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Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra FAUNA PARAGUAY HANDBOOK OF THE MAMMALS OF PARAGUAY

VOL 2: XENARTHRA 2009 EDITION

Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

FAUNA PARAGUAY HANDBOOK OF THE MAMMALS OF PARAGUAY

VOL 2: XENARTHRA 2009 EDITION

by Paul Smith

Interactive version available online via the links on: www.faunaparaguay.com/listmammals.html www.faunaparaguay.com/imagesmammals.html

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2 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

CONTENTS

…. …………... ……….. ………………... Chaetophractus …………………... Chaetophractus vellerosus Chaetophractus villosus Euphractus ……………………… Euphractus sexcinctus ………….. Calyptophractus ………………... Calyptophractus retusus Dasypus Dasypus hybridus Dasypus novcemcinctus Dasypus septemcinctus ………………. Cabassous ……………………… Cabassous chacoensis Cabassous tatouay Priodontes ……………………… Priodontes maximus …... Tolypeutes ……………………... Tolypeutes matacus Myrmecophaga …………………. Myrmecophaga tridactyla .. Tamandua ……………………. Tamandua tetradactyla ………... Bradypus ………...

3 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Tolypeutes matacus Priodontes maximus, Euphractus sexcinctus Calyptophractus retusus,

4 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

TRADITIONAL SEQUENCE MODERN SEQUENCE

ORDER EDENTATA MAGNORDER XENARTHRA SUBORDER XENARTHRA ORDER PILOSA SUBORDER VERMILINGUA SUBORDER FOLIVORA SUBORDER PHOLIDOTA ORDER CINGULATA 5 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: Dental characteristics: Skeletal characteristics: Taxonomy: Tolypeutes Priodontes Cabassous

6 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

1a 2 1b Calyptophractus retusus 2a 3 2b 6 3a Priodontes maximus 3b 4

4a Tolypeutes matacus 4b Cabassous 5 5a Cabassous tatouay 5b Cabassous chacoensis NB: Cabassous unicinctus C.tatouay C.chacoensis SSP C.tatouay C.tatouay C.unicinctus 6a 9 6b Dasypus 7 7a Dasypus novemcinctus 7b 8

7 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra 8a Dasypus hybridus 8b Dasypus septemcinctus

9a Chaetophractus vellerosus 9b 10

10a Chaetophractus villosus 10b Euphractus sexcinctus

8 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: CONTENTS Chaetophractus Euphractus

9 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Chaetophractus,

Synonyms: Loricatus Dasypus Dasypus Tatus Tatu Tatusia Euphractus Euphractus Chaetophractus Dasypus villosus Loricatus villosus Dasyphractus Dasyphractus brevirostris Choetophractus General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: Dental characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Chaetophractus vellerosus - Chaetophractus villosus

10 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Chaetophractus vellerosus

Cryptophractus brevirostris Dasypus vellerosus Dasyphractus brevirostris Dasypus Choetophractus vellerosus Dasypus boliviensis ´ ´ Tatusia boliviensis Dasypus novemcinctus Dasypus villerosus Chaetophractus vellerosus vellerosus E[uphractus]. vellerosus Euphractus villosus desertorum

Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray 1865) TAX: Chaetophrac- tus vellerosus Chaetophractus C.v.vellerosus. ENG: ESP: GUA: ´ Euphractus sexcinctus

11 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra DES: CR: CR: DF: Euphractus. CN: TRA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: SSP: DIS: C.v.vellerosus C.v.pannosus HAB: ALI: Elygomodontia Phyllotis Prosopis chilensis, Ziziphus mistol, Sideroxylon obtusifolium .

12 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Nine-banded Armadillos REP: BEH: General Behaviour Defensive Behaviour VOC: HUM: CON: Online Account: . References: Abba AM, Vizcaino SF, Cassini SH Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF 13 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Chiarello A, Cuéllar E, Meritt D, Porini G, Members of the Edentate Specialist Group Chaetophractus villosus Cuéllar E, Noss A de la Peña MR, Pensiero JF Díaz MM, Barquez RM 2002 - Edentate Specialist Group Edentata Eisenberg JF, Redford KH Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Gray JE Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Gray JE Greegor D H Journal of Mammalogy Greegor DH Chaetophractus vellerosus Journal of Mammalogy Greegor DH Chaetophractus vellerosus Journal of Mammalogy Krumbiegel I Zool. Anz. Linnaeus C Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Myers P, Wetzel RM Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Parera A Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Soibelzon E, Negrete GDJ, Carlini AA, Plischuk S Chaetophractus vellerosus Trouessart EL Yepes J Revista Universidad de Buenos Aires Serie 2a

14 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Lesser Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus. .

15 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Lesser Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus. .

Lesser Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus. .

16 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Chaetophractus villosus

Dasypus octocinctus Dasypus octocinctus Dasypus novemcinctus lor icatus villosus Dasypus villosus Tatus villosus Tatusia villosa Dasypus Tatusia villosus Dasypus Euphractus villosus Euphractus villosus Chaetophractus villosus Dasypus Choetophractus villosus D[asypus]. pilosus Dasypus pilosus Euphractus Chaetophractus villosus

Chaetophractus villosus (Desmarest 1804) TAX: Chaetophractus villosus Chaetophractus Chaetophractus ´ ENG: ESP:

17 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra GUA: ´ Euphractus sexcinctus DES: CR: DF: Euphractus. CN: TRA: MMT: TL: HB: Head Head Width TA: Tail Diameter at Base FT: EA: Mouth WT: WN: Claws of Forefeet: Chaetophractus villosus SSP: Euphractus sexcinctus Euphractus Chaetophractus villosus Euphractus Euphractus Chaetophractus Euphractus Euphractus Chaetophractus Euphractus Chaetophractus vellerosus DIS:

18 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Euphractus sexcinctus HAB: ALI: Caesalpinia paraguariensis, Prosopis chilensis, Ziziphus mistol, Sideroxylon obtusifolium Quiabentia pflanzil, . REP:

19 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra BEH: General Behaviour Sociability Refuges Defensive Behaviour Enemies Puma Jaguar Longevity VOC: sic HUM: CON: Online Account: .

