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A Review of the Troglobitic Decapod Crustaceans of the Americas

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A Review of the Troglobitic Decapod Crustaceans of the Americas HORTON H. HOBBS, JR., H. H. HOBBS III, and MARGARET A. DANIEL m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 244 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 244 A Review of the Troglobitic Decapod Crustaceans of the Americas Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., H. H. Hobbs III, and Margaret A. Daniel SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1977 ABSTRACT Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., H. H. Hobbs III, and Margaret A. Daniel. A Review of the Troglobitic Decapod Crustaceans of the Americas. Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology, number 244, 183 pages, 70 figures, 1 table, 1977.—Eight fami- lies comprising 18 genera and 55 species and subspecies of troglobitic and anchialine decapod crustaceans are recorded from the Americas. The family Atyidae is represented by two genera: Palaemonias, with two species occurring in the United States, and Typhlatya, encompassing seven species found in the West Indies, Yucatan, and the Galapagos Islands. Among the six genera of the family Palaemonidae are the Mexican monotypic Bithynops in Chiapas, Crea- seria in Yucatan, and Neopalaemon in Oaxaca; in addition, one species of the genus Macrobrachium occurs in Oaxaca, two species of the genus Palaemonetes frequent subterranean habitats in the United States, and six members of the genus Troglocubanus occur in Cuba, Jamaica, and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Only one troglobitic species of the genus Alpheopsis, a member of the largely marine family Alpheidae, occurs in the area, that in Oaxaca, Mexico. Two genera of the also primarily marine family Hippolytidae, Barbouria and Callias- mata, are each represented by a single species occurring in anchialine habitats in the West Indies, the latter only in the Dominican Republic. Of the three endemic American groups, the Cambarinae comprises the largest number of troglobites: there are eight species of Cambarus, six species and subspecies of Orconectes, and 13 species and subspecies of Procambarus; the former two are confined to the United States and the latter is present also in Cuba and Mexico; the monotypic Troglocambarus is restricted to peninsular Florida. The other two endemic groups, the families Aeglidae and Pseudothelphusidae, are repre- sented, respectively, by a single species of the genus Aegla occurring in Brazil and one of Potamocarcinus in Chiapas, Mexico. The remaining widespread family Grapsidae encompasses a member of the genus Sesarma in Jamaica. Fol- lowing a presentation of the composition of the fauna and a historical account of investigations leading to our present knowledge of it is a discussion of the evolution of the several groups and a key to aid in the identification of members of the fauna. The systematic section includes synonymies for the genera, sub- genera, species, and subspecies. Each of the supraspecific taxa is diagnosed, its range denned, and the numbers of species and troglobitic or anchialine represen- tatives noted. For each species and subspecies, as complete a synonymy as we have been able to obtain is provided. Also a diagnosis, the maximum size, dis- position of the types, type-locality, and range (including locality records) are followed by a summary of available ecological and life-history data; illustrations are provided for each. Appended to this study is a list of the non-troglobitic decapods that are known to occur in subterranean habitats, a glossary of terms employed in the text, and a list of the symbionts of American troglobitic decapods. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hobbs, Jr., Horton Holcombe, 1914- A review of the troglobitic decapod crustaceans of the Americas. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 244) Bibliography: p. Includes index. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:244 1. Decapoda (Crustacea)—America. 2. Crustacea—Classification. 3. Crustacea—America. 4. Cave fauna—America. I. Hobbs III, H. H., joint author. II. Daniel, Margaret A., joint au- thor. HI. Title. IV. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 244. QL1.S54 no. 244 [QL444.M33] 591'.008s [595\384] 76-608175 Contents Page Introduction 1 Diagnoses 1 Size 1 Disparity in Treatment of the Species 3 Location of Types 3 Acknowledgments 4 Composition of the Fauna 5 Brief History of Investigations 7 Karst Regions Supporting Troglobitic Decapods 11 Evolution of the Troglobitic Decapods 12 Atyidae 13 Palaemonidae 14 Alpheidae 16 Hippolytidae 16 Cambaridae 16 Grapsidae 21 Adaptations 22 Key to Species of American Troglobitic Decapods 23 Suborder NATANTIA 28 Section CARIDEA 28 Family ATYIDAE 28 Genus Palaemonias 28 Palaemonias alabamae Smalley 28 Palaemonias ganteri Hay 30 Genus Typhlatya 32 Typhlatya campecheae Hobbs and Hobbs 32 Typhlatya consobrina Botosaneanu and Holthius 32 Typhlatya galapagensis Monod and Cals 35 Typhlatya garciai Chace 37 Typhlatya mitchelli Hobbs and Hobbs 39 Typhlatya tnonae Chace 39 Typhlatya pearsei Creaser 43 Family PALAEMONIDAE 46 Genus Bithynops 46 Bithynops luscus Holthius 46 Genus Creaseria 46 Creaseria morleyi (Creaser) 46 Genus Macrobrachium 50 Macrobrachium villalobosi Hobbs 50 Genus Neopalaemon 52 Neopalaemon nahuatlus Hobbs 52 Genus Palaemonetes 52 Palaemonetes antrorum Benedict 53 Palaemonetes cummingi Chace 56 Genus Troglocubanus 58 Troglocubanus calcis (Rathbun) 58 Troglocubanus eigenmanni (Hay) 60 Troglocubanus gibarensis (Chace) 60 Troglocubanus inermis (Chace) 63 Troglocubanus jamaicensis Holthius 63 Troglocubanus perezfarfanteae Villalobos F 64 IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Page Family ALPHEIDAF. 66 Genus Alpheopsis 66 Alpheopsis stygicola Hobbs 67 Family HIPPOLYTIDAE 67 Genus Barbouria 67 Barbouria cubensis (von Martens) 67 Genus Calliasmata 72 Calliasmata rimolii Chace 72 Suborder REPTANTIA 75 Section ASTACURA 75 Family CAMBARIDAE 75 Subfamily CAMBARINAE 75 Genus Cambarus 75 Subgenus Aviticambarus 75 Cambarus (Aviticambarus) hamulatus (Cope) 76 Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi Hobbs and Barr 78 Subgenus Erebicambarus 80 Cambarus (Erebicambarus) hubrichti Hobbs 80 Subgenus Jugicambarus 82 Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes Hobbs 83 Cambarus (Jugicambarus) setosus Faxon 83 Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus Hobbs and Cooper 88 Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes Hobbs and Bedinger 88 Subgenus Puncticambarus 91 Cambarus (Puncticambarus) nerterius Hobbs 91 Genus Orconectes 95 Orconectes australis australis (Rhoades) 93 Orconectes australis packardi Rhoades 96 Orconectes incomptus Hobbs and Barr 98 Orconectes inermis inermis Cope 100 Orconectes inermis testii (Hay) 105 Orconectes pellucidus (Tellkampf) 108 Genus Procambarus 113 Subgenus Austrocambarus '. 114 Procambarus (Austrocambarus) niveus Hobbs and Villalobos F 114 Procambarus (Austrocambarus) oaxacae oaxacae Hobbs 116 Procambarus (Austrocambarus) oaxacae reddelli Hobbs 118 Procambarus (Austrocambarus) rodriguezi Hobbs 118 Subgenus Leconticambarus 121 Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri Hobbs 121 Subgenus Lonnbergius 121 Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis (Ldnnberg) 122 Subgenus Ortmannicus 124 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) erythrops Relyea and Sutton 124 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti Hobbs and Means 126 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus lucifugus (Hobbs) 128 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus alachua (Hobbs) 130 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) ordnus Hobbs and Means 132 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus (Hobbs) 132 Subgenus Remoticambarus 136 Procambarus (Remoticambarus) pecki Hobbs 136 Genus Troglocambarus 138 Troglocambarus maclanei Hobbs 138
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  • Endangered Species

