunb.) Bates (Malvaceae) wilde salie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4439 (JRAU)
A leaf infusion is used to treat colds and asthma; headaches. Drink as a tea; mixed with other herbs (JB); used to treat stomach ailments (JB).
104 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
8. Apium decumbens Eckl. & Zeyh. (Apiaceae)
Seldery
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4465 (JRAU)
Edible- used in soups (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, AT, HB).
105 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
9. Aptosimum indivisum Burch. ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) kannie, kinkhoesbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4449 (JRAU)
An infusion is used to treat stomach ache/ upset stomach (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); tooth ache and headache (JB).
106 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
10. Aptosimum spinescens Thunb. (Scrophulariaceae)
Sandboega
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4454 (JRAU)
Leaves dried and used as a snuff for headache (JB); stomach ache (JB, confirmed by RT); back ache (JB, confirmed by RT).
107 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
11. * Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. (Asteraceae) wildeals, wilde-als, als, alsem
Voucher specimen: P96 (JRAU)
This is one of the most widely used traditional medicines in South Africa. It is mostly used to treat coughs, colds and influenza, although other uses like treatment of fever, colic, headache and intestinal worms have also been recorded (Van Wyk et al., 1997).
In the Agter-Hantam, roots and leaves from cultivated plants, are used to treat colds and chest (‘toegetrekte bors’) (used with wynruit - CB) (JB, confirmed by FB, RT); treating pains, especially back ache (RT, confirmed by KB, EB, MT); stomach pain (BB); kidneys (JT, confirmed by HG).
108 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
12. Ballota africana L. (Lamiaceae)
Kattekruie; kattekruid
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4420 (JRAU)
The Khoi-san people used the leaves to treat fevers and measles (Van Wyk et al., 1997).
In the Agter-Hantam, leaf infusions are used by women, who gave birth (afterbirth), and to stimulate milk production in pregnant women (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); put leaves in hot water, to make a tea, to treat fever (JB); wash aching legs with it (HB, confirmed by RT, HB).
109 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
13. Boophone haemanthifolia F.M.Leight. (Amaryllidaceae)
Gifbol
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4443 (JRAU)
The outer scales of the bulb are used to treat asthma - take layers in the bulb, and use to stuff a pillow, and put on chest. (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, RT, AT, HB, DB, EB, BB, MT); also used as a compress on paining knees. (JB, confirmed by FB, CB).
110 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
14. * Carpobrotus edulis L.Bolus (Mesembryanthemaceae)
Rankvye; suurvy; ghaukum; vyerank; nautsi amma; sour fig
Voucher specimen: P102 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that the leaf juice is traditionally gargled to treat infections of the mouth and throat.
Agter-Hantam records: Fruit is edible (JB, confirmed by JT, HG, CB, FB, DB, EB, MT); the leaf juice is used to treat oral thrush (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, AT, DB, EB, IW, MT); used for sores and wounds (rub skin with plant) (RT).
111 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
15. Chamarea longipedicellata (Apiaceae) chamare; vinkel
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4467 (JRAU)
Edible (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, DB, EB, JT, HG, MT); help for headache (RT).
112 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
16. Chrysocoma ciliata L. (Asteraceae)
Beesbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4388 (JRAU)
A leaf decoction is used for colds (boil with Tulbachia sp.) (JT); medicine for the stomach (JB); pain (especially aching legs) (HB).
113 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
17. Conyza scabrida DC. [syn. C. ivaefolia (L.) Less.] (Asteraceae) oondbos, oondbesembos, meidebos, perskebos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4436 (JRAU)
Infusions used for cramps during labour (‘trek plant vir nageboorte en pyn’), afterbirth (‘nageboorte’) (JB, confirmed by RT); used for pain and bladder infections (RT, confirmed by KB, HB, EB); used to treat colds (steam under a blanket) (AT, confirmed by HG, MT); for swollen feet and hands. (CB, confirmed by FB).
114 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
18. Cotyledon orbiculata L. (Crassulaceae)
Plakkie, varkoor, beessore
Voucher specimen: P108 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that the plant is widely used for medicinal purposes. Amongst others, the leaf is applied to corns and warts to soften and remove them.
The fleshy leaves are used as an ointment or dressing for wounds (CB, confirmed by FB).
Photos: Ben-Erik van Wyk; toy made from C. orbiculata
115 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
19. Crassula muscosa L. (Crassulaceae) klein koorsbos, skilpadbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4447 (JRAU)
Back ache (JB); oral thrush (‘tandesproei’) (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, JT, HG).
116 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
20. Dicoma capensis Less. (Asteraceae) karmedik (2), wilde karmedik, hen-en-kuikens, hen-met-die-kuikens; dermbos, teringbos, koorsbossie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4463 (JRAU)
This plant is widely used to treat fever, and is also used for an upset stomach, influenza, diarrhoea and even cancer.
A decoction is used as a tea for colds and flu (both leaves and roots are used) (JB, confirmed by RT, AT, EB); used to treat high blood pressure (JB); stomach pains (CB, confirmed by FB, HG); tonic for the liver (FB); back pains (FB, confirmed by KB, HB).
117 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
21. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia L.f. (Benth.) (Sapindaceae)
ysterhout(toppe), sandolien, t’koubi; basterolien
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4437 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicates that a decoction of the leaves is an early Cape remedy for fever. It is also used for stomach trouble, pneumonia, tuberculosis and for skin rashes.
A decoction of leaves is made to treat colds and influenza, and a variety of other ailments (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, RT, AT, HB, MT). [Used in conjunction with vaalsalie and wynruit (Confirmed by MT)]; bladder and kidney problems (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); use powder as a snuff; helps with headache and fatigue; slimy chests in children (JB); to treat pain (RT, confirmed by JT, HG).
118 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
22. Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less. (Asteraceae) renosterbos(toppe), anosterbos
Voucher specimen: P110 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that infusions of the young branches are a medicine for indigestion, ulcers and stomach cancer.
In the Agter-Hantam people use it as firewood (DB).
119 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
23. Euchlora hirsuta (Thunb.) Druce (Fabaceae)
Noorsbol
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4435 (JRAU)
Used to treat hangovers (JB); used as firewood (FB, confirmed by CB).
120 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
24. Fockea edulis (Thunb.) K.Schum. and other Fockea species (Apocynaceae) kambroo, camarebi, camao
Voucher specimen: P129 (JRAU)
Edible; make jam from it (CB, confirmed by AnT, AT); can be used to treat headache (cut in small pieces, and use as compress on head) (JB).
121 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
25. Galenia africana L. (Aizoaceae) kraalbos, t’kooi dabee; geelbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4422 (JRAU)
Make an infusion, and wash head to treat pimples, rashes on head (‘kopsere’)(JB, confirmed by CB, RT, AT, DB, EB, BB); used to treat dandruff and lice (JB, confirmed by JT); treatment of dry skull (KB); leg pains and swollen legs (KB, confirmed by IW); used to clean wooden floors (CB); lye of fruit, e.g. prunes (loog van pruime) (Anna Visagie, confirmed by CB)
122 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
26. Galium tomentosum Thunb. (Rubiaceae) rooihoutjie, rooivergeet, nooit vergeet, rooistorm; klein kleefatjie; kleefa
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4424 (JRAU)
Make a root infusion, and use as a general tonic (DB, confirmed by JT) (root can also be chewed raw); used against witchcraft spells (paljas) (JB, confirmed by AT); wash body with it; assist in relieving pains. The root is used; mixed with salt solution as body wash (JB).
123 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
27. Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton (Apocynaceae) melkbos, tontelbos
Voucher specimen: P113 (JRAU)
Wash painful legs with a decoction (JB).
124 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
28. Grielum humifusum Thunb. (Neuradaceae)
Snotwortel
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4455 (JRAU)
Edible field food (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, GS, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, MT) (eaten raw, or can be made into a porridge).
125 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
29. Hermannia cuneifolia Jacq. var. cuneifolia (Sterculiaceae) kwaaiman, geneesbossie, pleisterbossie, wilde heuning
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4442 (JRAU)
Use an infusion of the leaves to treat diabetes (JB); used to treat cancer (JB); and as a remedy for colds (JB).
126 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
30. Hermannia johanssenii N.E.Br. (Sterculiaceae)
Heuningbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4429 (JRAU)
Make a tea (infusion) and use for piles (aambeie) (JB).
127 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
31. Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne (Apocynaceae)
ghaap, ghôba, ghôwa
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4452 (JRAU)
Veld food - “to clean blood”. Use to suppress appetite (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, RT, GS, AT, KB, DB, EB, IW, BB, MT, AnT); also various medicinal uses, namely for oral thrush (tandesproei) (JB); to treat slimy chests (JB); for measles (JB) and to treat heartburn (JB). Also used to treat stomach pains (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, MT).
128 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
32. Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) kannikan; kanni; jakkalskos; bobbejaankos; !nau
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4453 (JRAU)
Used as veld food (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, JT, HG, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, BB, MT); used for oral thrush (CB).
129 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
33. Jamesbrittenia atropurpurpea (Benth.) Hilliard subsp. artropurpurea (Scrophulariaceae) geelblommetjie, saffraanbossie, tandpynbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4444 (JRAU)
Leaves used for tooth ache (JB); used as chewing tobacco (FB, confirmed by DB, JT, MT); for general pains (HB).
130 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
34. Massonia depressa Houtt. (Hyacinthaceae)
Soetprop
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4459 (JRAU)
Drink the nectar (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, KB, DB, EB, JT, and HG).
131 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
35. Melianthus comosus Vahl (Melianthaceae)
(truitjie-) kruidjie-roer-my-nie; kriekiebos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4421(JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that this palnt is used to treat septic wounds, sores, bruises, backache and rheumatic joints. The bufadienolides are known to be highly toxic.
In the Agter-Hantam, a leaf decoction is used for swollen feet and leg pains. Bathe feet with it, and cover in blankets to keep warm. (Poisonous- can’t drink) (JB, confirmed by RT, HB). NOTE: Surprisingly, Jan Baadjies mentioned that a decoction can be drunk, but in low dosage (3 spoons full only)- Clip DS300084.
132 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
36. Melolobium candicans (E.Mey) Eckl. and Zeyh. (Fabaceae) wilde dagga; naeltjiedoring
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4438 (JRAU)
A decoction of the stem and leaves is drunk to treat asthma (JB); tuberculosis (JB); sometimes smoked and confuses the person (JB, confirmed by MT); used to treat colds (RT) and stomach problems (JT).
133 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
37. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Lamiaceae) balderjan, baldrian, t’kamma; ballerja
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4423 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicates that this plant is used for many different ailments- coughs, colds, asthma, respiratory ailments, fevers, indigestion, painful menstruation and urinary track infections.
In the Agter-Hantam infusions of leaves drank as a tea; warm leaves used as a compress (JB); to treat headaches (put a leaf compress under hat on head) (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, AT, DB, EB, IW, BB); to treat stomach pains (JB); used for paljas, against witchcraft spells (JB); wash acking legs with it (HB); used for kidneys (DB); flu and colds (JT). Very often it is used with other herbs (JB).
134 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
38. Microloma sagittatum (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)
Bokhorinkie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4434 (JRAU)
“Veldkos”; young pods are edible (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, GS, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, BB, MT, AnT).
135 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
39. Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Källersjö (Asteraceae)
stinkkruid, wurmkruid, wurmbos, miskruid
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4430 (JRAU)
Leaves and flowers are used for sweaty and smelly feet; dry the flowers, and put in shoes. (“nat voete”) (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, AT, MT); use to clean oily and dirty hands (MT); used to treat stomach problems (RT, confirmed by JT, HG); for back ache (HB).
136 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
40. Otholobium arborescens C.H.Stirt. (Fabaceae)
Wildegranaat
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4433 (JRAU)
Infusion used to treat cancer (make a tea) (JB); for treating back ache (JB) and headache (HB).
137 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
41. Parmelia sp.
Klipblom, klipmos, klipbuchu
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4389 (JRAU)
This lichen is used as a female medicine (“maak baarmoeder skoon”) (CB); treating general pains, especially back and kidneys (JB, confirmed by RT, HB, DB, JT); grind, and use as an ointment for burns and wounds (HB); treating colds (IW); bladder diseases (MT).
138 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
42. Pelargonium abrotanifolium (L.f.) Jacq. (Geraniaceae)
Bergsalie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4451(JRAU)
Infusion used for chest problems (JB), and for treating colds and flu (CB, confirmed by FB, AT, BB, MT).
139 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
43. Pelargonium antidysentericum (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Kostel. (Geraniaceae) t’namie, t’kamie, naniewortel; wilde aree
Voucher specimen: P127 (JRAU)
Description: Stem tuberous, fleshy. Branches lateral, erect. Leaves smooth, alternate, stalked, subcordate, lobed. Flowers purplish, and the nectariferous tube twice as long as the calyx. Uses recorded in literature: Pappe (1868) refers to the roots (called t’Namie by the Khoi-San people), that are boiled with milk, and used to treat dysentery. Uses recorded in the Hantam: Used for treating wounds (RT).
140 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
44. Pelargonium carnosum L.Herit (Geraniaceae) aree; oupa-aree, oupa arrie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4460 (JRAU)
A popular food (‘veldkos’) - the stem is roasted in ash, and eaten (JB, confirmed by CB, AT, MT, DB, EB, HB, KB, GS, JT, RT).
141 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
45. Pelargonium grossularioides (L.)L’Her. (Geraniaceae)
Rooirabas
Voucher specimen: P128 (JRAU)
Decoction used to treat asthma (‘toe bors’) (JB).
142 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
46. Pelargonium ramosissimum (Cav.) Willd. (Geraniaceae) dassieboegoe; dassiebos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4445 (JRAU)
Infusions used to treat back ache (JB, confirmed by RT, JT, HG); for asthma; used as a mixed herb (JB); for colds and flu; coughs (JB, confirmed by FB,CB, RT,AT, HB, BB); treating headaches (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); for kidneys and bladder (KB); stomach problems (BB).
143 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
47. Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze (Asteraceae)
ankerkaroo, karoobos, skaapkaroo, skaapbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4428 (JRAU)
Leaves are chewed to treat stomach cramps (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, AT, HB, JT, MT, AnT); leaves also used to treat general pain (GS confirmed by RT – especially kidney pains, KB).
144 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
48. Psilocaulon sp. (Mesembryanthemaceae)
Asbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4461(JRAU)
Stems/ leaves are used for lye (loog) (fruit) (JB, confirmed by AT, MT); treating dandruff (plant material burned, and ash added to water, and left overnight. People wash hair with this water) (JB); making soap (CB, confirmed by DB, EB); building shelters (skerms) (AT, confirmed by KB, AnT).
145 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
49. Pteronia divaricata (P.J.Bergius) Less. (Asteraceae)
Boegabos; flip-se-bos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4401(JRAU)
Make an infusion (tea) for influenza (AT)
Photos: Ben-Erik van Wyk
146 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
50. **Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) granaat (skille), granaatbas
Voucher specimen: P121(JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that decoctions of the root bark is widely used as a tapeworm remedy. In the Agter-Hantam the fruit rind is used for oral thrush (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, JT, HG, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, IW, BB, MT).
147 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
51. Quaqua incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns (Apocynaceae)
Karoena; aroena
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4469 (JRAU)
Eat raw as field food. (JB, confirmed by FB, CB, GS, RT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, IW, MT).
