Monitoring Report 2013

National Food Policy Plan of AcƟon and Country Investment Plan

June 2013

FPMU, Ministry of Food Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

This document is the result of a joint eﬀort by the:

Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Ministry of Food Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Industries Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LG Division and RDC Division) Ministry of Planning (Planning Commission, Statistics and Informatics Division and IMED) Ministry of Primary and Mass Education Ministry of Social Welfare Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Women and Children Aﬀairs

Coordinated by the

FPMU, Ministry of Food

with technical support from the NaƟonal Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP)

ISBN 978-984-33-7539-1

Published by FPMU, Ministry of Food. For copies/update on the Monitoring Report please contact: DG, FPMU – Khaddya Bhaban, 16 Abdul Ghani Road, Dhaka -1000; [email protected]

Printed by Dynamic Printers, 53/1 Arambagh, Dhaka-1000, Phone : 7192771, E-mail : [email protected] Foreword

The Government of Bangladesh is committed to achieve food and nutrition security for all citizens, especially the most vulnerable. The Government adopted a comprehensive National Food Policy (NFP, 2006), aiming to enhance food availability, access and utilisation through interventions detailed in the Plan of Action (PoA, 2008-2015) and investments specified in the multi-billion dollar Country Investment Plan (CIP, 2011-2015) consistently with the Sixth Five Year Plan, the Vision 2021 and the Millennium Development Goals. The NFP, PoA and CIP articulate measurable results and required resources up to 2015. Achievements so far were internationally recognized in May 2013, when FAO awarded Bangladesh in recognition of its “notable and outstanding progress in fighting hunger”. This report is the third in the series that monitors implementation of the PoA and CIP, and tracks progress towards the NFP goal. Production of the report was led by the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit of the Ministry of Food, in collaboration with 17 partner Ministries/ Divisions, and with technical assistance from FAO and financial support from EU and USAID, under the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme. The report drew on 32 inter-ministerial meetings; drafts were reviewed by the inter-ministerial Food Policy Working Group (FPWG), a stakeholder workshop composed of the Government, development partners, private sector and civil society; and it was discussed and endorsed by the National Committee. The Monitoring Report 2013 shows that the high recognition accorded to food and nutrition security at the highest levels of the Government and amongst development partners continues to pay substantial dividends for the well-being of Bangladeshi people. The CIP budget is now at 9.8 billion USD, of which 6.2 billion USD is already financed; 3.3 billion USD was mobilized since the CIP was launched in 2010 of which 1.7 billion USD was in fiscal year 2011/12. The Government financed 3.9 billion USD (62%) and development partners 2.3 billion USD (38%). As funding con tinues growing, the challenge is to use it timely and effectively. At the same time, the report is realistic to the situation in Bangladesh and urges for concerted efforts to do better. Rice production has intensified making the country self- sufficient, purchasing power has increased, people are consuming a broader range of foods, and exclusive breastfeeding has dramatically increased. Mixed signals exist on the NFP’s undernourishment goal; food availability needs to be more diversified, resilient and sustainable; food access needs to be broadened and stabilised; and progress on utilisation needs to be radically accelerated because despite much progress to date, regrettably still two-in-five children are stunted. The Government has taken major steps to address these challenges, including rebalancing fertilizer subsidies, greater efforts to mainstream nutrition across sectors to Scaling Up Nutrition; drafting a National Food Safety Act and scaling up investments for emergency foodgrain storage. Much has been done, as identified in the report, and much more needs to be done, as also identified in the report. With this in mind, I am confident that this Report will inform and guide more robust actions, ideas and energies towards food and nutritrition securitysecurity in Bangladesh.Banglad

Dhaka, 9 June 2013 Dr. Mohammadammad AAbdurbdur RRazzaque,azzaque, MMP Minister Ministry of Food i

Table of contents

Foreword ...... i Acronyms ...... iv ExecuƟve summary ...... ix 1. IntroducƟon ...... 1 2. Approach to monitoring ...... 3 3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes ...... 7 3.1. NFP goals ...... 7 3.2. NFP Objective 1 outcomes ...... 10 3.3. NFP Objective 2 outcomes ...... 17 3.4. NFP Objective 3 outcomes ...... 24 4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ...... 33 4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension ...... 33 4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes ...... 41 4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility ...... 46 4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development ...... 53 4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production ...... 59 5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ...... 65 5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value-addition in agriculture, and non-farm incomes ...... 65 5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions ...... 71 5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system ...... 78 5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets ...... 83 6. UƟlizaƟon: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ...... 91 6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services...... 91 6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data ...... 99 6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement ...... 106 7. Food security and CIP financing ...... 113 7.1. Fiscal space for food security: budgets of key NFP partner ministries ...... 113 7.2. CIP financing ...... 117 8. Overall assessment and recommendations ...... 131 8.1. Overall assessment ...... 131 8.2. Recommendations ...... 133 Annexes ...... 137 Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators ...... 138 Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams ...... 144 Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP ...... 145 Annex 3.1. CIP budget revisions ...... 148 Annex 3.2. Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2013 by subprogramme ...... 150 Annex 3.3. CIP Budget 2013 and delivery in fiscal year 2011/12 by subprogramme ...... 152 Annex 3.4. Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2012 ...... 156 Annex 3.5. Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2012 (updated Table 4.6 of CIP 2011) ...... 194

iii Acronyms

ADP Annual Development Programme AEU Aid Effectiveness Unit AI Artificial Insemination AIS Agriculture Information Service AIMS Aid Information Management System ANC Antenatal Care AusAid Australian Agency for International Development AoI Area of Intervention ATIs Agricultural Training Institutions BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation BARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University BB Bangladesh Bank BBF Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BCC Behavioural Change Communication BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey BER Bangladesh Economic Review BHE Bureau of Health Education BFDC Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation BFRI Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BIHS Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey BINA Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture BIRDEM Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders BJRI Bangladesh Jute Research Institute BLRI Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute BMDA Barendra Multipurpose Development Authorities BMS Breast Milk Substitutes BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute BSRI Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CARS Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences CBN Cost of Basic Needs CD Cooperative Department CDC Centre for Disease Control CED Chronic Energy Deficiency CFPR Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CPI Consumer Price Index CPRC Chronic Poverty Research Center CIP Country Investment Plan : A Roadmap Towards Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition CMAM Community Management of Acute Malnutrition CMNS Child and Mother Nutrition Survey CNU Child Nutrition Units CSISA Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DAM Department of Agricultural Marketing DAMA Department of Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness DCI Direct Calorie Intake DDP Desirable Dietary Pattern DEI Dietary Energy Intake DES Dietary Energy Supply DFID UK Department for International Development DGFP Directorate General of Family Planning DGHS Directorate General of Health Services DoF Department of Fisheries DoForestry Department of Forestry DLS Department of Livestock Services DMB Disaster Management Bureau DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering DP Development Partner DPP Development Project Proposal DRF Development Result Framework (of the 6th FYP) DRR Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation DSS Department of Social Services DU Dhaka University DWA Department of Women Aﬀairs ECRRP Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project EGP Employment Generation Programme EEP Economic Empowerment of the Poorest EKN Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands ERD Economic Relations Division EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FBCCI Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry FCD Food Composition Database FCT Food Composition Tables FPMC Food Planning and Monitoring Committee FPMU Food Planning and Monitoring Unit FPWG Food Policy Working Group FSNIS Food Security and Nutrition Information System FSNSP Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Programme FYP Five Year Plan GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme GAM Global Acute Malnutrition

v GHP Good Hygienic Practices GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoB Government of Bangladesh GMP Good Manufacturing Practices GR Gratuitous Relief HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point HFSNA Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey HILIP Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project HKI Helen Keller International HPNSDP Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Programme HSDP Health Sector Development Programme IAPP Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project IEC Information, Education and Communication IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia ICDDR,B International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh ICN International Conference on Nutrition ICT Information and Communication Technology IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorders IEDCR Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research IFA Iron Folate Supplementation IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPC Integrated Phase Classification IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IPH Institute of Public Health IPHN Institute of Public Health and Nutrition IPM Integrated Pest Management IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness IMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division INFS-DU Institute of Nutrition and Food Science – Dhaka University IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LANSA Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia LCG-AFSRD Local Consultative Group on Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development LGD Local Government Division LGED Local Government Engineering Department LPL Lower Poverty Line MAPP Micro-enterprise and Agricultural Promotion Project MCHTA Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoC Ministry of Commerce MoDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MoF Ministry of Finance

