The Historical Development of Kinmen Influencing the Furniture Culture

The Bulletin of JSSD Vol.1 No.2 pp.1-2(2000) Original papers Received May 7, 2012; Accepted August 26, 2013 Original paper

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KINMEN INFLUENCING THE FURNITURE CULTURE

Tien-Li Chen *, Pei-Fen Hong **

* National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec.3, Chung Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 10608, Taiwan * * National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec.3, Chung Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 10608, Taiwan

Abstract: This study aims at the impacts of the Kinmen’s historical development on its overall furniture development. The methods include Document Analysis and Ethnography Research. The results indicate that there are two certain times, the Qing Dynasty and the Quest, that influence the development. From a political perspective, the style of furniture was united due to the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In a social aspect, the size of furniture varied according to the ranks of the official. Multiple forms of furniture were observed in the houses of businessmen at the time, as well. The other period was the Quest while a lot of Kinmen residences travelled to the Southeast Asia and came back after becoming illustrious and built majestic “fan zi lou (foreign buildings)”. They also brought back the popular furniture, which were stilled in these buildings, from the Southeast Asia and made the culture of Kinmen’s furniture more various. Keywords: History of Kinmen, Culture of furniture, Development of the Culture

1. Introduction Kinmen (Figure 1) is an island located between Taiwan and China that has long been influenced by its geographical location and political and military factors. This has enabled it to preserve a large part of Hokkien（South Fujian）culture, such as traditional tribes, residences, ancestral culture, traditional faiths, overseas Chinese culture and battlefield culture. Taiwan and China are relatively lacking in this area. Many important assets were destroyed during China’s Figure 1. Location of Kinmen Cultural Revolution in 1966, whereas Taiwan’s accelerated Data source: Map of Taiwan[2]；Kinmen [3] urbanization and modernization in recent years led to the improvement of architectures and objects. Therefore, it is As residencies developed into traditional villages Kinmen that has been able to preserve relatively more through time, the furniture within these villages also objects, preserving southern Fujian culture along with them. evolved. Furniture is an object that involves user behavior, The main compositions of traditional tribal space in and although it cannot speak, it involves different aspects of Kinmen are three types of constructions: ancestral shrines life, including dining, clothing, housing, transportation, and temples, southern Fujian residences, and foreign education and entertainment. It is a carrier of life and buildings [1] culture. Thus, furniture is a living fossil that we can only understand through an indirect approach, searching for documentation and evidence and conducting careful observation. Therefore, “history” including events and actions of human beings of the past plays an important role

Copyright © 2014 日本デザイン学会 All Rights Reserved. THE SCIENCE THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN OF DESIGN BULLETIN B U L L E T I N OF O F JSSD JSSD Vol. Vol. 60 No. xx No. 5 x 2014 20xx 11 1 in this study. details. For this reason this study uses Kinmen’s history to The literature of furniture was divided into 2 categories: discuss the development of Kinmen’s furniture, proposing one is studies on related research areas and the other is its influence on the culture of furniture based on social explanations of furniture categories. About cultural phenomena during the Qing Dynasty and the Quest. researches. Cookson A. & Ishimura S. [4, 5, 6] discussed Research results will serve as reference for subsequent the rattan chair trading in the 17th century in 3 parts, studies on Kinmen. including a comparison of the Ming-style chairs and the This study first employs document analysis to gather British rattan chairs during 1660~1700, a discussion of the and explain literature on Kinmen history. Ethnography rattan chair trading between China and Japan, and the research is then applied, including a field survey on 66 influences of the Chinese high-back chairs on British rattan pieces of furniture in national or county historic chairs in the early years. Also, Lo Tsai-Yun, Miyazaki architectures in Kinmen; the samples are photographed, Kiyoshi, Yang Jing, Ueda Akira [7, 8] studied red-painted measured and drawn. This study also interviews five local wooden beds in Taiwan. Their discussions include two parts: craftsmen on the historical background and crafting of the first part discussed the manufacturing techniques and Kinmen furniture, as well as relevant affairs in daily life. the second part discussed the styles of red-painted wooden The purpose of these two methods is to find the overall beds in Taiwan from 1880 to 1960 to find out different influence of historic development on the culture of furniture. styles in different periods. And some other scholars also Regarding the limitations of this study, furniture are explored furniture in Taiwan. Chen [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] had wooden products and will deteriorate after time, especially published books related to bookcases, dining tables and with Kinmen’s long history. The field survey only found chairs, dressers, armchairs, and stools. Jian [14] wrote a furniture from during the Qing Dynasty and the Quest. book about traditional furniture in Taiwan. According to the Therefore, this study only analyzes furniture from those two description above, there have been a lot of people in the periods. research field of furniture studying furniture on Taiwan Island. However, the number of studies related to furniture 2. The Qing Dynasty Of Kinmen Influencing The on the off-shore islands. For furniture in Kinmen, there has Furniture Culture been only one related study by Li [15], which covers all the This study focuses on two periods when discussing the aspects but the insight is not deep. Thus, this study planned influence of Kinmen’s historic development on furniture – to explore the historical development part in hopes of the Qing Dynasty and the Quest: revealing the face of the culture of furniture more The reign of the Qing Dynasty for over 200 years had completely. had great influences on the overall development of Kinmen. As for literature of explanations of furniture categories, In the aspects of constructions and furniture, the Qing styles there are various categorizations for furniture in the Ming had also been passed on. The development of Qing-style Dynasty based on functions. Wang [16, 17] mentioned that furniture is completely different from that of Ming-style furniture can be categorized based on functions into 5 furniture. Ming-style furniture is simple in shapes and lines, categories, including chairs and drum stools, tables, beds with delicate structures without fancy decorations. (with footrests), cabinets and shelves, and "others" for those Qing-style furniture is famous for its decorations. Carving, made for other purposes with different functions. Hu[18] infixing, and depicting methods are very important. believed that furniture in the Ming Dynasty can be However, because of the unique historical development of categorized into 6 categories, including lying furniture, Kinmen, furniture has been changing along this sitting furniture, daily life furniture (all kinds of tables), development axis. The trading factor is the most significant. storing furniture (cabinets, closets, boxes, and cases), A lot of furniture is from China and southern areas. shielding furniture (screens), and others. In Hu's [19] book, According to the description above, this study collected furniture in the Ming Dynasty can be categorized into 5 information regarding constructions built during the period categories, including beds, chairs and drum stools, tables, from the Qianlong reign to the Guangxu reign of the Qing cabinets and closets, and shields. And Jing and Shun [20] Dynasty and furniture inside them for analyses and categorized furniture into chairs and drum stools, tables, discussions, in order to explore the development of beds, cabinets and shelves, and others. Lu [21] categorized furniture in Kinmen, which will be described later in furniture based on functions into 5 categories, including