148 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
52. **Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) kasterolie(boom)
Voucher specimen: P122 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate that this is a well-known purgative medicine; leaf infusions used for stomache ache.
Used to treat painful knees/ joints (heat leaves, and put on affected area) (JB, confirmed by FB,CB, RT, AT, IW, HB, BB, MT).
149 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
53. **Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) wynruit, wynruik
Voucher specimen: P123 (JRAU)
Some of the recorded uses, according to Van Wyk et al. (1997) include its use as a medicine for fever, convulsions and fits in children, and epilepsy.
Leaf infusions are taken for colds and flu (JB, confirmed by JT- add aspirin; AT- add bergsalie; DB, EB, BB); treatment of headache (JB); use to chase lice away (‘verdryf weeluise’)- put under mattress (CB); for pain (KB, confirmed by HB, EB); stomach (BB, confirmed by AnT).
150 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
54. Salix mucronata Thunb. (Salicaceae) wilger, rivierwilger
Voucher specimen: P124 (JRAU)
Van Wyk et al. (1997) indicate the following uses: treatment of rheumatism and fever.
Leaves are used to treat pain (HB).
151 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
55. Salvia dentata Aiton (Lamiaceae)
Bergsalie
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4440 (JRAU)
Leaf decoctions used for various ailments; often mixed with other herbs; general tonic, e.g. for fatigue (JB, confirmed by DB, EB); colds; (CB, confirmed by JT and HG- together with dassiebos, BB, AT); back ache (AT); kidney diseases (JT, confirmed by HG).
152 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
56. Salvia dissermas L. (Lamiaceae) terpentynbos, muishondbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4419 (JRAU)
Leaf decoctions used to treat swollen feet (make water blisters, if feet are kept too long in it) (JB); For treating head fungi (wash skull with plant extract) (CB, confirmed by FB); wash tired feet and painful legs (DB, confirmed by EB).
153 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
57. Sceletium emarcidum (Thunb.) L.Bolus ex H. Jacobsen (Mesembryanthemaceae)
Kougoed; kanna (wortel); (“channa”)
Voucher specimen: P116 (JRAU)
It is baked in the fire, and used as intoxicant (JB, confirmed by AT, MT); people chew the plant (kougom/ kougoed) (CB, JT- like chewable tobacco) (Confirmed by DB, EB, MT); used for washing acking legs (RT); tooth ache (EB).
154 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
58. Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A. Barkley (Anacardiaceae) karee; kruboom
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4426 (JRAU)
Edible berries (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, RT, AT, KB, HB, DB, EB, JT, HG, BB, MT).
155 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
59. Septulina glauca (Thunb.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae)
Voëlent
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4456 (JRAU)
Berries are edible (KB, confirmed by DB, BB, AnT); used as a mouthwash for babies (CB).
156 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
60. Solanum tomentosum L. (Solanaceae) gifappel, vuilsiekbossie, doringappeltjie, !nuheis; slangbessiebos, bitterboelabos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4462 (JRAU)
Numerous medical uses, e.g. to treat open wounds (‘rou sere’) (JB); breathing problems (‘tight chest’) (JB); backache and stomach ache (JB); kidney problems (JB); toothache (put a leaf in the mouth, on aching tooth) (CB, confirmed by FB, JT, HG, MT - grind leaf, and put ointment on tooth); wash body with it- general medicine (DB).
157 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
61. Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. and other species (Fabaceae) kankerbos(sie), kalkoenblom; kalkoenbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4431 (JRAU)
An infusion is made from the leaves, and drank for various reasons, e.g. nausea (JB); diabetes/ treating sugar (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); high blood pressure (JB); kidney stones; gall; cleanse the bladder (JB, confirmed by AT, KB, HB, DB, EB); if chewed in mouth (bitten), it helps with tooth ache. (JB, confirmed by CB, FB); rushes on skin (JB); back ache. (JB, confirmed by CB, FB, HG, MT); stomach problems (EB, confirmed by BB, AnT); for treating colds and flu (JT).
158 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
62. Thesium lineatum L.f. (Santalaceae)
Koringbos
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4458 (JRAU)
Fruit are edible (though stems and leaves poisonous for animals) (JB, confirmed by DB, EB, HG).
159 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
63. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Plantaginaceae)
Waterboege
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4427 (JRAU)
Make a tea from the leaves; to treat cancer (JB); for treating back ache; mix with dassiepis (JB); wash painful legs and feet (RT, confirmed by EB).
160 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
64. Viscum capense L.f. (Viscaceae) voëlent, (‘voëlink’) litjiestee
Voucher specimen: Van Wyk, De Beer and Tilney 4425 (JRAU)
Drink as a tea (JB, confirmed by KB, DB, EB, JT, HG); used to treat high sugar levels; stomach cramps; chest diseases in children (JB). Should be growing on ‘n “kruboom” (Rhus). Oral thrush (‘tandesproei’) (CB, confirmed by FB, AT).
Acknowledgement: Thank you to Professor Ben-Erik van Wyk, who supplied me with many of the photographs.
161 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
APPENDIX B The Hantam Intrument
Ethnobotanical Survey in the Hantam
Researchers: Prof. Ben-Erik van Wyk, Prof. Patricia Tilney, Dr. Josef de Beer and Mr. Theodor van Wyk.
20 – 24 November 2009
Naam: …………………………………. Bynaam: ……………………………………. Geboortedatum: …………………………………………………………………………. Waar groot geword: ……………………………………………………………………… Ken u die plante van die Hantam? ………………………………………………………. Hoe het u die kennis opgedoen? ………………………………………………………….
Plant Use, according to Jan Know If yes, do you have a Use(s) of plant? Baadjies plant? name for it? Acacia karroo The bark is used to treat aching legs Agathosma The leaves betulina (sometimes dried) used to treat colds, and stomach aches; used for sores in which case the leaves are often mixed with fat Aloe dichotoma The stem is used as medicine. Mainly used to treat cancer and asthma. Put stem in water for 2 – 3 days. Cut in blocks, and leave in refrigerator. Pieces can be made into a tea when needed. Aloe ferox Drink an infusion of the leaves for kidneys and bladder Aloe microstigma Used to treat back pain; treating lice in chickens, by putting leaves in drink water Aloe variegata Cleanse the body; used in spells Anisodontea A leaf infusion is triloba used to treat colds and asthma; headaches. Drink as
162 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
a tea; mixes with other herbs Apium decumbens Edible- used in soups (Apiaceae) 4465
Aptosimum A infusion is used to indivisum Burch. treat stomach ache/ ex Benth. upset stomach; tooth (Scrophulariaceae) ache and headache. 4449 Aptosimum Leaves dried and spinescens used as a snuff for headache; stomach ache Artemisia afra Roots and leaves used to treat colds and chest Ballota africana Leaf infusions are used by women, who gave birth (afterbirth), and to stimulate milk production in pregnant women Boophone The outer scales of haemanthifolia the bulb are used to treat asthma - take layers in the bulb, and use to fill pillow, and put on chest. Carpobrotus edulis Edible; the leaf juice is used to treat oral thrush (tandesproei) Chamarea Edible longipedicellata Chrysocoma ciliata Medicine for the stomach Conyza scabrida Infusions used for cramps during labour (‘trek plant vir nageboorte en pyn’), afterbirth (nageboorte) Cotyledon The fleshy leaves are orbiculata used as an ointment or dressing for wounds Crassula muscosa Back ache; oral thrush (‘tandesproei’) Dicoma capensis A decoction is used as a tea for colds and flu (both leaves and roots are used); used to treat high blood pressure (JB) Dodonaea viscosa A decoction of leaves var angustifolia is made to treat colds and influenza, and a variety of other
163 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
ailments; bladder and kidney problems; use powder as a snuff; helps with headache and fatigue; slimy chests in children (JB) Elytropappus rhinocerotis Euchlorahirsuta Used to treat hangovers Fockeasp. (cf. Can be used to treat edulis) headache (cut in small pieces, and use as compress on head)
Galenia africana Make an infusion, and wash head to treat pimples, rashes on head (‘kopsere’; used to treat dandruff and lice Galium Used against tomentosum witchcraft spells (paljas); wash body with it; assist in relieving pains. The root is used; mixed with salt solution as body wash Gomphocarpus Wash painful legs fruticosus with a decoction Grielum Edible field food humifusum Hermannia Use an infusion of the cuneifolia Jacq. leaves to treat var. cuneifolia diabetes; used to treat cancer (JB) Hermannia Make a tea (infusion) johanssenii and use for piles (aambeie) Hoodia gordonii Veld food - “to clean blood”. Use to suppress appetite; also various medicinal uses, namely for oral thrush (tandesproei); to treat slimy chests Hydnora africana Used as veld food
Jamesbrittenia Leaves used for tooth atropurpurpea ache Massonia Drink the nectar depressa Melianthus A leaf decoction is
164 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
comosus used for swollen feet and leg pains. Bathe feet with it, and cover in blankets to keep warm. Melolobium A decoction of the candicans stem and leaves is drunk to treat asthma; tubercu- losis; sometimes smoked and confuses the person Mentha longifolia Infusion of leaves drank as a tea; warm leaves used as a compress; to treat stomach pains; used for paljas, against witchcraft spells ( Microloma “Veldkos”; young sagittatum pods are edible Oncosiphon Leaves and flowers suffruticosum are used for sweaty (Asteraceae) 4430 and smelly feet; dry the flowers, and put in shoes. (“nat voete”) Otholobium Infusion used to treat arborescens cancer (make a tea) Parmelia spp Treating general pains, especially back and kidneys Pelargonium Infusion used for abrotanifolium chest problems Pelargonium antidysentericum Pelargonium A popular food carnosum (‘veldkos’) - the stem is roasted in ash, and eaten Pelargonium Decoction used to grossularioides treat asthma (‘toe bors’) Pelargonium Infusions used to ramosissimum treat back ache; for asthma; used as a mixed herb Pentzia incana Leaves are chewed to treat stomach cramps Psilocaulon sp. Stems/ leaves are used for lye (loog) (fruit); treating dandruff (plant material burned, and ash added to water, and left overnight. People wash hair
165 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
with this water) Pteronia divaricata **Punica granatum The peel is used for oral thrush Quaqua incarnata Eat raw as field food. **Ricinus Used to treat painful communis knees/ joints (heat leaves, and put on affected area) **Ruta graveolens Leaf infusions are taken for colds and flu; treatment of headache Salix mucronata
Salvia dentata Leaf decoctions used for various ailments; often mixed with other herbs; general tonic, e.g. for fatigue Salvia disermas Leaf decoctions used . to treat swollen feet (make water blisters, if feet is kept too long in it) Sceletium It is baked in the fire, emarcidum and used as intoxicant Searsia lancea Edible berries Septulina glauca Solanum Numerous medical tomentosum uses, e.g. to treat open wounds (‘rou sere’); breathing problems (‘tight chest’); backache and stomach ache; kidney problems Sutherlandia An infusion is made frutescens from the leaves, and drank for various reasons, e.g. nausea; diabetes/ treating sugar; high blood pressure; kidney stones; gall; cleanse the bladder; if chewed in mouth (bitten), it helps with tooth ache. Thesium lineatum Fruit are edible (though stems and leaves poisonous for animals) Veronica anagallis- Make a tea from the aquatica leaves; to treat cancer; for treating back
166 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
ache; mix with dassiepis Viscum capense Drink as a tea; used to treat high sugar levels; stomach cramps; chest diseases in children
Notes: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
167 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
APPENDIX C The transcriptions of the interviews (fieldwork) Note: [species names] were inserted to ease reference Notes [shaded] refer to anthropological considerations.
Clip: DS300067
Navorser: Wat, weet jy, in die boeke staan dat daar by Montagu area is daar die storie dat as jy daai gifbol se skubbe in 'n kussing sit, dan slaap jy lekkerder. Deelnemer 1: Ja hulle sê hoeka daai, ek weet nou nie wat hy maak nie. Navorser: Maar onthou net, jy het gese, as jy dit doen, dan… Deelnemer 1: Ja, kyk. Jy haal hom mos nou uit. [Boophone haemanthifolia] Navorser: Verduidelik gou vir ons dan. Deelnemer 1: Hy is 'n heel bol ding. Haal jy hom uit en hy is ook soos 'n boek blad. Navorser: Ja, presies, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan haal jy nou daais af en dan maak jy hulle uitmekaar uit, dan stop jy mos nou die kussings vir hom. Deelnemer 2: In 'n sloop. Deelnemer 3: Ja. Deelnemer 1: In 'n sloop. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: En dan sit hulle mos nou vir op hulle bors. Navorser: O! Deelnemer 1: Daai kussing. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Kan hy nou seker daai warmte, en daai goeters werk hy dan nou seker daai ding uit. Navorser: Maar vir watter kwaal is dit nou? Deelnemer 1: Dis nou vir asma. Navorser: O ja, my... Deelnemer 2: Of jy kan slaap op die kussing, jy daai inasem, daai, dit help ook met die benoudheid. Navorser: O ja. Jy dink dit is die dampe wat in die, in die bol is wat, … Deelnemer 2: In die bol is wat deurkom, ja. Navorser: Wat deurkom. O ja. My jislaaik. Deelnemer 1: Hulle sê party, die mense wat hom nou gebruik, die wat nou al so swaar asma gehad het sê hy is baie goed. Navorser: O ja. Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Wat hy my, werk hy nou net, as jy nou oopmaak, gebruik hom saans en daai goeters. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy heel daai gifbol. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 3: Hy,… Navorser: Maar hy is giftig né. Kyk sy naam is gifbol. Deelnemer 1: Ja ek weet hulle gee... Navorser: Jy kan hom nie eet of jy kan hom nie drink of so nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee jy kan hom nie, ek het hom nog nie gehoor dat jy hom kan drink of eet nie. Maar daai weet ek nou hoe ook al lank, mens het nou die… (onuitmaakbaar) Navorser: Ja.
