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Dutch Functionalism in the Tropics: the Factory of the Netherlands Trading Society

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Dutch Functionalism in the Tropics: the Factory of the Netherlands Trading Society bulletin Architecture & Finance 2019/20 eabh (The European Association for Banking and Financial History e.V.) Image: Bank of Canada and Museum entrance. 29 Sept 2017. Photo: doublespace INDONESIA Dutch functionalism in the tropics: The factory of the Netherlands Trading Society Jaap-Jan Mobron oday’s ABN AMRO Bank is mainly a Dutch business. A dozen years ago T the bank could still boast a world- wide network, with roots sometimes dat- ing back nearly two centuries. Especially in Indonesia, formerly known as the Dutch East Indies, the bank’s architectural heritage can be found all over the archipelago. Prominent among these is its former Asian head office in Jakarta, which stands proud to this day. It is a monument to Dutch functionalism in the tropics. One of the oldest and most prestig- ious predecessors of ABN AMRO is Nether- lands Trading Society (Nederlandsche Han- del-Maatschappij) or NTS. The company was founded on 29 March 1824 on the initi- The spacious and airy banking hall on the ground floor in 1933, shortly after opening ative of the Dutch monarch, Willem I. It was (copyright: ABN AMRO Art & Heritage) set up as a general import and export com- pany with the principal purpose of stimu- lating the nation’s economy, particularly As the Dutch government’s economic Following the German occupation of through trade with the Dutch East Indies. policies changed in the late 1800s, so too the Netherlands in May 1940, the NTS moved Although it was not officially a successor to had the NTS. It concentrated increasingly its head office to Batavia. Two years later, the Dutch East Indies Company or VOC, the on banking and opening new branches when the Japanese occupied the Dutch East NTS certainly continued many of the activ- throughout Asia, far beyond the East Indies. Indies, the company officially moved to Par- ities of its famous predecessor. From 1830 Yet, the bank still remained under the direc- amaribo, the capital of Suriname and Hol- to 1870 the NTS served as banker, commis- tion of the Factory. Since East Asia was prac- land’s second major colony. All the NTS’s sioner and carrier to the Dutch state. It was tically the NTS’s only area of business until East Indies offices were closed for the dura- responsible for storing, selling and shipping well into the twentieth century, the Fac- tion of the war and the company’s business colonial products such as coffee, tea, sugar tory, as the company’s Asian headquarters, came to a virtual standstill. The following and spices that were collected in kind as a was involved in almost all its transactions period of decolonisation increased the diffi- form of taxation by the state. Because of the and operations. It was only with the rise of culty of Dutch company operations in Indo- enormous distance that separated the East the NTS’s banking business in the Nether- nesia, eventually making them impossible. Indies and the Netherlands, the NTS set up lands in the course of the twentieth cen- Then in May 1959, the NTS’s Indonesian culti- a complete administrative hierarchy to run tury that this emphasis began to shift, while vation company was nationalised, followed the colonial operation. This was based in Asian business continued to remain impor- in December 1960 by the nationalisation of Batavia (now: Jakarta) at what was known tant for many years. This also applies to the the Factory and all the agencies under its as the Factory (Factorij), following its estab- so-called plantation business of the Factory control. Not long after this, the NTS merged lishment on 27 February 1826. The name which consisted of a large clientele of plan- with Dutch rival Twentsche Bank to form Factorij – in imitation of the trading posts of tation owners as well as sugar-, tea-, and Algemene Bank Nederland or ABN, which, in the VOC which were called factories – was coffee-plantations owned by the Factory 1991, merged to become ABN AMRO Bank. given to both the institution and organisa- itself, mainly as a result of bankruptcies that Meanwhile, the NTS’s Indonesian banking tion itself as well as the actual building in occurred frequently in times of agricultural business was taken over by an Indonesian which it was housed. crisis in the Dutch East Indies. state-owned bank which, after changing its bulletin | 2019/20 73 INDONESIA The Factorij in 2004, transformed into Museum Bank Mandiri (copyright Bank Mandiri) name several times, merged in 1999 with Besar Utara, which is located behind Kali three other banks – two of which were also Besar South. It lies opposite the city’s cen- former nationalized predecessors of ABN tral train station near the offices of other AMRO