20 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra References: Abba AM, Sauthier DEU, Vizcaino SF Chaetophractus villosus Acta Theriologica Azara F de ´ Burmeister H Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Edentata Chiarello A, Cuéllar E, Meritt D, Porini G, Members of the Edentate Specialist Group Chaetophractus villosus Cuéllar E, Noss A de la Peña MR, Pensiero JF Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Edentate Specialist Group Edentata Eisenberg JF, Redford KH Fischer G Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Gray JE Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Greegor D H Journal of Mammalogy Larrañaga DA Lesson RP Linnaeus C Molina GI ´ Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Myers P, Wetzel RM Journal of Mammalogy Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Olocco-Diz MJ, Duggan A Chaetophractus villosus Edentata Olocco-Diz MJ, Quse B, Gachen GG Chaetophractus villosus Edentata Parera A

21 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Rapp W Ratajszczak R, Trzesowska E Chaetophractus villosus 67:p 220-228. Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Schreber JCD von Trouessart EL

Greater Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus

22 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Euphractus,

Synonyms: Dasypus Loricatus Tatus Euphractus Dasypus sexcinctus Encoubertus Dasypus Pseudotroctes Dasypus setosus Scleropleura Scleropleura bruneti Scelopleura General characteristics: Dental characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Euphractus sexcinctus

23 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Euphractus sexcinctus

Dasypus sexcinctus lor icatus flavimanus Dasypus flavipes Dasypus gilvipes Das ypus gilvipes Dasypus gilvipes Tatus gilvipes Dasypus pilosus Dasypus encoubert Tatus sexcinctus Dasypus setosus Euphractus musetlinus Scleropleura bruneti Dasypus Dasypus sexcinctus Scleropleura Bruneti Dasypus poyú Dasypus sexcinctus Dasypus sexcinctus

Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus 1758) TAX: Euphractus Euphractus sexcinctus Euphractus sexcinctus flavimanus E.s.boliviae ´ E.s.flavimanus ´ ´´ ENG: ESP:

24 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra GUA: M AP Ac ´ Ac DES: Euphractus Chaetophractus CR: Condylonasal Length: Zygomatic Width: DF: Euphractus sexcinctus Chaetophractus. CN: TRA: Euphractus sexcinctus FP: HP: PA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: WN:

25 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra SSP: Priodontes maximus Chaetophractus villosus C.vellerosus C.villosus Euphractus C.villosus C.villosus Euphractus C.villosus C.villosus C.villosus Euphractus Chateophractus DIS: E.s.flavimanus E.s.boliviae E.s.flavimanus E.s.boliviae E.s.setosus E.s.tucumanus E.s.sexcinctus flavimanus setosus E.s.boliviae tucumanus HAB: ALI: Acrocomia Ananas Ficus Calomys

26 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Oxymycterus Clymomys Mazama gouazoubira Rhea americana REP: BEH: General Behaviour

27 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Aggressive Behaviour Defensive Behaviour Enemies Jaguar Puma smaller cats foxes Lesser Grison Parasites Ascaris dasypodina, Aspidodera fasciata, A.esperanzae A.scoleciformis, Cruzia tentaculata, Mazzia mazzia, Moeniggia complexus, Spirura guianensis, Trichohelix tuberculata VOC: HUM: CON: N3 Online Account: .

28 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra References: Anacleto TC de S Zoological Studies Ávila-Pires FD AMNH 2209 . Azara F de ´ Azara F de Bezerra AMR, Rodrigues FHG, Carmignotto AP Euphractus sexcinctus Mammalia Bonato V Bonato V, Martins EG, Machado G, da Silva CQ, dos Reis SF Cabassous unicinctus Euphractus sexcinctus Journal of Mammalogy Brooks DM Edentata Buffon GL le Clerc ´ Carter TS, Encarnaçao CD Journal of Mammalogy Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Edentata Cuéllar E Dalponte JC, Tavares-Filho JA Euphractus sexcinctus Edentata Desbiez ALJ , Euphractus sexcinctus , Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Desmarest AG Díaz MM, Barquez RM Emmons LH Esquivel E Fischer G Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Fujita O, Abe N, Oku Y, Sanabria L, Inchaustti A, Kamiya M Aspidodera esperanzae Journal of Parasitology Gmelin JF Illiger JKW Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Jones ML Larrañaga DA Lichtenstein H Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin

29 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Linnaeus C Milne-Edwards A Scleropleura brueti Nouvelle Arch. Museu de Histoire Naturelle de Paris Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Parera A Prada M, Marinho-Filho J Austral Ecology Redford KH Edentata Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Redford KH, Wetzel RM Euphractus sexcinctus Schinz HR ´ Thomas O Callicebus, Reithrodontomys, Ctenomys, Dasypus Marmosa Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 7 Trouessart EL Villalba R, Yanosky A 2000 Wagler JG ´ Wied-Neuwied MP zu

30 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Six-banded Armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus.

Six-banded Armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus. .

31 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: CONTENTS Calyptophractus

32 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Calyptophractus

Synonyms: Chlamyphorus Chlamyphorus Burmeisteria Burmeisteria retusa Chlamyphorus retusus Burmeisteria Calyptophractus Chlamyphorus retusus General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Calyptophractus retusus -

33 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Calyptophractus retusus

Chlamyphorus retusus Burmeisteria retusa Calyptophractus retusus Burmeisteria retusa clorindae

Calyptophractus retusus (Burmeister 1863) TAX: Calyptophractus Calyptophractus Burmeisteria, Chlamyphorus, C.truncatus. Calyptophractus Chalmyphorus Calyptophractus Chlamyphorus. Calyptophractus Burmeisteria ENG: ´´ ESP: GUA:

34 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra DES: CN: TRA: MMT: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: SSP: DIS: HAB: ALI: REP: BEH: General Behaviour Defensive Behaviour Enemies VOC:

35 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra HUM: CON: N2 Online Account: . References: Burmeister H Chlampyphorus Abhandl. Naturfors. Gesell. Halle Cuéllar E Chlamyphorus retusus Edentata Cuéllar E, Noss A Edentate Specialist Group Edentata Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Gray JE Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Vizcaíno SF, Milne N Journal of Zoological Society of London Wetzel RM Montgomery GG Yepes J Physis Buenos Aires

36 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Chaco Fairy Armadillo Calyptophractus retusus.