2 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. 53 No. 1 2006 12 B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 60 No. 5 2014 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN in this study. details. chairs and drum stools, tables, cabinets and closets, and God of Land, and the Kitchen God. There are 4 small doors For this reason this study uses Kinmen’s history to The literature of furniture was divided into 2 categories: others. on the shrine for ancestors. Before the doors there are discuss the development of Kinmen’s furniture, proposing one is studies on related research areas and the other is The categorization in this study was determined from hallways. People, flowers, and birds are carved on the doors. its influence on the culture of furniture based on social explanations of furniture categories. About cultural the aspect of humans and objects. Furniture is mostly used The shrine for Buddha is open. It is built with a piece of phenomena during the Qing Dynasty and the Quest. researches. Cookson A. & Ishimura S. [4, 5, 6] discussed for humans and objects. The most closely related human glass to prevent wind blowing. These two shrines are like a Research results will serve as reference for subsequent the rattan chair trading in the 17th century in 3 parts, behavior is sitting. Furniture in the sitting furniture category pair and made of China fir or sandalwood. There are usually studies on Kinmen. including a comparison of the Ming-style chairs and the such as chairs and drum stools are often seen in living incense burners, candleholders, and offering tables before This study first employs document analysis to gather British rattan chairs during 1660~1700, a discussion of the rooms or kitchens in general residences. This is why this them (Culture and History Storeroom, Jincheng Junior High and explain literature on Kinmen history. Ethnography rattan chair trading between China and Japan, and the category was named sitting furniture. And lying furniture School). Among all the worshiping furniture samples, a research is then applied, including a field survey on 66 influences of the Chinese high-back chairs on British rattan includes bed and couch bed which are closely related to special one is narrow rectangular table with recessed leg. pieces of furniture in national or county historic chairs in the early years. Also, Lo Tsai-Yun, Miyazaki lying postures of humans. Thus this category was named Most long tables are flat or with flanges. However, the architectures in Kinmen; the samples are photographed, Kiyoshi, Yang Jing, Ueda Akira [7, 8] studied red-painted lying furniture. And corner-leg table, stand, shelves, narrow Former Residence of Yang Hua (Figure 2) and the Ciou measured and drawn. This study also interviews five local wooden beds in Taiwan. Their discussions include two parts: waistless tables , and recessed-leg tables are where objects Liang-Gong Historic House (Figure 3) are exceptional. In craftsmen on the historical background and crafting of the first part discussed the manufacturing techniques and are put. Thus this category was named carrying furniture. the aspect of sizes, a general table with flanges is usually Kinmen furniture, as well as relevant affairs in daily life. the second part discussed the styles of red-painted wooden Storing furniture includes objects such as cabinets, boxes, 2050~2360mm long. However, the ones in the Former The purpose of these two methods is to find the overall beds in Taiwan from 1880 to 1960 to find out different and cases, which are used to collect items. Thus the name of Residence of Yang Hua and the Ciou Liang-Gong Historic influence of historic development on the culture of furniture. styles in different periods. And some other scholars also the category is storing furniture. Screens and curtains House are 2775mm and 4030mm long. These large sizes Regarding the limitations of this study, furniture are explored furniture in Taiwan. Chen [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] had cannot be placed in any of the 4 categories above. In this are very rare. The one in the Ciou Liang-Gong Historic wooden products and will deteriorate after time, especially published books related to bookcases, dining tables and study, they were included in the "others" category. In a House is the largest. Ciou Liang-Gong was promoted to the with Kinmen’s long history. The field survey only found chairs, dressers, armchairs, and stools. Jian [14] wrote a word, this study categorized traditional Chinese furniture Captain General in Zhejiang (a military officer, first-class) furniture from during the Qing Dynasty and the Quest. book about traditional furniture in Taiwan. According to the into 5 categories based on functions, including sitting in the 14th year of the Jiaqing reign. Yang Hua was Therefore, this study only analyzes furniture from those two description above, there have been a lot of people in the furniture, lying furniture, carrying furniture, storing promoted as the Su Song Zhen Commander in Chief (a periods. research field of furniture studying furniture on Taiwan furniture, and others. military officer, second-class) in the 14th year of the Jiaqing Island. However, the number of studies related to furniture The sample size of this study was 9. They were all reign. Thus, it can be inferred that sizes of table are related 2. The Qing Dynasty Of Kinmen Influencing The on the off-shore islands. For furniture in Kinmen, there has national or county heritage, including Huang Family to ranks. Overall, the lines of the trestle tables are simple. Furniture Culture been only one related study by Li [15], which covers all the Youtang Garden from the Qianlong reign period, Mansion The small tables on both sides support the table boards. The This study focuses on two periods when discussing the aspects but the insight is not deep. Thus, this study planned of Provincial Graduate Cai, Former Residence of Yang Hua, hidden drawers can be used to store things. The lines of the influence of Kinmen’s historic development on furniture – to explore the historical development part in hopes of and Pubian Chou Residence from the Jiaqing reign period, other two long and narrow tables are also simple. The styles the Qing Dynasty and the Quest: revealing the face of the culture of furniture more and Ciou Liang-Gong Historic House, Residence of Scholar are steady and elegant. There are dragon patterns (Figure 4) The reign of the Qing Dynasty for over 200 years had completely. Wu, Mansion of General Lu, and No. 17 and 18, Li Family and meander patterns (Figure 5) on the threaded rods as had great influences on the overall development of Kinmen. As for literature of explanations of furniture categories, Abode, Sishancian from the Daoguang reign period. decoration. The trestle tables and Narrow rectangular table In the aspects of constructions and furniture, the Qing styles there are various categorizations for furniture in the Ming Among them, the ones related to civil and military are very rare in Kinmen. had also been passed on. The development of Qing-style Dynasty based on functions. Wang [16, 17] mentioned that officers include: Mansion of Provincial Graduate Cai, furniture is completely different from that of Ming-style furniture can be categorized based on functions into 5 Former Residence of Yang Hua, Residence of Scholar Wu, furniture. Ming-style furniture is simple in shapes and lines, categories, including chairs and drum stools, tables, beds Mansion of General Lu, and No. 17 and 18, Li Family Figure2. A trestle table Figure3. Narrow rectangular with delicate structures without fancy decorations. (with footrests), cabinets and shelves, and "others" for those Abode, Sishancian; while the ones related businessmen table with recessed leg Qing-style furniture is famous for its decorations. Carving, made for other purposes with different functions. Hu[18] include Huang Family Youtang Garden, Pubian Chou infixing, and depicting methods are very important. believed that furniture in the Ming Dynasty can be Residence, and No. 17 and 18, Li Family Abode, However, because of the unique historical development of categorized into 6 categories, including lying furniture, Sishancian. Kinmen, furniture has been changing along this sitting furniture, daily life furniture (all kinds of tables), First of all, the 9 mansion samples all have something in development axis. The trading factor is the most significant. storing furniture (cabinets, closets, boxes, and cases), common, which is that there is a hall (or ancestral hall) in A lot of furniture is from China and southern areas. shielding furniture (screens), and others. In Hu's [19] book, each of them. Furniture inside includes shrines for ancestors, Figure 4. The dragon pattern Figure 5. The meander pattern According to the description above, this study collected furniture in the Ming Dynasty can be categorized into 5 shrines for Buddha, long tables, and eight immortals table. Source: Drawn by this study information regarding constructions built during the period categories, including beds, chairs and drum stools, tables, Generally, people in Kinmen would place a long shrine and from the Qianlong reign to the Guangxu reign of the Qing cabinets and closets, and shields. And Jing and Shun [20] a eight immortals table in their space for worshipping in Furniture from the other categories includes sitting Dynasty and furniture inside them for analyses and categorized furniture into chairs and drum stools, tables, their hall. On the left side of the long altar is the shrine for furniture, lying furniture, carrying furniture, and storing discussions, in order to explore the development of beds, cabinets and shelves, and others. Lu [21] categorized ancestors with tablets of ancestors inside. On the right side furniture, also differs in mansions of civil and military furniture in Kinmen, which will be described later in furniture based on functions into 5 categories, including is the shrine for Buddha for worshipping Guanyin Fozu, the officers and businessmen.