168 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Jy't hom so maar. Navorser: Huh. Deelnemer 1: Kyk hier die ding is ook die uh, hierdie kalkoenbos [Sutherlandia frutescens] Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: hulle sê hy kan help vir naarheid, uh, dingese, hoë bloeddruk, Navorser: Ja... Deelnemer 1: suikersiekte, en rugpyn. Navorser: Ja... Deelnemer 1: Jy trek hom en dan gebruik jy hom by die lepel soos jy nou sal medisyne het. Navorser: Uh, so dan drink jy so nou en dan met 'n lepel. Deelnemer 1: 'n Lepel. Navorser: Drie keer 'n dag of iets van die aard. Deelnemer 1: Ja, so ok, die meeste van die manse gebruik hom maar so. Navorser: Ja... Deelnemer 1: Hy is mos nou vreeslik bitter. Navorser: Hy's bitter. Deelnemer 1: Hy kan tot vir tandpyn ook, die't ek al self gebruik. Navorser: Ja, tandpyn? Deelnemer 1: En het jy so stukkie blaartjie vir hom vasbyt, hy's mos vreeslik bitter. Navorser: Dan knyp jy hom vas tussen jou tande. Deelnemer 1: Tussen jou tande, vernaam as die tande gate het. Navorser: O ja. Hello. Deelnemer 1: Hy maak vir hom doodstil. Navorser: My hene...dis nou 'n nuwe ding. Ek het nie dit gehoor daar nie. Navorser 2: Uuh, as jy tandpyn het. Deelnemer 1: Daai tandpyn. Navorser: Dis nou Sutherlandia waarvan ons praat, hierdie rooi kalkoenbos. Deelnemer 1: Dis nou die kalkoenbos. Navorser 2: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Met die rooi blaartjie. Navorser: Ja, hy staan hier baie op, langs die dorp se pad. Deelnemer 1: Ja ek wil net sien, kyk hy… Navorser: As jy nou van die dorp af ry dan staan hy sommer volop langs die pad. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: So, sommer so groot groep. Deelnemer 1: Ja hy word sommer 'n groot bos. Navorser: Ja, my maggies. Deelnemer 1: Ek weet nie hoe die skaap hom vreet nie, want kyk, hy's bitter. Navorser: Ja, maar hulle's lief vir hom. Deelnemer 1: Ja, maar kyk, jy kan sien op 'n tyd raak hy af, so die skape moet hom vreet. Navorser: Ja, hulle vreet vir hom. Daar in die Karoo kan mens dit sien. In die kamp is daar niks, hier langs die pad staan hy. Deelnemer 1: Sta' hy. Navorser: Hier waar die skaap hom nie kan bykom nie. Deelnemer : Waar die skaap hom nie kan bykom nie. Navorser: Ja. Navorser 2: Frans, skies. Ek het nou vir Ben in die rede geval. Hy wou geweet het waar jy jou kennis vandaan kry. Navorser: Ja, ek wil vreeslik graag... Deelnemer 1: Nee kyk, dit is nou maar, ek het, my pa is ook 'n ou groot man gewees, nou.
169 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Wie was hy? Deelnemer 1: Ding is hy is Andries Struis. Navorser: Andries? Deelnemer 1: Andries Struis. Deelnemer 1: Struis. Navorser: Struis. Andries Struis. Deelnemer 1: Ja, my ouma is ok 'n ou groot mens, ek gaan nou maar als so by hulle gehoor. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Kyk hulle, die ding is die kinders het nou maar seker ook maar die ander by my ouma weer gehoor, my pa, daarna het ek nou maar so, ek is ook 'n man wat sekerlik pyne het Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Daardeur gebruik ek hulle ook, ek het 'n vreeslike sleg rug. Daardeur. Navorser: Ek het self 'n sleg rug. Ek simpatiseer met jou. Deelnemer 1: Met die kinders. Navorser: Wat is jou ma se naam? Deelnemer 1: Sarie Baadjie. Navorser: Sarie Baadjies. Deelnemer 1: Sarie Baadjie. Deelnemer : Baadjie Navorser: Ja, Baatjie. Dis nie Baadjies nie, dis Baadjie of wat? Deelnemer 2: Baadjies! Deelnemer 1: Baadjies. Deelnemer 2: Baadjies! Navorser: Jy se maar net so Baadjies, klink soos Baadjie, ja. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: E, en uh, die storie van bossie dokter, was hulle bossie dokters of nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee, dit was seker nou maar, hulle het nou seker voorheen, Navorser: Weet jy van bossie dokters? Van die storie. Deelnemer 2: Van Baadjies. Deelnemer 1: Ja, hier, net my neef, of groot neef sal ek nou sê. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer : Hy is 'n bossie dokter. Navorser: Ja, maar kyk dit is nie enige man wat 'n bossie dokter kan wees nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee, nee, nee. Navorser: 'n Bossie dokter is nou regtig 'n man wat sy storie ken. Deelnemer 1: Wat kan sy storie ken en daai.
Time: 3:58
Clip: DS300068
Deelnemer 1: Skoonmaak. Navorser: Ja, ja. Sou, so jou neef was 'n bossie dokter, maar jou pa en jou ma was nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee hulle was nie, nee. Navorser: En jou oupa en ouma? Of weet jy nie van hulle nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee hulle twee was ook nie. Hulle twee het ek nou nie baie geken nie, ek ken hulle maar, Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hulle weet ek nie as bossie dokters of so nie.
170 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ja. En, en, en dink jy daar het baie inligting verlore gegaan van jou ouers af tot by jou miskien, dat hulle dit beter geken het as wat jy dit nou ken. Of, of... Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee, my ouers het hulle heelwat beter geken, kyk hulle… Navorser: Want my indruk is die ouer geslag het nog al die bossies goed geken. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee hulle het jou... Navorser: Met die jonger geslag het dit nou so half verlore gegaan. Deelnemer 1: Soos daai, hierdie neef van my, hy sal nou heelwat meer ken. Daai een wat nou, hy bly ook op… [inaudible]. Navorser: Nou kyk ja, hy is al ouer geslag né, so hy het nog... Deelnemer 1: Ja hy al 'n ou geslag. Navorser: Ja, jislaaik. Weet jy is, sal so graag. Ohg! Laggery. Ek is so opgewonde om... Navorser 2: Uh Frans, mag ek vra hou oud is jy? Deelnemer 1: Young, vyf en veertig. Navorser: Vyf en veertig, ek en jy is amper die selfde ouderdom. Ek, ek word ses en veertig hierdie jaar. Navorser: Hy lyk nog jonk man. Deelnemer 1: Seker. Navorser: Hy is nog baie jonk. Maar dan is jy mos bietjie ouer as hy? Of wat. Deelnemer 2: Ek is drie en veertig. Deelnemer 1: Nee hy is nog jonk man. Navorser: O, so hy is ook jonk, ja. Deelnemer 2: Ja, maar ek het 'n stroke gehad meneer. Navorser: Nee wat, jy lyk vir my nog op en wakker. Deelnemer 2: Maar ek meen in daai geval lyk ek nog goed ne. Laggery. Navorser: Ja, nee definitief! Definitief. Egman raak net nou al 'n bietjie, kaalkop , dan het hy kruie nodig. Deelnemer 1: Ja meneer, sien, kyk nou hierso, ek is, ek is al 'n… Navorser: O! Jy ook maar. Deelnemer 1: Ek is ook al, ek ook, maar dit is nou in die geslag. My oupa is 'n kaalkop, so. Ek het nou seker die geërwe. Navorser: O, ja, ja, ja. My pa het ook 'n kaal kop. So... Deelnemer 1: Ek het nou al. Ek het sy naam ook, die oupa van my. Navorser: O ja! Is jou oupa, was hy ook Frans? Deelnemer 1: Hy was ook Frans gewees. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Die ou het ook so, ou het sommer later 'n heel, net onder om 'n stukkie gehad. Navorser: Ja, soos die dogter nou gesê het, die oom het 'n gat in die kop. Laggery. Deelnemer 2: Toe het hulle gesê vir een man, toe lê en slaap hy nou maar, is ok 'n drinker, en die ander wil nou kom steel. Maar nou is sy kop vreeslik kaal, nou kyk hulle so. "Hy lê nog wakker. Sy gesig nog oop". Toe is dit die kop bo-op. Laggery. Deelnemer 2: Die man lê en slaap. Hy weet van niks.
Clip: DS300069
Navorser: ...Sal jy ongemaklik voel as ons 'n foto neem van jou? En ons sit dit ook in die boek. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee Meneer, kom ons kyk.
171 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Jy kan mos voel ons wil erkenning gee… Deelnemer 1: Onse ding is ons hou daarvan. Kyk, ons wil, foto da, Meneer ons is mos nie bang nie. Praat jy self… Navorser: Ja, ja. Nee, want meneer, party mense is mos nou skaam of... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Of hulle voel ongemaklik of so… Deelnemer 1: Ja Meneer. Navorser: Maar die ding is net. As ons nou by jou al die inligting hoor en so, dan wil ons graag in die skryf ons het hierdie by jou gehoor. Deelnemer 1: Ja Meneer. Navorser: Verstaan. Dat dit erkenning gee aan jou. Deelnemer 1: Is so Meneer. Navorser: En, en jou kinders se kinders eendag kom in die biblioteek en sien dan "Maar o hier is Oupa se gesig dan. Nou wat soek Oupa se gesig in die boek? O nee, hy het vir hulle die kruie storie gegee." Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Jy verstaan. Dit is iets wat blywend is. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee. Ek het ook die twee seuns. Hulle twee ken sommer al so soos ek hulle nou leer. Daai wat ek nou by my pa gekry het. Ek stuur hulle sommer nou, sê hulle moet die ding pluk as die mense dit soek. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: So leer hulle daar. Hulle loop saam met my. Navorser: O, ja. Deelnemer 1: So wys ek hulle. Die bos, en daai bos. Navorser: Ja. Dit is so, né!
Clip: DS300070
Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja. Hy't so… Deelnemer 1: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Hy duik vol met sy kop onder die grond. Deelnemer 1: Duik so. [Hydnora africana] Deelnemer 2: Dis reg. Hy't so 'n knol en 'n, by sy boom kan jy hom onder oopgrawe. Navorser: O, ja. Deelnemer 2: As jy hom uithaal dan sit die bolletjie onder. Maar dan haal jy daai skil af... Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan eet jy daai binneste. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Ja, en daai uh, hy help sommer vir die babatjies ok vir mondsere en so. Hy is mos so vrank. Smeer jy hom so aan en dan gaan daai sere weg wat die tande vrot soos wat hulle sê. Navorser 2: Sê net, jy sê dit is, kannikan. Deelnemer 2: Kannikan. Navorser 2: Kannikan. Deelnemer 2: Kannikan is so, maar as meneer hulle nou Saterdag kom dan sal ek dat hy hom bring. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Ek sal hom daar loop haal, hy staan daar voor op die punt. Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk hy wil weer hierdie sawwe grond, hierdie uit 'n sak wat hy, groei hy weer.
172 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy groei so onder na hierdie melkbos. Meneer ken seker hierdie geel melkbos. Navorser: Nou weet ek. Nou weet ek! Deelnemer 1: Hy groei hier onder hom. Navorser: Buite die rooi, hy het rooi binnekant. Deelnemer 1: Hy het rooi. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja. So pienk, so pienk. Navorser: Flennie, dan, dan't hy, dan't hy so drie wat so toemaak dan bo. Deelnemer 1: Ja, hy lyk amper soos 'n perd se neusgate daai een. Deelnemer 2: Bo, bo maak hy so…. Navorser: Dan maak hy so gaatjies hierso aan die kante. Deelnemer 1: So aan die kante. Deelnemer 2: Mmmm, meneer. Kannikan, ma... Navorser: Kannikan, maar wat jy sê kanna, jy kan hom ook noem, wat? Deelnemer 2: Kannikan, kanni Navorser: Kanni. Deelnemer 2: Kanni, kanni. Navorser: Kanni, kanni. Ah, ja. Deelnemer 2: Ons het hom altyd daarso op, op Brandwag, dan loop grawe ons hom uit. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan eet ons hom. Dan as hy ryp is, dan is hy mos so lekker. Navorser: Hy staan onder die melkbos. Deelnemer 2: Onder die melkbos. Navorser: Leipold het hom genoem Jakkalskos. Deelnemer 2: Jakkalskos. Navorser: Dis Jakkalskos. Deelnemer 2: Nou sien, Meneer die boesmans weet ek het hom nog altyd geëet. Navorser: Dis, dis sy oorspronklike naam, die kannikan. Deelnemer 2: Geëet as hulle, kannikan as hulle dors is dan eet hulle hom sommer. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan loop hulle deur tot hulle eendag weer by water uitkom en dan... Navorser: O ja! Deelnemer 2: Ja. Navorser: My heerlikheid. Hy ma, maak hy nie pitjies ook in, uh, Deelnemer 2: Hy is so, hy... Navorser: Is hy nie of hy 'n vrug het nie? Deelnemer 1: Ja hy het soveel saadjies, wat hy so onder daai... Navorser: Dis 'n vruggie eintlik né. Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n vruggie daai. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja hy is… Navorser: Nie 'n bol nie, dis 'n vrug. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Het jy aan daai, wat hy nou uitstoot, sien jy die saadjies kom al daar teen daai kante langs aan. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Ek dink hy het drie of vier gate, so. Deelnemer 2: So drie, hy maak so, ek eet hom as hy so... Deelnemer 1: Hy maak die saad daar bymekaar. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Maar hoe ouer hy raak, dan gaan hy so oop.
173 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: O, hy gaan oop later, ja. Deelnemer 2: Ja, dan gaan hy so oop, dan staan hy mos so oop. Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk hy word later droog weer daai kanna. Navorser 2: Okay. Navorser: Ja, ja. Ja, ja. My jissie. Hydnora africana. Dit is fantasties. Sjoe. Uhm, is daar nog baie, sal ek nou sê, boesman name? O, o, o weet, oorspronklike name van die plante. Ken jy dit? Deelnemer 1: Nee ek nie die bome… [inaudible]. Navorser: Maar die name soos, soos byvoorbeeld uhm, weet soos kanna. Kanna is mos kougoed. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja. Navorser: Dit is mos die oorspronklike naam. Maar nou mettertyd het dit mos verlore geraak. Deelnemer 2: Hier onder staan mos hierdie bos wat hulle altyd gesê het die pruimbos, weet nie of Meneer hom ken nie. Navorser: Ja, pruimbos. Nee. Deelnemer 2: Ja, hy staan hierso onder in die vallei, dit het die boesmans ook gebruik sommer, hulle het mos hierdie boomtak gehad wat hulle altyd die pruim van maak. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan sit hulle sommer daar, pluk hulle die blaartjie af, Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: hy skeur so 'n dunnetjie en dan word hy ook so drietjies, Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: pluk hulle die blaartjie af dan gebruik hulle dit sommer vir 'n kou twakkie... Navorser: O. Deelnemer 2: in die kies. Hy sta' ook hier onder. Navorser: Ons sal ook moet 'n takkie kry dat ons kan sien wat hy is. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hierdie ghôwa meneer...die ghôwa met die, met die dorings dat Meneer die ook weet. Die sê hulle mos kan jy gebruik vir maer maak ook. Daai een wat so bitter is. [Hoodia gordonii] Navorser: O ja, die, die, die uhm, ghaap. Deelnemer 1: Hulle, jy sê hom mos ghaap. Deelnemer 2: Ghaap. Navorser: Ghaap. Deelnemer 1: Maar ons sê hom nou sommer die ghôwa. Navorser: Ghôwa. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 2: Maar daar is, daar is twee verskillende, die ghaap is mos die een wat nie die dorings aan het nie. Navorser: O ja, daar is verskillendes. Daar is baie verskillendes. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja. Nou die ghôwa, hy gee mos so 'n pers blom. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Die kan jy gebruik. Navorser: En dan maak hy, hy sommer taamlike… [inaudible]. Deelnemer 2: Ja hy groei sommer so… Navorser: En hy het dorings wat vir jou kan steek. Deelnemer 1: Dorings wat groot is. Sommer soos in 'n bos in. Navorser: As ons, as ons 'n stukkie kan kry daarvan sal dit goed wees, dan pers ons hom ook daar in die boek. Navorser 2: So, so, wat, wat gebeur as jy hom kou Frans?