37 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Dasypus

Synonyms: Dasypus Dasypus novemcinctus Tatus Tatu Tatu Tatu novemcinctus =Dasypus novemcinctus Cataphractus Loricatus Loricatus niger =Dasypus novemcinctus Tatus Tatusia Dasypus peba =Dasypus novemcinctus Cachicamus Dasypus novemcinctus Cachicama Zonoplites Praopus Dasypus longicaudis Cryptophractus Cryptophractus pilosus Hyperoambon Dasypus pentadactylus Muletia Dasypus septemcinctus Loricatus hybridus Dasypus septemcinctus Tatua Mulletia Mulieta General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: Dental characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Dasypus hybridus - Dasypus novemcinctus - Dasypus septemcinctus -

38 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Dasypus hybridus

lor[icatus] hybridus Dasypus hybridus Dasypus auritus Tatus auritus Tatusia hybridus Tatusia hybrida Praopus hybridus Tatu hybridus Tatusia Muletia hybrida Tatusia Muletia hybridus Muletia hybrida Dasypus Brevi-cauda Dasypus hibridus

Dasypus hybridus (Desmarest 1804) TAX: Dasypus hybridus Dasypus septemcinctus ´ ENG:

39 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra ESP: Dasypus Dasypus GUA: MPA novemcinctus Dasypus DES: Dasypus Dasypus CR: DF: CN: TRA: Dasypus Dasypus hybridus MMT: TL: TA: FT: EA: WT: Head Body: TA: EA: SSP: Dasypus hybridus

40 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Dasypus novemcinctus D. novemcinctus Dasypus novemcinctus D. novemcinctus D. novemcinctus Dasypus D.septemcinctus D.septemcinctus D.septemcinctus D.septemcinctus DIS: Dasypus HAB: ALI: REP: BEH: General Behaviour

41 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Defensive Behaviour VOC: HUM: Dasypus CON: Dasypus Dasypus Online Account: . References: Azara F de ´ Azara F de Azevedo TR de, El Achkar D, Martins M de, Ximénez A Revista Nordest. Biol. Burmeister H Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Chebez JC Cimari AV Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Díaz MM, Barquez RM Edentate Specialist Group Fallabrino A, Castañeira E Ferrari CC, Carmanchahi PD, Bolkovic ML, Affanni JM Dasypus hybridus Zoocriaderos

42 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Fischer G Gardner AL González EM González EM, Soutollo A, Altuna CA Dasypus hybridus Acta Theriologica Hamlett GWD Dasypus septemcinctus Journal of Mammalogy Illiger JKW Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Lahille F Bery C, Bahía MB, Reyes FB Larrañaga DA Lesson RP Mirando-Ribeiro A Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Superina M, Aguiar JM Trouessart EL Trouessart EL Turner Proceedings of Zoological Society of London

43 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Dasypus novemcinctus

Dasypus novemcinctus Tatus minor Dasypus octocinctus Tatu Novemcincta Dasypus longicaudatus Dasypus novemxinctus Dasypus longicaudatus ´ lor icatus niger Dasypus serratus Dasypus decumanus Dasypus decumanus Dasypus niger Dasypus novemcinctus Dasypus peba Dasypus longicaudus Dasypus longicaudus Tatusia peba Dasypus Cahcicamus novemcinctus Dasypus uroceras Dasypus uroceros Dasypus pepa D. asypus longicaudatus D.longicaudatus Hyperoambon peba Dasypus fenestratus Dasypus Lundii Tatusia platycercus Tatusia granadiana Tatusia mexicana Tatusia brevirostris Tatusia leptorhynchus Tatusia boliviensis Tatusia leptocephala Tatusia leptorhinus Tatusia novemcincta

44 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Tatusia longicaudatus Tatusia Tatusia novem-cincta Tatusia Tatusia platycercus Tatusia Tatusia brevirostris Tatusia Tatusia leptocephala Tatusia Tatusia boliviensis Tatusia Tatusia granadiana Tatus Tatus novem-cinctus Tatus Tatus platycercus Tatus Tatus brevirostris Tatus Tatus leptocephalus Tatus Tatus boliviensis Tatus Tatus granadiana Tatua novemcincta Tatusia novemcincta mexianae Dasypus boliviensis ´ Dasypus longi-cauda Dasypus mazzai Dasypus brevirostris

Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus 1758 TAX: Dasypus novemcinctus D.n.novemcinctus ´ ´´ ´ ´ ENG: ESP: GUA: MPA MPA Ac DES:

45 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra CR: DF: CN: TRA: Dasypus FP: HP: PA: Tamandua tetradactyla MMT: TL: HB: Height at Shoulder TA: FT: EA: WT: WN: HF EA WT HF EA WT HF EA WT HF EA WT SSP: Dasypus Dasypus Dasypus hybridus

46 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra D.hybridus Dasypus septemcinctus D.septemcinctus D.hybridus D.septemcinctus DIS: D.n.novemcinctus D.n.mexicanus D.n.davisi D.n.hoplites D.n.aequatorialis D.n.fenestratus D.n.mexianae HAB: Dasypus ALI: Nasutitermes, Velocitermes, Rhynchotermes, Cornitermes Anhangatermes.

47 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra ´ REP: BEH: Activity Nesting

48 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Range size and territorial behaviour Swimming and Bathing Aggressive Behaviour ´

49 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Defensive Behaviour Enemies Harpyia harpyja Tupinambis merianae Parasites Amblyomma, A.concolor A.pseudoconcolor Echidnophaga gallinacea, Juxtapulex echidnophagoides, Polygenis roberti, P.occidentalis Tunga travassosi. Trypanosoma cruzi ´ Schistosoma haematobium Ascarops sp., Aspidodera fasciata, Brachylaemus virginianus, Hamanniella sp., Mazzia mazzia, Oncicola canis, Oochoristica sp., Physocephalus sp., Travassosia carinii Dasypostrongylus filamentosus, Delicata ransomi, D.uncinata, D.cameroni, Maciela macieli, M.flagellata, Moennigia moennigi, Pintonema intrusa, P.pulchra, P.pseudopulchra, P.pintoi, Pulchrostrongylus complexus Ancylostoma Aspidodera esperanzae Moeniggia complexus, M.pintoi VOC: HUM: White-lipped Peccary Capybara