MoFood Ministry of Food MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MoI Ministry of Industries MoLGRD&C Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MoP Muriate of Potash MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MoSW Ministry of Social Welfare MoWCA Ministry of Women and Children Affairs MTBF Medium Term Budgetary Framework NAEP National Agricultural Extension Policy NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NARS National Agricultural Research System NC National Committee NCD Non Communicable Diseases NCHS National Center for Health Statistics NFP National Food Policy NFPCSP National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme NFP PoA National Food Policy Plan of Action NFNP National Food and Nutrition Policy NHSBD Nutrition, Health and Demographic Survey of Bangladesh NIPU Nutrition Information Management Unit NMSS National Micronutrient Status Survey NPAN National Plan of Action for Nutrition NGOs Non Governmental Organizations NNP National Nutrition Programme NNS National Nutrition Services NSAPR National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction NSDS National Strategy for Development of Statistics NSPS National Social Protection Strategy NSS National Statistical System NWG Nutrition Working Group OMS Open Market Sales OP Operational Plan ORS Oral Rehydration Solution PA Project Assistance PMO Prime Minister’s Office PoA Plan of Action PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RDA Rural Development Academy RDCD Rural Development and Cooperatives Division RDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service REACH Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger REOPA Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets RGS Research Grants Scheme of the NFPCSP SAAO Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officer SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAFANSI South Asia Food and Nutrition Security Initiative

vii SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition SFYP Sixth Five Year Plan SMART Speciﬁc, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound SMILE Sustainable Market Infrastructure for Livelihoods Enhancement SPA Strategic Partnership Arrangement SPEMP Strengthening Public Expenditure Management Programme SPRING Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally SRDI Soil Resource Development Institute SSN Social Safety Net SUN Scaling Up Nutrition TPP Technical Assistance Project Proposal TSP Triple Super Phosphate TT Thematic Team TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UPL Upper Poverty Line USAID United States Agency for International Development USG Urea Super Granule VGD Vulnerable Group Development VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding WFP World Food Programme

viii Executive summary

The National Food Policy (NFP) provides strategic guidance for achieving food and nutrition security in Bangladesh. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates this into 26 Areas of Intervention (AoI) for the period 2008 to 2015. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A road map towards investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition (CIP) identiﬁes 12 investment programs to ensure implementation of the PoA. Implementation mechanisms and responsibilities across Government are speciﬁed in the NFP PoA Section I.4 and Part II, respectively.

Progress towards NFP goals The goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable, sustained food security for all people of the country at all times. According to FAO estimates, in Bangladesh the MDG hunger target has been reached in terms of proportion of people below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption (under-nourishment), but has slowly worsened since the PoA began implementation, despite a slight improvement in the monitored year. At national level progress in this indicator is measured through the DCI poverty estimates. These have not been made available from the HIES 2010, but projecting the trend emerging from the previous two HIES surveys, the undernourishment target appears to be out of reach. The other two indicators to measure progress towards the NFP goal - underweight and stunting amongst under-5 year old children- have continued to decline and the targets fixed for 2015 appear achievable if the past rates of decline are sustained. In the Results Framework of the SFYP, progress towards targets on CBN poverty declined in 2010 with no estimates available after then (although some drivers of poverty reduction appear to have slowed – see Chapter 3); growth was registered in agricultural GDP and rice wage, but these are lower than previous years and below their targets; and government spending on social protection as a share of GDP dropped and was below target. In sum, a number of points of caution in the assessment for 2011/12, against a backdrop of successes in earlier years, indicate the importance to protect previous gains and to re-double efforts to ensure that the pace of progress is sufficient to achieve NFP targets by the 2015 deadline.

Progress towards NFP outcomes Availability: Agricultural GDP (excluding forestry) growth slowed in 2011/12 and was below target, mainly owing to slower cereal production growth. Rice import dependency decreased steadily, consistent with the Government’s self-sufficiency objective, and instability of rice production decreased to its lowest yet, but both remain above their targets of 0%. The share of rice value added in total food value added declined over the last year but shows no clear trend since the PoA began implementation, and hence little indication of diversification. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Promote intensification, sustainability and resilience to ensure rice production growth outpaces consumption growth through productivity gains rather than land expansion; Bring more unused land under cultivation in coastal areas;

ix Scale up diversification into fisheries, livestock and high value crops through a range of interventions in the value-chain from the producer to the consumer; Better tailor interventions towards small and marginal farmers, particularly for production diversification; Promote research and extension towards climate change adaptation; Conserve soil fertility, arable land and groundwater; Promote agricultural mechanization to address emerging agricultural labour scarcity.

Access: Poverty continued to decline by 1.7% per year. There has been little improvement in income inequality. The annual change in national wages expressed in terms of rice increased. Food inﬂation declined and fell below general inﬂation in 2011/12. Men still earn more than women, although a marginal decline was registered. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Promote people's right to food in line with the Constitutional provisions and international treaty obligations; Protect migrants, including rural-to-urban migrants; Address regional and seasonal dimensions of poverty and shocks; Increase decent employment, particularly in non-farm sectors, through skill development; Reduce income inequality through pro-poor growth and asset creation.

Utilisation: The share of dietary energy supply and intake from cereals remains far above their recommended targets of 60%. Average caloric intake is below requirements and increased only slightly in 15 years. Women’s chronic energy deﬁciency reduced. The proportion of children receiving minimum acceptable diet decreased using the stricter deﬁnition of complementary feeding. However, recent surveys show some improvement. The increasing trend in consumption of iodized salt has slowed in recent years, and there are concerns about quality assurance. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Strengthen implementation of National Nutrition Services through better multisectoral coordination; Enhance women’s role in agriculture and nutrition; Implement the Non Communicable Disease strategy; Ensure food safety and promote hygiene.

Output monitoring: CIP programmes and associated NFP PoA Areas of Intervention Research and extension: The development of new crops varieties accelerated for rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables and potato, remained stable for oilseeds and decelerated for fruit and maize. There was little change in the numbers of farmers trained on sustainable agricultural practices. The share of rice in total cropped area remained stable while the area planted with HYV rice continued expanding, though at a reduced speed. Production growth slowed down for rice and wheat, but picked up for vegetables. A bumper harvest was registered for maize. What little agricultural diversiﬁcation occurred in the past decade has been between paddy and minor crops.

x Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Strengthen research sustainably and eﬀectively implement the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Vision 2030 and the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Act 2011; Improve agricultural extension services, especially on technology adoption, community-based learning and promotion of sustainable agriculture, including implementation of the Southern Delta Master Plan; Strengthen human and infrastructural capacities of organizations engaged in the delivery of extension services, and eﬀectively implement the National Agricultural Extension Policy 2012; Increase public spending in agricultural research, which is low in Bangladesh compared to neighbouring countries; Strengthen linkages among research, extension, education and farmers, and; Strengthen the One Stop Service Centre, farmers’ participation and the use of ICT in extension services.

Water management and irrigation: The area cropped under irrigation has increased whilst the contribution of surface water fell and the groundwater table deepened since 1981, although the situation improved slightly in 2011. The share of irrigation in boro production cost declined since 2007/08. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Enhance river water flow through dredging and international water-sharing treaty; Promote sustainable and efficient groundwater use by formulating detailed water budgets for main water basins; gradually shifting farmers from boro to higher value crops in critical basins; managing aquifer recharge and adapting it to different contexts nationwide; conserving water in canals, ponds, khals, and water bodies; reducing salinity and its impact in the South; and quantifying and qualifying arsenic and other physical, chemical and biological contaminants to develop prevention and mitigation options; Control flood and river erosion through floodplain zoning, planned urbanization, restoration of abundant channels, dredging of rivers and streams, increased elevations of roads and village platforms, building of efficient storm sewer systems, establishment of buffer zones along rivers, conservation tillage, controlled runoff near construction sites, adjustment of life-style and crop patterns, good governance, and improvement in flood warning/preparedness systems.

Inputs and soil fertility: Year-on-year fluctuations in the supply of improved seed as a percentage of agronomic requirements have persisted since 2007/8, although the supply increased between 2010/11 and 2011/12 for all monitored crops except rice, maize and vegetables. Seed quality remains an issue. Fertilizer subsidies - the largest element of public expenditure in agriculture- increased from 35.3 billion taka in 2007/08 to 69.5 billion taka in 2011/12 and allocation was substantially rebalanced among the various nutrients. This has positively influenced fertilizer use and is reflected in the mixed trends observed for the share of supply relative to agronomic requirement: reductions in urea increases in TSP with a significant convergence since the baseline. Yields have increased for most crops. Among fruits, relatively high yield variability is observed: while growth prevailed for guava and

xi mango, yields declined for pineapple, jackfruit and, quite consistently for banana. Agricultural credit disbursement continues to increase substantially year-on-year.

Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Strengthen production and distribution of quality seed, particularly through capacity strengthening of the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation and Seed Certification Agency; Reinforce quality control and promote private sector participation in production and distribution of improved seeds as well as in establishing voluntary certifications; Train farmers on quality seed production; Rebalance fertilizer subsidy and move towards ensuring quality of supply and quality controls; Strengthen training on balanced fertiliser use, and promote USG technology and organic fertilizer; Improve pest management by scaling up efforts of DAE and other extension agencies; Reintroduce crop insurance as a potential risk management strategy against extreme shocks.

Fisheries and aquaculture: Fishery expanded faster than other agricultural subsectors, with the share of fishery value added on agricultural GDP increasing by 0.6 percentage point and reaching almost a quarter of total agricultural value added. This is an encouraging sign of diversification. Fish production was one of the best since the PoA baseline year, with a growth of 6.5%, and with significant exports. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Increase productivity through improved technology, better management and further investment in the sector; Implement a national breeding plan and law on hatchery management, to prevent genetic deterioration, which is a main obstacle to increasing aquaculture production; Enhance extension and training based on well-defined roles for fishers, fish farmers, shrimp farmers, aratdars, wholesalers, transporters, depot holders, processors, retailers, fish vendors, and other market actors; Strengthen the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute and the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation; Reinforce community based co-management for sustainable wet lands management and maximize the role of fishery in livelihoods of the poor; Minimize the impacts of shrimp culture on soil quality and biodiversity; Promote alternate rice-fish farming system through an integrated approach cognizant of the interactions between rice cultivation, other crop cultivation, and fish farming in line with small holder livelihood strategies; Manage effectively open water fisheries resources.

Livestock development: Livestock production increased. The share of livestock value added in agriculture GDP (excluding forestry) remained unchanged at 14.1% in 2011, in contrast with slow decline observed previously. Encouraging growth was observed for the production of eggs, milk and meat. Poultry death due to highly pathogenic avian inﬂuenza dropped markedly in 2011/12 after booming in 2009/10 and 2010/11. Artiﬁcial insemination, a key

xii factor for improving livestock breeds, accelerated in 2011/12, after a slow-down observed in 2010/11, conﬁrming an overall satisfactory progress since 2007/08. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Ensure supply of quality feed and fodder, especially by better enforcement of the Animal and Fish Feed Act, establishment of testing laboratories and use of Government and other fallow land; Diversify supply and monitor private sector production and marketing of vaccines; Initiate properly monitored cross breeding and selective breeding programmes; Improve the productivity of goats, recognizing that programmes for scientiﬁc breeding, genetic improvement and conservation of local goat are practically absent; Improve bio-security in poultry farms as well as in markets; Improve marketing of livestock and livestock products and development of the value chain.

Access to markets and value addition: There is an observable increase in the mark-up of retail on farm gate prices between 2010/11 and 2011/12. The price mark-up for fertilizers remains relatively stable. The number of rural markets developed in 2011/12 declined compared to the exceptionally high number registered in 2010/11. Wage difference between males and females in agriculture continued declining slightly, but still remains around 40%. Growth of value added in small scale manufacturing exceeded overall GDP growth. The provisional real GDP growth rate of small scale manufacturing stands at 7.1% in 2011-12, well above the final estimate of growth in 2010/11, which is unusually low compared to the average annual performance. Enrolment of students in technical and vocational education and training continued to increase from 89,637 in 2007-08 to 144,904 in 2011-12, representing an annual average increase by about 12%. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Develop and maintain rural marketing and transportation infrastructure; Further reinforce synergies between infrastructure development and safety net programmes; Promote development of cold storage and transportation facilities; Expand skill development facilities focusing on non-crop and non-agricultural activities; Minimize wage differentials between males and females in agriculture; Strengthen farmers’ organizations to ensure remunerative prices to farmers.

Implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP: The Government’s institutional arrangements are operating for implementing, coordinating and monitoring the NFP PoA and CIP, with TT meetings regularly held. Although CIP delivery increased from 48% in 2010/11 to 51% in 2011/12 of the available funds, it is slower than required. During 2011/12, 65 new projects were initiated, valued at 1,591 million USD, out of a total additional financing of 1,712 million USD, with revisions to the budgets of ongoing projects accounting for the balance of 121 million USD. Additional resources mobilised under newly initiated and ongoing projects increased from 1,616 million USD to 1,712 million USD. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Increase efforts to institutionalise the annual monitoring process within FPMU; Increase efforts to scale up and strengthen implementation of the CIP and PoA;

xiii Increase awareness and build capacity of GoB and DPs on input data coverage timeliness, consistency and accuracy; Strengthen capacity for the inclusion of civil society and community based organisations in the implementation of the CIP.

Public food management: Public foodgrain storage capacity has increased to manage price volatility induced by vulnerability to natural disasters and fluctuations in price increases. Effective grain storage capacity increased, reaching 1.62 million metric tons in 2011/12 with a significant increase on the previous year that constitutes acceleration in the slowly increasing trend observed since the food price crises. Actual annual domestic procurement has varied over the past years. In 2011/12, total procurement was 0.98 million metric tons (mmt) compared to 0.56 mmt in 2010/11 and 1.20 mmt in 2009/10. Open market sales (OMS) has contributed to stabilizing consumer prices and after a considerable scaling up during the price surge of 2010/11, has been reduced in 2011/12. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Expedite construction of enhanced storage facilities; Introduce country-wide computerized food stock monitoring system; Estimate annual private foodgrain stocks for effective food planning; Develop an effective early warning information system; Increase effectiveness of domestic procurement.

Effective safety nets: Social safety net spending is shrinking as a share of GDP, total Government spending and total social protection spending. Budget coverage of VGF decreased, while the VGD remained steady. The quantity of food distributed under VGF and GR increased from 147,853 MT in 2010/11 to 209,367 MT in 2011/12. Using HIES 2010 data on SSNPs, 9.9% are poor beneficiary households, 56.6% are non-poor non-beneficiary households; on average beneficiary households received less than 100 taka per month, and if the benefits were deducted, the poverty rate would increase by 2 percentage points. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Simplify targeting criteria and reduce leakages; Finalise the National Social Protection Strategy; Enhance capacity to implement safety nets; Adjust safety net interventions to enhance resilience to climate change; Enhance safety nets operations during lean seasons; Integrate graduation strategies into safety net programmes; Design social protection interventions to support migration.

Community-based nutrition: Exclusive breastfeeding for the ﬁrst six months increased, helped by paid maternity leave for 6 months, part time work arrangements, facilities for expressing and storing breast milk and breastfeeding breaks. Home gardens need enhanced resilience to land degradation, water scarcity, bio-security (especially avian ﬂu), and climate change to support its further expansion. Dietary energy supply is not diversifying. Average per capita consumption of all food groups, except cereals, increased between 1995 and 2010. Acute malnutrition (wasting) slightly improved, while severe wasting deteriorated. Marginal progress is noted for antenatal coverage. Bangladesh is an exemplary case of the increasing momentum for nutrition advocacy that is fostering and supporting Government

xiv commitment to SUN. Joint government and research initiatives, notably the CGIAR research programme, LANSA, SAFANSI, MDGF Programme and SPRING are examples of nutrition sensitive interventions in agriculture. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Scale up Infant and Young Child Feeding practices; Strengthen biodiversity for healthy diets and nutrition, including indigenous foods and species; Promote school feeding and nutrition gardens; Ensure implementation of the BMS code; Revitalize of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative to promote, protect and support breastfeeding; Strengthen fortiﬁcation initiatives and the National Fortiﬁcation Alliance.

Data for improved nutrition: The number of BCC activities increased in 2011/12. Desirable dietary patterns have been established and food consumption tables have been updated through research commissioned by FPMU and technically supported by NFPCSP–FAO. Several new sources of survey data and analyses are available. FSNSP is now working towards a sustainable institutionalization plan to integrate surveillance into the activities of BBS, FPMU, NNS and related partners. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Monitor impacts of food security and nutrition interventions; Promote convergence among information systems; Institutionalize food security and nutrition surveillance; Use evidence based research for promoting BCC programmes; Promote food based dietary guidelines to inform policies and actions.