2 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. 53 No. 1 2006 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 60 No. 5 2014 13 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 3 First, in the sitting furniture category, a special one is the 5-screen armchair (Figure 6) in the Former Residence of Yang Hua. The design is of the Qing style. There are 3

screens as the back and one screen for each arm. That’s why Figure11. The decorations on the bed:(a) The spindle-shaped this chair is said to be “screen-style”. The back board is decorations (b) The legs of the bed rather short. The decoration is rather simple. Under the seat Source: Drawn by this study. there is a beam waist. The ends of the legs are of the shape

of a hoof and bent inside. Also inside the Ciou Liang-Gong The carrying furniture includes corner-leg table, stand, Historic House two stools preserved (Figure 7a and Figure shelves, narrow waistless tables , and recessed-leg tables. 7b). One thing special about them is that they are made of The most unique ones are stands and shelves from ceramics with opens on both sides so that they can be businessmen's mansions including the Huang Family carried by hands easily. Other sitting furniture is mostly Youtang Garden, Pubian Chou Residence (Figure 12 and long benches (Figure 8a and Figure 8b). They are often Figure 13a), and No 18, Li Family Abode, Sishancian used when eating or doing leisure activities. (Figure 13b). One piece in the Huang Family Youtang Garden is damaged. And the dressing table with miscellaneous objects on it (Figure 13c) is decorated with spindle-shaped patterns. Its legs are cylinders made by the cutting technology. (a) (b) Figure 6. A 5-screen armchair Figure 7. A drum stool

(a) (b) Figure 8. A long bench Source: Drawn by this study. Figure 12. A basin shelf The lying furniture is mostly canopy beds, also known as “red-painted wooden bed". The canopy bed stands on 4 legs (2 pairs) under its bottom. Above the bed there are 4 pillars for support. 3 sides of the bed are low screens. Above the 4 pillars is the top, creating a shape of a canopy. Sometimes they come in 8 pillars(Figure 9) instead of 4. However, inside businessmen’s mansions there is something different. For example, the bed inside the Pubian (a) (b) (c) Chou Residence (Figure 10) is of the form of a 4-pillar Figure 13. A dressing table canopy bed. The decorations on the bed skirts are Source: Drawn and photographed for this study spindle-shaped (Figure 11a) and the legs are machine-shaved (Figure 11b). The design is rather new. Also, the furniture inside Pubian Chou Residence and Thus the furniture may be made in a later period when No 18, Li Family Abode, Sishancian is not classical furniture was influenced by foreign cultures. The reasons furniture. Traditionally, dressing tables are made with will be explained later. copper mirrors, small mirror boxes, dresser, and dressing boxes. This fact can be observed from past Chinese picture books and rolls. In literature, Wang [16]mentioned that mirror platform were popular in the Song Dynasty. They can be seen in Han-Chen Su’s “Lady at Her Dressing Table in a Garden” from the Song Dynasty and Shen Wang’s “Xiu 9 10 Long Xiao Jing Tu” from the North Song Dynasty. In the Figure 9. A 8-pillar canopy bed Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, these shelves had still Figure 10. A 4-pillar canopy bed