50 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra CON: N4 Online Account: . References: Allen JA Bulletin AMNH Anacleto TC de S Zoological Studies Azara F de ´ Azara F de Blumenbach JF Breece GA, Dusi JL Dasypus novemcinctus Buffon G Burmeister H Dasypus novemcinctus Seit. Zool. Zoot. Palaeontol. Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Desmarest AG Díaz MM, Barquez RM ECOSARA Biodiversity Database. Emmons LH Esquivel E Fermin P ´ ´ ´´

51 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Fischer G Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Fujita O, Abe N, Oku Y, Sanabria L, Inchaustti A, Kamiya M Aspidodera esperanzae Journal of Parasitology Gardner AL González EM Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Gray JE Gray JE Muletia septemcincta Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Hamlett GWD Dasypus septemcinctus Journal of Mammalogy Hensel R Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Illiger JKW Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Jones ML Zool. Garten Kerr R Krauss F Arch. Naturgesch. Lacépède BGE de la V ´ Lacépède BGE de la V Larrañaga DA Lichtenstein H Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Linnaeus C Lesson RP Lund PW K. Danske Vidensk Selskabs Naturv. Nath. Abfhandl. MacDonald D McBee K, Baker RJ Dasypus novemcinctus McDonough CM Journal of Mammalogy McMurtrie H Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´

52 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Parera A Peale CW, Palisot de Beauvois AMFJ ´ Peters W Geomys, Haplodon Dasypus Monatsber. König. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Platt SG, Rainwater TR, Brewer SW Mammalian Biology Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Robinson W, Lyon MW Jr Proceedings US Natl. Museum Rojas-Suarez CR, Maffei L Dasypus novemcinctus Edentata Schinz HR ´ Schreber JCD von Taber FW Journal of Mammalogy Taulman JF Southwestern Naturalist Thomas O Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Trouessart EL Trouessart EL Villalba R, Yanosky A 2000 Wetzel RM, Mondolfi E Dasypus Wied-Neuwied MP zu Yepes J Physis Buenos Aires

53 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. .

54 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. .

55 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Dasypus septemcinctus

Dasypus septemcinctus Tatusia Muletia propalatum Tatusia megalolepis Tatusia Tatusia megalolepis Tatusia Muletia propalatum Tatu septemcincta Tatu megalolepis Tatus Tatus megalolepis Tatus Muletia propalatum Dasypus megalolepe Dasypus propalatus Dasypus Dasypus septemcinctus

Dasypus septemcinctus (Linnaeus 1758) Image Gallery TAX: Dasypus septemcinctus ´ Dasypus hyvridus Dasypus novemcinctus . ENG: ESP:

56 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra GUA: ´ MPA Ac Ac ´ ´ Dasypus novemcinctus DES: CR: DF: TRA: Dasypus FP: HP: PA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: Head Body : TA: EA: SSP: Dasypus novemcinctus D.novemcinctus D.novemcinctus D.novemcinctus D.novemcinctus Dasypus hybridus D.novemcinctus D.novemcinctus

57 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra DIS: Dasypus. HAB: ALI: REP: BEH: General Behaviour VOC: HUM: CON: Online Account: . References: Bonato V Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Chebez JC Cimari AV Cope ED American Naturalist Edentate Specialist Group Edentata Emmons LH Erxleben JCP

58 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Esquivel E Gardner AL Hamlett GWD Dasypus septemcinctus Journal of Mammalogy Leeuwenberg F Edentata Linnaeus C Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olmos F Edentata Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Rhoads SN Muletia PNAS Philadelphia Thomas O Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova Ser.2 Thomas O Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Trouessart EL Trouessart EL Villalba R, Yanosky A 2000 Wetzel RM, Mondolfi E Dasypus Eisenberg JF Yepes J Revista Universidad de Buenos Aires Serie 2a

59 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Seven-banded Armadillo Dasypus septemcinctus.

60 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: Tolypeutes Taxonomy: Cabassous Priodontes Tolypeutes

Tribe Priodontini Gray, 1873 General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: CONTENTS Cabassous Priodontes

Tribe Tolypeutini Gray, 1865 CONTENTS Tolypeutes

61 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Cabassous

Cabassous unicinctus Synonyms: Dasypus Tatus Tatu Xenurus Dasypus gymnurus Xenurus squamicaudis Tatusia Cabassous Dasypus unicincttus Dasypus Arizostus Dasypus gymnurus Tatus gymnurus Tatoua Dasypus unicincttus Dasypus Ziphila Ziphilus lugubris Lysiurus Xenurus Cabassus Cabassus General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: Dental characteristics:

62 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Skeletal characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Cabassous chacoensis - Cabassous tatouay -

63 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Cabassous chacoensis

Xenurus gymnurus Tatus gymnurus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous loricatus Cabassous chacoensis Cabassous chacoensis Wetzel 1980 TAX: Cabassous chacoensis ENG: ESP: GUA: DES: Cabassous

64 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra DF: Upper Tooth Row Length Lower Tooth Row Length Dimensions of Maxillary (Upper) Teeth Length x Width): 4th 5th 6th 7th Dimensions of Mandibular (Lower) Teeth Length x Width): 5th 6th 7th CR: C.tatouay. Ratio of palatal length to maxillary tooth row Ratio of rostral length to postrostral length Condylonasal length Rostral length Palatal length Postrostral length Palatal width Anterior rostral width Interlacrimal width Interorbital width Zygomatic width Mastoidal width Cranial height TRA: MMT: HB: TA: FT: EA: SSP: Cabassous Priodontes maximus Priodontes Cabassous tatouay C.tatouay C.tatouay C.tatouay DIS: Cabassous loricatus

65 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra HAB: ALI: REP: BEH: General Behaviour VOC: HUM: CON: Online Account: . References: Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Canevari M, Vaccaro O Gardner AL Lahille Primera Reunion Congreso Cientifica Latino America, Buenos Aires Moeller W Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Wagner JA Arch. Naturgesch. Wetzel RM Cabassous Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History Yepes J Cabassous Physis

66 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Chaco Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabassous chacoensis.

