Distribution and Adaptation of the Mizos in North East India” by T.John Chinliankap Zou Has Been Written Under My Guidance
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DISTRIBUTION AND ADAPTATION OF THE MIZOS IN NORTH EAST INDIA A Thesis Submitted in partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted by: T.John Chinliankap Zou Under the Supervision of P. Rinawma Professor Department of Geography and Resource Management Department of Geography and Resource Management Mizoram University Aizawl: Mizoram 2013 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Distribution and Adaptation of the Mizos in North East India” by T.John Chinliankap Zou has been written under my guidance. He has fulfilled all the requirements laid down in the Ph.D regulations of the Mizoram University. The thesis is the result of his own investigation into the subject. Neither, the thesis as a whole nor a part of it was ever submitted to any other University for any research degree. Dated Aizawl: The 18th of December, 2013. (Prof. P. Rinawma) The 18th of December, 2013. DECLARATION I, Mr. T. John Chinliankap Zou hereby declare that the subject of the thesis entitled, “Distribution and Adaptation of the Mizos in North East India” is the record of the work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other Universities/Institutions. This is been submitted to Mizoram University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography. (T. John Chinliankap Zou) Candidate CONTENTS Contents Page No. Acknowledgements i List of Tables ii - iii List of Figures iv – v List of Maps vi Introductory map vii CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1 - 45 1.1: The People 3 1.2. Racial Stock 5 1.3. Classification of Mizos 6 1.4. The Northern Groups 7 1.5. The North-Western Groups 8 1.6. The Southern Groups 10 1.7. The Central Groups 11 1.8. Waves of Migration from Chin Hills 14 1.9. Salient Features of their Land 15 1.10. Climate 23 1.11. Scope of the Study 30 1.12. Objectives of the Study 31 1.13. Review of Literature 32 CHAPTER – II METHODOLOGY 46 - 56 2.1. Initiating Contacts 47 2.2. Source of Data 48 2.3. Data Analysis 50 2.4. Role of Remote Sensing and GIS 53 Contents Page No. CHAPTER – III AREAS OF MIGRATION AND ITS CAUSES 57 - 95 3.1. Migration from Chin Hills 59 3.2. Migration Pattern in Northern Region 60 3.3. Migration Pattern to the Western Region 64 3.4. Migration Pattern in Central Region 68 3.5. Migration Pattern Southern Region 74 3.6. Causes of Migration 77 3.7. Migration Selection 81 3.8. Migration Selection in Northern Region 83 3.9. Migration Selection in North Western Region 85 3.10. Migration Selection in Central Region 89 3.11. Migration Selection in Southern Region 91 CHAPTER – IV DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN OF THE MIZOS 96 - 132 4.1. Population 97 4.2. Distribution of population 98 4.3. Areas of Very High concentrations 100 4.4. Areas of High concentrations 101 4.5. Areas of Moderate concentrations 102 4.6. Insignificant Areas 103 4.7. Density of population 107 4.8. Population Density at District Level 108 4.9. Factors Responsible for Distribution and Density 111 Contents Page No. 4.10. Growth of Population 115 4.11. Sex Composition 123 4.12. Rural-Urban Composition 127 CHAPTER – V PROCESS OF ADAPTATIONS OF MIGRANTS 133 - 202 5.1. Indigenous Social Life of the Mizos 135 5.2. Indigenous Political Life of the Mizos 139 5.3. Indigenous Economic Life of the Mizos 142 5.4. Impart of Mizo-West contact During 1890 to 1950 144 5.4.1. Modifications of Traditional Customary practices 145 5.4.2. Adoptions of Western Cultures 148 5.4.3 Introduction of Formal Education and Mass Literacy 149 5.5: Impact of Planning and Policies During 1951 to 2011 151 5.5.1. Rural Settlements 152 5.5.1.A. Types of Rural Settlements 154 5.5.1.B. Patterns of Rural Settlements 156 5.5.2. Urban Settlements 159 5.5.3: Introduction of Modern Medicine 162 5.5.4: Introduction of Formal Education and Mass Literacy 164 5.5.5: Process of Political Adaptations 170 5.5.5.A. Administrative set up of the Local/Village Government 171 5.5.5.B. Village Administrations in Mizoram and Tripura 172 Contents Page No. 5.5.5.C. Village Administration in Manipur 178 5.5.6. Process of Economic Adaptations 180 5.5.6.A. Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers in Mizoram 183 5.5.6.B. Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers in Manipur 186 5.5.6.C. Trends of Occupational Distribution of Workers in Mizoram 190 5.5.6.D. Trends of Occupational Distribution of Workers in Manipur 193 5.5.6.E. Participation of Women in Economic Life 195 CHAPTER – V CONCLUSION 203 - 226 BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 - 232 APPENDIX 233 - 237 Acknowledgements It is my profound duty to acknowledge the help and guidance that I have received throughout the preparation of this thesis on „Distribution and Adaptation of the Mizos in North East India‟. Without which the thesis would have been incomplete in all aspects. It is with the support, guidance and help of the following eminent persons made the thesis complete in all respects. I sincerely thank Prof. P. Rinawma a guide, a supervisor and an inspiration for the success of the thesis in complete form. Without his patient and inconsistent guidance, this would have been an impossible task to complete. His constant guidance, corrections and support enabled me to complete my studies. I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Rintluanga Pachuau, Associate Professor of the Department for his able guidance and corrections in the Cartographic Techniques and his constant support throughout the course of my studies. I also express my sincere thanks to Prof. G. Kumar, Head of Department and all the Staff Members of our Department for their untiring encouragements and supports throughout the preparations of the thesis. I am also thankful to all the staff and Librarians of Central Libraries of Mizoram University, Aizawl and North Eastern Hills University, Shillong for making available the much needed materials for the making of the thesis. I express my deep gratitude to all my friends and well wishers for their constant supports, encouragements and their valuable help. I thank the Almighty God for his continuous blessings to enable me complete my studies in good health - body, mind and spirit. Finally, I express my deep gratitude to my wife Helen Zonunsangi and my son Patrick Thangminsang for their supports and prayers throughout my studies which caused them a lot of troubles and sacrifices. T. John Chinliankap Zou Ph.D Scholar Department of Geography and Resource Management Mizoram University Aizawl: Mizoram -i- LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 1.1: Monthly Average Temperature (in ºC) and Rainfall (in mm) in Mizoram. 24 1.2: Annual Average Rainfall (in mm) 26 1.3: Monthly Average Temperature (in ºC) in Churachandpur at Tinsong centre 27 1.4: Monthly Average Rainfall (in Centimetre) in Churachandpur at Tinsong centre 28 1.5: Annual Temperature (in ºC) in Churachandpur at Geljang centre 30 4.1: District-Wise Distribution of Population – 2001 99 4.2: District-Wise Distributions of Population in very High Concentrations Regions 100 4.3: District-Wise Distribution of Population in High Concentration Region 101 4.4: Distribution of Population in Moderate Concentrations regions 103 4.5: District-Wise Distribution of Population in Peripheral Regions of Dispersions 104 4.6: Density of Mizo Population – 2001 107 4.7: Decadal Growth Rate of the Mizos – 1991 – 2001 116 4.8: Decadal Growth rate of Mizos in Areas of High Growth Since 1961 118 4.9: The Trend of Population Growth Rate in Areas of Moderate Growth 119 4.10: Decadal Growth rate of Mizos in low Growth Areas Since 1961 121 4.11: The General Growth Rate of Population in the Core Regions 122 4.12: Population of Male and Female Composition of Mizos-2001 123 4.13: Sex-Ratio of Mizos in different districts- 1991 and 2001 125 4.14: Rural-Urban Population Composition in Core Regions 128 -ii- LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 5.1: Literate Population of Mizoram during 1901 to 1951 150 5.2: Urban Centers in the Core Regions of Concentrations 160 5.3: Urban Centers in Southern Mizoram 160 5.4: Urban Centers in Manipur 161 5.5: Categorization of Towns based on Population 162 5.6: Government‟s Hospitals and Health centers in the core regions as on 2006 164 5.7: Literacy in Percentage in the core districts-2001 164 5.8: Male and Female Literacy Gap in the Core Regions 167 5.9: Literate Population in Mizoram and Churachandpur since 1961 169 5. 10: The date and year of District Councils in Mizoram 174 5.11: Percentage of sector-wise Occupational Structure of Scheduled Tribes in 2001 184 5.12: Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers 1981-2001 186 5.13: Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers:1981-2001 191 5.14: Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers: 2001 192 5.15: Sector-Wise Occupational Distribution of Workers: 1991 & 2001 194 5.16: Female Participation Rate to Total Workers in the Sector 196 5.17: Female Participation Rate under Household Industry & Other Workers 199 -iii- LIST OF FIGURES Table No. Page No. 1.1 Average Monthly Temperature in ºC of 2008 and 2009 25 1.2 Monthly Rainfall in (mm) 25 1.3 Monthly Temperature in C showing Minimum and Maximum of 2001 and 2002 27 1.4 Monthly Average Rainfall in millimeters 29 2.1 Models of Migration Selection in the Regions 51 3.1 Migration Selection in the Northern Regions 84 3.2 Migration Selection of Hallam Kukis and Darlongs in North Western Regions 86 3.3 Migration Selection of the Mizos of Jampui Range 88 3.4 Migration Selection in the Central Regions 89 3.5 Migration Selection in the Southern Regions 92 4.1 District-Wise Distribution of Population in Per cent 101 4.2 Population Composition in Lunglei District in per cent 102 4.3 Population Composition in Moderate concentrations Regions 103 4.4 Percentage of Mizo Population to Total Population 105 4.5 Trends of Population Growth in Areas of High Growth 119 4.6.