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First, in the sitting furniture category, a special one is been used by people. Tongzhi period to the south. “There weren't enough the 5-screen armchair (Figure 6) in the Former Residence of The source of larger mirror furniture may have been cultivated lands, so jobless people from Kinmen moved to Yang Hua. The design is of the Qing style. There are 3 related to trading. According to the history of Kinmen, places such as Lu Song, Shi Li, and Kalapa. The second screens as the back and one screen for each arm. That’s why Kinmen relies heavily on shipping because the area is small, immigration to the south was between 1912 and 1929. Figure11. The decorations on the bed:(a) The spindle-shaped this chair is said to be “screen-style”. The back board is materials are rare, and the population is small. The According to the Records of Kinmen County, at that time decorations (b) The legs of the bed rather short. The decoration is rather simple. Under the seat Economic Records of the Records of Kinmen County says the South Sea area was more prosperous than China.. The Source: Drawn by this study. there is a beam waist. The ends of the legs are of the shape that “in the 46th year of the Qianlong reign, … Wu Zhou is third immigration trend was from 1937 to 1945 when the of a hoof and bent inside. Also inside the Ciou Liang-Gong an isolated island with less farmlands. People make a living Japanese invaded China.. During the piece between 1945 The carrying furniture includes corner-leg table, stand, Historic House two stools preserved (Figure 7a and Figure by selling fish and salt. Agricultural products include sweet and 1949, a lot of Kinmen residents followed their shelves, narrow waistless tables , and recessed-leg tables. 7b). One thing special about them is that they are made of potatoes and peanuts. Lives are hard. Firewoods, grass, predecessors’ footprints and travelled south. After 1949, The most unique ones are stands and shelves from ceramics with opens on both sides so that they can be rices, and grains must be shipped from the mainland.” Most Kinmen became a battlefield during the confrontation businessmen's mansions including the Huang Family carried by hands easily. Other sitting furniture is mostly of materials were shipped to Kinmen from the outside. between the Nationalists and the Communists. This was the Youtang Garden, Pubian Chou Residence (Figure 12 and long benches (Figure 8a and Figure 8b). They are often Back then, trading between Kinmen and China was very end of the immigration era. Afterwards, people had mostly Figure 13a), and No 18, Li Family Abode, Sishancian used when eating or doing leisure activities. common. China was on its way to open up (the Five Ports immigrated to Taiwan. (Figure 13b). One piece in the Huang Family Youtang Trading Treaty). Thus a lot of merchandises and Hui-Cheng Lin [23] quoted a behavioral scientist Garden is damaged. And the dressing table with technologies were introduced to China from western regarding the idea source of traditional constructions. miscellaneous objects on it (Figure 13c) is decorated with countries. And Kinmen was indrectly influenced. Large “Clothing is the extension of one’s skin, while mansion is spindle-shaped patterns. Its legs are cylinders made by the dresser was from the western world. It was brought to other that of his limbs.” However, the words failed to express the cutting technology. (a) (b) areas through trading with western countries and meaning. Because in China, to build a traditional Figure 6. A 5-screen armchair Figure 7. A drum stool colonization. It is not surprising to see this type of furniture construction, the focus is more on ideas and concepts, in Kinmen. including the concept of ethics, social statuses, ideals of Storing furniture includes closets, cabinets, bookcases, education, and religious ideas. In other words, traditional (a) (b) and others (boxes and cases). A special one is a bookcase constructions are places for settling down, physically and Figure 8. A long bench (Figure 14). It comes with double-open doors, one drawing spiritually. Thus, presentation of a construction shows the Source: Drawn by this study. in the middle, and long legs. On the doors there are meaning of it or the family living in. Thus, after overseas Figure 12. A basin shelf inscribed by a literatus (Figure 15). It is from the later Chinese in the South Sea area got rich, they often wired The lying furniture is mostly canopy beds, also known period of the Qing Dynasty. There is also a medicine their money back home to not only support their families as “red-painted wooden bed". The canopy bed stands on 4 cabinet (Figure 16), which is in the form of a long-leg but also build constructions which can make their ancestors legs (2 pairs) under its bottom. Above the bed there are 4 cupboard with color combination of red and black. On the proud. That was why a lot of “Fan zi lou” had been built. pillars for support. 3 sides of the bed are low screens. drawer the names of all kinds of Chinese medicines can be “Fan zi lou” are foreign buildings in Kinmen. The exterior Above the 4 pillars is the top, creating a shape of a canopy. seen. designs came from the South Sea area. However, due to the Sometimes they come in 8 pillars(Figure 9) instead of 4. restrictions on materials and implementation technologies, However, inside businessmen’s mansions there is the styles were still different from those of the buildings in (a) (b) (c) something different. For example, the bed inside the Pubian the South Sea area. Figure 13. A dressing table Chou Residence (Figure 10) is of the form of a 4-pillar A lot of literature had talked about processes of Source: Drawn and photographed for this study canopy bed. The decorations on the bed skirts are constructions [24, 25]. Parts of the western buildings which spindle-shaped (Figure 11a) and the legs are still exist nowadays had been constructed by artisans from Also, the furniture inside Pubian Chou Residence and machine-shaved (Figure 11b). The design is rather new. Xiamen and Gulangyu with supports from local artisans. No 18, Li Family Abode, Sishancian is not classical Thus the furniture may be made in a later period when Thus the technologies had been passed on to them. Some furniture was influenced by foreign cultures. The reasons furniture. Traditionally, dressing tables are made with constructions built in later periods were not built by copper mirrors, small mirror boxes, dresser, and dressing will be explained later. Figure 14. Figure 15. Some Figure 16. A overseas Chinese but local artisans in Kinmen. One of the boxes. This fact can be observed from past Chinese picture A Bookcase binscription by a literatus medicine cabinet interviewees of this study Master Shen belongs to the books and rolls. In literature, Wang [16]mentioned that Source: Photographed and drawn by this study. Wenzhou school. When craftsmen were constructing mirror platform were popular in the Song Dynasty. They buildings, they would also help make furniture, such as can be seen in Han-Chen Su’s “Lady at Her Dressing Table 3. The Quest Of Kinmen Influencing The Furniture shrines, worship tables, beds…etc. A classic construction in a Garden” from the Song Dynasty and Shen Wang’s “Xiu 9 10 Culture from the earlier period is the Chen Jing-lan Western House. Long Xiao Jing Tu” from the North Song Dynasty. In the Figure 9. A 8-pillar canopy bed There had been 3 waves of overseas immigration [22]. Li [26] suggested that the blueprint of the Chen Jing-lan Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, these shelves had still Figure 10. A 4-pillar canopy bed The first wave of large-scale immigration was during the Western House should have been brought back to Kinmen

THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. 53 No. 1 2006 4 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 60 No. 5 2014 15 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 5 from Singapore. Materials used such as China firs and red carvings of a dragon and flower, which are painted with bricks were imported from China. An elder in the village gold paint to create an appearance of splendor. recalled that during the construction he often saw three-masted sailboats anchor along the shore near Chenkeng. On the ebb, building materials were carried ashore by mules. That was a thrilling sight. The craftsman interviewed for this study also mentioned: “all materials for building houses were purchased in Zhangzhou Shima, such as wood and bricks. Kinmen had very few materials at the Figure 17. A patterned table Figure 18.Hiring talented in time.” Although there is no record of who built other Weishui (Middle magnified) western buildings, from the exteriors of these constructions Source: Drawn by this study. one can still see the combination of eastern and western styles. As for sitting furniture, there are Master chairs in both There are about 100 “fan zi lou” in Kinmen. However, the Xu Yun-Xuan Western-Style House and the Chen most of them are no longer in use. Some of them had been Shi-Yin Western-Style House (Figure 19a and Figure 19b). abandoned when their owners moved to the South Sea area, Traditionally, in halls and living rooms, furniture shall be while others had been damaged during the World War II. arranged according a central axis. Furniture shall be on both Thus, the samples used in this study are those with original sides of a hall. Usually a set means eight chairs and four furniture well-preserved inside them. A total of 4 historical tables. These chairs are so-called “Master chairs” or constructions were picked, which are Xu Yun-Xuan “scholar chairs”. If in a hall there are four chairs and two Western-Style House, Former Residence of Cai Kai-Cheng, tables, it is called half-hall arrangement; and complete-hall Former Residence (Memorial Hall) of Huang Tian-You, and arrangement with eight chairs and four tables [14]. There Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House. are four Master chairs with two tables (half-hall) in the Xu The owners of these four historical constructions had all Yun-Xuan Western-Style House. These chairs are square been in business or to the South Sea area. Yun-Xuan Xu chairs with stories sculpted on them. In the Xu Yun-Xuan was in the building material business. He imported Western-Style House, another half-hall set of Master chairs materials from Xiamen to Kinmen and sold them in (Figure 19c) is located by the entrance. Their styles are Kinmen. Kai-Cheng Cai left to Sumatra, Indonesia. After he simple with sizes smaller than general ones. And the had earned enough money, he opened “Guang Da Hang”. materials used are simple, too. The cutting technology was Tian-You Huang went to Singapore when he was young to already applied to create these chairs. Inside the Chen study medicine. He returned Kinmen at 29 and had lived Shi-Yin Western-Style House, there is a complete-hall set of there since. His residence is the only “Palladian” Master chairs. Overall the furniture is square with splendid construction in Kinmen. Shi-Yin Chen went to Singapore marquetries. The top rail is curved, the back splat is a and Indonesia in 1903 and started a business related to local openwork carving. As for the bottom part, under the seat products. In 1932 he returned home and built his house. The there is a waist. The apron panel is inlaid with sculptures. styles of these four constructions are all combinations of There are flowers inlays sculpted around the narrow eastern and western features. It is the same for furniture waistless tables. inside them. First of all, in the space for worshipping, everything was still designed in accordance with the traditions without much change. However, recessed-leg tables are different. Especially, the tables in the Former

Residence of Cai Kai-Cheng (Figure 17) and the Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House are both patterned with complex and splendid decorations. The decorations had many varieties and even covered entire pieces of furniture; decorations were symmetrical on both sides of a piece of furniture. In this case the decoration is based on the story of Figure 19. A master Chairs hiring talented in Weishui (Figure 18); both sides have Source: Photographed by this study

