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Boston University, 1941 BD, Episcopal THEODORE OF TARSUS! ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, A.D,668~690 A Thesis by THE REVEREND ROBERT H. WHITAKER A,B«, Gordon College, 1940 A.M«, Boston University, 1941 B.D., Episcopal Theological School, 1943 presented In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Church History at New College, University of Edinburgh 1948 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACES 3T AXEMEN I OF THE PROBLEM., ..•*»*•,..*.•'•• Viii Definition of the Problem*.*•..••*.•.«•*•*,«••«• viii Gradation of Source Materials................... ix Plan of Treatment*..*.,,.*.,•.•...»..*.««*••«•*• xvi CHAPTER ONE ECCLSSIA ANOLICANAf A.D. 664,................... 1 1.The State of the "uguatlnian Mission*.» « 2 2.The Problem of Celtic Competition............ 21 3.The Council of Wiitby,....................... 26 4*The Church As Archbishop Theodore Found It.,* 30 CHAPTSH TWO •i THEODORE OF TARSUSl MONACHUS ORIENTALI3,......... 39 1.Theodorus Cilix..,......,.,..........«...»*. 39 X Sources of Information....................... 39 Date of Birth*............................... 44 Seventh-century Tarsus....................... 4? Early educations areek,Latin, Medicine....... 48 Career in Philosophy......................... 49 Religious Affiliations....................... 34 2.Theodore 1 a Migration to Italy................ 58 Doctrinal Disturbances....................... 58 ill Page Imperium of Constane II..........««••.••••••• 63 Greek Migrationa to Italy...«....*..••••••••• 65 3«Monasterium Nj.ridanum»,..........•.•«.•••••• 67 A.Eastern Practices and Discipline at Naples.. 74 Leotlonaries...........«....•.......••.••••• 76 Baptismal Liturgy..,...........•••••••••.••• 82 Homilies of Bede............................ 83 Exorcism of Water............................ 85 5«Papal delations with tie Imperium........... 90 6«Theodore 1 s Appointment to Canterbury........ 97 Deaths of Deludedit and Wighard............. 98 Abbot Hadrian............................... 101 Monk Andrew,................................ 102 Conditions of Theodore f § Appointment........ 103 Ordination and Consecration of Theodore,.... 109 A The service of Consecration*................ 110 7.The Journey to Canterbury................... Ill Preparations for the Journey................ ill interprovinoial Relations................... 114 Arrival at Canterbury*...................... 119 iv Page CHAPTER THREE FAMIIJA EPI3COPALI3 CANTUARII..................... 121 l*The Nature of a Seventh-Century Bishop........ 122 Theodora's Initial Visitation................. 123 Re-establlshment of Canterbury Farallia........ 125 Terms of Episcopal Jurisdiction............... 127 Episcopal Instruction..... ,.............,...••• 130 the Nature of Theodore's Famllla.............. 132 . 2.episcopal Leadership In Corporate Worship..... 138 The position of the Bishop.................... 138 Ihe Liturgy...,.........*..................... 139 3.Episcopal Supervision of Other Ministrations.. 152 4.3chola Cantuaril.............................. 153 Teachers: Theodore, Hadrian, Benedict,Sddlus., 153 Curriculum....*.............*...,............. 155 Testimony of Alumni........................... 160 CHAPTER POUR ARJHIZPI3GOFU3 .HOVINCIALI3....................... 174 1.Eplscopal Visitations......................... 174 2.Diocesan Organisation of Province............. 186 3*First Provlnoial Synodi Hertford, 672......... 189 4.The T^eodoran Penitential..................... 199 5»Baptism and Confirmation...................... 213 Page 6.Orders, Depositions, Restrictions on orders.• 217 7.The Division of Dioceses..................... 222 8.Relations Between Church and State........... 226 9.Synod of HatfieIdt 680....................... 237 lO.Relationa With the Roman See................. 249 11•The Extension of The Church.................. 234 12.Heterodox Practices...«...........•.«.•••...• 257 • 13*the Lord's Day and Holy Days................. 261 14.Ecclesiastical Property...................... 262 15.Monastic regulations......................... 265 !6.Heresy....................................... 269 • 17.Loyalty to the Arohleplscopal Commission.,... 273 CHAPTER FIVE PASTOR IN PAHOOHIA............................... 277 1.judex Episcopalis,.....................,..».. 277 2.Exercise of Penitential Discipline........... 280 Public vs. Private Penance................... 280 < • jGreek vs. Roman Practice..................... 281 Grades of'Penitential Discipline............. 203 3*Contemporary Life and Morals................. 287 Immorality, intemperance..................... 287 Pagan Cults.................................. 288 vi Page 4.3aorlflcium Communionia. *..........••...... 290 Altars.. ................................... 290 Altar Guilds. .............................. 