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Map 1 Europe: Physical Ural Atlantic Volga North a e S Sea c W. Dvina Ocean lti Ba Thames Vistula Dnepr Don Elbe E Rhine Oder nglish Channel Meuse Seine Volga Don Loire Dnepr Rhine 503 Danube Ca rp Sea of at hi Azov an s THE A L P S Drava E CRIMEA H Caucasus T Sava P y Rhône IBERIAN r e n e CAPE Tagus e s Danube Black Sea ROCA Adriatic Sea s PENINSULA oru sp A o NINISUL B PEN AN LK A B s e M e d i l t e l r r a e n n e a a d n P r E a L 0 400 S O D miles P e O a N km N 0 600 E SE Map 1 Europe: physical 504 NORWAY Stockholm SWEDEN SCOTLAND Aberdeen Edinburgh Riga Moscow North a Kazan e IRELAND DENMARK S Sea SCANIA c Copenhagen lti Ba LITHUANIA Smolensk ENGLAND Königsberg NIA EAST RUSSIA ERA Atlantic Lübeck M PRUSSIA .PO London Amst UNITED W PROVINCES BRANDENBURG Danzig BELORUSSIA Berlin Warsaw Dunkirk Brussels Ocean NETHERLANDSSPANISH Lille SAXONY POLAND Kiev NORMANDY Paris Prague Dnepr BOHEMIA UKRAINE BAVARIA Y D N Vienna U G FRANCE R SWITZ. BU AUSTRIA Geneva Sea of HUNGARY Azov THE VENICE CRIMEA CASTILE PIEDMONT Venice O T T O Black Sea Florence M Lisbon Madrid Marseille Adriatic Sea A ARAGON N SPAIN CATALONIA PORTUGAL Rome E Constantinople M P Naples I NAPLES R E M e d i t e r r a n e a Athens n SICILY S 0 miles 400 e a 0 km 600 CRETE Map 2 Europe in 1648 FINLAND Vyborg NORWAY St Petersburg Stockholm Aberdeen SWEDEN Glasgow Edinburgh Riga North a Moscow BRITAIN e DENMARK S c Sea ti Liverpool Copenhagen al HELIGO- B LAND Königsberg Danzig A Atlantic S Hamburg Stettin A D Thorn I London Amst. HANOVER S N I R U S Bristol A L R Berlin E S H Warsaw T P Posen Ocean NE S Brussels R U Leipzig SILESIA POLAND Frankfurt Kiev SAXONY LUX. Paris Cracow Prague UKRAINE BOHEMIA BAVARIA I G A L C I A FRANCE Vienna B E Salzburg S SWITZ. E S R A Bordeaux P I R A U S T R I A N E M A B SAVOY I Milan A Turin IA Trieste ET LOMBARDY N VE PIEDMONT Venice Fiume O T T Florence O Nice Black Sea TUSCANY M Lisbon Madrid Marseille Adriatic Sea SERBIA A Barcelona N SPAIN CORSICA S PORTUGAL E Rome I E Constantinople M L I P SARDINIA I C R I E M S 0 400 Gibraltar e d i t e miles r I r O km a O 0 600 n e N I a W A n T N S IS e . a MALTA Map 3 Europe in 1815 505 506 BRITAIN Calais UNITED use NETHER- Me PAS-DE-CALAIS Lille LANDS GERMAN Arras NORD e l n n lle a Amiens se CONFEDERATION h o h C MézièresMézières M i s SOMME g l SEINE-INFRE. Laon ARDENNES n Rouen E Beauvais AISNE OISE ChChâteau-âteau- MOSELLE Caen Thierry MARNE MEUSE Metz St.