6 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. 53 No. 1 2006 16 B U L L E T I N O F JSSD Vol. 60 No. 5 2014 THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN from Singapore. Materials used such as China firs and red carvings of a dragon and flower, which are painted with As for lying furniture, the samples are from Former bricks were imported from China. An elder in the village gold paint to create an appearance of splendor. Residence of Huang Tian-You (Figure 20a) and Chen recalled that during the construction he often saw Shi-Yin Western-Style House (Figure 20b). The one from three-masted sailboats anchor along the shore near the Former Residence of Huang Tian-You is a canopy bed Chenkeng. On the ebb, building materials were carried with 8 pillars. The one in the Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style ashore by mules. That was a thrilling sight. The craftsman House is also of this form but with simpler design. The bed interviewed for this study also mentioned: “all materials for was decorated with mainly geometric patterns. (a) (b) (c) building houses were purchased in Zhangzhou Shima, such Figure 22. A dresser as wood and bricks. Kinmen had very few materials at the Figure 17. A patterned table Figure 18.Hiring talented in time.” Although there is no record of who built other Weishui (Middle magnified) western buildings, from the exteriors of these constructions Source: Drawn by this study. one can still see the combination of eastern and western styles. As for sitting furniture, there are Master chairs in both There are about 100 “fan zi lou” in Kinmen. However, the Xu Yun-Xuan Western-Style House and the Chen most of them are no longer in use. Some of them had been Shi-Yin Western-Style House (Figure 19a and Figure 19b). Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25 abandoned when their owners moved to the South Sea area, Traditionally, in halls and living rooms, furniture shall be A table A cabinet A dresser Figure 20. A Canopy bed while others had been damaged during the World War II. arranged according a central axis. Furniture shall be on both Source: Photographed and drawn by this study Source: Photographed by this study Thus, the samples used in this study are those with original sides of a hall. Usually a set means eight chairs and four furniture well-preserved inside them. A total of 4 historical tables. These chairs are so-called “Master chairs” or As described above, the Quest had an important effect As for carrying furniture (corner-leg table, stand, constructions were picked, which are Xu Yun-Xuan “scholar chairs”. If in a hall there are four chairs and two on the development of furniture in Kinmen. Immigrants shelves, narrow waistless tables , and recessed-leg tables) Western-Style House, Former Residence of Cai Kai-Cheng, tables, it is called half-hall arrangement; and complete-hall sought only to satisfy basic needs for living, and sent and storing furniture (closets, cabinets, bookcases, and Former Residence (Memorial Hall) of Huang Tian-You, and arrangement with eight chairs and four tables [14]. There whatever they had left over home for people in their others (cases and boxes)), a lot of them are from the South Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House. are four Master chairs with two tables (half-hall) in the Xu hometown, including donating money to build schools Sea area, especially the ones in Former Residence of Huang The owners of these four historical constructions had all Yun-Xuan Western-Style House. These chairs are square (Jinshui Elementary School), defense towers (De Yue Lou), Tian-You and Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House. In Chen been in business or to the South Sea area. Yun-Xuan Xu chairs with stories sculpted on them. In the Xu Yun-Xuan and Fan Zi Lou, which were to show their wealth and Shi-Yin Western-Style House, there is a round table (Figure was in the building material business. He imported Western-Style House, another half-hall set of Master chairs naturally had strict requirements on furniture. In the case of 21) and three dressers (Figure 22a ~ Figure 22c). In Former materials from Xiamen to Kinmen and sold them in (Figure 19c) is located by the entrance. Their styles are Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House, the architecture not Residence of Huang Tian-You, some table, closet, and Kinmen. Kai-Cheng Cai left to Sumatra, Indonesia. After he simple with sizes smaller than general ones. And the only has a Western outer experience, but also furniture as dresser from Singapore (Figure 23 ~ Figure 25). In the had earned enough money, he opened “Guang Da Hang”. materials used are simple, too. The cutting technology was well, including three mirror shelves (Figure 22a ~ Figure aspect of exteriors, the ends of some legs and pillars are Tian-You Huang went to Singapore when he was young to already applied to create these chairs. Inside the Chen 22c) and a bed, especially the mirror stand (Figure 22a), spindle-shaped and some patterns with spindle shapes can study medicine. He returned Kinmen at 29 and had lived Shi-Yin Western-Style House, there is a complete-hall set of which had many spindle-shaped decorations at the upper be found in decorations. Or some legs are twisted baluster there since. His residence is the only “Palladian” Master chairs. Overall the furniture is square with splendid parts, shell shaped decorations on the handles of the legs (popular during the later period of the Renaissance and construction in Kinmen. Shi-Yin Chen went to Singapore marquetries. The top rail is curved, the back splat is a drawers, and “Western lotus” decorations on the lower the Baroque Era). At that time, the countries in the South and Indonesia in 1903 and started a business related to local openwork carving. As for the bottom part, under the seat wooden part of the drawers. In addition, there were also Sea area were almost all colonies of European countries. products. In 1932 he returned home and built his house. The there is a waist. The apron panel is inlaid with sculptures. master chairs, which were supposedly purchased in China Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Straits Settlements (now styles of these four constructions are all combinations of There are flowers inlays sculpted around the narrow based on the form of the chairs and the inlaying technique. Maleka, Pulau Pinang, and Singapore) were colonies of the eastern and western features. It is the same for furniture waistless tables. Inlaying techniques were truly applied to furniture in China, UK. These colonists had brought their ways of life into their inside them. First of all, in the space for worshipping, and archeological data shows that implements with inlayed colonies. And overseas Chinese returning home had brought everything was still designed in accordance with the stones were found in the Hemudu Site from 4000 years ago local products with them. That’s why we can see this type traditions without much change. However, recessed-leg [27]. The variety of inlayed materials grew even larger in of furniture inside these “fan zi lou”. tables are different. Especially, the tables in the Former the Qing Dynasty, in which Guangdong was famous for the

Residence of Cai Kai-Cheng (Figure 17) and the Chen mother-of-pearl inlay. According to prior paragraphs, Shi-Yin Western-Style House are both patterned with Kinmen lacked resources and had even fewer trees. Kinmen complex and splendid decorations. The decorations had was surrounded by sea and convenient sea transport, so many varieties and even covered entire pieces of furniture; most objects were shipped to Kinmen from other places. decorations were symmetrical on both sides of a piece of Exquisite, resplendent furniture with mother-of-pearl inlay Figure 21. A round table furniture. In this case the decoration is based on the story of Figure 19. A master Chairs were mostly brought to Kinmen by wealthy overseas hiring talented in Weishui (Figure 18); both sides have Source: Photographed by this study Chinese from Southeast Asia or China. Therefore, the