Food safety and quality: The certification of enlisted foods reduced from 64 in 2010/11 to 12 in 2011/12. Greater capacity in BSTI and other agencies would increase progress in food certification. A decline in diarrhoea is observed, although it still caused 2% of under-5 deaths during 2007-11. Almost universal coverage has been reached for safe water supply for domestic use. Access to safe drinking water increased to 98% nationally, and 88% in arsenic affected areas. Both poor and non-poor households have harmful concentrations of heavy metals in their foods, although this varies depending upon where food is grown and marketed. Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to: Activate CODEX focal point and ensure compliance to standards; Finalize and enact the new Food Safety Act, 2013; Seek approval of the National Food Safety and Quality Policy and of the National Food Safety Emergency Response Plan; Promote effective utilization of national food safety testing facilities; Scale up healthy street food vending.

The CIP 2013: Financial input monitoring Budgets of key NFP partner ministries and divisions in total GoB expenditure shrunk to 29%, its lowest share since the start of PoA implementation. The CIP 2013 totals 9.8 billion USD, of which 6.2 billion USD is completed or ongoing, and 3.6 billion USD is in the pipeline, of

xv which 2.5 billion USD is marked as priority pipeline. Marginal progress is noted in the implementation rate – cumulative delivery stands at 1.7 billion USD out of 6.2 billion USD financed. In addition, 218 million USD of investments is already committed to ongoing projects continuing beyond 2015, of which 45% is for availability, 29% for access and 26% for utilisation. Availability accounts for 56% of the value of financed projects and 65% of the value of pipeline projects – the respective figures of access are 39% and 33%, and for utilisation 6% and 2%, respectively. The GoB has invested into the CIP 1.65 dollars for every dollar invested by DPs – and for availability this ratio is 2, for access it is 1.62 and for utilisation it is just 0.26. DPs reported that they contributed to the CIP 2.6 billion USD, of which 55% went to the availability pillar, 37% to the access pillar and 8% to the utilisation pillar. In addition, DPs have committed a total of 737 million USD to food and nutrition security projects outside the ADP, and therefore outside the CIP. Future potential contributions to the CIP, indicated as of 1 July 2012 by DPs, totalled 1.6 billion USD, of which 22% was towards availability, 69 % towards access and 9 % towards nutrition.

The monitoring exercise In preparing the Monitoring Report 2013: National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan (CIP), a results-oriented monitoring approach was adopted, coherent with the national planning processes in place, namely the national MDGs and the SFYP results framework. A four-level results chain was deﬁned whereby NFP goals are articulated into outcomes/impacts that are expected to result from outputs, which are in turn generated from inputs. Monitoring indicators have been chosen at each level, within the data available, against SMART criteria: Speciﬁc, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time- bound. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for performance.

Institutional framework for monitoring Bangladesh’s institutional structure on food security and nutrition provides coordination at different levels, including for monitoring. The Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC) provides strategic orientation and establishes a high-level commitment to inter- sectoral collaboration. The National Committee (NC) is tasked with overseeing CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The Food Policy Working Group (FPWG) is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four Thematic Teams (TTs) that execute the monitoring process. The FPMU provides support to the unified framework. In addition to this, GoB agencies involved in running programmes pertaining to the CIP (over 30) as well as DPs provide inputs towards the CIP financial monitoring.

xvi 1. Introduction The policy framework The National Food Policy (NFP) endorsed by the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC), and thereafter approved by the Cabinet in August 2006, provides strategic guidance to address the key challenges facing Bangladesh in achieving food security in all its dimensions, including food supply and availability; physical, social and economic access to food; and nutrition and utilization of food, as embedded in its three core objectives: - NFP Objective 1: Adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food - NFP Objective 2: Increased purchasing power and access to food of the people - NFP Objective 3: Adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially women and children The overall goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable food security for all people at all times. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates the provisions of the NFP into 26 strategic Areas of Intervention (AoI) to be implemented over the period 2008-2015. The PoA identifies responsible actors (government and non-government) and suggests policy targets and indicators for monitoring progress. The document also provides guidelines regarding inter- ministerial coordination, and sectoral planning and budgeting, with a view to promoting implementation effectiveness. It also outlines a strategy for monitoring progress. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A road map toward investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition (CIP) is a five-year comprehensive investment plan identifying 12 programmes articulated in 40 subprogrammes and a large number of projects to be executed from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015 to ensure implementation of the PoA. It is a country-led planning, fund mobilization and alignment tool. It supports increased, effective public investment to increase and diversify food availability in a sustainable manner and improve access to food and nutrition security. The CIP only covers public investments under the Annual Development Plan of the Government of Bangladesh but it is designed in such a way to leverage investment by private sector food security actors and smallholders in particular. The CIP was developed in 2010 and discussed in the Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum held in Dhaka on 26th and 27th May 2010 with the inauguration of the event by H.E. the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. It was further developed through a wider consultation process involving main stakeholders in Government, civil society and development partners that resulted in the publication of a revised version in June 2011. The CIP has been conceived as a living document. Indeed, while the structure of main programmes and subprogrammes remains unchanged, the number of projects and related financial resources are in continuous evolution. The monitoring exercise contributes to animate and take stock of this evolution, keeping the CIP budget updated, based on progress against its results’ framework and needs emerging from a changing context. The CIP is anchored in the policy, programmatic and financial framework of Bangladesh: (i) it is the investment arm of the National Food Policy (NFP, 2006) and its Plan of Action (PoA, 2008-2015); (ii) it is embedded in the Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP); (iii) it is a strong advocacy and financial tool for increased resource allocation from the budget (through the Government process) and development partners (DPs). The CIP benefited from the commitment at the national level to food security and nutrition expressed in the Scaling up Nutrition Movement (SUN). The CIP provides a coherent set of 12 priority investment programmes to improve food security and nutrition in an integrated way.

1 Introducing the monitoring exercise The establishment of an effective monitoring system enables policy-makers to timely assess progress towards the achievements of NFP goals, objectives and sectoral targets, and to take corrective action, if required. This guided the formulation of the National Food Policy Plan of Action (PoA) and is reflected in the National Food Policy Plan of Action (2008-2015) Monitoring Report 2010, which among others, served to inform the Government of Bangladesh in the elaboration of the CIP. The monitoring framework of the CIP is built upon the NFP PoA monitoring framework, and monitoring of the NFP PoA and the CIP is embedded into Programme 7 of the CIP. Monitoring two policy documents jointly required careful thinking on how to organize the exercise to ensure adequate coverage and consistency. An approach for jointly monitoring the CIP and PoA was designed and implemented for the Monitoring Report 2012, and since it was found to be successful, the same approach was used for the monitoring conducted for this report. A Roadmap for Producing the 2013 CIP and NFP PoA Monitoring Report1 was elaborated over the summer of 2012 by the NFPCSP Technical Assistance Team, in consultation with the Thematic Teams (TTs) and the FPMU. The document was presented and discussed with the TTs and FPMU staff during a training workshop on ‘Monitoring Food Security Framework in Bangladesh’ held in October 2012. Based on the assessment of the activities conducted in 2012, the workshop refined the approach, indicators and monitoring responsibilities, and enabled participants to be effectively involved in the monitoring exercise as a learning process to independently and sustainably carry out the monitoring process.

Description of this report The report presents data and analysis on the selected indicators of goals, outcomes and outputs for 2011/12 (the monitored year) and previous years, including 2007/08 (the PoA baseline) and 2009/10 (the CIP baseline). For inputs, the report presents data and analysis on financial commitments for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015, updated as of the second financial year after the start of the CIP. Chapter 2 describes the approach taken to jointly monitor the NFP PoA and CIP. Chapter 3 assesses progress towards NFP Goals and NFP Objectives related to food availability, food access and food utilization. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 monitor, respectively, the five CIP programmes that contribute to food availability, the four CIP programmes that contribute to food access and the three CIP programmes that contribute to food utilisation and improved nutrition. Each chapter assesses progress towards achievement identified in the CIP and PoA result frameworks, reviews policy developments/programmes underway and identifies needs for further action. Chapter 7 monitors financing of food and nutrition security by the GoB and DPs under the CIP. The report ends in Chapter 8 with an overall assessment of progress and recommendations based on the analysis carried out. Annexes present the full CIP database updated for 2013.