    Endangered Species

    FEATURE: ENDANGERED SPECIES Conservation Status of Imperiled North American Freshwater and Diadromous Fishes ABSTRACT: This is the third compilation of imperiled (i.e., endangered, threatened, vulnerable) plus extinct freshwater and diadromous fishes of North America prepared by the American Fisheries Society’s Endangered Species Committee. Since the last revision in 1989, imperilment of inland fishes has increased substantially. This list includes 700 extant taxa representing 133 genera and 36 families, a 92% increase over the 364 listed in 1989. The increase reflects the addition of distinct populations, previously non-imperiled fishes, and recently described or discovered taxa. Approximately 39% of described fish species of the continent are imperiled. There are 230 vulnerable, 190 threatened, and 280 endangered extant taxa, and 61 taxa presumed extinct or extirpated from nature. Of those that were imperiled in 1989, most (89%) are the same or worse in conservation status; only 6% have improved in status, and 5% were delisted for various reasons. Habitat degradation and nonindigenous species are the main threats to at-risk fishes, many of which are restricted to small ranges. Documenting the diversity and status of rare fishes is a critical step in identifying and implementing appropriate actions necessary for their protection and management. Howard L. Jelks, Frank McCormick, Stephen J. Walsh, Joseph S. Nelson, Noel M. Burkhead, Steven P. Platania, Salvador Contreras-Balderas, Brady A. Porter, Edmundo Díaz-Pardo, Claude B. Renaud, Dean A. Hendrickson, Juan Jacobo Schmitter-Soto, John Lyons, Eric B. Taylor, and Nicholas E. Mandrak, Melvin L. Warren, Jr. Jelks, Walsh, and Burkhead are research McCormick is a biologist with the biologists with the U.S.