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THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol. xx No. x 20xx 7 importance of immigrants who were successful in foreign made. This aspect was very significant in Kinmen. “The countries on the development of furniture in Kinmen goes Ming and the Qing Dynasties is the prosperous period of without saying. imperial exams. Military commanders appear one after another. A total of 43 presented scholars are from this 4. Discussion period. There is a saying ‘In less than 100 people, 36 are A summary of the results above. The influences of the officials” [30]. Military commanders included provincial historical development on the culture of furniture are commanders and garrison commanders. In Kinmen there is discussed from four aspects, the political, the social, the a saying that “there are 3 provincial commanders within 9 economic trading, and the questing (sailing) below: miles and 1 garrison commander within 100 steps.” It is The first aspect is the political. The most important roles obvious that in Kinmen during the Qing Dynasty there were which determine cultural development are dynasties and a lot of military commanders [31]. The owners of 6 of the rulers. The Ming Dynasty ended. The Qing army entered constructions used in this study, included Xuan Hong China (and started the Qing Dynasty in the middle of the Historical Residence, Mansion of Provincial Graduate Cai, 17th century, 1664~1910). Because the rulers of China were Former Residence of Yang Hua, Ciou Liang-Gong Historic of a different race, they worried about not being able to House, Residence of Scholar Wu, and Mansion of General reign for a long time. Their policy for the Han people was Lu, were civil officials or military officers. All the other “suppressing their national consciousness and feeding them owners were businessmen. No. 18, Li Family Abode, with stereotyped literature”, creating a trend of Sishancian is a special case. The owner was Shi-Ta Li. He examinations so that scholars had to spend all their time began his career in Singapore when he went there to start completing with each other in wording by making imperial the “Jin Yu Mei Jiu Ba Hang”. Then he made a donation to exams more complex [28]. Therefore, there wasn’t much get a position “Wu Pin Tong Zhi Feng Zheng Da Fu” [32]. space for science development, while art also went Through observing different social organizations, it was downhill. Even though there had been promotions, the found that furniture used was influenced as well. For result wasn’t idea [29]. In the imperial court, due to the example, tables in first-class (Liang-Gong Ciou) and promotion of art, the styles of lacquerwork, china, and second-class officers’ (Hua Yang) homes were larger than enamel were complex, detailed, and splendid. As for sitting those in common people’s homes. And most designs of furniture, besides being sumptuous, it is also complexly businessmen’s furniture are with some western features and decorated with all kinds of materials. Colors used were splendid decorations. The dressing tables in Pubian Chou bright [28]. Hu [18] indicated that the rulers was willing to Residence and Li Family Abode, Sishancian are some spend efforts and time pursuing splendid and heavy examples. And the designs of the four research samples furniture in order to show their positions were as steady as from the R.O.C. period are with variety because overseas rocks and mountains. In the Qing Dynasty, in Kinmen what Chinese had brought back some local furniture from the was influenced the most was furniture. For example, the South Sea area, leading to the result of having both eastern 5-screen armchair in Former Residence of Yang Hua, the and western furniture in their homes. bed in Huang Family Youtang, and the bed and closet in Li The third aspect is the economic trading. During the end Family Abode, Sishancian are all splendid and heavy. of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, The second aspect is the social. Scholars were Zheng’s people were devoted to restore the Ming Dynasty. intellectuals. Their social statuses were high. After the Sui They fight against the Qing government using their power Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty after imperial exams were on the sea. In 1661, the Qing government implemented the popular, there was a saying that “ten years of oblivion in sea restrictions. In 1685 after Taiwan was restored, the school may bring you fame overnight”. A lot of poor people restrictions were cancelled. Chen [33]suggested that trading had made their ancestors proud through imperial exams. In was still popular on the sea near the coastal areas even ancient China, there was a policy of “encouraging thought there were restrictions. Kinmen was very lack of agriculture while restraining business”. The social status of goods and materials. Thus this situation was very important merchants finally got higher in the Ming Dynasty and the for Kinmen. Take furniture materials for example, there Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, merchants could make weren’t a lot of trees in Kinmen. Furniture was usually donations to buy an official position. Their children could made of acacias. Another common material was China trees. participate in imperial exams. And business laws had been Farmers back then usually made their tools with these trees.

