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Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais Cristina Horta UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS CRISTINA HORTA DE ALMEIDA Jogos Eletrônicos e as Memórias do Fim do Mundo: reflexões sobre The Last of Us BELO HORIZONTE 2017 CRISTINA HORTA DE ALMEIDA Jogos Eletrônicos e as Memórias do Fim do Mundo: reflexões sobre The Last of Us Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Artes da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes. Linha de Pesquisa: Poéticas Tecnológicas Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Henrique Rezende Falci BELO HORIZONTE 2017 Ficha catalográfica (Biblioteca da Escola de Belas Artes da UFMG) Horta, Tina, 1980- Jogos eletrônicos e as memórias do fim do mundo [manuscrito] : reflexões sobre The Last of us / Cristina Horta de Almeida. – 2017. 145 f. : il. Orientador: Carlos Henrique Rezende Falci. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Belas Artes. 1. Jogos eletrônicos – Teses. 2. Video games – Teses. 3. Memória coletiva – Teses. 4. Mito no cinema – Teses. 5. Fim do mundo – Teses. I. Falci, Carlos, 1969- II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Belas Artes. III. Título. CDD 794 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço aos meus pais, Célio e Rosália, pelo amor incondicional, por todo o suporte, pelo apoio irrestrito às minhas escolhas profissionais e pelas orientações intelectuais ao longo da vida. E mais uma vez à mamãe, por embarcar nas minhas ideias, auxiliando na produção da versão artesanal da capa da dissertação. À Tetê pelo encorajamento, pela fé a mim dedicada e pela paciência com a minha (des)organização relacionada aos materiais do presente estudo. Ao Dinho pelas constantes conversas, leituras dos meus textos, estímulo de ideias, sugestões e companhia nas compras de livros. Também por compreender minha ausência em alguns fins de semana e por participar das discussões ao final da minha pesquisa que visavam cunhar o termo que representou o conceito apresentado por mim. Ao Felipe Dosualdo Freitas por insistir que eu jogasse o prólogo de The Last of Us. Ao professor. Dr. Carlos Henrique Falci (Cacá), um orientador humano que me auxiliou a descobrir onde eu queria chegar “depois do fim”. Aos professores Dra. Joana Ziller e Dr. Jalver Machado Bethônico pela disponibilidade. Aos funcionários da Secretaria do PPG-Artes da EBA, em especial José Sávio Santos, por sempre tratar tão bem minhas questões acadêmicas. Aos colegas que participaram comigo da organização do I SEPOGA por reforçarem a minha conexão com a Escola de Belas Artes. Também à equipe que, durante o evento, me auxiliou na montagem da intervenção artística “Pontos”; agradeço a dedicação desinteressada. À CAPES pela bolsa concedida, me proporcionando tranquilidade nos dois anos de pesquisa. À todos os meus bichinhos, em especial, Elvis e Neuenschwander (in memoriam) e também ao Bóris pela presença em minha vida. Finalmente, ao Digo por jogar The Last of Us no mesmo período que eu e por compreender o porquê de fazer desse jogo o meu objeto de estudo. Agradeço, ainda, pela infinita disponibilidade, por me apresentar uma visão diferente de RoboCop, pelas discussões de traduções e conceitos durante todo o trabalho, pelas cópias de segurança dos meus arquivos e por também pensar comigo expressões que pudessem representar a ideia que concebi na segunda parte da pesquisa. Meu querido fiel escudeiro, companheiro de jogos eletrônicos desde os anos 1980! Obrigada! “After all we've been through… Everything that I've done. It can't be for nothing.” (Ellie, The Last of Us) RESUMO O presente estudo procura investigar como o conceito de memória cultural se configura no universo dos jogos eletrônicos. Para tanto, escolhemos discutir os contextos pós-apocalípticos, tema comumente presente em várias produções no campo dos jogos e do cinema. Com base nessa temática, analisamos o jogo The Last of Us, lançado em 2013 originalmente para o console PlayStation 3. Baseando-se na discussão dos mitos sobre o fim do mundo em alguns momentos da história, realiza-se um mapeamento dos desdobramentos da representação do imaginário urbano pós-apocalíptico com foco nas sociedades ocidentais, compreendendo a produção cultural acerca do tema. Também abordamos algumas formas de manifestação da memória que auxiliam a pensar o conceito de memória cultural. Com essa investigação, procuramos verificar quais elementos do universo pós-apocalíptico aparecem no jogo eletrônico, como a questão do mito do fim do mundo é trabalhada nesse suporte e como ele auxilia na construção de uma memória cultural associada a um cenário pós-apocalíptico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: memória cultural, mito, jogos eletrônicos, videogame, The Last of Us. ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate how the concept of cultural memory is set in the universe of electronic games. For this, we chose to discuss post-apocalyptic contexts, a theme commonly found in various productions regarding games and cinema. Based on this theme, we analyzed the game The Last of Us, released in 2013 originally for the console PlayStation 3. Based on the discussion of myths about the end of the world in some moments of history, a mapping of the unfolding of the post-apocalyptic urban imaginary representation is developed with the focus on Western societies, including cultural production about the subject. We also address some forms of memory manifestation that help us think about the concept of cultural memory. With this investigation, we try to verify which elements of the post-apocalyptic universe appear in the electronic game, how the question of the end of the world myth is worked on in this medium and how it helps in the construction of a cultural memory associated with a post-apocalyptic scenario. KEYWORDS: cultural memory, myth, electronic games, videogame, The Last of Us. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES - Figura 1 ..................................................................................................................... página 13 Imagem disponível no website http://www.retrospace.org/2010/11/video-games-for- home.html. Acesso em maio de 2016. - Figura 2 ..................................................................................................................... página 13 Imagem disponível no website http://noticias.r7.com/tecnologia-e-ciencia/fotos/veja-imagens- dos-primeiros-videogames-no-brasil-20120823-2.html. Acesso em maio de 2016. - Figura 3 ..................................................................................................................... página 18 Montagem criada para ilustrar a definição do termo jogo trabalhada pela pesquisa. - Figura 4 ..................................................................................................................... página 21 Frame do jogo The Last of Us, 2013, fase The Quarantine Zone (“A Zona de Quarentena”). - Figura 5 ..................................................................................................................... página 23 Montagem de imagens, estas disponíveis nos websites http://www.polygon.com/2013/2/4/394 9560/the-last-of-us-infected-concept-art, http://www.clippingerror.com/the-last-of-us-stage-5- infection/ e http://thomaswievegg.deviantart.com/art/the-Last-of-Us-Bloater-385324355. Acesso em dezembro de 2015. - Figura 6 ..................................................................................................................... página 78 Frame do filme Detropia, 2012. - Figura 7 ..................................................................................................................... página 83 WATTERSON, Bill. Felino Selvagem, Psicopata e Homicida: as aventuras de Calvin e Haroldo. Trad. Alexandre Bolde. São Paulo: Conrad Editora do Brasil, 2012. p. 141. - Figura 8 ..................................................................................................................... página 89 Frame do jogo The Last of Us, 2013, fase Pittsburgh (“Pitsburgo”). LISTA DE VÍDEOS - Vídeo 1 …………………………………………………………………………….. página 27 The Last of Us – announcement trailer official HD. Trailer do jogo The Last of Us disponível no canal Naughty Dog no Youtube desde dezembro de 2011, acesso em dezembro de 2015: https://youtu.be/mJt-mlLk10k. - Vídeo 2 …………………………………………………………………………….. página 40 Darksiders Cinematic Trailer. Trailer do jogo Darksiders disponível no canal Official THQ YouTube Channel no Youtube desde novembro de 2009, acesso em janeiro de 2017: https://youtu.be/1fx-IWy9hkQ. - Vídeo 3 …………………………………………………………………………….. página 49 Fallout 4 – The Wanderer Trailer. Trailer do jogo Fallout 4 disponível no canal Bethesda Softworks no Youtube desde outubro de 2015, acesso em julho de 2016: https://youtu.be/k3IlHBBGCIw. - Vídeo 4: ..................................................................................................................... página 51 Mad Max “Soul of a Man” Trailer. Trailer do jogo Mad Max disponível no canal Avalanche Studios no Youtube desde novembro de 2013, acesso em dezembro de 2016: https://youtu.be/UPpeDwa6BkA. - Vídeo 5 ...................................................................................................................... página 52 Metro 2033 – First Trailer! Trailer do jogo Metro 2033 disponível no canal THQ UK's Home on YouTube! no Youtube desde outubro de 2009, acesso em setembro de 2016: https://youtu.be/o53vznBMd0U. - Vídeo 6 …………………………………………………………………………….. página 54 I Am Alive – Comeback Trailer [UK]. Trailer do jogo I Am Alive disponível no canal Ubisoft no Youtube desde setembro de 2011, acesso em maio de 2016: https://youtu.be/q-
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