67 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Cabassous tatouay

Loricatus tatouay Dasypus dasycercus Dasypus gynmurus Tatus gymnurus Tatusia tatouay Dasypus gymnurus Xenurus nudicaudis Dasypus 12-cinctus Dasypus duodecimcinctus Xenurus tatouay Xenurus unicinctus Dasypus unicinctus Xenurus gymnurus Tatoua unicinctus Dasypus unicinctus Xenurus duodecimcinctus Dasypus duodecimcinctus Dasypus nudi-cauda Cabassous tatouay Cabassous gymnurus Cabassous duodecimcinctus

Cabassous tatouay (Desmarest 1804) TAX: Cabassous tatouay ´´ ´ C.tatouay C.uninctus

68 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra ENG: ESP: GUA: DES: Giant Armadillo Cabassous DF: Upper Tooth Row Length Lower Tooth Row Length Dimensions of Maxilla- ry (Upper) Teeth Length x Width): 4th 5th 6th 7th Dimensions of Mandibular (Lower) Teeth Length x Width): 5th 6th 7th CR: Ratio of Palatal length to Upper tooth row Ratio of Rostral Length to Postrostral Length Condylonasal Length Rostral Length Palatal Length Postrostral Length Palatal Width Anterior Rostral Width Interlacrimal Width Interorbital Width Zygomatic Width Mastoidal Width Cranial Height CF: TRA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT:

69 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra SSP: Cabassous Priodontes maximus Priodontes Cabassous chacoensis C.chacoensis C.chacoensis C.chacoensis Cabassous unicinctus squamicaudis C.tatouay Number of movable bands: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of head scutes: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on 3rd movable band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on 4th movable band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on 1st scapular band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on last scapular band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on 1st pelvic band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Number of scutes on last pelvic band: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Head and Body Length (excluding tail) : C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Ear Length: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Ratio of Palatal length to Upper tooth row: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis Ratio of Rostral Length to Postrostral Length: C.tatouay C.unicinctus squamicaudis DIS: HAB: ALI:

70 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra REP: BEH: General Behaviour Euphractus sexcinctus Defensive Behaviour VOC: HUM: CON: N3 Online Account: . References: Azara F de ´ Burmeister H Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Carter TS, Encarnaçao CD Journal of Mammalogy Cartés JL Cimardi AV de Azara F ´

71 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Desmarest AG ´ Díaz MM, Barquez RM Emmons LH Esquivel E Fischer G Fitzinger LJ Abth. I. Sitz. Math. Natur. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Gervais P González EM Gray JE Proceedings of Zoological Society oif London Grzimek B ´ Illiger K Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Larrañaga A Instituto Històrico y Geogràfico del Uruguay Lesson RP Lund PW K. Danske Videnske. Selskabs Nat. Math. Afhandl. McMurtrie H Miller GS Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Paula-Couto C An Acad. Brasileira Ciênc. Redford KH Edentata Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Rengger JR Schreber JCD von Wetzel RM Cabassous Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History Winge H E. Museo Lundii, Copenhagen Ximénez A, Langguth A, Praderi R Ann. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo Serie 2a Zajic L, Myers P Cabassous tatouay

72 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabssous tatouay. .

Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabssous tatouay. ´

73 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabssous tatouay. ´

74 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Priodontes

Synonyms: Dasypus Loricatus Tatus Tatu Priodontes Dasypus gigas Cheloniscus Dasypus gigas Priodon Dasypus gigas Dasypus Priodon Polygomphius Dasypus gigas Prionodon Priodonta Priodontes General characteristics: Dental characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Priodontes maximus -

75 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Priodontes maximus

Dasypus maximus Dasypus giganteus Dasypus gigas Dasypus gigans Tatus grandis Priodontes giganteus Dasypus Priodontes Gigas Priodonta gigas Priodon gigas Prionodontes gigas Prionodos gigas Prionodon gigas Cheloniscus gigas Priodontes maximus Priodon maximus Dasypus maximus

Priodontes maximus (Kerr 1792) TAX: Dasypodidae Family Priodontes ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ENG:

76 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra ESP: GUA: ´ Ac Ac MA A P DES: Priodontes maximus CR: DF: CN: TRA: FP: HP: MMT: Euphractus sexcinctus TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: WN: SSP: Cabassous, DIS:

77 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Cabassous tatouay HAB: Tabebuia Bulnesia sarmientoi ALI: Atta termites Cornitermes Velocitermes, Nasutitermes Coptotermes Cornitermes REP: BEH: General Behaviour

78 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Defensive Behaviour Enemies VOC: HUM: CON: N1

79 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Online Account: . References: Allen JA Bulletin AMNH Anacleto TC de S Zoological Studies Azara F de ´ Azara F de Buffon GL le Clerc ´ Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Carter TS, Encarnaçao CD Journal of Mammalogy Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Edentata Chebez JC Cuvier G ´´ ´´ de la Peña MR, Pensiero JF Emmons LH Esquivel E Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Geoffroy St-Hilaire É ´ Gray JE Gray JE Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

80 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Gray JE Jones ML Zool. Garten Kerr R Larrañaga A Instituto Històrico y Geogràfico del Uruguay Lesson RP Merritt DA Priodontes maximus Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Noss AJ, Peña R, Rumiz DI Priodontes maximus Endangered Species Update Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Owen R Parera A Porini G Priodontes maximus Edentata Prada M, Marinho-Filho J Austral Ecology Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Schinz HR ´ Schmid K Thomas O Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Villalba R, Yanosky A Vizcaíno SF, Milne N Journal of Zoological Society of London Voight FS

81 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Giant Armadillo Priodontes maximus

82 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Tolypeutes

Synonyms: Tolypeutes Dasypus tricinctus Matacus Tolypeutis Tatusia Apara Dasypus tricinctus Dasypus Sphaerocormus Tolypeutes conurus Cheloniscus Cheloniscus tricinctus Dasypus tricinctus Tolypentes Tolypoïdes Tolypoïdes bicinctus Tolypuetes General characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Tolypeutes matacus -

83 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Tolypeutes matacus

Dasypus octodecimcinctus Dasypus octodecimcinctus Cabassous unicinctus Lor icatus matacus Dasypus brachyurus Tolypeutes globules Tolypeutis octodecimcinctus Dasypus apar Tatusia apar Tolypeutes conurus Dasypus Tolypeutes conurus Dasypus aparoides Tolypeutes muriei Tolypoides bicinctus ´ Tolypeutes matacus Dasypus globulosus Tolypeutes matacos Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus Tolypeutes tricinctus muriei

