THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE STUDIES IN RUSSIA AND EAST EUROPE This series includes books on general, political, historical, economic and cultural themes relating to Russia and East Europe written or edited by members of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in the University of London, or by authors working in association with the School.

Recent titles include:

Roger Bartlett and Karen Schon walder (editors) THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations

John Channon (editor) POLmCS, SOCIETY AND STALINISM IN THE USSR

Geoffrey Hosking and Robert Service (editors) RUSSIAN NATIONALISM, PAST AND PRESENT

Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND

Marja Nissinen LATVIA'S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY Political Determinants of Economic Reform Policy Jeremy Smith THE BOLSHEVIKS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION, 1917-23 Jeanne Sutherland SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA Innovation and Change, 1984-95

Keith Sword DEPORTATION AND EXILE Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48

Studies in Russia and East Europe Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71018-0 (outside North America onLy)

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.

Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 6XS, England The German Lands and Eastern Europe Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations

Edited by

Roger Bartlett School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London and

Karen SchonwaIder School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London

pal 9rave macmillan First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-349-27096-5 ISBN 978-1-349-27094-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27094-1

First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21759-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The German lands and eastern Europe : essays on the history of their social, cultural and political relations I edited by Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwalder. p. em.- (Studies in Russia and East Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21759-4 I. Germany-Relations-Europe, Eastern. 2. Europe, Eastern• -Relations-Germany. 3. Germans-Russia-History. 4. Germany- -Emigration and immigration. 5. Germany-Ethnic relations. I. Bartlett, Roger P., 1939- II. SchOnwalder, Karen, 1959- 111. Series. DD120.E852G47 1998 303.48'243047--dc21 98-24900 CIP Selection, editorial matter and Introduction © Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwalder 1999 Chapter 5 © Roger Bartlett and Bruce Mitchell 1999 Chapter 10 ©Karen SchOnwalder 1999 Chapters 2-4,6-9, 11-13 ©Macmillan Press Ltd 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-72086-8

All right~ reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WI P 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 Contents

Notes on the Contributors VlI

Acknowledgements ix

1 Introduction Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwiilder 1

2 The German Settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during the High Middle Ages 11 Martyn Rady

3 Cives Patriae: 'German' Burghers in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 48 Karin Friedrich

4 German Specialists in Petrine Russia: Architects, Painters and Thespians 72 Lindsey Hughes

5 State-Sponsored Immigration into Eastern Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 91 Roger Bartlett and Bruce Mitchell

6 Herder's Conception of Nationhood and its Influence in Eastern Europe 115 H. Barry Nisbet

7 Westjuden: Germany and German Jews through East European Eyes 136 John D. Klier

8 'Dearest Nicky ... ': Monarchical Relations between Prussia, the German Empire and Russia during the Nineteenth Century 157 Johannes Paulmann

v VI Contents

9 The Germans and Czech Statehood in the Twentieth Century 182 Hans Lemberg

10 Invited but Unwanted? Migrants from the East in Germany, 1890-1990 198 Karen SchOnwiilder

11 Soldiers and War Criminals: The Ongoing Debate about the Wehrmacht in the Second World War 217 Theo J. Schulte

12 From Ethnic Cleansing to Ethnic Resurgence: The German Minority in Poland, 1945-95 238 Keith Sword

13 One Thousand Years of Polish-German Camaraderie 260 Norman Davies

Index 276 Notes on the Contributors

Roger Bartlett is Reader in Russian History at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), University of London.

Norman Davies is Professor Emeritus of Polish History at SSEES.

Karin Friedrich is Lecturer in German History at SSEES.

Lindsey Hughes is Professor of Russian History at SSEES.

John D. Klier is Corob Professor of Modern Jewish History at the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies, University College London.

Hans Lemberg is Professor of East European History at the Philipps-UniversiUi.t, Marburg.

Bruce Mitchell is completing his doctoral thesis on ethnographic cartography at SSEES.

H. Barry Nisbet is Vice-Master of Sidney Sussex College and Professor of Modern Languages at the University of Cambridge.

Johannes Paulmann is completing his study on royal and state visits in nineteenth-century Europe at the Ludwig-Maximilians• UniversWit, Munich.

Martyn Rady is Senior Lecturer in Central European History at SSEES.

Karen Schonwiilder was, from 1992 to 1997, Lecturer in German History at SSEES and now lives in Frankfurt am Main.

Theo J. Schulte is Senior Lecturer in History at Anglia Polytechnic University in Cambridge.

Vll viii Notes on Contributors

Keith Sword was Lecturer in Polish Studies at SSEES until his death in 1998. Acknow ledgements

The map on page 50 has been reproduced from Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, vol. 1, Oxford, 1981, by kind permission of Oxford University Press.

The map on page 99 has been reproduced from KJ. Bade (ed.), Deutsche im Ausland, Fremde in Deutschland, second edn, Munich, 1992, by kind permission of C.H. Beck Verlag.

The poem on pages 274-5 has been reproduced from Gunter Grass, Gedichte und Kurzprosa, Studienausgabe, 11, Gottingen, 1994, by kind permission of Gerhard Steidl Verlag.

ix