______1 http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/content/roadmap-producing-cip-and-nfp-poa-monitoring-report-2013

2. Approach to monitoring A results-oriented monitoring approach has been adopted, coherent with the national planning process. A four-level results chain has been defined. The NFP goal, the highest level, is articulated into outcomes that are expected to result from outputs, which are in turn generated from inputs2. This is shown in Figure 1 and described below: 1. Goals correspond to those in the NFP, the highest monitoring level to which the PoA and CIP contribute. Goal indicators are consistent with targets in the MDGs and SFYP results framework. Goals are broad and therefore not under the control of the PoA or CIP, but are expected to be substantially influenced by their effective execution. 2. Outcomes correspond to the three objectives of the NFP related to improvements in food availability, food access and food utilisation. Outcome indicators are mostly composed of aspects of food security and nutrition that are not under the control of any individual implementing agency. The CIP and PoA share the same expected outcomes, and so a common set of indicators is used to monitor them. 3. Outputs are medium-term development results that interventions seek to produce. The CIP has outputs linked to its 12 programmes, with 40 sub-outputs under these. For the PoA, its 26 Areas of Intervention (AoIs) define the output level. Output indicators capture factors that are to a large extent under the control of implementing agencies. 4. Inputs into the CIP are the financing and financial execution of projects by the Government and development partners. Inputs into the PoA are multidimensional, flagging over 300 action lines for programmes, policy decisions and implementing actors.

Figure 1: CIP and PoA monitoring levels

Indicators at each monitoring level have been chosen, to the extent possible given data availability, against SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time- ______2 Terminology used here are coherent with existing national strategic documents, particularly the NFP PoA and its first Monitoring Report, and may differ from terms used by the United Nations Evaluation Group.

3 bound. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for performance. Minor adjustments have been made to the indicators used in the Monitoring Report 2012.

Goal monitoring NFP PoA and CIP share the same goal: “to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times”. The indicators to monitor progress were specified in the CIP as a refinement and simplification of the one included in the CIP PoA. Moreover, in monitoring progress toward the goal, evidence is given to relevant indicators included in the results framework of the Sixth Five Year Plan.

Outcome monitoring The outcome level is common to both the PoA and CIP, and so progress at this level is evaluated through a common set of indicators. Eﬀorts were made in the Monitoring Report 2012 to streamline the indicators used for monitoring the NFP PoA, and this substantially reduced the total number of indicators. In order to gauge performance at the action level, highlights are given of recent/planned programmes or policy developments considered most representative of progress towards the achievement of the policy targets. Recommendations to accelerate progress are drawn based on the analysis.

Output monitoring The CIP is a prioritized coverage of the AoIs in the NFP PoA. This called for some streamlining of the indicators used to monitor the NFP PoA in 2010. Therefore, indicators for monitoring the CIP are narrower in coverage3, and on some issues do not directly capture the full breadth of the NFP PoA. Consequently, the discussion accompanying the indicator tables is much broader to fully monitor the PoA. The list of indicators proposed for monitoring at the output level of the CIP and NFP PoA is the result of: - An effort to streamline the output level indicators selected for the NFP PoA monitoring exercise in 2010; - An effort to reflect the thinking and consensus reached during the extensive consultations with the many stakeholders of the CIP; - A methodical examination of all the AoIs of the NFP PoA to ensure that the proposed indicators cover all of them. To this effect, the first step was to define a set of SMART output indicators for each of the CIP programmes, using the output indicators of the NFP PoA Monitoring Report 2010. The second step was to match the CIP programmes to the NFP PoA AoIs. The latter were all found to have been covered, largely speaking, by the CIP4. Having carried out this matching exercise, specific areas of the NFP PoA not covered by the indicators selected for the CIP were identified and appropriate indicators were added to the list of indicators to be monitored to ensure full coverage of both the CIP and the NFP PoA in this report.

______3 There is one exception: Programme 7 of the CIP (Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP) is not covered by the NFP PoA, for obvious reasons. 4 Conversely, as mentioned above, the NFP PoA does not cover all the CIP Programmes (see Programme 7).

4 (Figure 1) presents the result of this exercise with the list of output indicators to be used for the joint monitoring of the CIP and NFP PoA. The CIP programmes are shown with the corresponding AoIs of the NFP PoA. These are monitored together using the indicators listed in the column ‘CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators’.

Input monitoring The inputs level monitoring relates to the financing and financial execution of the CIP. This involves: - Updating the inventory of completed and ongoing projects relevant to the CIP - including projects starting before 1 July 2010 and completed after that date, and projects starting before 30 June 2015 and completed after that date – the two dates being the start and end dates of the CIP, respectively; - Updating the GoB for funding needs for projects in the pipeline; - Updating the DPs current and future commitments, both within the CIP and outside the CIP. The exercise this year, a reiteration following last year’s exercise, has resulted in a second update of the CIP. The baseline CIP was published as Tables 4.1 to 4.6 in the CIP document in June 2011, and the first update was published as Annex 3 of the Monitoring Report 2012. These are now replaced by Annex 3 of this monitoring report. The monitoring exercise takes stock of the progress in implementation, and updates the CIP as a ‘living document’5. Financial resources for the implementation of the CIP are provided as part of the Government’s Annual Development Programme. These are monitored and presented in this report at the project, subprogramme and programme levels. The PoA includes a broader set of actions (for example subsidies and safety nets) which are not covered in the CIP. Inputs for the implementation of the PoA are provided as part of the annual budget of the Government, including both development and revenue expenditure of relevant Ministries. For this reason the report also presents -under section 7.1- a review of recent trends in food security spending in the National Budget.

Lessons from Monitoring Report 2010 and 2012 Lessons from the previous two monitoring reports in 2010 and 2012 inform the approach in this monitoring report. Both reports successfully adopted a results-based monitoring approach, with indicators carefully identified at different levels of the results chain. The main difference between the 2010 and 2012 monitoring reports was that the 2010 MR monitored only the NFP PoA because the CIP had not been developed at that stage, while the MR 2012 was the first joint-monitoring of the NFP PoA and the CIP. This report also jointly monitors the NFP PoA and CIP. Some lessons from previous experiences applied to this report include: - Shortened duration of the MR production process to permit better use of its findings in the budgetary and planning process for FY 2013-14; - Better defined roles, responsibilities and participation of TT members from partner ministries and divisions – teamwork has proven instrumental to quality and transfer of capacities; ______5 GoB (2011). Bangladesh Country Investment Plan – A road map towards investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition p. 1.

- Rebalanced contents to make more systematic use of the ﬁnancial database, thus linking the CIP investments more closely to PoA programmes, and thereby tying the assessment of inputs into the PoA to the assessment of results from the PoA.

The institutional setting for monitoring Bangladesh has a composite institutional structure for food security and nutrition that provides coordination at diﬀerent levels, including for monitoring (Figure 2). This includes at its top the Cabinet level Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC), chaired by the Food Minister and with membership of various Ministers and Secretaries. This Committee provides strategic orientation on food security issues and establishes a high-level commitment to inter-sectoral collaboration. The National Committee (NC)6 also chaired by the Food Minister is composed of the Figure 2: Institutional framework Secretaries of the various concerned divisions, Heads of Universities/Research Institutions, DPs, private sector and other NGOs. Among other things, it is tasked with overseeing CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The Food Policy Working Group (FPWG)7 is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four Thematic Teams (TTs)8 that carry out the monitoring process of the NFP PoA and the CIP consistently with monitoring of progress towards MDG 1. The FPMU provides support to these institutions acting as the secretariat of the various Committees and providing technical and operational support to the FPWG and TTs. In addition to this, GoB agencies involved in running programmes pertaining to the CIP (over 30) as well as the DPs provide inputs towards the ﬁnancial monitoring section.

______6 The NC is chaired by the Minister of Food and includes the following: Secretaries from the Ministry of Finance (Finance and Economic Relations divisions), MoHFW, MoA, MoFL, MoWR, MoDMR, MoFood and IMED; members from the Planning Commission (General Economics Division and Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Institutions Division); and the Vice C hancellor of BAU, Executive Chairman of BARC, President of FBCCI, Mission Director of USAID, Representative of FAO, Director General of BIDS, Country Director of World Bank and Chief of Party of IFPRI. 7 The FPWG is chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Food and includes representatives from the Planning Commission (General Economics Division, Socio-economic Infrastructure Division and Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Institutions Division), Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division), IMED and FPMU-MoFood. 8 Annex 2 provides the structure and list of Ministries/agencies participating in the TTs.