174 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Kan hy nou vir my, hy maak nou vir my, kyk, ding is hy, hy's bitter. Navorser: Ja, hy is geweldig bitter daai ding. Deelnemer 1: Voor jy hom met, hy ken soos 'n ding wat eet...wat dors maak daai, met my maak hy nou so, ek eet hom, vir my maak hy dik, maar vir party mense maak hy nou honger se hulle. Navorser: O. So, so, so as jy hom eet dan raak jy honger. Deelnemer 1: Ja dan raak jy honger. Kyk hy, hy's bitter dan kan jy sommer voel jy... Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Jy raak nou dinges, honger. Navorser: Maar, maar vir jou maak hy dik. Dat jy nie lus is vir kos nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja nee, jy eet nie. Kyk hy maak mos soos 'n skuim, daai ghôwa nou. Navorser: O ja. O. Deelnemer 1: Ons eet hom mos nou, party mense vir hulle gesondheid so, net 'n bitter smaak. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: My ma eet hom steeds nog da, want hy sê hy's te lekker. Hy kan maar oud wees. Hy eet hom. Navorser: Maar dis nou seker 'n smaak wat jy moet nou aan gewoond raak man. Daai bitter. Deelnemer 2: Daai bitter. Jy raak gewoond daaraan Meneer. Deelnemer 1: Ja nee, man, ek boedoel jy meen. Navorser: Nee, ek onthou toe ek 'n klein seuntjie was, het, het my pa, toe ry ons met my ou taante, my ou taante was net so vet. Sit ek daar in die kar. Toe sê sy skielik "Stop, stop"! Toe, toe sny sy so 'n ghaap af. Deelnemer 2: Ai. Navorser: Toe gee sy vir my 'n stukkie. Maar jissie dit was bitter. Deelnemer 2: Dis bitter. Deelnemer 1: Ja nee. Hy's bitter. Navorser: Ek onthou tot vandag toe hoe sleg dit vir my was, jy weet. Ek kan nie gedink het hoe kan 'n mens sukke goed eet nie. Deelnemer 1: Eet nie. Navorser: En dit nog geniet ook, jy weet. Deelnemer 1: Ek het ook gesê, kyk die grootmense, jy, maar ons eet hom mos ook nou, ek sal hom nie eet nie. Navorser: Mens raak dit half gewoond aan né. Deelnemer 1: Jy raak hom gewoon. Ek het hierdie klein mannetjie. Ek bring hom mos maar daai kleintjie. Dan eet hy hom sommer op as ek hom afgedop het, dan gee ek hom nog bietjie. Hy eet hom. Dis hond lekker daai bitter smaak. Navorser: Want hulle sê ook vir my. Party mense sê as jy, as jy rook saam met daai smaak in jou mond, is asof hy vir jou 'n lekker smaak in jou mond gee. Deelnemer 1: Ja hy, hy maak so Meneer. Navorser: Is dit so? Deelnemer 1: Ja, …[ inaudible], kyk da hy half soet daai rook smaak. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: As jy nou ook daai bitter smaak saam. Navorser: Hulle, hulle sê vir my dit is amper soos liquorice. Ek weet nie. Ju, julle ken mos liquorice? Die swart drop lekkers. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja. Navorser: Hy't amper so 'n drop lekker smaak. Is dit so? Deelnemer 1: Ja hy't sommer so lekker. Hy's soet hy. Navorser: Ja. Baie interressant ne. So jy het die ghoba wat die grote is met die dorings. Navorser 2: Ja.
175 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Met die dorings. Deelnemer 2: Jy het die ghaap. Navorser: Die ghaap is 'n kleiner enetjie. Deelnemer 2: Dis eintlik 'n, dis ook boesman's kos. Deelnemer 1: Ja maar hy's mos die kos, dis nou die boesmans. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Daai is weer 'n dikker een as die ghôwa. Hy word nou nie baie groot soos die ghôwa nie. Hy staan sommer weer so... Navorser: O. O, hy's so vet, hy's so, en hy het nie dorings nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee hy het nie. Deelnemer 2: Nee hy het nie dorings nie. Hy's so... Deelnemer 1: Hy's lekker ook. Hy's enkel ook. Hy het nie dorings nie. Navorser: Hy's meer rond, hy's meer enkel, hy staan net, hy het nie baie takke nie. Deelnemer 2: Meer rond ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy het net daai… [inaudible]. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja, ja, ja Meneer. Navorser: Net een of twee takke. Deelnemer 1: 'n Ghôwa, hy is ook heelwat dikker as die, hierdie, ghowa. Navorser: So, en jy sê vir hom boesman ghaap? Deelnemer 1: Dis die boesman ghaap, ja. Deelnemer 2: Boesman ghaap. Dis ook boesman kos daai. Navorser: En, en, en eet jy hom ook? Of hoe nou? Deelnemer 2: Hom kan jy ook eet. Deelnemer 1: Hom eet ja. Hy is ook nou weer baie lekkerder. Kyk hy's weer dan suur, suur pitte. Navorser: O, o. Deelnemer 1: So smaak hy. Navorser: My jislaaik. Navorser 2: Ongelooflik. Navorser: Sal ons daai goed kan kry, dink jy? Deelnemer 1: Ek weet nou nie. Ons sal nou by Jan kan hoor. Navorser: Hulle sal bietjie skaars wees. Deelnemer 1: Gaan daar nou nie wees nie Deelnemer 2: In die Boesmanland gaan mens nou baie kry. Deelnemer 1: Ja daar in die Boesmanland. Deelnemer 2: In die Boesmanland, ja. Navorser: O ja. Ja, hier rond dalk min. Deelnemer 1: Mmm. Navorser: Was daar nie nog van die ander klein ghaapies was soos my vinger, sulke dik steeltjies het nie? Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk, dit is mos nou daai... Navorser: Wat nie eintlik dorings het nie. Deelnemer 2: Is dit nie... Deelnemer 1: jy kry mos nou die een wat hulle sê hy koop so… Deelnemer 2: Bees, bees karoena [Quaqua incarnata] Deelnemer 1: En die bees karoena. Deelnemer 2: Die bees karoena. Navorser: Bees karoena. Deelnemer 2: Nungengja, en karoenas. Deelnemer 1: Die ander noem hulle karoena.
176 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 2: Dis ook 'n, dis ook soos 'n ghaab, groei hy. Hom kan jy ook eet. Navorser: Se gou weer die naam. Deelnemer 2: Bees karoena. Deelnemer 1: Ja, bees karoena... Deelnemer 2: So ken ons hom. Bees karoena. Navorser: Karoenga, bees karoena. Deelnemer 2: Ja, en karungas. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dis nou weer 'n, dis ook twee verskillende dinge. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan kry ek hierdie een wat hulle sê kopseer. Maar ons noem hom sommer dik kop. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Ja, want hulle sê hy gee jou dik kop. Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk, hy boil jy so. Deelnemer 2: Hom kan jy nou nie eet nie, maar daai ander twee, bees karoena en karoenas, hulle kan jy eet. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Ons het baie veldkos. Hier se hul broekie Meneer, dan gaan grou ons hom uit. Navorser: Broekie. Deelnemer 2: Ja, veldbroekie. Navorser: Hoe lyk hy? Deelnemer 2: Dis ook 'n ding wat in die veld staan. Hy's ook so 'n ronde ding, ook soos 'n vrug. Deelnemer 1: Hy lyk ook soos 'n [inaudible] wat so teen 'n bos staan. Deelnemer 2: 'n Kambro. Navorser: Is die broekie nie die een wat, hy maak so, uh, dan maak hy so nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja met stingeltjie. Navorser: Dan gee hy so 'n wit blommetjie, perserig nie? Deelnemer 2: Dis reg, dis reg! Dan's hy so lekker soet. Dan eet ons hom en vinkel. Navorser: Ja, vinkel? Deelnemer 2: Vinkel wat ons so onder die klip uitgrawe. Navorser: Het, het jy vinkel hier naby? Deelnemer 2: Ja, ek weet nou nie of hier bo op staan nie Meneer. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Dan grawe ons hom ook so onder die klip uit. Hy's ook so 'n soete. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Maar hy gee nou weer sukke, lyk soos palmboom tak, die blaartjies. So plat op die grond. Navorser: Wat met daai moet ons nagaan hoor. Deelnemer 3: Ja. Navorser: Want daar is baie soorte van daai vinkels. Deelnemer 2: Vinkels, ja. Navorser: Hulle is baie deurmekaar. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Om te weet watter spesie van hulle. Deelnemer 1: Ja hulle is baie hier onder die klippe daai een. Navorser: Want jy kry vinkels wat, wat soos my vingers sukke, sukke wortels maak. Dan kry jy van hulle wat net eenetjie maak. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja.
177 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Volgende keer maak hy nog eenetjie. Deelnemer 2: Nog eenetjie. Navorser: Dan sit hulle so twee langs mekaar. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Navorser: Die oue en die nuwe een. Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja, ja jy kry so een. Navorser: Is dit die vinkel wat jy van praat? Deelnemer 2: Nee, ek van daai wat jy... Navorser: Wat so maak? Deelnemer 2: Wat so maak ja. Daai een. Navorser: Ek wonder of dit, watter een, jislaaik, ek sal vreeslik graag wil sien hoe lyk hy as ons hom, al kry ons hom nie hier rondte nie. Navorser 2: Ja. Navorser: Volgende keer as ek kom. Maar wat ookal. Deelnemer 1: Meneer, wat ek nou vir Meneer wil se, ek wil hierdie, hulle se vir hom waar nie, maar Meneer ken vir hom Meneer. Ons ken hom dan mos ok dan brand hy. Hulle se hulle trek hom ook, hulle het hom... Navorser: Watter? Brand netel? Deelnemer 1: Ja hierdie wat soos 'n tee wil werk. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Smaak wat hy gee. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Gooi sy hare aan jou af. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy dra mos so… [inaudible]. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Hieries, daais wat Meneer sien, hulle het gesê ek kan hom drink. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: Hy maak die maag skoon en hy help met die rug. Navorser: Nou kan ek jou se. In Duitsland en Engeland, al daai lande, gebruik hulle brand netel. Hy's 'n ou medisyne. Deelnemer 1: O, hy's 'n ou medisyne. Ek het nou gedink dit is 'n gif. Deelnemer 2: Jaaa, want hulle wou dit vir ons gegee het Meneer, maar nou is ek so 'n bietjie bang. Ek sê "Nee". Navorser: Nee kyk daai, daai brandnetel kom van, hy, hy's nie hier van Suid Afrika gebore nie. Hy kom van oorsee af. Deelnemer 1: O, hy kom aan. Deelnemer 2: Nou... Navorser: Hulle het saam met daai mense gekom. Deelnemer 1: Saam met Engels... Navorser: Hy het soos 'n onkruid geraak. Soos hierdie turknael. Ken jy turknael? Deelnemer 1: Ja, hierdie eenetjie, eenie, hy word mos... Navorser: Hy het mos so 'n pienk blommetjie wat hierso so staan. Deelnemer 1: Ook so met daai land naelde. Deelnemer 2: Ooo! Navorser: Hy kom ook van die anner, van oorsee af. Deelnemer 1: O, hy kom ook daar aan. Navorser: Hy is nie hier gebore nie. Deelnemer 1: Hey...wena.
178 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 2: Nie hier nou baie plante wat nou seker nou al sou doodgegaan het wat ek nou al s, as kinderjare al so geloop en gegrou het in die veld. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 2: En hierdie abdol, hy le mos so bo-op die grond. Navorser: Die watse goed? Deelnemer 2: Abdol noem ons hom. Navorser: Abdol? Deelnemer 2: Ja hy lê mos so... Navorser: Ek het nog nooit gehoor daarvan nie. Deelnemer 2: Hy lê so bo-op die grond Meneer, dan onder gee hy ook soos... Navorser: Wat, is dit 'n vrug? Deelnemer 2: Dis ook 'n vrug, hy lyk soos 'n uie, as jy hom uitgegrou het. Navorser: 'n Ui? Deelnemer 2: Ja hy lyk soos 'n ui. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 2: Nou dan het ons hom ook so geloop grou in die veld, en gesit eet. Navorser: Was dit hierdie area? Waar was dit? Deelnemer 2: Daar op Brandwag Meneer. Maar hier rond sal ook wees. Navorser: O! Op Brandwag. Deelnemer 2: Hier rond sal ook wees. En daar, in, in, in. Navorser: Nou sien jy hoe, hoe moeilik gaan dit wees vir ons om al hierdie skape by mekaar te loop. Deelnemer 1: Al daai goeters nou by mekaar te bring. Deelnemer 2: By mekaar te kry. Navorser: Ons het nou 'n paar goeie skaaphonde nodig hier. Deelnemer 1: Ek wil dit nou sien. Deelnemer 2: En soos kambro. Ek weet nie of Meneer uh, uh kam, kambro geëet het nie. Navorser: Kambro. Deelnemer 2: Ja Meneer. Navorser: In die Kalahari het ek kambro geeet. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Navorser: Hy, hy, hy's so 'n lange. Deelnemer 2: Ja hy lyk amper soos 'n patat. Navorser: Hy kom so in 'n groep. Deelnemer 2: Hy lyk mos amper soos 'n patat as hy groei. Navorser: Ja, maar hoe lyk hierdie kambro? Het hy, het hy 'n skurwe vel? Soos of hy fratjies het? Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja hy het so... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Hy's nie glad nie. Deelnemer 2: Nee hy's nie glad nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee, kyk hy het net so 'n bietjie wat glad is. Deelnemer 2: Hy het daai skurwe. Deelnemer 1: Hy's, vernaam as hy in die klippe staan. En hy wil, hy groei mos in die klippe. Navorser: Ja, maar hoe groot is daai ding? Deelnemer 1: Hieries is van die groot soort hier by ons. Deelnemer 2: Van groot en ook lank. Navorser: Hierso. Deelnemer 2: Lank, ja. Navorser: Ja, watse vorm is hy?
179 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 2: Soos... Deelnemer 1: Ja hy sal so groot maklik word. Navorser: Is hy rond, of is hy langwerpig? Deelnemer 1: Jy kry party wat hulle nou, het hulle die klippe, da' word hulle mos nou lank … Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan party, hy is maar 'n ronde man. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Partykeer het hy 'n puntjie aan of hy is maar gewoond so halwe rond. Navorser: Ma hoe lyk sy blaartjie, kan jy onthou? Deelnemer 1: Sy blaartjie. Deelnemer 2: Ja. Navorser: Maar hoe, was, dit, is dun, lang dun blaartjie, was dit 'n ronde blaartjie? Deelnemer 2: 'n, 'n Lang dunnetjie, so, so lang donker groenetjie. Deelnemer 1: 'n Lang dunnetjie. Navorser: Lang dunnetjie. Deelnemer 2: Dan het hy ook so die stingeltjie van die uh, broekie wat maar hier is. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja hy maak so. Deelnemer 2: Sê hy's nou net iewers, sê hy's nou net reguit. Navorser: Ek dink dit is interessant. Navorser 2: Interressant. Deelnemer 2: Hierdie uh, ek weet nie of Meneer hierdie bokhorings ok ken nie. Hierdie bokhoringbos. [Microloma sagittatum] Navorser: Ja, ja, hy het met so 'n rooi blommetjie. Deelnemer 2: Nou hy lyk amper net soos sy blaartjie, soos die bokhoringbos. Deelnemer 1: Ja hy het mos daai dun blaartjie. Navorser: Dan't hy 'n dun blaartjie, o ja. Maar jy sien ons moet hom naloop dat ons hom kan, ek weet nie of mens nog kry nie. Hy is seker maar skaars. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee, hier ma, ma, hier by ons sal jy nie nou kry, hierlangs sommer nie. Navorser: Hy is al bietjie uitgedun. Deelnemer 1: Maar jy sal hom kry hierlangs as jy nou moeite doen om hom te soek met die klippe langs. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk hy het baie nou met die rooi grond dan langs op die aarde. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy is mos 'n man wat wegkruip. Navorser: Ja, ja. En as hy nie wegkruip nie, dan het iemand hom al uitgegrawe en geëet. Deelnemer 1: Ja, dan het iemand hom al uitgehaal. Deelnemer 2: Uitgehaal ja Meneer, so. Navorser: Ja. Jis dis interressant. Ons sal moet vir, vir, vir Jan gaan optel anders gaan Jan, die son gaan vir Jan dood brand daar. Deelnemer 1: Ons wil, ons sal Jan nie nou... Deelnemer 2: Ja, ja! Navorser 2: Christien dankie vir als.
