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Choirades, Kerasous, Pharnakeia: Observations on Three Ancient Place-Names in the Southern Black Sea*

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Choirades, Kerasous, Pharnakeia: Observations on Three Ancient Place-Names in the Southern Black Sea* doi: 10.2143/AWE.9.0.2056305 AWE 9 (2010) 135-153 CHOIRADES, KERASOUS, PHARNAKEIA: OBSERVATIONS ON THREE ANCIENT PLACE-NAMES IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK SEA* MANOLIS MANOLEDAKIS Abstract This study concerns three place-names in the southern Black Sea: Choirades, Cerasus/ Kerasous and Pharnakeia. The information given in the ancient sources about these three places is collated and examined with a view to discussing their locations, their history, and also the connection between them, a matter on which opinion is still divided. Introduction It is often the case with the study of ancient topography that we know certain place-names, but are unable to collect information about them that would enable us to reach clear conclusions about their precise geographical position or, espe- cially, to answer important questions about their history. Sometimes, indeed, not only is the inadequate information in ancient sources to blame for this, it may cause even greater confusion with regard, for instance, to the connection between several place-names. The confusion is often exacerbated by modern research. This is well illustrated by the case of three place-names on the south coast of the Black Sea: Choirades, Cerasus/Kerasous and Pharnakeia (Fig. 1). How were these three ancient cities connected? Was one of them built on the site of another? Did all three occupy the same site? Or were they three cities in different locations? Could they have been more than three cities – was there, in other words, more than one city with one of these three names? It is questions like these that will be tackled in the pages that follow, as we examine the toponyms in the chronological order in which they are encountered in the surviving written sources. * I would like to thank Prof. M. Tiverios, Prof. E. Voutiras, Prof. C. Tzitzilis, Dr I. Xydopoulos and the archaeologist E. Mendesidou for the constructive conversations we enjoyed during the writ- ing of this paper. 993510_AWE9_2010_08.indd3510_AWE9_2010_08.indd 113535 22/12/10/12/10 113:243:24 136 M. MANOLEDAKIS Fig 1: Part of the map Pontus (after Bryer and Winfield 1985, 1). 993510_AWE9_2010_08.indd3510_AWE9_2010_08.indd 113636 22/12/10/12/10 113:243:24 CHOIRADES, KERASOUS, PHARNAKEIA 137 Choirades We have very little information about Choirades, because it is mentioned by only two of the ancient writers whose work survives: Hecataeus and Ps.-Scylax. We know of Hecataeus’ reference to Choirades in his Periegesis (ca. 500 BC) through the works of Herodian (De Prosodia Catholica 3. 1. 58) and Stephanus of Byzan- tium (694). They define Choirades as póliv Mossunoíkwn, and a passage from Hecataeus follows: Tibarjno⁄si dè pròv Ølion Mossúnoikoi ömoréousin. ên d’ aûto⁄si Xoirádev póliv (FGH I, A F 204). The Mossynoeci and their western neighbours, the Tibareni, are two tribes mentioned in several sources, living in the eastern part of the southern Black Sea coast. The Chalybes must have dwelt in the same area, a little farther south. In fact Xenophon (Anabasis 5. 5. 1) reports that the Chalybes were subjects of the Mossy- noeci. Some writers (for example Ps.-Scylax 88; Xenophon Anabasis 5. 4. 15; Apol- lonius of Rhodes 2. 379, 1015–1016; Strabo 7. 1. 3) also give information about the morphology and nature of this area (mountains, lowland villages, seas, forests, etc.). Furthermore, Herodotus (7. 78) describes their weaponry and armour, which included wooden helmets, small shields and spears with long blades. They belonged to the 19th satrapy (Herodotus 3. 94), together with the Mares, the Moschoi and the Macrones. The Tibareni lived to the west of the Mossynoeci and to the east and north of the Chalybes.1 Around the mid-4th century BC, to which time most scholars date the final form of the Periplus,2 Ps.-Scylax (86) now refers to the city as Greek and locates it in the area between Trapezous and Sinope: Metà dè Makrokefálouv Mossúnoikoi ∂qnov, kaì Hefúriov lim®n, Xoirádev póliv ¨Elljnìv, ‰Arewv n±sov. Oœtoi ∫rj katoikoÕsin. The fundamental variance between the two texts and the absence of other refer- ences to Choirades, together with the fact that the wider area in question is one of the least archaeologically explored on the entire Black Sea,3 has raised questions about the identity of the city’s inhabitants and also about its location, which has been identified with the site of Pharnakeia or Kerasous (by those who support the identification of Kerasous with Pharnakeia, which is also controversial). Regarding the first question, the two available sources seem to give conflicting information. Hecataeus attributes the city to the Mossynoeci, while Ps.