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TAXON:Euphorbia Cyathophora Murray SCORE:10.0 TAXON: Euphorbia cyathophora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Murray Taxon: Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Family: Euphorbiaceae Common Name(s): dwarf poinsettia Synonym(s): Euphorbia barbellata Engelm. fire-on-the-mountain Euphorbia graminifolia Michx. Mexican fire plant Euphorbia heterophylla auct. N. Amer. painted spurge Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke paintedleaf painted-leaf spurge wild poinsettia Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Nov 2019 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Herb, Environmental Weed, Toxic, Dense Stands, Explosively Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 25 Nov 2019 (Euphorbia cyathophora Page 1 of 17 Murray) TAXON: Euphorbia cyathophora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Murray Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 Nov 2019 (Euphorbia cyathophora Page 2 of 17 Murray) TAXON: Euphorbia cyathophora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Murray Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Native from eastern and southern United States to Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of northern South America and the West Indies, naturalized in parts of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University the Old World; in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. sites on Midway Atoll, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui." Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora [No evidence] "One species that exists on the boundary between - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other being a weed and being genuinely cultivated is Euphorbia Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI cyathophora" 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "native to the West Indies but is widely cultivated for the prominent Timber Press, Portland, OR red bases of the upper leaves." Creation Date: 25 Nov 2019 (Euphorbia cyathophora Page 3 of 17 Murray) TAXON: Euphorbia cyathophora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Murray Qsn # Question Answer "Native Northern America NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Indiana (w.), Ohio (s.w.), West Virginia] NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota (s.), Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota (s.e.), Wisconsin] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=616), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia] SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico (s.), Texas] NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora (e.), Tamaulipas, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Zacatecas] Germplasm System. (2019). Germplasm Resources SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Veracruz de Ignacio de la https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 21 Nov 2019] Llave, Yucatán, Ciudad de México] Southern America CARIBBEAN: Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.] Virgin Islands (British) CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Suriname, Venezuela WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador [Azuay, Chimborazo] SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina [Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero]" Nellis, D.W. 1997. Poisonous plants and animals of Florida "This species is found worldwide in the tropics and warm temperate and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc., Sarasota, FL regions" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2019). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 21 Nov 2019] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University "in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed sites" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Prairie Moon Nursery. (2019). Euphorbia cyathophora. "USDA Zones: 4-10" https://www.prairiemoon.com. [Accessed 21 Nov 2019] Creation Date: 25 Nov 2019 (Euphorbia cyathophora Page 4 of 17 Murray) TAXON: Euphorbia cyathophora SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Murray Qsn # Question Answer Collected over a broad latitudinal range (30°01'59"S to 05°28'55"S Tropicos.org. 2019. Missouri Botanical Garden. and 01°41'00"N to 40°28'11"N] and broad elevational range [0 m to http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 21 Nov 2019] 2900 m] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native from eastern and southern United States to northern South Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of America and the West Indies, naturalized in parts of the Old World; the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed sites on of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Midway Atoll, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui. First collected on O'ahu in 1917 (Forbes 2443. 0, BISH)." Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "native to the West Indies but is widely cultivated for the prominent Timber Press, Portland, OR red bases of the upper leaves." Nellis, D.W. 1997. Poisonous plants and animals of Florida "This species is found worldwide in the tropics and warm temperate and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc., Sarasota, FL regions." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "In Fiji, an abundantly naturalized weed occurring from near sea Smith, A.C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji level to about 100 m in clearings, along roadsides and trails, and in (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 2. Pacific Tropical coconut plantations and canefields; it is often abundant in coastal Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI areas, frequently on sandy beaches" "Native from eastern and southern United States to northern South Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H.
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