84 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Tolypeutes matacus (Desmarest 1804) TAX: Tolypeutes ´´ ´ ´ ENG: ESP: GUA: MPA Ac DES: CR: Tolypeutes matacus DF: Tolypeutes Chaetophractus Euphractus. CN: TRA: Tolypeutes matacus

85 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra FP: HP: PA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: Head Length: TA: EA: Carapace Width: Longest Claw on Forefoot: SSP: Tolypeutes DIS: HAB: ALI: Syntermes molestus, Camponotus. Pseudomyrmex Crematogaster, Neivamyrmex Novamyrmex Acromyrmex, Pheidole, Elasmopheidole, Solenopsis Wasmannia Dorymyrmex Camponotus Brachymyrmex Zyzyphus mistol Castela coccinea

86 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra REP: BEH: General Behaviour Defensive Behaviour Enemies Caracara plancus Athene cunicularia

87 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra VOC: HUM: Tolypeutes CON: N3 Online Account: . References: Abba A, Cuellar E, Meritt D, Porini G, Superina M, members of the Edentate Specialist Group Tolypeutes matacus 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Azara F de ´ Azara F de Bolkovic ML, Caziani SM, Protomastro JJ Journal of Mammalogy Brooks DM Edentata Burmeister H Cartés JL

88 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Edentata Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Desmarest AG Díaz MM, Barquez RM Erxleben JCP Fischer G Gardner AL Garrod AH Tolypeutes tricinctus Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Geoffroy St.-Hilaire I ´ ´Rev. Zool. Paris Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M ´´ Tolypoïdes bicinctus Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Illiger K Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Jones ML Larrañaga A Instituto Històrico y Geogràfico del Uruguay Linnaeus C Lesson RP Merritt DA Tolypeutes matacus International Zoo Yearbook Molina GI ´ Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Osgood WH Journal of Mammalogy Parera A Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Sanborn CC Tolypeutes Journal of Mammalogy Tamayo HM Notic. Mensual Museo Nacional Santiago Villalba R, Yanosky A Vizcaíno SF, Milne N Journal of Zoological Society of London Wetzel RM Yepes J Revista Universidad de Buenos Aires Serie 2a

89 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Southern Three-banded Armadillo Tolypeutes matacus.

90 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Southern Three-banded Armadillo Tolypeutes matacus.

91 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: Tamandua Cranial characteristics: Dental characteristics Skeletal characteristics Key to Adults of Paraguayan Species of Anteaters 1a Myrmecophaga tridactyla ( 1b Tamandua tetradactyla

92 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Myrmecophaga

Synonyms: Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga tridactyla Nyrmecophaga Myrmecopha Myrmecophagus Falcifer Myrmecophaga jubata General characteristics: Cranial characteristics Skeletal characteristics Taxonomy: Falcifer Myrmecophaga M.tetradactyla Tamandua tetrdactyla Paraguayan Species: Myrmecophaga tridactyla -

93 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Myrmecophaga tridactyla Myrmecophaga jubata Myrmecophaga iubata Tamandua tridactyla Falcifer jubata Myrmecophaga centralis Myrmecophaga trydactyla

Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus 1758 TAX: Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga tridactyla Tamandua M.tridactyla tridactyla ENG: ESP: GUA: MA A Ac P DES:

94 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR DF: CN: TRA: FP: HP: PA: MMT: TL: HB: TA: FT: EA: WT: WN: SSP: Tamandua tetradactyla Tamandua DIS: M.t.centralis M.t.artata M.t.tridactyla HAB: ALI: Nasutitermes Cornitermes Camponotus, Iridomyrmex Solenopsis Nasutitermes coxipoensis Armitermes Solenopsis Camponotus Labidus Odontomachus Ectatomma

95 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Apis mellifera REP: BEH: General Behaviour Aggressive Interaction harrr ´ Defensive Behaviour

96 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra ´ VOC: harrrr HUM: CON: Online Account: . References: Braga de Miranda GH, Guimarães FH, Medri IM , Vinci dos Santos F Mymecophaga tridactyla Edentata Cartés JL Díaz MM, Barquez RM Emmons LH Emmons LH, Flores LP, Alpirre SA, Swarner SJ Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata EnLineaDirecta 14 Abril 2007 Esquivel E

97 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Gardner AL Jones ML Zool. Garten Linnaeus C Linnaeus C Lyon MW Jr Proceedings US National Museum Matschie P Sitzungsber. Gesells. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Medri IM, Mourão GM, Harada AY Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Osgood WH Fieldiana Zoology Parera A Prada M, Marinho-Filho J Austral Ecology Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Rehn JAG Myrmecophaga Didelphis American Naturalist Rocha FL, Mourão G Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata Shaw JS, Machado-Neto JC, Carter TS Myrmecophaga tridactyla Biotropica Thomas O Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Utrera A, Ramo C Biollania Villalba R, Yanosky A 2000 Widholzer FL, Voss WA Myrmecophaga tridactyla International Zoo Yearbook Wied-Neuwied MP zu

98 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla.

99 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla.

100 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Tamandua

Synonyms: Myrmecophaga Tamandua Myrmecophaga tamandua Tamanduas Uroleptes Myrmecophaga tetradactyla Dryoryx Uropeltes General characteristics: Cranial characteristics Paraguayan Species: Tamandua tetradactyla

101 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Tamandua tetradactyla

Myrmecophaga tetradactyla Myrmecophaga myosura Myrmecophaga nigra Myrmecophaga bivittata Uroleptes tetradactyla Myrmecophaga crispa Tamandua tetradactyla Myrmecophaga longicaudata Uroleptes bivittatus Tamandua bivittata Tamandua longicaudata Tamandua brasiliensis Tamandua tamandua Myrmecophaga tamandua Myrmecophaga bivittata straminea ã ã Tamandua tridactyla Myrmecophaga tridactyla Tamandua longicauda Tamandua tetradactyla chapadensis “ Tamandua tetradactyla straminea Tamandua tetradactyla bivittata Tamandua straminea Tamandua longicauda Tamandua longicauda Tamandua tetradactyla kriegi Tamandua kriegi Tamandua quichua Tamandua longicaudata mexianae

