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The Ancient Mortars, an Attestation of the Material Culture: the Case of Florence

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The Ancient Mortars, an Attestation of the Material Culture: the Case of Florence Per. Mineral. (2006), 75, 2-3, 255-262 http://go.to/permin An International Journal of O PERIODICO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage The ancient mortars, an attestation of the material culture: the case of Florence Elena Pecchioni1*, Fabio Fratini2, Emma Cantisani3 1 Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze (Italy) 2 C.N.R. - I.C.V.B.C. Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione Beni Culturali, Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze (Italy) 3 Dipartimento di Restauro e Conservazione dei Beni Architettonici, Facoltà di Architettura, Università di Firenze, Via Micheli Firenze (Italy) Abstract. — The aim of this paper is to describe Riassunto. — Questo lavoro vuole illustrare and highlight the role of artificial stone materials e sottolineare l’importanza che hanno i materiali used by man through history in order to further the lapidei artificiali utilizzati nella storia dell’uomo, understanding of history itself. per la comprensione e la divulgazione della storia The study of artificial materials such as mortar, stessa. Lo studio dei materiali artificiali, come le plaster, ceramics, etc. made and used over the malte, gli intonaci, le ceramiche ecc., confezionati centuries, augments our knowledge of the “Material dall’uomo, nel corso dei secoli, utilizzando materiali Culture.” It provides information about raw materials, naturali, restituisce ad oggi, la storia dell’arte del suo technologies and processes as well as data that are confezionamento, le tecniche utilizzate, il materiale important from the historical standpoint and for the reperito per realizzarlo, fornendo una “Cultura del restoration of works of art. materiale” fondamentale per il “ruolo storico” e il Specifically, the paper reviews some examples recupero delle Opere d’Arte. of ancient mortars used in the Florence area. In questo caso specifico sono stati presi in Petrographic analysis alone was able to provide of considerazione alcuni esempi di malte storiche data which permitted a detailed reconstruction of antiche utilizzate nell’area fiorentina. La sola analisi production methods. Scientific analyses, together petrografica è stata in grado di fornirci una serie with data obtained from historical sources, have dettagliata di informazioni, tali da permettere una ricostruzione particolareggiata delle modalità di brought to life materials which otherwise would have realizzazione. Le analisi scientifiche insieme ai dati remained “dead.” These methods make it possible ricavati dalle fonti storiche raccolte, hanno dato voce ai to reconstruct specific details of the monuments materiali che altrimenti sarebbero rimasti in silenzio. reviewed and furthermore, they clearly reveal how In questo modo è stato possibile ricostruire la storia much of this ancient knowledge and the methods have dei monumenti presi in considerazione, mettendo in been completely lost to the detriment of “history” and risalto inoltre, come ad oggi certe antiche conoscenze the present. e metodologie siano andate completamente perdute a discapito della “storia” e del recupero di questa. * Corresponding author, E-mail: elena.pecchioni@ Key Words: ancient mortars, characterisation, unifi.it history, Material Culture. 256 E. Pecchioni, F. Fratini and E. Cantisani The importance the original material comprising the object. of the material culture Concerning this, we should emphasise that the use of modern hydraulic binders can cause severe There are many sources that give us the aesthetic and mechanical damage to the wall possibility to study the history of humanity: written surfaces. In other cases the entire original image texts, findings at archaeological excavations such of a building is lost, for instance when a rendered as bones, pottery, the building structures etc. In façade is completely replastered or painted with particular the study of the findings like, bricks, products that form films; the end results are severe building mortars, plasters are interesting because aesthetic damage and loss of information on the they still preserve not only their shapes but also “Material Culture”. the materials and the technologies developed by A negative aspect of the technological revolution the early masons. The more the data we can obtain of the XIX century was to consider as primitive, from these findings, the more we can learn about not reliable, everything that would be based our past and acquire information useful for the only on the empirical experience without any conservation of our Cultural Heritage. scientific background. As a consequence of this Issues concerning the conservation of building way of thinking, the handicraft traditions were materials, is focus mainly on natural stone and forgotten, with an interruption in transmission of Florence, with regard to this aspect, is surely very the knowledge. respectful. For instance unbelievable efforts are For instance recent studies (Beruto et al., made to preserve (rather than replace) seriously 2003), have emphasized that the presence of decayed architectural and decorative elements in water vapour inside the kiln, plays an important Pietra Serena (local sandstone), with very aesthetic role in the quality of the lime itself. In fact air good results. hardening limes of poor quality were produced On the other hand, artificial stone materials and from the beginning of the XX century, when particularly the mortars, are generally neglected the old wood-burning kilns were abandoned to or overlooked. In Florence this is borne out by “improve” the production cycle. The result was the frequent practice of removing the lime renders lime lacking the moisture that came from the fuel and preparing them a new, even when their state of (wood). The moisture contributed to developing conservation is good. That lack of care and interest in materials a microstructure that guaranteed good binding such as mortar may be due to the “humble” characteristics. However, water vapour is not the aspect, the fact that it is only an “auxiliary” in only variable because there are many other factors erecting a building, such as masonry mortars which play a role in the raw material-production- or a protective medium (like plaster). Actually use cycle and that influence the ultimate quality the archaeometric analysis of these materials of the lime binder. provides lot of interesting information about the Therefore, it is evident that studies on the technologies to produce them, their evolution good performance of some ancient mortars, as over the centuries and more generally on the Tiziano Mannoni maintains, would not only history of a given building. Removing or hiding answer historical question but would provide them under new plaster has consequences that are important information with respect to present even more serious than the replacement of stone needs: “good lime mortars are basic for the ashlars or decorations, because a stone hardly maintenance, preservation and restoration of contains the amount of information that can be all pre-industrial buildings. Their production is obtained from a material made entirely by man actually less expensive, requires less energy and and not only quarried, shaped and carved. The is less polluting compared to modern hydraulic extreme consequence of this practice is the loss binders” (Mannoni, 2000). of the building’s identity. The real challenge is to reproduce the old In some cases, for examples when the mortar “recipes”, and this will provide important scientific joints of the masonry are removed or sealed, information about the old mortars, once made by the image of the object is preserved but we lose skilled craftsmen. The ancient mortars, an attestation of the material culture: the case of Florence 257 The early raw materials used In addition to the Alberese quarried around in the Florentine area Florence and Pistoia, other stones were used in Tuscany to produce lime, such as pure limestones Past studies have characterised ancient mortars from Garfagnana, dolomitic limestone from of historical buildings and statues in the Florentine northern (eg. Apuan Alps) to southern Tuscany area. The data showed that in the mixture (eg. Montagnola Senese). Among these materials preparation, the main factors were the choice of raw we should also mention the Albazzano from materials (Fratini et al., 1994) and the production Montagnola Senese (Cavernoso limestone) with techniques. its mainly whitish colour and that was called Research in archive documents confirms that, Spugnone, in the Pisa quarries (Targioni Tozzetti, in the Florentine area, limestone and sand were I, 1768, 13), still another kind of limestone was procured locally until the end of the XVIII century; quarried near Pisa: Pietra di Caprona (Rodolico, the reason was obviously the economic advantage. 1956). Sometimes specific products, such as gypsum, were As to aggregates in Florence, the best and acquired from other areas (Giovannini, 1993). sufficiently clean, mud-free sand from the The limestone used to prepare lime was quarried Arno, was only available upriver, between Nave or was dredged as pebbles from the river beds, a Rovezzano and Pontassieve. Because of its but quarried limestone was generally preferred torrential regime the Mugnone guaranteed purer because of its more homogeneous composition. In and selected materials all along its course.
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