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The Making of England

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The Making of England WILLIAM GKOKOh'S SONS, ' L. THE MAKING OF ENGLAND THE MAKING OF ENGLAND JOHN RICHARD JSREEN, M.A., LL.D. HONORARY FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II WITH MAPS Eontion MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED 1904 A II righti reserved \J-3_ /<Vr.r Edition, i no/., Z);y 8ztf, January i88a Second Edition, December 1882 Third Edition, 1885 Fourth Edition (Eversley Series), 2 zW.1., G/o/k 8z/<?, 1897 Reprinted 1900, 1904 CONTENTS CHAPTER VI THE NOKTHUMBRIAX SUPREMACY 617-659 A.D. PAGE 617-633. Eadwine established as king of Northumbria . 1 The kingdom of Elmet 4 Eadwine's conquest of Elmet ..... 7 His power at sea, and conquests of Anglebua ami Mali 9 He establishes his supremacy over Mid-Britain . 9 626. His victory over the West-Saxons .... 11 Eadwine supreme over all the English save Kent . 11 Character of his rule over Northumbria . .11 He is pressed by his Kentish wife to become a Christian 14 627. The Northumbrian Witan accept Christianity . 15 The new faith rejected in East-Anglia . .17 Rising of the Mercians . .17 626-655. Penda king of the Mercian.-, 18 Penda becomes supreme over Mid-Britain ... 19 628 - His battle with the West-Saxons at Cirencester . 19 Probable annexation of the Hwiccan country . 20 Strife between Penda and Eadwine for East-Anglia . 20 Alliance of Penda with Cadwallon .... 21 The Hatfield Fen 22 633. Eadwine defeated and slain by Penda at iiattielJ. 24 vi CONTENTS MOB Northumbria its broken up into two kingdoms . 25 634.' Penda conquers East-Anglia 26 635-642. Oswald king of the Bernicians ..... 26 635. Battle of the Hevenfeld 28 From this time the struggle of the Welsh is a mere struggle of self-defence 29 635. Oswald calls for missionaries from Ireland ... 30 Influence of its physical characteristics on the history of Ireland 31 Early Ireland a huge grazing-ground .... 32 Its primitive institutions .32 Its contrast with the rest of Europe .... 34 Story of Patrick 36 The conversion of Ireland .37 The Irish Church moulded by the social condition of Ireland 38 Influence of the Celtic temper on Irish Christianity . 40 Its poetic and romantic temper ..... 42 The foreign missions of the Irish Church . 43 635. Aidan summoned by Oswald to Lindisfarne . 44 The Irish missionaries in Northumbria . .45 Oswald re-establishes the Northumbrian supremacy . 46 642. Oswald slain by Penda at the Maserfeld ... 50 Northumbria again broken up . .50 642-670. Oswiu king of the Bernicians . .51 Penda ravages Bernicia ...... 51 651. Oswiu reconquers Deira 52 Final restoration of Northumbria .... 54 652. Conversion of Penda's son Peada .... 55 Conversion of the East-Saxons ..... 56 654. Penda reconquers East-Anglia ..... 58 Penda attacks Oswiu ....... 59 655. Penda defeated and slain at the Wimvwd ... 60 Wreck of the Mercian state ... .62 Oswiu supreme over all the English .... 63 653. Revolt of the Mercians under Wulfhere ... 64 Abandonment by Northumbria of her effort after supremacy ........ 66 (Note on the Imperium of tlie early kings) . GG CONTENTS VU CHAPTER VII THE CHURCH AND THE KINGDOMS 659-690 PAGE With the failure of Northumbria national union seems impossible . 70 Entry of a new element into English life in the Church 70 All the English states save Sussex now Christian . 71 of . The organizing force Roman Christianity . 71 But the dominant Christianity in Britain now Irish . 72 Activity of the Irish Church in the north after the Winwsed 73 651-676. The mission work of Cuthbert ..... 74 The Irish Church devoid of organizing power . 79 Its success would have brought about a religious schism in Britain ...... 80 The Roman party in Northumbria .... 81 Benedict Biscop its head ...... 82 Still more energetic action of Wilfrid ... 84 664. The Irish party defeated at the Synod of Whitby . 85 The Synod averted the religious isolation and secured the religious oneness of England .... 87 Importance of the Primacy in the re-united Church . 88 669. Theodore, named Primate by the Pope, lands in Britain 89 Mercia now the most active English state ... 90 659 675. Wulfhere king of the Mercians ..... 91 lie-establishes the Mercian supremacy in Mid-Britain 91 661. Extends it over Essex, Surrey, and Sussex . 93 669-672. Theodore journeys over all England . .94 He is everywhere received as Primate ... 94 His first ordering of the English dioceses ... 95 673. Calls a council at Hertford 96 Influence of these councils on national development . 96 Establishes a school at Canterbury ... .98 viii CONTENTS PAOE Influence of this school on English literature . 99 c. 660-690. Ealdhelm in Wessex 100 652. Conquest of the Forest of Braden by the West- Saxons 101 " " Maidulf sets up his burh of Malmesbury . 105 Ealdhelm's work in this forest tract .... 