Bank – to become today’s Bank Man- colonial banks as well as directly beside the diri, Indonesia’s largest bank. head office of Javasche Bank or the central bank of the Dutch East Indies (now known as Old design for a new building Bank Indonesia). The Factory invited three The building in which the Factory ended leading East Indies architectural agencies its days in 1960 is not where the company to submit designs for the new building in a started operating in 1826. For over a century limited competitive tender. Although the it operated from the neighbouring Kali Besar, architects were free to make their own sug- Batavia’s old commercial centre. It occupied gestions regarding style, the building had several addresses there before settling in to convey what was termed ‘a respectable, Kali Besar East number 26, Jl. Teh and south monumental air for the bank building as a of Jl. Kunir, later renamed Factorijstraat. whole, and especially for its public areas’1. Like many other commercial buildings along At the same time, the list of requirements this canal at the time, the NTS building con- included an efficient and simple interior lay- sisted of a wooden top floor, projecting over out, ample provision of light and fresh air the pavement, and standing on slender iron and every possible modern comfort. In addi- posts. Over the years adjacent buildings tion, it was emphasised that the building were bought, demolished and rebuilt, which should be designed to accommodate future Architect Cees van de Linde ca. 1930 was necessary for expansion but also a nec- growth, so that the Factory staff should be (copyright: ABN AMRO Art & Heritage) essary means of minimising fire hazard and allocated fifty per cent more space than the threat of white ants. By the early 1900s it at the old building. This was hardly a sur- was clear that drastic renovation of the old prise given the chronic lack of space at the building or a completely new building was old Factory building. Each of the three sub- needed. Continuing decay, which is typical missions was designed in a historical revival to the tropics, as well as a growing need for style that referred back to the West Euro- space due to the Factory’s increased focus pean architecture of the preceding centuries, on banking, created a demand for facilities particularly the Baroque and Classical peri- offering presentable cash counters and fire- ods. This was a popular genre in the com- proof safe deposits. mercial world of the East Indies and in fact In 1921, a strategic location became 1 National Archives of the Netherlands (The Hague), Archives of available on Stationsplein, today’s Pintu Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (Netherlands Trading Society), inv. nr. 2956 (letter 22-03-1922). 74 bulletin | 2019/20 INDONESIA View of the court yard from the ground floor (copyright: ABN AMRO Art & Heritage) Galleries ensured both natural ventilation and protection from the sun (copyright: ABN AMRO Art & Heritage) dominated its architecture well into the 20th It was decided to directly commission Kees However, top priority was given to adap- century. These were modern constructions van de Linde (1886-1941), an architect who tations for the local climate. With an aver- built with reinforced concrete and the lat- had already made an excellent impression age temperature of around 30 degrees cen- est technical innovations hidden behind his- on management in the Netherlands. Van de tigrade and an average humidity of over 83 torical façades of columns or pilasters, hous- Linde had worked for several years as office per cent, Batavia was not the most pleas- ing prominent roofs with domes or towers manager under the famous Dutch architect ant environment in which to work in the age and plenty of sculptural decoration. Several Karel de Bazel (1869-1923), who designed before air-conditioning, especially for Euro- NTS-buildings were designed in this style, the NTS’s new head office building, when the pean employees. After some local research, such as their offices in Bandung and Welte- latter suddenly died in 1923. After De Bazel’s the so-called open system – with deep, open vreden (today’s Menteng district of Jakarta). death, Van de Linde played a key role in the galleries surrounding the building and floors However, the construction then underway of completion of the building in 1926. As Van de of around six metres in height that had been the new NTS head office building in Amster- Linde had no experience in construction in used at Javasche Bank – emerged as the pre- dam was already straining the company’s the Dutch East Indies, he was assisted by Mau- ferred solution. A continuous double façade resources. As a result, the construction plans rits Tideman (1888-1969), who had worked with galleries would ensure both natural were shelved. for Batavia’s department of public works.
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