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Outlines of Church History ... from the Birth of Christ to A.D. 1648

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Outlines of Church History ... from the Birth of Christ to A.D. 1648 : OUTLINES OF CHURCH HISTORY FOR THE USE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN PRINCETON. JAMES C. MOFFAT, HELENA PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY. From the birth of Christ to A. D. 1648. A NEW EDITION. 8tbe ^rinceton ^rcss C. S. Robinson & Co., Princeton. N. J. 1885. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1875, by ' James C. Moffat, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. OUTLINES OF CHURCH HISTORY. RELIGIOUS STATE OF THE WORLD AT THE APPEARANCE OF CHRIST. Jesus, who is called the Christ, was born in Judea, shortly before the death of Herod I., which took place between March 13th and April 4th, in the year 750 U. C. I^Odtij C^ryu The birth of Jesus could not have been later than two or three months before that event ; it may have been earlier by one, or even two years. Our common era assumes it to have occurred in 754 U. C, at least four years too late. The day of his birth is not determined. At that epoch, the state of religion in the west of Asia and Europe was one of great depression. Rational- ism had separated between faith and intelligence ; east of the Indus it had constructed two great philosophical reli- gions ; west of the Tigris it had set up philosophy as a substitute for religion, and carried the convictions of the greater number of the educated. Confucianism and Buddh- ism, as religions, were accepted by vast multitudes; Greek philosophy did not profess to be religion, and scorned the ignorant populace. Between the Indus and the Tigris ruled the semi-barbarous Parthian, maintaining a degener- ate Magism. Avestan monotheism was almost buried out of sight under that dominion. The pure faith of the Hebrews was confined to few. Everywhere the religious condition of the multitudes, to whom philosophy or philosophical religion was inac- cessible, was exceedingly degraded. All the countries lying around the Mediterranean were under one ruler. Rome had within the preceding half century united the ruder west of Europe to the decaying ; civilizations on the eastern coasts. Parthian barbarism lay- as a barrier between that new enipire and the culture of the further east. Civilization in China and India was bound up in their great philosophical religions; in the west it reposed upon philosophy ; while good order and security were main- tained by Roman legislation and arms. Great facilities for the spread of knowledge were fur- it nished by Roman dominion ; by the protection afforded, the freedom of inter-communication which it promoted, by one common language of business, and one of polite liter- ature. With a knowledge of Latin and Greek the apos- tles could travel over the empire and find an intelligent audience in every city. The wisdom and culture of the east were easily, through the common heart of Rome, ex- tended to the strong but rugged nations of the west. And the government of that vast territory was, at the time of the Saviour's birth, in the hands of one man, whose policy was peace. But there was little hope or enterprise among the nations. Their spirit had been crushed. Upon the wisest heathen a weight of despondency rested, a sense of want, which no earthly possession could fill. Practical morals were at that time among the heathen exceedingly base, and basest in the highest places of society not because men did not know the difference between right and wrong, but because they were without sufficient persuasives to righteousness, The example of their gods could be adduced to justify or palliate any vice or crime. Their great want was the want of a Saviour. The Jews were still in possession of their own land. but subjects of the Roman Empire, to which they had recently been annexed. Jews of pure descent occupied chiefly the southern part of the country ; Samaritans the middle, and Galileans the north, both being of mixed des- cent; and the eastern side of Jordan, divided into Iturea, Trachonites, and Perea, was also held by a heterogeneous population. Pure Jews were of three religious sects : Pharisees, who were ritualists ; Sadducees, rationalists; and Essenes, who were Ascetics. Moreover, Jews were then resident in in their Synagogues the scrip- almost every nation ; and tures of promise were read. Among both Jews and gen- tiles there prevailed an expectancy of some great person- age about to appear with blessing to mankind. CHRIST. The Saviour was of pure Hebrew genealogy, but made his residence chiefly among the half gentiles of Galilee. His public ministry commenced with his baptism, when he was about thirty years of age, and extended to about three years and six months. The social condition in which he was born was lowly, and yet, as both his mother and foster father were descended of the ancient Kings of Judea, he was a son of David according to the flesh. Historically, Christ appeared as a teacher, in the crown- ing period of ancient learning and culture. Some things in his teachings were peculiar to himself as conclusions 1. He did not present what he taught discovered, nor which he had arrived at ; neither as things purely as as certified by thinking in reference to them, but revelation. from some 2. He did not reveal as having learned higher intelligence, but as speaking of his own original knowledge. great breadth, calhng m the 3. His method was of never seek- exercise of all faculties of the human mind, and ing to simplify by sinking one faculty in another. the mark of holiness. 4. His instructions have eminently intelligence II. As to their substance, they contained touching the nature of God's from the councils of God ; existence, his designs for man. and some of his dealmgs with higher beings. of redemption ; and 2. They laid open the whole plan the love of God to the world. purest, mo?t summary and most 3. They taught the and the way whereby man effectual principles of morals ; himself : and of Jesus is to be accepted as holv with God mediator of a new that he was the sacrifice for sin. the covenant, and the eternal Son of God. 6 III. Jesus addressed the understanding of men, but demanded of his followers first of all an act of the heart; namely, that they should trust in him, and love him and one another. His doctrines have been accompanied with a power to carry them directly to the heart and change the state of its affections. Thereby, notwithstanding their depth and height, they are adapted to all grades of capacity. IV. The operation and effect of his teaching are found in practice to be what he said they would be. V. His miracles were essential to his instructions touching himself as the Son of God, and his death and resurrection, the supreme triumph which he came to effect, and all, taken together, make a consistent whole, which is the Gospel. His last commission to his disciples was to teach all nations. The progress of that teaching among men is the history of the church. VI. Christ presented himself as the subject of his Gospel, and the teacher of its doctrines ; but assigned to his disciples, under the Holy Spirit, the task of organizing their own society—which is the church. Of that the be- ginning was the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of the first Pentecost after the ascension. CHURCH HISTORY. The History of the Christian Church since that date is divided, in view of its own progress, into f^r great geriods. The ^j^ is that of the apostolic history, in the end of which the church ceased to enjoy the presence and counsels of inspired men who had seen the Lord. Second iP^ is that which ended in conferring upon Christians external '*^ supremacy in the Roman empire, extending from about the beginning of the second century until the year 324 A. D. The third is that of union with the state, and bondage ^*^ to the rule of legalism within the pale of the church, and 5*3 extends until the first successful efforts for liberation, in and about 15 17 A. D. This long period contains others of great importance, as that which was marked by the Nestorian schism in 431 A. D. ; that which determined the separation of the great group of Monophysite churches, in 553 A. D. ; the terrible loss to the churches of the east and south in the first Mohammedan invasions, which began in 632 A. D., and the separation of the church into the eastern and western in the year 1054. The fourth, great period is that of the general conflict for and against the free publication of the Gospel, and its sole authority in the church ; which is still going on. Upon more minute inspection, we shall find it neces- sary to divide each of our periods into several subordinate sections, on the same principle, but drawn more closely from operations of the inner life of christians. FIRST PERIOD. FROM PENTECOST, A^ D. 2Q TO A. D. 100. Apostolic History consists of five sections, marked by their respective steps of progress in the publication of the Gospel ; namely, organization of the church in Jerusalem; preaching the Gospel to the Samaritans and elsewhere in Palestine; first mission to the gentiles ; the overthrow of Jewish nationality, and the completing of the sacred canon, and death of the last inspired teacher. The first began with the day of Pentecost and closed with the death of Stephen.
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