3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes

3.1. NFP goals The overarching goal of the National Food Policy is “to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times”. The goal applies at the individual-level and not just at the national or household-level. Achievement of nutritional wellbeing for all requires a focus on the most vulnerable segments of the population -such as mothers, children and other vulnerable groups- and that safe and nutritious food is available and consumed by all people at all times and coupled with a sanitary environment, adequate health, education and care. Successful implementation of the NFP is expected to lead to enhanced physical and intellectual capacities so as to unleash the full productive potential of the population and accelerate national development. Table 1: NFP goals and SFYP indicators relating to food security 2007/08 2009/10 Target (PoA (CIP/SFYP 2010/11 2011/12 Target 2015 Source 2012 baseline) baseline) NFP & CIP Goal Undernourishment9 15.5% 16.5% 17.1% 16.8% na 17% FAO, SOFI (three year average) (MDG -1) Underweight (0 to 59 33%11 10 41.0% na na 36.4% na BDHS months) (MDG -1) Stunting (0 -59 38%13 12 43.2% na na 41.3% na BDHS months) (MDG -1) Sixth Five Year Plan Rate of growth of BBS Yearbook agricultural GDP in 3.00% 5.22% 5.24% 2.99% 4.5% 4.3% of Agricultural constant prices14 Statistics Government spending Finance on social protection as na 2.42% 2.64% 2.40% 2.51% 3.0% Division, MoF % of GDP15 Poverty headcount 40.1% 31.5% BBS, HIES index (CBN upper na na na 29% (MDG1) (2005) (2010) Report poverty line) Change in national ≥ real GDP BBS Statistical wages expressed in kg Yearbook -8.11% 5.71% 7.73% 4.27% 5.43% /cap growth of coarse rice (3-year (wages) and + 0.5 moving average) DAM (prices)

______9 Undernourishment or hunger exists when caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy requirement to perform light activity and to maintain a minimum acceptable weight-for-height. 10 Prevalence estimates for underweight in the table are based on the WHO reference standards 2006. Underweight amongst under-five year olds is included in the SFYP Development Results Framework. 11 The NCHS reference standard was used in 1990 to set MDG goals before the 2006 WHO reference standard was established. The NCHS standard results in higher levels of underweight and lower levels of stunting than the WHO standard. The MDG 1 target on child underweight based on the WHO standard would be 31% rather than the 33% based on the NCHS standard. 12 Prevalence estimates for stunting in the table are based on the WHO reference standards 2006. 13 Revised 2016 HPNSDP target. 14 The agricultural GDP includes crop, horticulture, fishery and animal products, but excludes forestry. 15The definition of social protection used here includes cash and non-cash transfers, microcredit and programmes for social empowerment – and it corresponds to the broadest definition used by the Ministry of Finance, called “Social Protection & Empowerment” in budgetary reports, and corresponds to the definition used in the SFYP, pp.162-163.

Progress towards the NFP goal is measured in this report using the three indicators of nutritional status identified in the monitoring framework of the CIP16. Selection of these indicators is consistent with other national development planning tools, notably the MDGs. The three indicators are prevalence of undernourishment, child underweight and child stunting. The indicators are formulated as shortfalls against minimum thresholds of nutritional adequacy. The undernourishment indicator is measured across the whole population. It measures only calorie adequacy. Adequate nutrition includes dietary quality, protein intakes and micronutrient intakes required to avoid “hidden hunger”. The other two indicators are age- specific, referring to those aged 0-59 months. The child anthropometric indicators are also useful proxy indicators for nutrition in the broader population. For example, micronutrient deficiency, poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water all undermine food utilisation, but except for extreme cases it is hard to detect quickly these impacts in the adult population due to adult resiliency, whereas the impacts are sharply reflected in children’s nutritional status. While updated statistics are not available, about one-third of babies in Bangladesh are born with low birth weight, which is closely Box 1: Revision of FAO undernourishment estimates associated with mortality, SOFI 2012 published estimates of the prevalence of undernourishment morbidity, inhibited growth in Bangladesh, revised from 1990 to take advantage of improved methods and data from FAO. In these revisions, Bangladesh was and harmed cognitive estimated to have a lower prevalence of undernourishment than what development. Furthermore, was previously estimated. The chart below summarizes the new early childhood malnutrition estimates against the old estimates. The revisions use updated can cause irreversible information on population, food supply, food losses, dietary energy damage carried into requirements and other factors. They also better estimate the distribution of food (as measured in terms of dietary energy supply) adulthood. within countries. More details can be found at: The undernourishment http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/es/SOFI_2012/sofi_technical _note.pdf indicator shows that whilst its MDG target was met in early 2000s, it has been slowly deteriorating thereafter, although with an improvement in the last year (Table 1). The picture is complicated by the fact that FAO refined its worldwide methodology for estimating undernourishment. This led to substantial changes in estimates for many countries, and for Bangladesh a downward revision of its data (Box 1). The FAO estimate of undernourishment is based on apparent per capita caloric consumption, which reflects availability rather than actual consumption. A more direct measurement would be provided by the DCI estimate of poverty, which is a headcount of people consuming less than the desirable amount of calories based on the consumption registered in the HIES surveys. However, DCI poverty estimates have not been

______16 Government of Bangladesh (2011). Country Investment Plan. A roadmap towards investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition.

8 published after 200517. This is crucial because the rate of decline of DCI until 2005 was not fast enough to reach the MDG target, suggesting that accelerating progress to meet calorie adequacy in the general population could still require close attention – and this is supported by data on average calorie intakes which have risen by just 4 calories per year since 1995 (see Section 3.4 for the data). BDHS data on both underweight and stunting show declines compared to the PoA baseline. In the longer-run, prevalence of child underweight and child stunting both declined sharply in the 1990s, with underweight declining more, then slowed down after 2000 but finally picked up again after 2005. Overall, Bangladesh appears to be on track to meet the child underweight MDG target and a comparable decline is also observed for stunting. To monitor overall progress toward the NFP goal, this report also considers four indicators included in the Results Framework of the SFYP: growth of agricultural GDP is included as an indicator of progress in availability, spending on social protection as an indicator of social access to food, while poverty and wages in kilograms of rice as indicators of economic access to food. Poverty declined since the PoA baseline – from 40% to 32% - although an estimate does not exist for the most recent year. Agricultural GDP growth and change in the rice-wage are both positive but below targets for the year. A slight drop is also recorded in the share of Government’s spending on social protection, which is budgeted to continue to decline in 2012/13 to 2.18%, a fair way short of its 2015 target. In sum, what can be said about Figure 3: Poverty, underweight and stunting trends progress towards NFP goals in 2011/12, the specific monitored 70 year? Improvements in children’s 65 on nutritional well-being continued up ti 60 to 2011, the last year for which data 55 is available. Undernourishment is 50 45 estimated to have fallen slightly for -2.0% 40 the 2010-12 period, inverting a -2.5% Percent of Percent of the popula 35 rising trend in previous years. -2.8% Agricultural growth and rice-wage 30 198 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 continued to gain, though at Stunting Underweight Poverty significantly lower speed than Source: HIES and BDHS various years previously. Spending on social protection increased in nominal terms, but contracted as a share of GDP making more difficult the achievement of the target in 2015. Looking at longer term trends, since the MDG baseline year, malnutrition improved at a slower pace than poverty (see Figure 3). However, trends were markedly different during the two decades. Indeed, over the 90s’, malnutrition improved significantly faster than poverty18, while the speeds of improvements were opposite over the last decade: CBN- based poverty incidence declined yearly by 4.3%, child underweight by 1.4% and child stunting by 1.9% showing that while socioeconomic drivers are necessary for improving nutrition, they are not per-se sufficient to achieve the desired nutrition outcome of the NFP. ______17 This issue is discussed in detail in the PoA and CIP Monitoring Report 2012, pg. 8. 18 Poverty declined by less than 1.5% per year over the period 1989-2000, against 3.7% per year for underweight and 2.7% for stunting, over the period 1990-2000.

Stunting is caused by poor diet and frequent infections including gastro enteropathy that generally occurs before age 2 years19. While sustained eﬀorts are needed to promote food security in all its dimensions, including reinvigoration of agricultural growth and scaling up of social protection interventions, nutrition needs to be promoted by direct nutrition interventions as well as through indirect interventions requiring mainstreaming nutrition across all relevant sectors. This, in turn, requires reinforced awareness and multi-sector collaboration in formulation, implementation and monitoring of interventions20.