105 Theodore's second organization of the dioceses . 106 The English dioceses co-extensive with the kingdoms 108 Theodore subdivides them by falling back on the tribal demarcations .108 673. He divides the see of East-Auglia .... 108 675-678. His division of the Mercian see . .110 675-704. Mercia under king .ffithelred Ill The monastic movement of this time based on (1) A passion for solitude .... Ill (2) Social impulse which followed it . 112 The monasteries rather social and industrial centres than religious . .113 Effect of this impulse in reclaiming the country . 114 The Forest of Arden 114 709. The foundation of Evesham 118 The Fens of the Wash 119 Guthlac at Crowland 121 The Thames valley 122 124 The nuns of Barking . ...... Survey of the rest of Mid- Britain .... 125 678. Theodore invited to organize the Church in North- umbria . 127 670-685. Ecgfrith king of the Northumbrians . 127 670-675. His conquest of Northern Lancashire and the Lake district 127 Carlisle and its continuous life . .130 130 Ecgfrith's triumphs over the Picts .... 131 675. Ecgfrith defeats Wulfhere and recovers Lindsey Condition of Northumbria . .132 Monastic colonies along the coast; .... 133 Ebba's house at Coldingham 134 Relations of these monastic colonies to the realm and its defence 135 CONTENTS ix PAOE They bring labour again into honour . .136 Influence of the movement on poetry . 139 Hilda's house at Streoneshealh 139 Story of Caedmon . .141 Character of Csedmon's poem . .142 Influence of the monastic movement on art . 145 Greatness of . A D Bishop "Wilfrid .147 678. Theodore divides the Northumbrian dioceses . 148 Wilfrid appeals to Rome and is exiled from North - umbtia 148 He takes refuge among and converts the South-Saxons 149 682. Theodore creates two fresh bishoprics in the North . 151 679. War between Mercia and Northumbria . .152 Ecgfrith forced to cede Lindsey . .152 684. Attack of the Northumbrian fleet on the shores of Ireland 152 686. Rising of the Picts against Ecgfrith . 152 Cuthbert's words of ill-omen ..... 153 685. Ecgfrith and his army slain by the Picts at Nectans- mere . .154 Wilfrid submits to Theodore and is restored to York . 154 690. Theodore dies 155 Later completion of the work of organization by the development of a parochial system, by the endow- ment of the clergy, and by the provision of dis- cipline within the Church ..... 155 CHAPTER VIII THE THREE KINGDOMS 690-829 Silent influence of Theodore's work in promoting national unity .157 The political disunion seems greater than ever . 157 Weakness and anarchy of tho West- Saxons since Faddiley 158 x CONTENTS nun But their real not diminished . 159 A D strength 682. King Centwine drives the Britons to the Quantocks . 159 685. Ceadwalla unites all the West-Saxons under his rule . 161 Conquers Sussex and the Isle of Wight . .162 688. Fails in an attack on Kent and withdraws to Rome . 162 688-726. Ine re -unites the West -Saxons after an interval of anarchy 162 688-694. Forces Kent, Essex, and London to own his supremacy 163 710. Attacks the kingdom of Dyvnaint .... 164 Founds Taunton in the conquered territory . 164 Somerset after its conquest 165 Mingling of the two races seen at Glastonbury . 166 Seen too in the double city of Exeter . .167 Ine divides the bishopric of Wessex .... 168 715. He repulses the Mercian king Ceolred at Wanborough 169 Fresh outbreak of anarchy in Wessex . .169 726. Ine dies on pilgrimage to Rome . .170 716-757. .ffithelbald king of Mercia 1 70 728-733. ^Ethelbald overruns all Wessex 172 733-754. His supremacy owned by all the southern English . 172 754. The West-Saxons rise and defeat .ffithelbald at Bur ford 172 Meanwhile Northumbria stands apart from the rest of Britain 173 685-705. Aldfrith king of Northumbria 173 Peaceful growth of learning under his rule . 174 673-735. This learning summed up in Breda . .175 His life at Jarrow . ..... 175 His learning and works ...... 176 His Ecclesiastical History ...... 178 The story of his death 180 His scheme of religious reformation in the North . 182 735. Ecgberht becomes Archbishop of York . .182 738-758. His brother Eadberht king of the Northumbrians . 182 740. Eadberht repulses both the Mercians and the Picts . 183 750. Takes Kyle from the Britons of Strathclyde . 183 York under Eadberh* 183 The school of York under Ecgberht .... 184 756. Eadberht defeated by the Picts 186 758. Eadberht and Ecgberht both withdraw to a monastery 186 CONTENTS xi PAGE The after-history of Northumbria one of weakness and anarchy 186 Change in the character of our history . 187 England becomes linked to the rest of Western Christendom 187 The change brought about by the joint work of English missionaries and the Franks .... 187 Growth of the Frankish kingdom .... 188 The Franks under Pippin support the English mis- A D sionaries ........ 190 690.' Mission of Willibrord 191 718-753.
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