102 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus 1758) TAX: Tamandua Myrmecophaga tetradactyla ´ Tamandua longicaudata, Myrmecophaga nigra Tamandua quichua T.t.straminea ENG: ESP: GUA: MA A P Ac DES: Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR DF: CN: TRA: FP: HP: PA:

103 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra MMT: TL: HB: Head TA: FT: EA: WT: SSP: Myrmecophaga tridactyla Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga DIS: T.t.nigra T.t.quichua T.t.tetradactyla T.t.straminea HAB: Giant Anteater ALI: REP: ´

104 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra BEH: General Behaviour Myrmecophaga tridactyla Defensive Behaviour Enemies foxes VOC: HUM: CON: Online Account: . References: Allen JA Bulletin AMNH Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Cartés JL Cope ED American Naturalist Cuvier G ´ Desmarest AG Myrmecophaga ´`` ` Díaz MM, Barquez RM Emmons LH Esquivel E Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Gardner AL Geoffroy St-Hilaire É ´

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Gray JE Gray JE Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Jentink FA Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Bas Jimeno GP Tamandua tetradactyla Edentata Jones ML Zool. Garten Krumbiegel I Zool. Anz. Larrañaga DA Liais E Linnaeus C Lönnberg E Xenarthra Arkiv. Zool. Stocklholm Matschie P Sitzungsber. Gesells. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Merritt DA Tamandua tetradactyla International Zoo Yearbook Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Nowak RM ´ Pallas PS Parera A Redford KH, Dorea JG Journal of Zoological Society of London Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Rode P ´ ´ Bull. Museu National de Histoire Naturelle Paris Ser. 2 Rodrigues FHG, Marinho-Filho JS Tamandua tetradactyla Edentata Rüppell E Mus. Senckenb. Thomas O Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Trouessart EL Trouessart EL Vesey-FitzGerald D Tropical Agri. Trinidad Villalba R, Yanosky A 2000 Wagler JG ´

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Wagner JA ´ ´ ´ Wetzel RM Tamandua Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington Yepes J Revista Universidad de Buenos Aires Serie 2a

Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla.

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Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla.

108 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

General characteristics: Cranial characteristics: Dental characteristics: Skeletal characteristics:

109 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra Bradypus

Synonyms: Bradypus Bradypus tridactylus Ignavus Ignavus tridactylus Bradypus tridactylus Pradypus Choloepus Chloepus Acheus Bradypus tridactylus Achaeus Achaeus Achaeus Achaeus Arctopithecus Arctopithecus Arcopithecus Scaeopus Bradypus torquatus Hemibradypus Hemibradypus mareyi Eubradypus Bradypus tridactylus Bradypus Neobradypus Bradypus General characteristics: Paraguayan Species: Bradypus variegatus,

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111 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Abba A, Cuellar E, Meritt D, Porini G, Superina M, members of the Edentate Specialist Group Tolypeutes matacus 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Abba AM, Sauthier DEU, Vizcaino SF Chaetophractus villosus Acta Theriologica Abba AM, Vizcaino SF, Cassini SH Journal of Mammalogy Allen JA Bulletin AMNH Allen JA Bulletin AMNH Alston ER Godman FD, Salvin O Ameghino F Revista Argentina Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires Anacleto TC de S Zoological Studies Anthony R – Hemibradypus – Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Anthony R ´ Hemibradypus Mareyi ´ – Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Ávila-Pires FD AMNH 2209 . Azara F de ´ Azara F de Azevedo TR de, El Achkar D, Martins M de, Ximénez A Revista Nordest. Biol. Bechstein JM Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica del Paraguay Bezerra AMR, Rodrigues FHG, Carmignotto AP Euphractus sexcinctus Mammalia Blumenbach JF Bonato V Bolkovic ML, Caziani SM, Protomastro JJ Journal of Mammalogy Bonato V, Martins EG, Machado G, da Silva CQ, dos Reis SF Cabassous unicinctus Euphractus sexcinctus Journal of Mammalogy 112 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Braga de Miranda GH, Guimarães FH, Medri IM , Vinci dos Santos F Mymecophaga tridactyla Edentata Breece GA, Dusi JL Dasypus novemcinctus Brooks DM Edentata Buffon GL le Clerc ´ Buffon G Burmeister H Dasypus novemcinctus Seit. Zool. Zoot. Palaeontol. Burmeister H Burmeister H Burmeister H Chlampyphorus Abhandl. Naturfors. Gesell. Halle Cabrera A Revista Museo Aregntino de Ciencias Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia Zoology Canevari M, Vaccaro O Gardner AL Carter TS, Encarnaçao CD Cartés JL Ceresoli N, Jimenez GT, Duque EF Edentata Chebez JC Chiarello A, Cuéllar E, Meritt D, Porini G, Members of the Edentate Specialist Group Chaetophractus villosus Cimari AV Cope ED American Naturalist Cuéllar E Cuéllar E Chlamyphorus retusus Edentata Cuéllar E, Noss A Cuvier F Cuvier F ´´ ´´´ Cuvier G ´ Cuvier G ´´ ´´ de la Peña MR, Pensiero JF Dalponte JC, Tavares-Filho JA Euphractus sexcinctus Edentata Desbiez ALJ , Euphractus sexcinctus , Edentata

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Desmarest AG ´ `` ` Desmarest AG Bradypus Tardigradus Choloepus Prochilus ´ ``` Desmarest AG Myrmecophaga ´`` ` Desmarest AG Díaz MM, Barquez RM 2002 - ECOSARA Biodiversity Database. Edentate Specialist Group Edentata Eisenberg JF, Redford KH Emmons LH Emmons LH, Flores LP, Alpirre SA, Swarner SJ Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata EnLineaDirecta 14 Abril 2007 Erman A Erxleben JCP Esquivel E Fallabrino A, Castañeira E Edentata Fermin P ´ ´ ´´ Ferrari CC, Carmanchahi PD, Bolkovic ML, Affanni JM Dasypus hybridus Zoocriaderos Fischer G Fischer G Fischer G Fitzinger LJ Versammel. Deutscher Naturfors. Arzte Wien Tageblatt Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Fitzinger LJ Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Frisch JL Fujita O, Abe N, Oku Y, Sanabria L, Inchaustti A, Kamiya M Aspidodera esperanzae Journal of Parasitology Gardner AL Garrod AH Tolypeutes tricinctus Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Geoffroy St-Hilaire É ´