3.2. NFP Objective 1 outcomes

3.2.1. Assessment Objective 1 of the NFP is to ensure adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food. Progress towards this objective is assessed though the indicators in Table 2. Growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices is an aggregate measure of supply21. Stability of food availability and import dependency are measured with reference to rice considering data availability and the role of rice as a food staple. A reduction of the share of rice in food value added is taken as indicating an increase in diversiﬁcation. Food safety and quality are considered under Objective 3 and Programme 12 of the CIP.

Table 2: NFP Objective 1: Selected performance indicators

2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Target Source

Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in Yearbook of Agricultural 3.00% 5.22% 5.24% 2.99% 4.50% constant prices (2011/12) Statistics, BBS Rice import dependency (3-years 4.20% 3.31% 2.53% 2.37% 0% FPMU/MIS, BBS moving average)22 Yearbook of Agricultural Instability of rice production23 4.09% 4.07% 3.39% 3.04% 0% Statistics, BBS Yearbook of Agricultural Share of rice value added in total Decreasing Statistics, BBS and 41.52% 42.17% 42.44% 41.71% food value added in current price over time communications with BBS

Growth of agricultural GDP decelerated Agricultural GDP24 grew by 2.99% in 2011/12, compared to 3.00% in 2007/08, 5.22% in 2009/10 and 5.24% in 2010/11. The slower growth is mainly explained by the deceleration of the crop sector which grew by 1.95% in 2011/12, compared to 5.65% in 2010/11. ______19 Milman A et. al. (2005). Differential improvement among countries in child stunting is associated with long term development and specific interventions, Journal of Nutrition, 135 (6): 1415-1422. 20 FPMU Policy Brief 9. 21 Monitoring adequacy and stability of food supply is challenging because of data limitations. For example, in the case of the wheat the comparison as of 2010 of consumption as per the HIES (26g per day per capita) with total wheat availability (imports + production) yields a huge differential, with supply being three times more than consumption. This clearly questions the suitability of the available information for calculating consistent food balance sheets. 22 Imports/ (net production+ imports – exports). 23 Measured by the coefficient of variation of the difference between annual production and its 10-year rolling linear trend. 24 Excluding forestry and including fisheries.

10 Relatively faster growth is observed for ﬁshery (5.39%) and livestock (3.39%) – and in 2010/11, these sectors grew at 5.25% and 3.48%, respectively.

Rice import dependency declined steadily Domestic price volatility in 2007/8 raised concern regarding over-reliance on international markets, and the Government pledged to achieve self-sufficiency in rice production25 by 2013. This was a shift from the self- reliance26 that had worked effectively Figure 4: Imports and import dependency of rice in the past, especially during the 1998 3500 9% 8% and 2004 floods when the private 3000 sector quickly covered the domestic 7% 2500 6% deficit by importing rice (Figure 4). 2000 5%

Consistently with the new policy 1500 4%

approach, rice import dependency - MT Thousands 3% 1000 dependency Import measured as a 3-year moving average 2% 500 -declined steadily from 4.20% in 1% 2007/08 to 2.37% in 2011/12. In 0 0% 2011/12, rice was almost exclusively 1994-1995 2001-2002 1991-1992 1993-1994 1998-1999 2005-2006 2007-2008 2009-2010 1995-1996 1996-1997 2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2010-2011 1999-2000 2003-2004 1992-1993 1997-1998 2006-2007 2011-2012 2008-2009 imported by the public sector to Private Public Import dependency supply the food based safety nets, and to stabilize domestic prices after Source: DG Food renouncing to procure domestically during the aman season of 2010/11 to avoid inflationary pressure. In 2012/13 public rice import has stopped and only insignificant quantities have been imported by the private sector, confirming the achievement of self-sufficiency for rice. As the Government’s policy proved effective, it is now time, to the extent appropriate, to produce exportable surpluses. A first consideration pertains to the profitability of rice production for export. Indeed, while some researchers indicate that Figure 5: Rice production and its instability Bangladesh has a comparative 35000 10 9 advantage in producing rice for 30000 export27, others state that Bangladesh 8 25000 only has a comparative advantage to 7 28 20000 6 produce rice as an import substitute . 5 15000 4

Another consideration is that even if a Thousand MT 3 comparative advantage exists, actual 10000 Instability (%) 2 5000 exports require the establishment of 1 reliable trade channels, which in turn 0 0 76 80 08 82 98 90 -74 -78 -96 -92 -02 -04 -10 -12 - -72 - -06 require the availability of a regular -94 -00 supply of commercially viable 1983-84 1973 1981 1991 2009 2011 1985-86 1971 1993 2001 2003 1977 1979- 2005 2007- 1987-88 1989 1975- 1995 1997- 1999 quantities over time. More Aus Aman Boro instability importantly, the desirability of further Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) ______25 Government of Bangladesh (2012). Budget Speech 2012-13. Ministry of Finance. 26 Self-reliance implies importing food from the world market when international prices are lower than domestic prices. 27 Rashid, M. A. et.al. (2009) Domestic and International Competitiveness of Production of Selected Crops in Bangladesh, Study commissioned by NFPCSP-FAO, Dhaka. 28 Deb, U. et.al. (2009). Rethinking food security strategy: self-suﬃciency or self reliance, BIDS Policy Brief.

11 expanding rice production should be assessed vis-à-vis the objective of increasing diversiﬁcation (see below).

Instability of rice production decreased in recent years The instability of rice production - measured by the coeﬃcient of variation of the diﬀerence between production and its rolling linear trend over a ten year period - continued to decline and reached the minimum level at 3.04% in 2011/12. This is due to stability in rice production in 2011/12, especially for aman and boro which increased marginally (0.05% for aman and 0.77% for boro) in 2011/12 compared to the previous year (4.78% for aman and 1.50% for boro). Overall, rice production was more stable during the last decade compared to the 1990s29 (Figure 5).

Share of rice value added declined Figure 6: Food value added, rice and others The share of rice value added in total food 900 45% value added (in current price) has 800 700 40% Share of rice Share of decreased in 2011/12 compared to the BillionTaka 600 35% previous year (-0.73%) but it is still above 500 400 the level registered in 2007/08. Overall, 30% this indicator does not show any clear 300 30 200 25% trend since 2000/01 , as both rice and 100 total food value added grew on average by 0 20% almost 10% per annum in nominal terms (Figure 6). This indicates that no significant food production diversification has taken Rice Non-rice food share of rice place despite the significant growth observed for some non-rice products such Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) as fishery and poultry (see Programmes 4 & 5). In other words, the faster growth observed in some agricultural sub-sectors has taken place to the detriment of others, such as pulses and fruits (see Programme 1), leaving unchallenged the predominance of rice. The achievement of self-sufficiency in rice offers the opportunity to use production gains from further intensification to gradually Figure 7: Real prices of rice and wheat release land and other resources as 7000 required to diversify food production Period I Period II Period III Period IV Period V 6000 towards higher value-added and more nutritious foods. 5000

4000 Recent foodgrain price volatility calls for scaling up domestic production and 3000 taka per quintal taka public stocking capacity. Bangladesh 2000 has experienced sharp price volatility 1000 of rice and wheat, especially during and after the 2007/08 food price crisis.

wheat real price Rice real price Figure 7 shows the real prices of wheat Source: DAM and rice in Bangladesh over diﬀerent

______29 Instability decreased from 2.5% during 1990/91-1999/2000 to 1.7% during 2000/01-2011/12. 30 Share of rice value added changed from 43.15% in 2000/01 to 42.00% in 2011/12.

12 periods since 197531. These trends are in line with those observed in the main rice exporting countries32. It is possible to note that both prices declined in real terms, but the decline was more pronounced for rice, which reached a historical minimum in early 2013. Table 3 shows rice price volatility over the ﬁve periods considered above. It shows a long term declining trend in price volatility (with only a limited exception for wheat over period III) that was inverted by the 2007/08 rice price crises. However, volatility remains below the level observed in the ﬁrst decades considered.

Table 3: Price volatility of rice and wheat Whole period Period I Period II Period III Period IV Period V (Jul75-Dec 12) (Jul 75-Dec 85) (Jan 86-Dec 91) (Jan 92-Dec99) (Jan 2000-Dec 06) (Jan 07-Dec 12)

Rice 19.23% 24.11% 19.87% 16.99% 13.67% 17.74%

Wheat 24.26% 33.23% 20.85% 22.95% 13.43% 20.56% Source: Calculation using DAM data Note: Volatility is measured by the standard deviation of the changes in the logarithms of monthly price averages at an annualized rate.