-Scylax calls 1 Sources (with historical information also) and other literature about the Mossynoeci in the rel- evant entries in RE (XVI.1, 367–77) and NP (8, 420). About Tibareni, Mossynoeci and Chalybes, see more recently Tsetskhladze 2007, 181-84. 2 For opinions on the dating of the Periplus and to what extent it could be based on the original work by Scylax of Caryanda, see recently Counillon 2004. 3 Cf. Erciyas 2007, 1197–98. Tsetskhladze 2007, 160–61. 993510_AWE9_2010_08.indd3510_AWE9_2010_08.indd 113737 22/12/10/12/10 113:243:24 138 M. MANOLEDAKIS it Greek. There are two possibilities here: either one of the writers is wrong or we are misinterpreting what one of them says. According to Hansen,4 Choirades was a Greek city; but according to Avram, Hind and Tsetskhladze,5 Choirades is a very dubious case and we should not necessarily trust what Ps.-Scylax says. Let us see exactly what the two writers do say about the city. Herodian and Stephanus of Byzantium quote Hecataeus both indirectly and directly, with a pas- sage in quotation marks, thus removing any doubt that Hecataeus mentioned the city of Choirades. In a detailed article about Hecataeus’ use of the word polis, Hansen discerns three ways in which Stephanus refers to Hecataeus’ work:6 by placing Hecataeus’ exact words in quotation marks, by using indirect speech (for example ‘Hecataeus says that…’), and by mentioning the name of the city followed immediately by that of Hecataeus as a reference (for example Xoirádev, póliv Mos- sunoíkwn. ¨Ekata⁄ov EûrÉpjÇ). All this applies equally to Herodian, and one cannot help wondering why almost all scholars refer only to Stephanus (6th century AD) and not to the much earlier Herodian (2nd century AD), even though they both use exactly the same words and thus, if the former is not copying the latter, must have a common source. In the case of Choirades, we have an example of Herodian’s (and Stephanus’) first and third mode of reference to Hecataeus. Choirades is mentioned as a polis of the Mossynoeci, and in the reference that follows, in which it is made clear that the information comes from the Periegesis, a book about Europe (which may also have been so titled), we read in quotation marks exactly what Hecataeus wrote about the city, namely that it belonged to the Mossynoeci. For his part, Ps.-Scylax writes that the Mossynoeci were a people who lived after the Macrocephali and were moun- tain dwellers, and he includes a reference to the harbour of Zephyrios, the Hellenic city of Choirades and the island of Ares. It is clear, first of all, that Choirades was a city in the territory of the Mossyn- oeci, even from what Ps.-Scylax says, because he refers to it in his paragraph on the Mossynoeci and between two items of information about them. However, this does not automatically imply that it was also founded and inhabited by this peo- ple. The contradiction between Hecataeus’ ‘polis of the Mossynoeci’ and Ps.-Scy- lax’s ‘Hellenic polis’ is actually a discrepancy not between these two writers, but between the latter and Herodian and Stephanus, because ‘polis of the Mossynoeci’ is their phrase and denotes what they or their common source inferred from Heca- taeus. Hecataeus, however, according to the sentence in quotation marks (the only 4 Hansen 1997, 22. 5 Avram et al. 2004, 928. 6 Hansen 1997, 17. 993510_AWE9_2010_08.indd3510_AWE9_2010_08.indd 113838 22/12/10/12/10 113:243:24 CHOIRADES, KERASOUS, PHARNAKEIA 139 verbatim record of his words), says ên d’ aûto⁄si (Mossunoíkoiv) Xoirádev póliv. It is merely a geographical designation (‘within the territory of the Mossynoeci’), not a racial one. Therefore it does not rule out the possibility that Choirades was a Greek city (Ps.-Scylax) in the territory of the Mossynoeci. The probability that Choirades was a Greek and not a ‘barbarian’ city is strongly supported by its very name. Choirades are the smooth pebbles resembling the hindquarters of a pig (choiras) which are barely covered by the surface of the sea, in other words, shallows or shoals. The word is also defined in Suda Lex (592 s.v. Xoirádev): Xoirádev:pétrai le⁄ai ên qalássjÇ: Æ êzoxaí: Æ ∫xqoi petr¬n. It is clearly a Greek word denoting a feature of the landscape and it is quite natural for it to be used as the name of a place that has this feature. The closest example is that of the island of Skopelos (which means ‘reef’ or ‘shelf’). Significantly, the place-name is also encountered elsewhere: Choirades is the name, for instance, of some islands in Iapygia (Thucydides 7. 33. 4). Consequently, in this case too we must consider that the Choirades of Hecat- aeus and Ps.-Scylax was a coastal city, from which shoals were visible in the sea. The most important point, however, is that this city, with its Greek name, could not have been founded and inhabited by Mossynoeci, but must have been a Greek colony.7 Thus Ps.-Scylax’s explicit designation of the city as Greek is corroborated, without contradicting Hecataeus, who simply gives the city’s geographical location, the territory of the Mossynoeci, without regarding it also as their city.
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