Clip: DS300071
Navorser 2: Uhm, jy sê jy sukkel met jou rug? Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser 2: Nou watter plante gebruik jy vir jou rug?
180 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Meneer kyk, ek het nou, hulle sê mos as dit nou spier pyne is sal daai, hierdie kruie my nou help. Maar kyk, 'n ram het my op my rug geslat, nie geslat, hy het met my in die hek vasgehol. Navorser: 'n Ram. Deelnemer 1: Dis daar wat ek seergekry het. Maar ek gebruik ook maar hierdie kalkoenbos, dassiebos, by die wyn, weet, hulle gooi ek sommer so by mekaar. Hy help ook vir die pyn. Navorser 2: Okay, ek sal dit glo. Navorser: Ja. Navorser 2: So wat, smeer jy dit aan Frans? Of... Deelnemer 1: Ja, 'k het hierdie, soos hierdie, ek sal nou Meneer ga wys da, jy kry ok 'n, hulle se vir hom die bas rolien. Jy kan hom droog maak, dan maak hy nou soos 'n, jy weet, party mense braai hom uit, dan maak hy nou 'n, met vaseline aan, dan kan jy hom ok smeer aan jou. Navorser: Watter. Maar ekskuus nou, jy het netnou gesê van die belbos en daai, maar die drink jy tog. Deelnemer 1: Sê Meneer... Navorser: As jy daai goed, drie goed meng, die belbos en die dassiebos en daai. Die drink jy tog vir jou rug. Deelnemer 1: O, hierie... Navorser: Jy maak mos 'n tee, nie waar nie? Deelnemer 1: Ek kan die melkbos bygooi. Navorser: Nee, nee, nee, ek weet nie, nee ek se die belbos, wat jy se. Die, die kalkoenbos. Deelnemer 1: Die kalkoenbos. Navorser: Sorry, kalkoenbos het jy gese. En jy't gesê die dassiebos. Deelnemer 1: Die dassiebos en die... Navorser: En die wynruit. [Ruta graveolens] Deelnemer 1: En die wynruit, hulle twee... Navorser: Die gooi jy saam maar dan, drink jy hom mos. Jy maak mos 'n tee van hom. Deelnemer 1: Dan drink ek hom Meneer. Drink hom. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Drink, ek maak hom nou sommer so partykeer en dan gebruik ek hom nou so drie maal in die dag, 'n eetlepel of twee. Navorser 2: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dit hang nou af soos die pyn is. Maar hy help. Jy kan voel as jy hom gedrink het uh, 'naam so saans, en maak vir jou warm toe. Hy help vir die pyn. Navorser: Frans wat, jy trek hom nie net soos 'n tee nie. Jy, jy kook hom 'n bietjie of wat. Of, of drink, trek jy hom net soos tee? Deelnemer 1: Ek, weet jy wat, jy moet hom nou bietjie kook want kyk hy, as jy hom nou net trek dan, kyk hy moet mos nou kook lat hy kan die kruie dinges, uh, maak nou soos tee. Navorser: Anders is hy te flou. Deelnemer 1: Anders is hy nou te flou. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Maar kyk, party mense maak hom sommer sterk, en party maak hom mos nou weer flou. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: En dan gooi hulle nou miskien 'n pilletjie of 'n ding ok by en drink hom. By die kruie. Navorser: So dis mos nou die, seker die toring van Groot Toorn of wat. Deelnemer 1: Dis hy daai, daai een wat nou oop staan. Navorser: Nou hoekom sê hulle Klein Toring? Wa' is, is daar nog 'n klein toringtjie ook?
181 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Ja, hy lê nou net hier Meneer. Soos Meneer onthou die bord met die groot pad verby kom. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Daar waar die wit pad nou uitloop. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy lê nou net hier in die gaat, lê hy. Navorser: Is daar nou nog 'n, nog 'n klein toring... Deelnemer 1: Daar is nou nog 'n Klein Toring ok Navorser: O! Lyk hy soos die een? Trek. Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee kyk hulle het daai plaas se naam wat nou so is. Oor Groot Toring wat die kant le, nou se hulle vir die plaas Klein Toring. Navorser: O, maar hy het nie 'n, sy eie toring daar nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee hy het nie 'n toring nie. Navorser: Verwys jy ok maar net na die toring? Deelnemer 1: Hy wys ok nou maar net van daai, van daai toring nou. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja.
Clip: DS300072
Deelnemer 1: Uh, se broer se kind. Sy pa was nou, ons twee was neefs van sy pa. Navorser: O ja. Uh, maar het sy pa ook bossies geken? Deelnamer 1: Sy pa het ok, was ook 'n goeie bossie kenner. Navorser: Uh, sy ma? Deelnamer 1: Sy ma ok. Kyk sy ma is weer my vrou se suster. Navorser: O ja, o ja. Deelnamer 1: So, kyk hulle's nou, hulle se ma is weer een van die, hulle is nou weer ouer as my ouers. Navorser: O ja. Deelnamer 1: Die's Christien se ouers. Navorser: Ja. Deelnamer 1: So hulle ken nou lekker die afferente, gan maar nog so. Navorser: Ja. So jy het, het jy jou geboorte datum in jou kop? Deelnamer 1: Ja Meneer. Navorser: Wil jy nie daar neerskryf nie, want kyk hierso. As ons nou daai boek, in daai boek jou prent daar wys, dan kan ons mos nou se wanner jy gebore is. Deelnamer 1: Ja Meneer. Navorser: Nou dat mense darem nou weet... Navorser 2: Wat is dit. Navorser: Dis die regte... Deelnamer 1: Ek is gebore die 20ste Junie 1964. Navorser: Dis die regte Andries Baadjies wat ons van praat. Navorser 2: Vier en sestig. Gedink ek is drie en sestig. Deelnamer 1: Vier en sestig. Navorser 2: Wanneer in vier en sestig? Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Wat's jou verjaardag? Deelnamer 1: Is die 20 Junie. Navorser 2: 20 Junie vier en sestig. Deelnemer 1: Vier en sestig.
182 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Clip: DS300074
Navorser: Kyk, is hy ook iets wat mens kan gebruik of nie? Deelnemer 1: Die wit salie. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Die gebruik jy mos nou vir rou sere. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Die geelbos gebruik jy vir puisies, vir kopsere, vir pyn bene, geswelde bene. Gebruik jy hom daarvoor. [Galenia africana] Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan kom ons by die kriekie bos. [Melianthus comosus] Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Die kriekie bos is mos 'n giftige ding, maar vir hom gebruik jy as jy nou swel voete het of jy kan nie loop nie. Navorser: Kyk hierdie een...Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan kook jy hom en dan sit jy jou bene daarin. Jou voete in dan. Navorser: Die, is dit die blare of wat? Deelnemer 1: Ja, die blare en dan slaan jy jou toe met 'n kombers. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Sodat hy kan sweet. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: So in ander woorde te sê hy trek, daai kwaad trek hy uit. Navorser: Ja, ja. Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Maar jy kan hom nie gebruik vir drink of so nie. Navorser: O, is hy giftig of wat? Deelnemer 1: Want hy's giftig. Navorser: O ja. Nou ek het maar net gewonder oor hierdie ene want ek ken hom eintlik nie. Deelnemer 1: Uh, dis 'n kriek... Navorser: Maar hy is mos 'n soort salie of wat? Of wat noem jy hom? Deelnemer 1: Nee dis 'n dinges, uh, wat is die bos nou? Deelnemer 3: Terpentyn. Deelnemer 1: Terpentyn. Navorser: O, terpentyn bos. [Salvia disermas] Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n terpentynbos. Navorser: Het hy enige nut of nie eintlik nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee hy's nie enige, nuttige bos nie. Navorser: O, o. Deelnemer 3: My pa het hom ook aangetrek by die ou se voete. Deelnemer 1: Ja maar hy's, hy's eintlik 'n ding wat uh, water blase maak. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: As jy jou voete te lank in hom hou. Navorser: O ja. Maar jy se jou pa het hom gebruik vir sy geswelde voete? Deelnemer 3: Hy het ook sulke geswelde voete gehad. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 3: Dit het hom ook gebreek. Navorser 2: Het ons 'n sample? Navorser: Ek wil net so praat. Sien, wat ons nou doen, sit net rustig, ons, ons vat 'n stukkie tak, dan plak ons hom nou en dat, dat, dan maak ons hom droog. Deelnemer 1: Ja, dis reg. Navorser: Dan gaan hy in die museum in.
183 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Dis reg. Navorser: Nou elke storietjie wat jy sê... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: dan sê ons daai nommer, daai nommer takkie kan jy gaan kyk in die museum, net om seker te maak ons is met die regte spesie Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Die regte soort besig. Deelnemer 1: Dit is. Navorser: Maar jy weet die een man noem dit so en die ander man noem dit so... Deelnemer 1: Mmm.. ja, verskillende naam. Navorser: Nou op die ou end het jy die verkeerde plant beet. Deelnemer 1: En dis reg. Navorser: Net om seker te maak ons het die regte plant. Deelnemer 1: Nou jy moet die regte plante pluk. Navorser: Ja, ja.
Clip: DS300076
Deelnemer 1: Dis nou die katte kruie hierdie. [Ballota africana] Navorser: Ja. Daar is hy. Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom nou gebruik vir 'n vrou wat nou swanger gewees het. Navorser: Hier is 'n blommetjie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Jy gebruik hom vir 'n vrou wat swanger is, wat sleg geboorte gegee het vir die agterbly geboorte, en die nageboorte. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan kom die nageboorte af. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan maak hy mos nou die vrou binne-in skoon. Navorser: Skoon. Ja, ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Nou so na aan 'n tyd dan kan jy sien hy gee melk ook. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Vir 'n vrou wat swak melk gee. Navorser: O hy stimuleer melk... Deelnemer 1: Ja, hy stimuleer, ja. Navorser: Produksie se nou maar. O ja. Ek het nie dit geweet nie. Deelnemer 1: Dis hoekom jy hom gebruik. Navorser: O ja. Navorser 2: Jan nou maak jy dan 'n tee daarvan? Deelnemer 1: Jy uh, jy vat hom en dan trek jy hom ook maar. Jy kook hom nie. Jy gooi net kookwater op. Navorser: O, so dis net 'n, ja net 'n aftreksel. Jy moet hom nie kook nie. Deelnemer 1: Maar, jy moet hom nie kook nie. Dan kraak, uh, uh dan kook jy sy krag dood. Navorser: O! O ja. Deelnemer 1: So medisyne kook jy nie. Jy trek hom. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Sodat hy kan sy krag behou. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Of sonie dan, uh kook jy sy krag dood. Navorser: O! O ja. Deelnemer 1: So medisyne kook jy nie, jy trek hom.
184 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Sodat hy kan sy krag behou. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Of sonie da, uh, kook jy sy krag uit. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: So jy kan hom weer gebruik. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dis hoekom. Navorser 2: Mmm... Deelnemer 1: Yes. Lag. Navorser: Sjo. Wa, weet Jan Muller, Jan Muller is nou ook al oorlede. Ek hat daar in, in, in, in Nieuwoudsville het ek bietjie by Kolie Louw se plaas, het ek bietjie rondgeloop. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Daar was 'n Jan Muller. Hy't my vertel as hy hoofpyn kry... Deelnemer 1: Ja jy kan ok... Navorser: Dan vat hy die ding an, dan bind hy dit om sy kop. Deelnemer 1: M, m, m ja. Navorser: Of hy't hier 'n knieg of elmboog wa iets... Deelnemer 1: Ons moet nog by die ballerjaar ok uitkom. Navorser: O ja, ja ek weet waarvan jy praat. Deelnemer 1: Ja, en dan die perskebos. Navorser: Die ken ek nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Jy kan my wys. Deelnemer 1: Ek gaan hom vir jou wys. Gepraat in die agtergrond. Deelnemer 1: Maar hy staan mos nou sommer daar anderkant, sommer daar by die plaas. Navorser: Maar Frans ons kan ok... Deelnemer 3: Ja daar staan ok maar hulle lyk my nou almal dood daai wat nou daar by ons... Navorser: O.
Clip: DS300078
Navorser: Ek het gesien hier staan pragtige boorde kriekiebos hier in die rivier. Navorser 2: Uhm, waarvoor word die kriekiebos gebruik? [Melianthus comosus] Deelnemer 1: Dis nou swelle voete, swel bene. Dan sit jy jou voete in die water. Dan maak hy, uh, swaai jy hom toe dat hy kan sweet, lat hy kan die kwaad uit trek. Dis hoekom jy die kriekiebos gebruik. Navorser 2: O! Okay. Deelnemer 1: Al is hy giftig, maar, jy kan hom nie drink nie. Hy is maar net vir daai doel gebruik.
Clip: DS300079
Navorser: Lag. Dis nou die... Deelnemer 1: Ja dis nou die ballerja, ja. [Mentha longifolia] Navorser: Belangrike een. Navorser 2: Hoe se mens dit uhm. Deelnemer 1: Ballerja, ruik hom. Navorser 2: Ballerja.
185 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Ja. Hy kan jy nou gebruik vir kopsere, Deelnemer 3: Ek drink hom ook vir my kop, hy, baie, sommer net so twee stukkies maak by mekaar so. Maak ek hom sommer vas om, so. Navorser: Is dit nou vir hoofpyn of hoe? Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom gebruik. Is, teen toor kan jy hom gebruik. Is 'n baie, baie goeie plant hierdie. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom gebruik vir maagpyne, dit is nou sy doel wat ek hom voor gebruik. Dan kan jy, jy hom gebruik tussen ander medisyne ok. Navorser: Ja. Dan werk hulle saam. Deelnemer 1: Dan werk hulle saam. Navorser: Ja. Navorser 2: Nou vir maagpyn, is dit weer, gooi jy in kookwater of hoe maak jy? Deelnemer 1: Ja jy gooi net die kookwater op. Navorser: Trek hom net… [inaudible]. Deelnemer 3: Jy kan maar so snuif ok van hom maak. Deelnemer 1: Ja, jy kan snuif ok van hom maak as jy hom droog maak. Navorser 2: Snuif. Navorser: As jy hom droog, o ja. Dan maak jy hom poeier. Deelnemer 1: Ja, jy kan salf ook maak van hom. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Nou die ander medisyne sal jy nou nie eintlik teen die rivier kry nie. Navorser: Ma' ek sien nou iets hierso wat ek vir jou wil vra, uh Jan. Wat hier innie, innie, innie boom in rank. Deelnemer 3: O... Navorser: Of jy vir hom ken. Deelnemer 3: Ja, ek ken hom. Navorser: Het ons nou by jou, hier's ons nou by 'n groot man wat, wat nou sy storie ken.