291 Position of Women in Churoiu............... 292 Liturgy and Theology of Holy Communion. 292 CHAPTER SIX . A 'CONCLUDING SUMMARY., ........................... 296 APPENDICES *« I.T^e Ganone of Hertford! A.D.672. ............. 307 II.Synodioal Letter of Hft tfieldt A. D. 680*. ...... 311 III. The Late ran Canons of A.D. 649» ... ..«* ...... 314 * IV. The Penitential of Theodore.................. 322 V. Documentary Evidence: Hotshirt *.............. 356 VI. Bibliography................... .............. 359 viii PREFACE A STATEMENT OF THE PHOBIC: ITS SCOPE Definition of the Problem. Theodore of Tarsus, Arch"bishop of Canter­ bury, A.D. 668-690, was one of the truly great figures in the history of the early English Church. That he oc­ cupied a position of prominence in the foundation and de­ velopment of the "basic structure of the Church in England has always "been recognized "by historians of the expansion of Christianity in the British Isles. That no historiar, either ancient or modern, has ever seen fit to occupy himself with the production of a full "biography of Arch­ bishop Theodore is, however, little less than anomalous, especially when it is realized how often and how tho­ roughly the age of Bede has "been worked during the last century. To supply such a "biographical monograph and thus close a rather baffling hiatus in the study of Eng­ lish Church history is the initial purpose of the pre­ sent student* Since no biography of Theodore has yet been produced, such an omission might at first be taken as a suggestion that this seventh-century ecclesiastic was a character unworthy of such a literary effort. Yet, # the high reputation created by the passing references of ix chroniclers and the lavish praise "bestowed "by them upon this dominant figure from the east Who providentially appeared upon the English scene is sufficient to dissolve such an insinuation. Again, taking note of Theodore's personal quarrels with one of his outstanding "bishops, it may "be hinted that partisans of this persistent troub­ le-maker sabotaged whatever early efforts may have "been directed toward the historical canonization of Archbishop Theodore. This suggestion is seen to "be quite plausible when the evidence is examined, yet no sound weighing of the facts can deduce positive proof of either the pur­ poseful suppression or the destruction of evidence which might contribute a more complete picture of the first and only Greek archbishop of Canterbury. Gradation of Source Materials. A search for and examination of available source materials has constituted the initial t^sk of this project. Materials for the average biography may be ca­ talogued as details of life (usually to be found in the contemporary civil and ecclesiastical archives and often labeled "vital statistics"), personal letters or liter­ ary efforts, the testimony of contemporary friends either in correspondence or posthumous eulogy, and the judge- X ments of later historians, in the case of Theodore, IJQTC- ever, we are faced with a situation in which vital sta­ tistics are preserved only incompletely "by chroniclers of a later generation; personal letters and literary efforts are confined to dubious charters, edited synodal deci­ sions, and a penitential which at "best is the product of an immediate disciple or secretarial associate; while the testimony of contemporary friends is entirely lacking with two exceptions, a prejudiced discussion of a most complicated controversy with a subordinate bishop and a general remark of esteem "by a contemporary—and this es­ timate Is tuoked away in the Roman Liber Pontificalis— while the testimony of later chroniclers and historians contributes a rather anToiguous "but strangely enough steady stream of enthusiastic praise. Under the circum­ stances, a more than ordinary sifting of possible evi­ dence and a somewhat more detailed classification of source materials has been found expedient. An initial classification of primary sources may be subdivided as (1) the writings of Theo­ dore, (2) contemporary or near-contemporary "lives 11 or 4 chronicles, and (£) the testimony of contemporary eccle­ siastical archives. All other evidence, although at times suggesting direct lineage from primary sources, xi must necessarily "be classified as secondary. In this ca­ tegory may "be listed (1) the later chronicles, (2) hagi- ography, (3 ) 'period 1 evidence such as the circumstan­ tial testimony of architectural and monumental remains, (4) "biographical articles of modern historians, and (5) dissertations or research articles "by modern scholars dealing with related problems. The gleaning of vital statistics and more general "biographical information and the evaluation of the literary contribution of ^rchbishop Theodore, and, i indeed, the
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