-Lô EURE PARIS M CALVADOS a Châlons-s-M. r MEURTHE Évreux Paris n Bar-le- BAS- MANCHE SEINE-ET e Duc Strasbourg ORNE Versailles Melun Nancy RHIN St-Brieuc Alençon EURE SEINE-ET Sei ne OISE Épinal CÔTES-DU-NORD Chartres MARNE Troyes Rennes MAYENNE HTE-MARNE FINISTÈRE Le Mans ET-LOIR AUBE VOSGES Colmar Orléans Quimper ILLE-ET- Laval YONNE Chaumont HAUT- MORBIHAN VILANE SARTHE LOIRET HAUTE Vannes LOIR-ET- Auxerre Vesoul RHIN Lorient Angers SAÔNE LOIRE- Tours Blois Dijon L o INFÈRIEURE i Besançon CHER r MAINE-ET- e NIÈVRE CÔTE-D'OR INDRE- Bourges DOUBS LOIRE SWITZERLAND Nantes ET-LOIRE Nevers CHER JURA Atlantic SAÔNE-ET- La-Roche-sur-Yon DEUX- Châteauroux LOIRE Lons-le-Saunier SÈVRES Poitiers INDRE Moulins VENDÈE Mâcon VIENNE ALLIER Guéret Bourg Ocean Niort SAVOY La Rochelle HTE- PUY DE RHÔNE AIN CHARENTE- VIENNE CREUSE LOIRE Clermont- Lyon INFRE. CHARENTE Limoges Ferrand DÔME St. Etienne ISÈRE Angoulême CORRÈZE e HTE. LOIRE Périgueux Tulle n e Grenoble og n d CANTAL ô PIEDMONT r h Do Le Puy R Valence HTES.- DORDOGNE Privas Bordeaux Aurillac Mende DRÔME ALPES ARDÈCHE GIRONDE LOT Gap LOT-ET- Rodez LOZÈRE BASSES- Ga Cahors r o AVEYRON Agen nne GARD Digne GARONNE TARN-ET- VAUCLUSE LANDES Mon. Albi Nimes Avignon ALPES GARONNE Mont-de-Marsan GERS TARN Montpellier Draguignan Toulouse BOUÇHES- I I Auch I I HÉRAULT DU RHONE HTE. I I I I VAR I I C I I an Pau GARONNE I I I al du M 0 I I I idi Marseille 200 I I I I I I I I I I I miles BASSES- Tarbes I I I I I I I I PYRÉNÉES Carcassonne km Lourdes Foix AUDE 0 300 HTES.- Mediterranean ARIÈGE Perpignan SPAIN PYRÉNÉES PYRÉNÉES-ORIENTALES Sea Map 4 France and its neighbours from 1815 507 GREENLAND ICELAND Hudson Bay NORTH–WESTERN TERRITORIES N EW F O U BRITBRITAINAIN N D L VVANCOUVERANCOUVER A IS.IS. N CANADA D NOOTKA IS. Quebec CAP E B R FRANCE ETON NOVA SCOTIA UNITED STATES SPAIN AZORES PORT i p p si s i s s i Atlantic MOROCCO M CANARY IS. MEXICO Ocean Mexico C.VERDE IS. SEN EG A L UNIT. PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMER. Caracas GUIANA SIERRA LEONE GUINEA LIBERIA Pacific Ocean COLOMBIA Quito Amazon ASCENSION Lima PERU BRAZIL ST HELENA BOLIVIA Boston Rio de Janeiro PARA- New York GUAY Philadelphia ARGEN- Santiago TINA URUGUAY Montevideo CHILE TRISTAN DA CUNHA Buenos Aires Ohio A I N Appalachians O G Charleston A LOUISIANA T A Atlantic P ISLAS MALVINAS Ocean (FALKLAND ISLANDS) New CAPE HORN Orleans FLORIDA PUERTO RICO CUBA HAITI (ST DOMINGO) JAMAICA ST LUCIA Carribbean Sea TOBAGO 0 400 miles TRINIDAD 0 km 600 British Dutch French (Scale for large land masses) 0 miles 1000 0 km 1600 Map 5 Europe and the Atlantic world by 1830 508 Tobolsk Tomsk R E Okhotsk Sea Moscow R U S P I S I A N E M A L S Irkutsk KAMCHATKA E D Orenburg U N T I A A N I S L Astrakhan O T T O M Peking A N Tbilisi CHINA E JAPAN M e Sitka l P c MALTA r ALGERIA SYRIA I PERSIA i CYPRUS R C AFGHAN- Nagasaki c E ti ISTAN rc TRIPOLI Cairo Delhi A A ALASKA BENGAL Bering Strait R EGYPT A Calcutta BURMA Canton Pacific