Clip: DS300080
Navorser: Ons moet, ons moet 'n mooi stukkie pluk dat ons net kan sien watter, presies wat, want jy kry verskillende soorte. Dat ons net seker maak. Deelnemer 1: Jy kry die witte en dan kry jy die rooie. Navorser 2: Skies Jan. Ek het ge, uh, ek se net gou vir die, vir my mikrofoontjie wat dit is? Navorser: Dit is die rooistorm. [Galium tomentosum] Navorser 2: Die rooistorm. Deelnemer 1: Die rooistorm. Navorser: Kyk hy klou mos nie aan mekaar vas die rooi storm nie. Deelnemer 1: Ek en Niel het sommer daar gesoek maar hy se hy weet nie...wind geraas. Navorser: Rooistorm. Deelnemer 1: Rooistorm. Navorser 2: Drie en veertig. Navorser: Uh, kan ek vra, jy het nooit die naam rooi houtjie gehoor nie of praat julle nie so nie? Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk daar is mos nou nog 'n, wat is die ander een se naam nou weer, Deelnemer 3: Swartstok. Deelnemer 2: Nee, nee. Leehout. Hy's ook 'n rooie. Navorser: Leehout, o. Deelnemer 1: Ja.
186 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Maar dis nie hy nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee dis nie hy die nie. Navorser: 'n Ander een. Deelnemer 1: Dis nou 'n ander ene. Nou die, die een kan jy gebruik vir was as jy, as jy nou voel maar die dokters goed help nou nie vir my nie vat jy en gooi jy hom in sout water. Navorser: Maar, maar, maar wat, is dit die wortel of die blare? Deelnemer 1: Die wortel. Navorser: Wortel. Deelnemer 1: Die wortel gooi jy in sout water. Navorser: Hy het mos so rooi. Deelnemer 1: Hy is so rooi ja, dis reg. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: En dan kan jy vir jou daarin was. Jy sal voel die ander dag, ek voel glad nie so vol pyne soos ek gevoel het nie. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy los baie, baie pyne op. Navorser: Ja. Het hy nog ander gebruike ook, of... Deelnemer 1: Ja kyk uh, uh, kyk in ander woorde eintlik te se, kyk dis mos eintlik 'n toor besigheid hierdie. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Dis. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Nou jy werk teen toor met hom. Navorser: O ja. Jy beskerm jouself teen die... Deelnemer 1: Jy beskerm jou. Navorser: Teen die toordery, ja. Deelnemer 1: Teen die toordery. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Want die mense toor mos met hom. Navorser: Ja. Hm. Rooistorm. Deelnemer 3: Daai, hoe se hulle, wat teen die, daai voel end gebruik. Dis die mense wat hulle oor op hierdie voeling het. Deelnemer 1: Ja hier... Navorser: Watter is dit nou wat jy van... Deelnemer 1: Hierdie voëlent. [Viscum capense] Deelnemer 3: Voëlent. Navorser 2: Praat van die voelent. Navorser: Voelent. Deelnemer 1: Die voëlent. Navorser: O! Is daar 'n voëlent daarso. Ja. Deelnemer 1: Haal nou sommer so lekker stukkie af. Navorser: Laat ek gou sien. Ek soek 'n stukkie dat ons net...ja, dis hy. Dit is mos die regte voëlent. Navorser 2: Mmm... Deelnemer 3. Voëlent. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser 2: Waarvoor word dit gebruik? Deelnemer 1: Vir hom kan jy gebruik vir suiker... Navorser: Hoë suiker... Deelnemer 1: Hoë suiker kan jy hom gebruik.
187 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom gebruik vir krampe op die maag. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: En dan kan jy hom gebruik as een, 'n kind se bors baie sleg is, dan kan jy hom flou trek. Moet vir hom 'n tee lepel vol gee. Navorser: Hm. Deelnemer 1: So na twee dae is, is hy opgelos van daai bors. Navorser: Ja. Uh, party mense se vir my dat, jy kan dit sommer net so vir tee ook gebruik. Deelnemer 1: Ja jy kan hom drink vir tee ook! Navorser: Maar. As jy nie tee het nie dan kan jy hom sommer... Deelnemer 1: Dan kan jy hom gebruik! Navorser 2: Het hy 'n lekker smaak? Navorser: Is so. Deelnemer 1: Hy het 'n baie lekker smaak. Navorser: Ja. Sug. Uh, daar is ook ander mense wat se hy mo' ok, hy kan nie op enige bos groei nie. Jy moet hom net pluk... Deelnemer 1: Nee... Navorser: op 'n, of maak dit nie saak nie? Deelnemer 1: hy, hy groei net in die, uh, hy groei net in die boom. Navorser: In die , watse, Kareeboom ne. Deelnemer 1: Daai Kareeboom, hy groei net in hom. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 3: Ons noem hom mos nou sommer die kruboom. [Searsia lancea] Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Kruboom. Deelnemer 3: Kruboom. Deelnemer 1: Ja kruboom. Navorser: Kan uh, het julle 'n gebruik vir die Kruboom of nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee, nee. Hu, uh. Navorser: Is hy nie van nut nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee. Deelnemer 3: Ek het hom nog nie gehoor nie. Navorser: Maar kan jy hom nie eet, sy bessie eet nie? Deelnemer 1: Ja jy kan die bessies eet. Deelnemer 3: Kan die bessies eet. Navorser: Dan het dit mos 'n nut. Deelnemer 1: Ons het maar al die, ons het hom altyd geëet as kinders. Deelnemer 3: Ja die bessies kan jy eet. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 3: Hy het ook 'n smaak, 'n frank smaak. Navorser: Sien dis o, o,... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: ons moet die goed wat eetbaar is, moet ons ook maar bietjie bysit, jy weet. Deelnemer 3: Ook maar bietjie bysit. Navorser: Nie net die medisyne nie maar sommer die, vir die gebruike van die plante. Deelnemer 1: Die plante. Navorser: As jy 'n ding kry wat jy se maar jou gries van jou hande af kan haal of wat jy kan... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: ...klere mee was of enige iets wat 'n mens kan...wat nuttigheid het.
188 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Clip: DS300081
Navorser: Wat het jy hierso? Deelnemer 1: Waterboege. [Veronica anagallis-aquatica] Navorser: Waterboege? Deelnemer 1: Ja. [Windgeraas]. Deelnemer 1: ...het nou 'n plant hierdie. Navorser: Is dit nie hierdie selfde ding hierso, hierdie grote, is dit hy? Deelnemer 1: Ja, maar ek... Navorser: Is dit sy blommetjie hierdie? Deelnemer 1: Dis die blommetjie daai. Navorser 2: Mmm... Navorser: Maar nou vir my soek ek hier met die water kamera. Patricia, het jy kamera daar? Ek kort net... Navorser 3: I've just lost my pen. Navorser: Oh, oh. Navorser 3: Must have dropped it. Navorser: Ja, ja. Navorser 2: Uh, uhm, Pat I've got another pen for you. Navorser 3: Okay, well look I’m sure it must be somewhere here. Thanks. Navorser 2: Oh okay. Navorser: Uhm, water, maar hy het gesê boege. Deelnemer 1: Boege, hy is water boege. Navorser 2: Boege. Navorser: Hy het nie gesê 'boegoe' nie, hy't gesê 'boege'. Jy moet hom presies reg kry soos wat hy... Deelnemer 3: Hier kom ek nou by die kalkoenbos. Navorser: Nou wag, kom ons kry, ons vat hom nou van 'n kant af. Deelnemer 1: Daai een wat Meneer mos nou 'n stukkie van kry... Navorser 2: Die waterboege. Deelnemer 1: O, die water boege. Navorser: Ja, wat is sy nut? Deelnemer 1: Sy nut is nou vir kanker. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Dan sit jy hom hier wat jy hom byt, die kalkoen bos. Navorser: Hierdie ene? Deelnemer 1: Ja, hierdie ene met die pienk blommetjies, ja. Navorser: Dit is nou nie wat ek in my kop het as kalkoen bos nie. Ek het nou netnou uit die hoek van my oog 'n kalkoen bos raakgesien. Deelnemer 1: Is hy da'. Navorser: Dis vir my of... Deelnemer 1: Inaudible. Navorser: Nee, nee, maar dit is nie kalkoen bos nie. Deelnemer 1: Hu, uh. Navorser: Hy lyk so maar dis nie hy nie. Deelnemer 1: Inaudible. Navorser: Hy moet bitter wees. Deelnemer 1: Hy't 'n, hy't 'n, hy't 'n breër blaartjie die kalkoen bos. Navorser: Nee ons het die, ek ga' jou nou, hier staan enetjie net hier om die hoek.
189 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Ja nou, ek het hulle nou, nou ook gewys het daar. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 3: Nou maar Meneer moet daai een pluk. Navorser: Ja, nee ek sal hom... Navorser 2: Uhm, so, so die water boege is vir kanker en maak mens 'n tee daarvan, Jan, of hoe, hoe? Deelnemer 3: Uhm, ja dis reg boet. Navorser 2: Van die blare. Deelnemer 3: Van die blare.
Clip: DS300082
Navorser: Maak hy 'n worteltjie da... Deelnemer 3: Hy gee jou daai geel knol Navorser: wat hy so... Deelnemer 1: Ja, kyk hy gee mos nou hierdie. Navorser: asof hy wil loop. Deelnemer 1: Ja, wil loop. Navorser: Ja, skaapbos. [Pentzia incana] Deelnemer 3: Skaapbos. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Deelnemer 3: Hy is ook baie goed vir 'n maag. Deelnemer 1: Ja vir krampe ook op die maag. Navorser: Krampe op die maag. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Ek het net 'n... Deelnemer 1: O hy's amper klaar. Navorser: Hy's 'n bekende ding maar ons pluk net 'n klein takkie. [Inaudible background speech]. Deelnemer 1: Hy's bitter. Navorser: Watter is bitter? Hierdie ene? Deelnemer 1: Daai skaapbos. Navorser 3: Sewe en veertig? Navorser 2: Ja, sewe en veertig. Deelnemer 1: Jy't so jou maag in die veld geneem maar dit is vir die… Navorser: Kan hy bitterder wees as, as kalkoenbos? Deelnemer 1: Ek dink kalkoenbos dink ek is bitterder. Deelnemer 1: Kalkoenbos het nog daai soet cream in. Navorser 2: Kou mens hom, of drink mens hom? Uhm, Frans. Deelnemer 3: Oe! Navorser 2: Drink mens hom of... Gelag. Navorser: Nee hy's maar bitter. Navorser 2: ...kou mens hom? Deelnemer 1: Kalkoenblom ook, uh jy drink hom ook. Navorser 2: Drink hom in die kookwater weereens. Navorser: Nee hy's maar ordentlik bitter. Deelnemer 1: Ek kou hom weer mos so in die veld... Navorser 2: O jy kan hom kou. Deelnemer 1: Ek kan hom kou ook sommer, en net die soppe sluk.
190 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Clip: DS300083
Deelnemer 3: Die, die... Navorser 2: Wat het ons hier? Deelnemer 3: Dis nou die heuningbos. [Hermannia johanssenii] Navorser 2: Die heuningbos? Navorser 3: Jan, jy sal vir ons wys as daar enige vinke ook is, reg? Navorser 2: Heuningbos, waarvoor word hy gebruik Jan? Deelnemer 3: Hy word nou vir uh aambei, gebruik jy hom. Navorser 2: Hoe doen mens, hoe gebruik mens hom? Deelnemer 3: Jy trek hom ok. Navorser 2: Trek hom in kookwater? Deelnemer 3: Maak, ja. Navorser 2: En dan drink mens hom. Deelnemer 3: Ja dan drink jy hom. Maar jou maag moet altyd gevul wees as jy hom drink. Navorser 2: Hoekom? Deelnemer 3: Lat jy krag in jou maag het. Navorser 2: Okay.
Clip: DS300084
Deelnemer 1: Wanneer jy nou een man kry... Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Wat aan daardie stadium is. Navorser: Sê vir my uh, kyk hierdie is nou die kriekie bos maar dan kry jy mos 'n ding wat, wat 'n bietjie, hy's 'n familie van die ene maar hy's 'n bietjie groter. Dan't hy so 'n lang steel wat so staan, dan't hy grys blare en dan't hy 'n groen blom. [Melianthus comosus] Deelnemer 1: Maar hy staan nou nie hier nie. Navorser: Weet jy waarvan ek praat? So 'n grote. Deelnemer 1: Ja ek weet, nou, ja, ok maar. Navorser: Dan's hy so, hy's familie van die een. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Wat noem jy hom? Deelnemer 1: Hy's mos nou die, wag, ek het dan nou gister toe, daar in die boek gesien. Navorser: Kruidjie, kruidjie? Deelnemer 1: Ja hy's kruidjie, Navorser: Kruikie-roer-my-nie? Deelnemer 1: Gelag...Kruidjie roer my nie! Navorser: Ek wil jou nou nie voorsê nie, nou ek uh, maar jy ken hom, Kruidjie roer my nie. Deelnemer 1: Ek ken hom, ja. Navorser: So, so hierdie is kriekiebos en hy's kruidjie roer my nie. Deelnemer 1: Oo, ja. O ja. Navorser: Dis verskillend. Deelnemer 1: Hulle twee is verskillend. Navorser: Maar party mense noem hom die selle. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Maar jy maak onderskeid. Deelnemer 1: Ek maak 'n onderskeid. Navorser: Hierdie is kriekiebos, die lange is... Deelnemer 1: Uh, ja.
191 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Kruidjie roer my nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: As jy aan hom van dan, hy, hy ruik mos nou nie lekker nie he. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Kan jy die grote ook gebruik of wat? Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Sélle. Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee, nee, nee. Hy werk nou weer anderster. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Nee, kyk hy's, hy's mos nou weer 'n man vir rumatiek. [Melianthus comosus] Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Ja hy's vir rumatiek. Navorser: Ons, ons moet as ons hom daar loop, ons kan eintlik nou maar, ons weet wat dit is. Deelnemer 1: Uhm, ja. Navorser: Ons het uh, hierdie man, ons hoef nie te worry nie, hy weet...Partykeer dan praat jy met manne, dan kan jy sommer sien hy's nie heeltemal duidelik nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Jy't nou maar net vergeet, die naam vergeet. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee ek het nou... Navorser: Maar jy ken die bossie. Deelnemer 1: Ja maar ek ken man, ek weet nou... Navorser: Uh, so ons kan eintlik maar neerskryf wat hy voor gebruik word. Jy sê rumatiek. Deelnemer 1: Die rumatiek ja. Navorser 2: Hoe, hoe gebruik mens dit uh, dan, Jan? Deelnemer 1: Nee jy gebruik hom mos vir als! Kruie gebruik jy mos in water. Navorser 2: Okay. Navorser: Ja maar dis nou net buite-om. Ne. Jy kan hom nie drink nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee. Nee! Jy kan hom drink. Navorser: Kan jy daai groot kruidjie roer my nie drink? Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom, jy kan hom drink Meneer. Navorser: Hierdie, hierdie Jan gaan vir ons doodmaak. [Gelag van groep]. Deelnemer 1: Kom ek sê vir Meneer. Medisyne se ding is so. Jy't mos 'n sekere maat wat jy maak. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: En dan drink jy hom op 'n sekere, kyk ek gebruik hom so. Ek meet hom af sê nou dit moet 'n kwart glasie wees. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan meet ek hom af, dan weet ek dit is sewe eetlepels. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n kwart glasie. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: En as dit moet minder wees as 'n kwart glasie dan is dit drie eetlepels. Navorser: Ja, ja. Met ander woorde... Deelnemer 1: Jy kyk mos nou hoedanig die man se siekte is. Navorser: Ja, ja, dit gaan oor dosering... Deelnemer 1: Dis... Navorser: om te sê jy moenie te veel nie, jy moet... Deelnemer 1: Ja.