188 THEB U L LSCIENCE E T I N O F JSSD Vol.OF DESIGN 60 No. BULLETIN 5 2014 OF THE JSSD SCIENCE Vol. OF 53 DESIGN No. 1 2006 importance of immigrants who were successful in foreign made. This aspect was very significant in Kinmen. “The Best woods had to be imported. Another choice was to buy brought back from Singapore. He said, “Items brought back countries on the development of furniture in Kinmen goes Ming and the Qing Dynasties is the prosperous period of a complete set of furniture and bring it back to Kinmen. Lu from Singapore include the iron bed ” According to his without saying. imperial exams. Military commanders appear one after [21] mentioned that furniture trading was very popular in words, questing was also an important factor which another. A total of 43 presented scholars are from this the Qing Dynasty. The range of trading was broad. influenced the culture of furniture in Kinmen. 4. Discussion period. There is a saying ‘In less than 100 people, 36 are Especially, in the late period of the Qianlong reign, some A summary of the results above. The influences of the officials” [30]. Military commanders included provincial domestic furniture stores had been opened to sell furniture. 5. Conclusions historical development on the culture of furniture are commanders and garrison commanders. In Kinmen there is Besides, a lot of furniture had been exported to west Europe This study employs document analysis and ethnography discussed from four aspects, the political, the social, the a saying that “there are 3 provincial commanders within 9 or American countries. Or artisans from Xiamen and research to explore the influence of historical development economic trading, and the questing (sailing) below: miles and 1 garrison commander within 100 steps.” It is Gulangyu were invited to Kinmen to make furniture. Thus, on the culture of furniture. The effects of each period in The first aspect is the political. The most important roles obvious that in Kinmen during the Qing Dynasty there were styles of furniture at that time are mostly Qing styles. After history on the culture of furniture in Kinmen are concluded which determine cultural development are dynasties and a lot of military commanders [31]. The owners of 6 of the the R.O.C. period, goods required in daily lives were still based on analysis and discussion results. First, during the rulers. The Ming Dynasty ended. The Qing army entered constructions used in this study, included Xuan Hong imported. Thus there were a lot of small boats traveling Qing Dynasty, designs of furniture in Kinmen were of Qing China (and started the Qing Dynasty in the middle of the Historical Residence, Mansion of Provincial Graduate Cai, between Kinmen and Xiamen. Lo [34] used two examples. Dynasty styles because Kinmen was under the autocratic 17th century, 1664~1910). Because the rulers of China were Former Residence of Yang Hua, Ciou Liang-Gong Historic For example, the “Kinmen Shipping Company” was formed government of the Qing Dynasty. For example, the Former of a different race, they worried about not being able to House, Residence of Scholar Wu, and Mansion of General by overseas Chinese in Singapore, Jing-Lan Chen and Residence of Yang Hua features heavy materials and reign for a long time. Their policy for the Han people was Lu, were civil officials or military officers. All the other Guang-Ping Wu, in 1992, for shipping between Kinmen emphasized fancy decorations. From a social perspective, “suppressing their national consciousness and feeding them owners were businessmen. No. 18, Li Family Abode, and Xiamen. The famous temple wall-painting master social status also affected furniture, in which the size of with stereotyped literature”, creating a trend of Sishancian is a special case. The owner was Shi-Ta Li. He Tian-Zhu Lin in Little Kinmen (Lieh Yu) was originally furniture varied according to the rank of officials. For examinations so that scholars had to spend all their time began his career in Singapore when he went there to start from Annan, Fujiang. His family had made a living with example, first-class and second-class officials had different completing with each other in wording by making imperial the “Jin Yu Mei Jiu Ba Hang”. Then he made a donation to cottons, oysters, and salt for several generations until his sized sacrificial tables that were decorated to be more exams more complex [28]. Therefore, there wasn’t much get a position “Wu Pin Tong Zhi Feng Zheng Da Fu” [32]. father Qian Lin’s generation. His father switched to the resplendent. More Western style furniture appeared in the space for science development, while art also went Through observing different social organizations, it was trading business. He owned a two-masted sailboat named homes of businessmen, because they had more downhill. Even though there had been promotions, the found that furniture used was influenced as well. For “Da Chun”. It sailed among Kinmen, Xiamen, and Shima opportunities to bring what they see, hear about and come result wasn’t idea [29]. In the imperial court, due to the example, tables in first-class (Liang-Gong Ciou) and with shipments including local products from Zhangzhou, in contact with in the outer world back into their homes. promotion of art, the styles of lacquerwork, china, and second-class officers’ (Hua Yang) homes were larger than fish products, western products, southern and northern Finally, during the Quest many Kinmen immigrants that enamel were complex, detailed, and splendid. As for sitting those in common people’s homes. And most designs of products, and groceries. The samples used in this study became wealthy returned to build “fan zi lou (foreign furniture, besides being sumptuous, it is also complexly businessmen’s furniture are with some western features and were mostly from China or made by artisans (Former buildings),” and brought back furniture popular in decorated with all kinds of materials. Colors used were splendid decorations. The dressing tables in Pubian Chou Residence of Yang Hua, Pubian Chou Residence, Ciou Southeast Asia, e.g. Western mirror stands, round tables, bright [28]. Hu [18] indicated that the rulers was willing to Residence and Li Family Abode, Sishancian are some Liang-Gong Historic House, and Li Family Abode, tables and closets in the Chen Shi-Yin Western-Style House spend efforts and time pursuing splendid and heavy examples. And the designs of the four research samples Sishancian) except for long benches and stools which were and Former Residence of Huang Tian-You. Many furniture in order to show their positions were as steady as from the R.O.C. period are with variety because overseas made of local materials. Therefore, both in the early days components of the furniture were made using cutting rocks and mountains. In the Qing Dynasty, in Kinmen what Chinese had brought back some local furniture from the and nowadays, economic trading has directly influenced technology and had “Western lotus” decorations. was influenced the most was furniture. For example, the South Sea area, leading to the result of having both eastern inheritance and exchange of the culture of furniture in 5-screen armchair in Former Residence of Yang Hua, the and western furniture in their homes. Kinmen. 6. Acknowledgements bed in Huang Family Youtang, and the bed and closet in Li The third aspect is the economic trading. During the end The last aspect is the questing. After the five-port I am heartedly thankful to the National Science Council, Family Abode, Sishancian are all splendid and heavy. of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, trading, China made Xiamen into a commercial port. In the Executive Yuan for the subsidy (#NSC The second aspect is the social. Scholars were Zheng’s people were devoted to restore the Ming Dynasty. chaos, poor people in Kinmen one by one left their homes 99-2410-H-027-011) and Miss Shu-Fang Li for working so intellectuals. Their social statuses were high. After the Sui They fight against the Qing government using their power and sailed to the South Sea area to make a living. Then the hard to open up a road for this study. Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty after imperial exams were on the sea. In 1661, the Qing government implemented the ones who got rich returned home and built grand western popular, there was a saying that “ten years of oblivion in sea restrictions. In 1685 after Taiwan was restored, the buildings (fan zi lou) to make their ancestors proud and to 7. References school may bring you fame overnight”. A lot of poor people restrictions were cancelled. Chen [33]suggested that trading show off their social statuses. They also brought some local 1. Jiang BW. The Introduction to the Architecture in had made their ancestors proud through imperial exams. In was still popular on the sea near the coastal areas even goods from the South Sea area when they went back home. Kinmen: History, Culture and Style. Taiwan Art ancient China, there was a policy of “encouraging thought there were restrictions. Kinmen was very lack of One of the goods they brought back was furniture which Publishing 2003; (53):15-31. agriculture while restraining business”. The social status of goods and materials. Thus this situation was very important was used for their western buildings. For example, in 2. 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