B INDIA I Macao A Bombay Ocean Nile SIAM PHILIPPINE ABYSSINIA ISLANDS CEYLON 0 miles 500 km D Singapore 0 800 U T C H Zanzibar SEYCHELLES E A Indian S T I N D I E S Ocean MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS WESTERN NEW AUSTRALIA SOUTH WALES CAPE CAPE Port Natal Perth OF GOOD HOPE COLONY Sydney Capetown NEW (Scale for large land masses) ZEALAND 0 miles 1000 0 km 1600 Map 6 Europe and the eastern world by 1830 D Copen SWEDEN EN hagen MA a RK S e Boundary of German Empire SCHLESWIG c North Sea l t i Königsberg B a Kiel 0 miles 200 Danzig EAST HOLSTEIN 0 km 300 A PRUSSIA Lübeck I W. POMERANIAWEST Hamburg S Bremen Elbe Stettin PRUSSIA NETHERLANDS S Thorn HANOVER BRANDENBURG POSEN Amsterdam U Posen Vistula Berlin Warsaw Oder R WESTPHALIA POLAND Y Halle Brussels Cologne N P X O Rhine S A S RUSSIA BELGIUM HESSE Leipzig I Dresden L SAXONY E S I A Cracow la LUX. Elbe Vistu Mainz Prague Frankfurt BOHEMIA GALICIA Heidelberg LORRAINE BAVARIA WÜRTEMBURG SLOVAKIA FRANCE Strasbourg A Danube I ALSACE B Vienna AD R EN T S U Zürich A Budapest – H U N G A R I A N E M SWITZERLAND S T R O P I R A U HUNGARY E p s A l e h Trieste T Milan Venice Fiume ITALY Adriatic Sea Black Sea CROATIA Danube Map 7 The German Empire and its neighbours, 1871 509 510 C a Budapest r p a t MOLDAVIA h AUSTRIA–HUNGARY i a TRANSYLVANIA n BESSARABIA s s n i a n A l p BANAT l v a Danube s y a n Sava T r Belgrade ROMANIA WALLACHIA Bucharest BOSNIA Drina Constanta Sarajevo DOBRUDJA Danube SERBIA DALMATIA Novibazar BULGARIA Varna MONTENEGRO Sofia Ragusa Black Sea EASTERN ROUMELIA Adriatic Sea THRACE Bosporus Constantinople ALBANIA Sea of Salonika Marmara Gallipoli MACEDONIA OTTOMAN Aegean Sea Dardanelles GREECE EMPIRE Ionian Sea Smyrna IONIAN ISLANDS Athens PELOPONNESE DODECANESE IS. Navarino M CRETE e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a 0 miles 200 0 km 300 Map 8 The Balkans in 1913 511 GREENLAND ICELAND BBRITAINRITAIN CANADA FRANCE SPAIN UNITED STATES PORT Atlantic MOROCCO ALGERIA RIO DE ORO MEXICO Ocean FRENCH WEST AFRICA SENEGAL Niger SIERRA LEONE VENEZUELA GUIANA COLOMBIA TOGO IVORY COAST ECUADOR GOLD COAST Pacific BRAZIL PERU Ocean BOLIVIA PARA- GUAY CHILE URUGUAY ARGENTINA FALKLAND IS. CUBA ST PUERTO HAITI DOMINGO RICO JAMAICA HONDURAS Caribbean Sea GUATE- MALA HONDURAS R O NICARAGUA D A LV A Canal Zone S British Dutch French COSTA RICA P ANAMA (Scale for large land masses) 0 miles 1000 0 km 1600 Map 9 Europe and the Atlantic world by 1914 512 R U S E S I A N E M P I R SAKHALIN S D N MONGOLIA LA M IS A L N RI C U H K U R Vladivostock IA OTTOMAN EMPIRE P T Wei-hai-wei o KOREA JAPAN U r CHINA t N A I r S t Baghdad h IA Suez Canal PERSIA TIBET AFGHAN.
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