192 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Want uh, maar dit is ook so as uh, jy weet as jy uh, uh uh medisyne het wat nie uh, as hy nie krag het nie... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: ...dan gaan hy ok nie werk nie. Deelnemer 1: Dan gaan hy nie werk nie. Navorser: En as hy krag het,... Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: As jy te veel vat, dan het hy te veel krag, dan maak hy jou dood. Deelnemer 1: Dan...mompel...Dis reg. Navorser: So dis nou die kwessie van net hoeveelheid né. Deelnemer 1: Ja, dis Navorser: Dis wat jy nou sê. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Ja, so dis baie interessant. Ek het, dis die eers..., sover my kennis trek, die eerste rekord wat sê jy kan daai uh, groot krui, uh, Melianthus, kan jy drink. Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom drink. Navorser: Almal sê nee, nee. Deelnemer 1: Nee Meneer. Navorser: Vergeet jy maak hy dood. Deelnemer 1: Kom ek gee vir Meneer. Navorser: Dis vir my net definitief... Deelnemer 1: Baie mense ken hom maar hulle weet nie wat die doel eintlik daarvan is nie. Navorser: Ja, presies, ja. So dis vir rumatiek. Deelnemer 1: Ja Meneer. Ek... Navorser: Ander woorde, as jy nou sê rumatiek, dan dink ek dadelik okay, jy pak hom nou maar so kompres op jou rumatiek plek en dan raak dit beter. Deelnemer 1: Nee jy... Navorser: Maar jy drink hom. Deelnemer 1: Jy drink hom. Kyk uh, jy kan hom nie van buite af genees nie. Navorser: Ja, o ja. Deelnemer 1: Jy moet hom van binne af genees. Navorser: Binne af, ja, ja. Ja. Deelnemer 1: Alle siekte moet jy van binne af genees. Navorser: Ja. Kan ek vra? Het jy vir hom 'n nut? Deelnemer 1: Dis stinkkruid dié. [Oncosiphon suffruticosum] Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy's nou gebedoel vir nat voete. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Gooi hom in jou skoene, as jou voete baie sweet. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan gooi jy hom in, kyk jy maak hom droog en jy maak hom... Deelnemer 3: Ja, hy help sommer goed vir daai nat voete. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Deelnemer 3: Ek wil mos sê so mos... Navorser: Maar dan maak jy hom droog, dan gooi jy poeier in of sit jy hom sommer so heel? Deelnemer 1: Ja, nee, nee, nee. Deelnemer 3: Nee, daai toe, daai maak nou toe hier agter. Deelnemer 1: Hy maak mos die, daai knoppies maak mos die poeier.
193 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: O, so jy moet die knoppies, jy moet die uhm, blomme gebruik ne. Florettes, ja. Ek het nog nooit dit gehoor nie. Deelnemer 1: Lag. Nee. Navorser: Kyk, hier langs die Weskus gebruik hulle hom vir medisyne, hulle trek hom. Deelnemer 1: Ja, daar is baie mense wat sekere doele ook met hom het. Navorser: Ja. Mmm. Navorser 3: So watter, is dit nege en veertig? Navorser 2: Nege en veertig. Navorser 3: Okay. Navorser: Jong, hier's ons nou op die regte spoor. Ons ga'at nou hierdie ding bymekaar maak soos 'n klomp, soos 'n klomp mofskape, soos hier in die kraal in. Laggery. Deelnemer 1: Ja, ons het nog nie eers by die ander kruie. Navorser: Ons het nog nie eers, maar kan nou sien...
Clip: DS300086
Deelnemer 1: ...bos ja. Navorser: Maar wat, ken jy hom? Deelnemer 1: Ja ek ken hom, die die ribbokke eet hom graag. Kyk uh, hulle eet hom mos nou eintlik vir die, vir die blouluis, daarvoor hulle hom eet. Maar die mens gebruik hom nie, maar die diere gebruik hom. Navorser: Daarso is die blommetjie. Deelnemer 1: Daar's die blommetjie. Navorser: Maar kyk, dis mos nou nie so, hy word mos 'n groot bos. Deelnemer 1: Hy raak groot. Deelnemer 3: Ja, hy staan daar... Navorser: Maar jy't, is jy seker hy is nie medisyne nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee dis nie kruie nie. Navorser: In julle wêreld nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee, in ons wêreld nie. Navorser: O ja. Daar by Woewertal het hulle, gebruik hulle hom baie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Is hy 'n hoof medisyne daar. Deelnemer 3: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Kyk uh.
Clip: DS300088
Deelnemer 1: Jy gebruik hom vir suiker [Sutherlandia frutescens] Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: jy gebruik hom vir hoë bloeddruk. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom, vir bors gebruik, rugpyn, daarvoor is… Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Daar kalkoen bos. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Vir daai dele wat jy hom kan gebruik. Maak jou niere skoon, hy maak die, die gal skoon. Hy lat loop die gal af sodat daar nie stene in die nierpype kom nie. Navorser: O ja. Hu. Soo't almal, so het ander mense ook gesê. Is reg.
194 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser 2: Okay, ekskuus. Ek, jy was nou te vinnig vir my. Uh, niere en gal. En wat was die ander ding wat jy gesê het? Deelnemer 1: Gal, kyk die, die gal, die hanteer mos die hele liggaam. Navorser 2: Hmmm... Deelnemer 3: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan werk hy van die gal af na die niere toe, en hy maak die niere skoon vir die stene. Dan gaan hy na die blaas toe, maak die blaas reinig. Al daai goed gaan af blaas toe, van die gal af deur die niere na die blaas toe. Navorser: Mm. Deelnemer 1: So dan met ander woorde te sê hy maak die rug ook skoon. Navorser: Ja, ja. I', is, is dit, dink jy dis 'n belangrike kruie in die wêreld? Deelnemer 1: Hy's 'n baie... Navorser: Gebruik mense hom baie? Deelnemer 1: ...ek gebruik hom baie Meneer. Navorser: O, jy gebruik hom self baie. Deelnemer 1: Ja ek gebruik hom self baie. Deelnemer 3: Tandpyn. Navorser 3: Ekskuus. Navorser: Ma het jy nou al daai kwale of wat, tandpyn? Deelnemer 3: Tandpyn. Navorser 3: Ons het nou al reeds, oh, o nee ekskuus. So hierdie is? Navorser 2: Vyftig. Navorser: Ek het nou nie, dis nou iets wat nie geweet het nie. Navorser 2: Tandpyn. Navorser: Dat jy hom vir tandpyn kan gebruik nie. Dis mos wat... Navorser 2: Vertel gou vir ons hoe gebruik jy hom vir tandpyn? Navorser: ...Frans gesê het, ja. Deelnemer 1: As jy nou 'n gat tand het dan kan jy hom nou net vasbyt in die, die dingese, in die gaat. Dat hy, Deelnemer 3. Daai blare. Deelnemer 1: Daai blaar van hom. Dan kan jy hom maar daar hou. Jy sal voel die pyn sal stadigweg aftrek. Dan kan jy hom maar uithaal. Navorser 2: Mmm. Navorser: En hy's mos bitter laat hy kan vrek. Deelnemer 3: Hy's so bitter. Deelnemer 1: Ooo, hy's bitter, is vir die kieme, hy's mos baie goed... Navorser: Hy maak daai...
Clip: DS300089
Deelnemer 1: Daai's maar nou vir asma bors. [Dicoma capensis] Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Ja, die hen met die kuikens. Navorser: Ek het nie geweet julle glo dit nie. Haai, ons sal moet hier 'n stukkie pluk, lat ons net seker maak. Navorser 2: Mmm. Navorser: Uh, daar staan mos ene. As dit nou die regte een is. Ek gaan gou... Navorser 2: Uh, is 'n hen met kuikens... Deelnemer 1: O ja.
195 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ek kry sommer gou 'n stukkie daar. Navorser 2: Hoe, is dit hen met drie kuikens of 'n hen met kuikens? Deelnemer 1: 'n Hen met kuikens. Navorser 2: Hen met kuikens. En dis vir asma? Deelnemer 1: Dis vir asma. Navorser 2: En wat gebruik jy, die blare? Deelnemer 1: Jy gebruik hom heel soos hy is. Nee, dis 'n sk, dis 'n skaap bos. Deelnemer 3: Ons noem hom 'n kapok bos. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Oo. Deelnemer 1: Ja, dis die kapok bos die. Navorser: Kapokbos en die skaapbos? Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Is hy ok, is sy naam ook skaapbos? Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee hy's 'n ander... Deelnemer 3: Nee... Deelnemer 1: ...hy's 'n ander... Navorser 2: O, so hierdie, hierdie is nie die hen met kuikens nie. Deelnemer 1: Uh, nee dis nie die, Navorser 2: Jy noem hom net die kapok. Deelnemer 1: die hen met die kuikens, hy groei plat op die grond, dan rank hy oop, op die grond. Navorser 2: O. Deelnemer 3: Ma ek tel hom nog nie by dierdie area nie... Deelnemer 1: Nee, hy sal nie hier staan nie. Navorser: Ja, nee ma... Navorser 2: Okay, en waarvoor gebruik julle die kapokbos? Deelnemer 1: Nee, ons is niks lus vir hom... Navorser: Nee. So is hierdie, is hierdie kapok bos, of is dit... Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n kapokbos. Navorser: ...of is dit 'n skaap bos? Kapokbos. Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n kapok bos die. Deelnemer 3: Dis 'n kapok bos. Navorser: En hy het nie 'n nut nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee hy't nie 'n nut nie. Navorser 2: O okay. Navorser: Dan sal ek...so jy sê ek het gepraat van 'n wollerige...
Clip: DS300090
Deelnemer 1: ...daar lê in die ouetehuis. Navorser: O ja. Hulle het vir my gesê. Navorser 2: Veitjie? Is haar naam Veitjie? Deelnemer 1: Dit's sy. Dis reg Meneer. Navorser: Veitjie. Navorser 2: Okay. En hoe, en is haar gesondheid nog goed, Jan, of wat? Deelnemer 1: Uh, maar nie so goed nie. Die, die kop is nie meer soos dit moet wees nie. Navorser: Kop, ja. My pa is die selle, ja. Deelnemer 1: Sy weet glad nie as jy daar kom wie jy is nie.
196 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: So deurmekaar is sy al. As sy jou sien dan maak sy haar kop toe, maar sy sal nou nog met die kinders saam... Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: ...maar julle grotes nie. Dan raak die ou mens heeltemal weg. Navorser 2: Nou waar't jy jou kennis vandaan gekry van, van die plante, Jan? Deelnemer 1: Maneer, ek, daar was 'n, al baie jare terug, 'n ou kruie dokter gewees. Nou ek het by die ou mens gebly toe ek nou loop beginne uitwerk. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Toe loop bly ek by haar. Nou ja, as... Navorser: Wat was sy naam? Deelnemer 1: Uh, Kaatjie Hoesaar. [Jan Baadjies discusses his ‘training’ under Kaatjie Hoesaar] Navorser: Kaatjie Hoesaar. Deelnemer 1: Uh, ja. Navorser: Is dit 'n man? Deelnemer 1: Nee, dis 'n vrou. Navorser: O, 'n vrou. Navorser 2: Kaatjie Hoesaar. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Hoe loop... Groep praat saam, [inaudible]. Deelnemer 1: Nou maar toe't sy nou vir my so, dan sê sy nou vir my wat ek moet loop haal. Nou as ek verkeerd is, dan sê sy 'nee dis verkeerd, jy moet daai ding, hy lyk so'. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: 'Daai een lyk so'. Nou dan gaan ek nou maar weer en dan loop kyk ek dan nou maar. Nou dan bring ek nou weer die regtes nou, dan sê sy nou vir my dis nou die regte een. Hom gebruik ons nou vir dit en hom gebruik ons nou weer vir dit. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: So't ek nou maar altyd tot ek dan nou, tot sy nou oorlede is, toe begin ek nou maar so op my eie aangaan. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Toe begin ek ken nou ok al die plante en so. So't ek nou maar altyd aangegaan en maar verder geleer. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Het ek darem nou vandag kan, kan plante ken. Navorser: Ja. Navorser 2: Mmm. Navorser 3: Mmm. Navorser: So daar is dan nog ander mense wat jy ook by geleer het, van die... Deelnemer 1: Wat, die man sal ek Meneer wys waar hy gebly het. Navorser: Is hy ook al oorlede? Deelnemer 1: Hulle is altwee oor, uh, lede. Navorser: Wie was hulle? Kan ook, kan jy nog onthou wat die name van die mense wat jy by geleer het? Deelnemer 1: Dit was nou Gain Hoffman, Navorser: Jean Hoffman. Deelnemer 1: Gain. Navorser: Jane. Deelnemer 1: Jane Hoffman.
197 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Ook 'n vrou? Deelnemer 1: Dis ook 'n vrou gewees. Navorser: So lyk my baie van die vroue het die bossies geken. Deelnemer 1: Uh, die't baie en dan sy man se naam was Dirk Hofman. Navorser: O ja. Nou, bruin mense of wit vel? Deelnemer 1: Ja, dit is nou swart mense gewees maar... Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: ek het hulle goed, baie goed geken, ek het baie na hulle toe gegaan. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Hulle het hier so anderkant het hulle gebly. Navorser: Was hulle, was hy skaapskeerder of wat, wat was hy, ou... Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee, nee, nee. Hulle was skaapwagters gewees. Navorser: Skaapwagters. Nou het die, het die uhm Karretjie mense baie kennis oor die plante of nie eintlik nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee wat Meneer. Hiers nou baie mense...
Clip: DS300091
Navorser: So. Deelnemer 1: Dis 'n kanniedood die. [Aloe variegata] Navorser: Het hy 'n nut? Deelnemer 1: Hy't 'n groot nut Meneer. Navorser: Ja? Navorser 2: Vertel vir ons van die kanniedood? Deelnemer 1: Kanniedood kan jy gebruik as, as jy nou uitvind daar's toordery. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Kan jy hom plant op jou jaard, hy hou jou jaard skoon,... Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: ...en as jy gepla, pla is met toor dan kan jy vir hom, jou was daarmee, jy kan hom drink daarteen nog. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy maak jou liggaam baie mooi skoon nog. Navorser: Die blare, of smeer julle hom aan? Deelnemer 1: Ja die blare. Jy breek altyd net 'n blaar vir 'n nut af. Navorser: Net 'n blaar dat jy nie die ding doodmaak nie. Deelnemer 1: Laat jy hom nie doodmaak nie. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: En hy hou jou plek veilig. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dis waarvoor jy hom gebruik. Navorser: Kan jy, dit het my altyd gepla, hoekom? Wee' jy, as ek daarin, kyk, daar staan ook ene. Jy kan nou seker so, Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: sien jy daar staan hy? Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Pragtig, maar uh, daar by Oudtshoorn rond, daar plant die mense die kanniedood op die mense se grafte. Deelnemer 1: Dis reg Meneer.