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Geoffroy St-Hilaire É Geoffroy St.-Hilaire I ´ ´Rev. Zool. Paris Gervais P Gmelin JF González EM González EM, Soutollo A, Altuna CA Dasypus hybridus Acta Theriologica Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M ´´ Tolypoïdes bicinctus Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Grandidier G, Neveu-Lemaire M Bull. Museu Histoire Naturelle de Paris Gray JE Ann. Philosophy Gray JE Gray JE Bradypus Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Gray JE Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Gray JE Gray JE Gray JE Muletia septemcincta Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Greegor D H Journal of Mammalogy Greegor DH Chaetophractus vellerosus Journal of Mammalogy Greegor DH Chaetophractus vellerosus Journal of Mammalogy Grzimek B ´ Hamlett GWD Dasypus septemcinctus Journal of Mammalogy Harlan R Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York Hensel R Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Illiger JKW Abhandl. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Jentink FA Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Bas Jimeno GP Tamandua tetradactyla Edentata Jones ML Zool. Garten Kerr R Krauss F Arch. Naturgesch. Krumbiegel I Zool. Anz.

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Lacépède BGE de la V ´ Lacépède BGE de la V Lahille F Bery C, Bahía MB, Reyes FB Larrañaga DA Ledru AP ç´ ´ Leeuwenberg F Lesson RP Liais E Lichtenstein H Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Linnaeus C Linnaeus C Lönnberg E Xenarthra Arkiv. Zool. Stocklholm Lund PW K. Danske Videnske. Selskabs Nat. Math. Afhandl. Lund PW K. Danske Vidensk Selskabs Naturv. Nath. Abfhandl. Lyon MW Jr Proceedings US National Museum MacDonald D Matschie P Sitzungsber. Gesells. Naturf. Freunde Berlin McBee K, Baker RJ Dasypus novemcinctus McDonough CM Journal of Mammalogy McMurtrie H Medri IM, Mourão GM, Harada AY Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata Merritt DA Tamandua tetradactyla International Zoo Yearbook Merritt DA Tolypeutes matacus International Zoo Yearbook Merritt DA Priodontes maximus Miller GS Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington Milne-Edwards A Scleropleura brueti Nouvelle Arch. Museu de Histoire Naturelle de Paris Mirando-Ribeiro A Moeller W Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Molina GI ´ Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EJP, Schmitz J Molecular Biology and Evolution 116 Smith P 2009: FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Vol 2: Xenarthra

Myers P, Espinosa R, Parr CS, Jones T, Hammond GS, Dewey A Myers P, Wetzel RM Neris N, Colman F, Ovelar E, Sukigara N, Ishii N Neveu-Lemaire M, Grandidier G ´ Noss AJ, Peña R, Rumiz DI Priodontes maximus Endangered Species Update Nowak RM ´ Olfers I ´ Bertuch FI Olmos F Olocco-Diz MJ, Duggan A Chaetophractus villosus Edentata Olocco-Diz MJ, Quse B, Gachen GG Chaetophractus villosus Edentata Osgood WH Fieldiana Zoology Osgood WH Journal of Mammalogy Owen R Pallas PS Parera A Paula-Couto C An Acad. Brasileira Ciênc. Peale CW, Palisot de Beauvois AMFJ ´ Peters W Geomys, Haplodon Dasypus Monatsber. König. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Platt SG, Rainwater TR, Brewer SW Mammalian Biology Porini G Priodontes maximus Edentata Prada M, Marinho-Filho J Austral Ecology Rafinesque CS ´´ Rapp W Ratajszczak R, Trzesowska E Chaetophractus villosus Der Zoologische Garten 67:p 220-228. Redford KH Edentata Redford KH, Dorea JG Journal of Zoological Society of London Redford KH, Wetzel RM Euphractus sexcinctus Redford KH, Eisenberg JF Rehn JAG Myrmecophaga Didelphis American Naturalist Rengger JR Rhoads SN Muletia PNAS Philadelphia Robinson W, Lyon MW Jr Proceedings US Natl. Museum

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Rocha FL, Mourão G Myrmecophaga tridactyla Edentata Rode P ´´Bull. Museu National de Histoire Naturelle Paris Ser. 2 Rodrigues FHG, Marinho-Filho JS Tamandua tetradactyla Edentata Rojas-Suarez CR, Maffei L Dasypus novemcinctus Edentata Rüppell E Mus. Senckenb. Sanborn CC Tolypeutes Journal of Mammalogy Schinz HR ´ Schinz HR ´ Schmid K Schreber JCD von Shaw JS, Machado-Neto JC, Carter TS Myrmecophaga tridactyla Biotropica Soibelzon E, Negrete GDJ, Carlini AA, Plischuk S Chaetophractus vellerosus Journal of Mammalogy Storr GCC Superina M, Aguiar JM Taber FW Journal of Mammalogy Talmage RV, Buchanan GD Dasypus novemcinctus Rice Inst. Pamphlet, Monogr. Biol. Tamayo HM Notic. Mensual Museo Nacional Santiago Taulman JF Southwestern Naturalist Thomas O Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Thomas O Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova Ser.2 Thomas O Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Thomas O Callicebus, Reithrodontomys, Ctenomys, Dasypus Marmosa Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 7 Thomas O Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Trouessart EL Trouessart EL Turner Proceedings of Zoological Society of London Utrera A, Ramo C Biollania Vesey-FitzGerald D Tropical Agri. Trinidad Villalba R, Yanosky A Virey J ´ ```

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Vizcaíno SF, Milne N Journal of Zoological Society of London Voight FS Wagler JG ´ Wagner JA ´ ´ ´ Wagner JA Arch. Naturgesch. Wetzel RM Tamandua Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington Wetzel RM Montgomery GG Wetzel RM Cabassous Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History Wetzel RM Wetzel RM, Mondolfi E Dasypus Widholzer FL, Voss WA Myrmecophaga tridactyla International Zoo Yearbook Wied-Neuwied MP zu Winge H E. Museo Lundii, Copenhagen Ximénez A, Langguth A, Praderi R Ann. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo Serie 2a Yepes J Revista Universidad de Buenos Aires Serie 2a Yepes J Physis Buenos Aires Yepes J Cabassous Physis Yepes J Physis Buenos Aires Zajic L, Myers P Cabassous tatouay

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