198 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: En toe't ek altyd gewonder hoekom sal dit wees. Is dit maar net vir die mooi, of wat dink jy? Deelnemer 1: Kyk, uh Meneer, daai ding het mos 'n, hy's so, as die wereld sal reën't, dan raak daai blomme so, so rooi. Maar as die wêreld nie gaan reën't nie dan's hy sommer so, bly hy so toe asvaal. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: So hy vertel amper vir jou, Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: hy's amper soos 'n deur profeet of wat. Deelnemer 1: Ja, ja, dis, hy's so. Navorser 2: Mmm. Navorser: Ja. Maar, maar hoekom op die graf, of, of uh, wat dink jy? Deelnemer 1: Nee kyk baie, baie mense hou daarvan omdat hy mos nie maklik dood nie. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. So hy sal maar net, jy hoef nie kort-kort water te gee nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee, nee. Navorser: Hy sal reg. Deelnemer 1: As hy eers gegroei het, dan kan jy hom maar los. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan groei hy aanmekaar. Navorser: Ja. Navorser 2: Gaan jy vir ons 'n stukkie versamel Ben? Deelnemer 1: Weet jy, ek dink nie dis nodig nie. Navorser 2: Okay. Navorser: Dis so 'n distienklike ding... Deelnemer 1: Okay. Navorser: dat ek dink, ek dink. En ons wil mos nou nie een uithaal nie. Mens moet nie die goed uitroei nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja maar...
Clip: DS300092
Navorser 2: Hier's genoeg. Navorser: Maar nou, nou moet Frans my asseblief help want ek, hierso is nou nie 'n blommetjie nie. Nou kan ek nie lekker sien nie. Navorser 2: Is, is, is dit die dassiebos? [Pelargonium ramosissimum] Deelnemer 3: Dis die dassiebos. Navorser: Dassiebos. Deelnemer 3: Maar kom ek sê nou... Navorser: Is hy 'n groot struik, of is hy 'n kleinerige plantjie? Deelnemer 3: Nee,... Deelnemer 1: Hy is 'n groterige bos. Deelnemer 3: Hy raak ook so groot. Navorser: Dan het hy, het hy nou soos die turknael so 'n vruggie? Deelnemer 3: Ja kyk, hy het nou so 'n pienk bla, uh, blommetjie. Deelnemer 1: Ja, hy't so 'n pienk blommetjie. Deelnemer 3: Blommetjie. Navorser: Pienk blommetjie, en dan maak hy ook 'n, 'n naeltjie soos… [inaudible]. Deelnemer 3: Ja hy't ook daai…[ inaudible]. Navorser: Is ek reg?
199 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 3: Daai's reg Meneer. Ja. Navorser: Dit is 'n Pelargonium, maar ons moet nou 'n stukkie, kan ek 'n stukkie plak? Deelnemer 3: Maar ons sal dan maklik die ding, ek sal hom ook kry. Navorser: Sal ons kry? Deelnemer 1: Ja, by my. Navorser: Ja. Dat ons net kan sekermaak. Want daar is baie, baie verskillende soorte van hierdie. Deelnemer 3: Dassiebos. Navorser: Dis mos nou eintlik 'n wille malva op die ou-end. Deelnemer 3: Uh, ja. Navorser: Maar julle sê vir hom dassiebos. Deelnemer 3: Ja, kyk hy kom, dat hy maar meer in die, in die klippe groei. Navorser: O, waar die dassies hou. Deelnemer 3: Ja. Navorser: Maar, maar vreet die dassie hom, of nie? Deelnemer 1: Hulle eet hom Meneer. Deelnemer 3: Hulle vreet hom, en daai stronk eet hulle. Deelnemer 1: Hulle hou hom stronk. Navorser: Het jy hom, het jy hom nie afgepluk nie, die dassies het hom so gevreet of wat? Deelnemer 1: Nee, ek het hom net afgepluk daai,... Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: kyk da, dit is 'n nuwe uitloopseltjie daai. Navorser: O ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Ek het hom net afgebreek, sy voorste punt da. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. Ek sien. Navorser 2: En waarvoor gebruik julle hom? Deelnemer 1: Dassie die, die dassiebos gebruik ons wanner ons baie uh, rugpyn het. Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: Kyk, rugpyn is eintlik nier probleme. Navorser: Ja, ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy hou die nierpype skoon. Navorser 2: Okay. Dis hoekom jy dit vir jou rugpyn, hoekom jy dit het. Okay. Navorser: O ja. Dassiebos. Ek dink dis Pelargonium ramosissimum. Ek dink amper dit is hy. Navorser 2: Maar gaan jy dit vir ons wys in die veld? Navorser: As, ons moes net... Navorser 2: Ek wil graag versamel van dit. Navorser: Want hy't 'n, net as hy so plat gedruk is dan kan ek nie so lekker sien nie. Navorser 2: Ja. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Nou hierdie is mos nou die, die bergsalie. Kyk, daai met die pienk blommetjie. Deelnemer 3: Nou kyk, die goedjies het nou al afgeval. Hulle lê nou onder in. Deelnemer 1: Kyk hy het die pienk blommetjies. [Pelargonium abrotanifolium] Deelnemer 3: Maar hom meng ek nog met kruie want dis nou in die veld na. Navorser: Dat ek gou-gou sien of ek hom kan, kan, hy't, hy't. Dit lyk dan nou vir my of hy ook 'n wille malva kan wees. Maak hy nie ook so 'n turknaeltjie blommetjie nie? Deelnemer 1: Nee, nee. Deelnemer 3: Hy't net die pers blommetjie daai. Deelnemer 1: Hy't net die pers blommetjie. Navorser: Maar dis 'n Pelargonium ook. So hierdie is die dassiebos, nie die ene nie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Nee dissie, dissie bergsalie darie.
200 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Navorser: Bergsalie. Deelnemer 1: Ja. Navorser: Wat is sy nut? Deelnemer 1: Kyk uh, dis mos eintlik 'n medisyne vir uh, toe bors. Navorser: Ons gaan hom seker nie weer kry nie, of sal ons hom weer kry? Deelnemer 1: Ons sal hom nie maklik weer maklik kry nie. Deelnemer 3: Ons sal hom nie hier kry nie. Navorser 2: So ons sal hom vat. Navorser: Maar kom ons, kan ons net 'n stukkie hiervan uitvat? Deelnemer 1: Meneer kan maar 'n stukkie uithaal. Navorser: Hy wil nou uitmekaar uit val. Ons moet hom net bietjie droog hou. Miskien moet ons net, kyk so ons moet hom dalk net uh, reguit hou dat hy, dat ons hom vanaand stoom en, we'll probably have to steam it. To, to make it a, hy val nou uitmekaar uit. Deelnemer 1: Jy nou daar 'n plastic sak het daar, kan Meneer hom nou in die plastic sak sit. Navorser 2: Uh, een en vyftig. Navorser: Ja, ek dink... Deelnemer 3: Kyk die manier wat... Navorser: Hy's nou al droog...
Clip: DS300093
Navorser: Soos ou Siener van Rensburg wat nou die, wat voorspel het wat gaan gebeur en sulke dinge. Navorser 2: Nou hoe doen jy dit uhm, Jan. Word jy net stil en dan kom dit net deur? Deelnemer 1: Nee Meneer ek het, ek het kaarte. Navorser 2: Kaarte. Deelnemer 1: Ja, wat ek speel nou, dit wys vir my as iemand nou by my kom. Ek is al so, as ek sien iemand by my kom, dan kan ek sien of hy siek is.En nou dan vat ek die kaarte, dan sit ek hulle neer. Dan kry ek die, die gesig daaruit. [Jan Baadjies talks about his use of cards to do diagnosis] Navorser: Mmm. Deelnemer 1: Wat die man makeer. Navorser 2: Mmm. Deelnamer 1: Dan dokter ek hom daardeur. Navorser 2: Okay. Navorser: Wat is daardie bos? Ek dink dit is 'n, dis 'n tipe van 'n ertjie bos wat daar staan. Deelnemer 1: Hulle sê hom nou die wille...[inaudible]
Clip: DS300094
Deelnemer 1: ...vir kanker. Navorser: Het jy nut vir hom? O. Deelnemer 1: Ja, vir kanker. Navorser: Jislaaik. Ek het nie dit geweet nie. Dis 'n nuwe, 'n nuwe storie. Navorser 2: Is dit die wilde granaat? [Otholobium arborescens] Deelnemer 1: Dis die wilde granaat. Navorser: Ja, wilde granaat. Oth, uh, Otholobium spesie. Ons sal, ek sal hom moet gaan uitsleutel want ek ken hom nie. Navorser 2: Okay. En, en dit word gebruik vir kanker.
201 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: O ja. Navorser 2: Maak jy, gebruik jy die blare? Deelnemer 1: Jy gebruik hom net soos hy hier is. Jy trek hom. Navorser: Ja. Hier is 'n paar vruggies. Ons sal hom kan uit figure. Otholobium spesie. Navorser 2: Twee, twee en vyftig.
Clip: DS300095
Navorser: ...wat sy nut is. Deelnemer 1: Hy het baie nut in hom. O daai ding. Jy kan hom gebruik vir poeier, jy kan hom gebruik. Navorser: Hoe bedoel jy vir poeier? Deelnemer 1: Vir kweek poeier, vir snuif. [Pelargonium ramosissimum] Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: ...vir kopseer, jy kan hom gebruik vir as jy nou, vir op die pad ry en so aan, nou vir baie moeg word. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Kan jy hom gebruik, jy kan hom gebruik vir jou kinders, vir slym borse. Jy kan hom by ander kruie gebruik. Dis maar min of meer soos ek al hom gebruik. Navorser: Ja. Wel, en nou watse, watse siekte spesifiek, [inaudible], want baie mense gebruik hom vir verkoue. Ek weet nou nie of dit is nie. Deelnemer 1: Nee, jy kan hom gebruik vir 'n verkoue. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Maar ek gebruik nie eintlik vir hom vir 'n verkoue nie. 'k gebruik maar eintlik die dassiebos en die kalkoenbos. Hy's 'n, hy's 'n gou medisyne. Navorser: O. 'n Mengsel van die twee? Deelnemer 1: Die mengsel van die twee. Navorser: En dan moet jy daai dassiebos nou vars sien dat sien wat hy is. Deelnemer 3: Ja, die dassiebos is baie goeie medisyne. Deelnemer 1: Nee, ek, ek klim maar in die berg in, uit. Ek loop pluk vir my daar in die berg. Navorser: Frans gaan ons hom kry daar, dink jy? Deelnemer 3: Ons sal hom nou Meneer, ek dink by die riviere, in die laagtes sal ons kry. Navorser: Die dassiebos? Deelnemer 3: Maar as ons hom nou nie daar kry nie dan sal ek hom nou probeer kry as ons nou Sondag... Navorser: Waar groei hy? Groei hy hierso... Navorser 2: Jan, se net gou vir... Navorser: ...in die laagtes? Deelnemer 1: Ja, kyk nou hierso is 'n man wat in die klippe groei. Navorser 2: ...sê net gou vir die kamera, hierdie snuif, watse, wat noem jy die plant wat jy gebruik vir die snuif nou? Deelnemer 3: As jy nou by die rivier afloop... Deelnemer 1: Is baster Olienhout. [Dodonaea viscosa] Navorser 2: Baster Olien. Deelnemer 1: Dis reg. Navorser 2: Baster Olienhout, of baster Olien? Deelnemer 1: Ja, dis 'n hout. Navorser 2: Baster Olien. Deelnemer 1: Uh, ja. So 'n boom. Hy't ook die blare. Navorser 2: Okay.
202 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Deelnemer 1: Jy kan die, die, die, die. Die stam kan jy ook gebruik vir snuif. Navorser 2: O, okay.
Clip: DS300098
Navorser 2: Vertel my van hom. Deelnemer 1: Die bokhorinkie. Dis mos nie sommer 'n plant wat op elke plek groei nie. Hy't mos ok maar die rooi grond. [Microloma sagittatum] Navorser: O. Deelnemer 1: En dan, sy pielletjies is eetbaar, man kan hulle eet. Navorser: Op watter stadium eet jy hom? Seker as hy nou nog, nog... Deelnemer 1: Wanneer hy nou nog jonger is. Kyk, hierie is nou al oud gewag. Navorser: Soos die ene. Sal mens hom kan eet? Deelnemer 1: Jy kan hom nog eet. Maar soos daai ene het nou al klaar gegroei. Navorser: Ja. Deelnamer 1: Hy gaan nou een van die dae, gaan hy saad weggooi. Navorser 2: So eet mens hom rou, of kook jy hom? Deelnemer 1: Ja, jy eet hom net so rou. Navorser: Soos 'n veldkos né. Deelnamer 1: Kyk, hy is mos 'n veldkos. Navorser: En uh, hoe smaak hy? Soet of bitter... Deelnemer 1: Ja, hy's soet. Hy's so soet-suur. Navorser: O ja. Deelnemer 1: Hy's so lekker ding. Ons het hom baie geëet toe ons kinners gewees het.
Clip: DS300099
Deelnemer 1: ...saad binnekant. Navorser: Ja. Deelnemer 1: Maar as jy nou braai dan raak hy mos sag. Navorser: O! O ja. Deelnemer 1: Dan eet hulle hom. Navorser: O! Deelnemer 1: En dan raak hy maar daarom dronk. Navorser: Ek het nie dit geweet nie. My jis. Navorser 2: Wat is sy naam, Jan? Deelnemer 1: So jy se jy wil nou weet wat ek noem, die knol. Navorser 2: Ma, het, het julle, het julle 'n naam vir die knol? Deelnemer 1: Nee dis nou net ek ken hom nie vir die knol nie, en daai wat jy my nou gevra het nou wat op die lane staan. Navorser: Ja, ja, ja. O, hulle vreet ook.
203 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
APPENDIX D Article published in The American Biology Teacher
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205 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
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APPENDIX E Article published in the South African Journal of Botany
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225 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF PEOPLE AND PLACES
Top to bottom, left to right: Professor Pat Tilney and Josef de Beer, at The Hantam Huis, Calvinia; Bertie and Anna Visagie (farm Perdekraal); Professor Ben-Erik van Wyk; Professor Ben-Erik with Frans and Jan Baadjies; beautiful restored houses in Calvinia; typical scene in the Hantam; doing fieldwork.
226 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
Top to bottom, left to right: Typical landscape in the Hantam (Hantam mountain in background); Jakob Tromp, Middelpos (the data of the Middelpos survey is not part of the scope of this M.Sc, and will be published elsewhere); Jakob Tromp’s family, Middelpos; last weapon lay-down during the 2nd freedom war, next to the Oorlogskloof River; Appie doing the “bobbejaandans”; Dr. Erwin Coetzee, medical doctor in Calvinia, who greatly assisted with the research, and his daughter Alet; Baadjies and Thys families on the farm Perdekraal; Prof Pat Tilney, Mr Teodor van Wyk and Prof Ben-Erik van Wyk enjoying a meal.
227 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province
228 M.Sc. dissertation J.J.J. de Beer An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province