Agricultural trade balance deteriorated, mainly due to non-cereal products Agricultural trade deficit increased between 2007 and 2010, but less than the overall merchandise trade balance. Indeed, the trade deficit for all merchandized products rose by 124%, while agricultural trade deficit increased by only 47%, from −3421 million USD to −5034 million USD (Figure 8). However, the trade balance for non-cereal products deteriorated markedly. Indeed, the trade deficit of fruits and vegetables, dairy products and eggs, and meat rose by 305%, 131% and 71%, respectively compared to Figure 8: Total, agricultural and food trade deficit only 39% for cereal (Figure 9). Over the longer period since 2000, the 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 agricultural trade deficit has grown faster (+218%) than the total -1500 merchandise deficit (+163%). Faster growing deficits were recorded for -3000 meat (+633%), fruit and vegetables -4500

(+516%), cereals (+241%), while the USD Million deficit for dairy products -6000 deteriorated at a slower pace -7500 (+172%). Overall, the deficit of the agricultural trade balance showed a -9000 Total trade Agril products Food & animal prod tendency to accelerate, especially for Source: FAOSTAT non-cereal food products such as fruit and vegetables. Considerable consumption diversification occurred over the last two decades, and since production diversification could not keep pace, the agricultural trade ______31 Based on volatility level, five periods have been identified: July 1975 to December 1985 (Period I), January 1986 to December 1991 (Period II), January 1992 to December 1999 (Period III), January 2000 to December 2006 (Period IV) and January 2007 to December 2012 (Period V). 32 The recent NFPCSP supported study by Raha, S. K. et.al. (2013). on “Structure, conduct and performance of the rice market and the impact of technological changes in milling” has produced new evidence confirming the integration between the price in Bangladesh and in main rice exporting countries in Asia.

Figure 9: Trade deﬁcit for main foods deﬁcit increased. The share of cereal on total per capita intake of food 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 decreased from 80% to 70% 0 between 1990 and 2010, while -500 intakes of practically all other foods

-1000 have increased - with the main exception of legumes - albeit at -1500 different speeds. For example, Million USD Million -2000 consumption of potato in 2010 exceeded the nutritional norm, while -2500 fruit and vegetable were still almost -3000 at half of the norm. Cereal Sugar Fruits & Veg Meat Dairy Prod & Egg Compared to consumption, domestic Source: FAOSTAT production has not diversified fast enough to prevent the surge in imports, despite the fact that various studies show that production of non-rice commodities is more profitable than rice. In terms of profitability, perennial fruit production leads followed by pulses, spices, oilseed, vegetables, livestock and fisheries. Diversification of agricultural production, measured by agricultural diversification index (ADI), increased marginally during the last two decades: from 0.51 in 1992/93 to 0.58 in 2009/10, and remained almost unchanged in the more recent years33. Exports would require meeting food quality standards, and for this promotion of good agricultural practices should complement support to promote production diversification.

3.2.2. Issues and policy challenges Intensification, sustainability and resilience of rice production Rice consumption is expected to increase mainly due to population growth. Indeed, the evolving food consumption pattern indicates that per capita rice consumption will, on average, most likely decline. Considering that the population Figure 10: Rice production and population changes growth rate is approaching 1% per 6% year (Figure 10) per capita 5% consumption is declining and considering loss of agricultural 4% land in the order of half percent 3% Change annually, an annual increase in 2% rice productivity of 2% or more 1% could allow releasing of land and 0% other resources as required for diversification. This calls for Rice pod change Population change sustaining efforts to promote intensification, sustainability and Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) resilience of rice production.

______33 Miah, M. A. M. and A. K. E. Haque (2013). Policy option for supporting agricultural diversiﬁcation in Bangladesh. Draft ﬁnal report, study supported by the NFPCSP.

Bringing more fallow land under cultivation in coastal areas The southern belt covers 30% of the arable lands of the country, but 15% of the available cultivated land in this area is either left fallow and/or not utilized because of soil salinity, water salinity, and water logging. This area is viewed by the Government as a possible ‘rice bowl’ considering the availability of abundant land, and good potential to increase coverage and productivity of transplanted aus rice. The total potential transplanted aus area is estimated at 740,346 ha of which 38% would be suitable and 40% moderately suitable. Moreover, the potential boro area under surface water irrigation in the region is estimated at 695,200 ha34. To match the salinity levels, new rice varieties are being developed (see programme 1), which farmers have started adopting.

Preserving farmers’ incentive under rice self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency in rice production in 2012/13 calls for reconsidering the support provided to rice producers through input subsidies - especially fertilizers - and procurement of rice at the time of harvest, as these interventions become less effective and more expensive in presence of an exportable surplus. While there is a need to protect farmers from the effect of price slumps that usually occur at harvest time, it is unfeasible to avoid the fall of domestic prices in the presence of a systematic excess supply relative to domestic demand if it is not only of a seasonal nature. To effectively address the fall of price in this case, the Government has been considering the possibility of allowing rice exports, which will become increasingly feasible as the structural surplus will consolidate and functional export channels will be established. In presence of exports, however, the benefit of input subsidies will be transferred to foreign consumers from domestic producers and consumers. This questions both the feasibility and opportunity of subsidizing rice production and calls for redirecting the resources currently devoted to promote the use of fertilizers and water for rice production, to the multiple interventions required to promote diversification and greater self-reliance for non-rice foods.

Promoting diversification of food production As the increase in consumption of non-cereal foods results in increasing trade imbalances, promotion of agricultural diversification becomes increasingly valuable. Import substitution of higher value-added produce, such as fruits and vegetables, legumes, fishery and livestock products, while reducing trade imbalances, also contributes to accelerate agricultural income growth and poverty reduction. In this regard, the National Perspective Plan (2010- 2021) stressed the importance of agro-ecological zoning to identify and disseminate information on suitability of different areas to different crops. Efforts have been made to promote diversification through appropriate packages of seed-fertilizer-irrigation along with other improved technologies. Scaling up agricultural diversification also requires public and private investments in making available suitable technologies, such as seeds and other inputs, certification of inputs and produce, agricultural services such as extension and veterinary services, rural infrastructures, processing and marketing facilities, enhanced credit, crop insurance, associative marketing structures, etc.35

______34 MoA (2012). Master plan for agricultural development in southern region of Bangladesh. 35 Miah and Haque (2013) op. cit.

15 Increased fragmentation calls for more efforts to integrate small and marginal farmers As discussed in the Monitoring Report 201236 rural landlessness has reduced between late ‘80s and late ‘90s and the number of farm holding continued increasing, so that the average size of cultivated area per farm has decreased from 0.81 to 0.51 hectares between 1984 and 2008. While this reduced inequality of land holding, it increased part-time farming and the contribution of non-farm rural activities as sources of income for small and marginal farmers. Small farmers have an advantage in productive activities requiring close supervision of labour, such as fruit and vegetables, but to exploit this advantage they need to be able to effectively participate in the market, which in turn requires tailoring the type of interventions required for agricultural diversification to small farmers. In particular, this includes the direct interactions between the public administrative system and small farmers for the delivery of agricultural services, such as extension and the distribution of subsidies, but also the procurement of foodgrain, requires the promotion of more decentralized forms of interventions based on diversified associative structures and market mechanisms.

Coping with climate change Bangladesh has been classified as highly vulnerable to climate change. The amount of rainfall in Bangladesh is expected to increase by 10% to 15% by 2030 and 27% by 2075. Sea- level rise is expected to inundate directly or indirectly 120,000 km2. An additional 14.3% of the country would become extremely prone to floods by 2030. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal will occur more frequently due to increasing temperature, and the peak intensity of cyclones may increase by 5% to 10%. Cyclones hit throughout May and between mid-October and mid-November, and these can coincide with the harvesting time of boro and aman rice. The development and adoption of shorter duration rice varieties could protect these two crops by advancing the maturity time out of cyclone-risk periods. Salinity problems in coastal areas are expected to further exacerbate as a result of the reduced dry-season freshwater supply from upstream sources due to the change in rain pattern. The area severely affected by drought in the rabi season could increase from 4000 km2 to 12000 km2 under severe climate change scenario. Overall, crop production might be reduced by 30% by the end of the century, especially rice and wheat production might be reduced between 8% and 32% by 2050. Winter crop production would be seriously hampered due to warmer and drier environment, while moisture stress might force farmers to reduce the area under boro cultivation37. Climate change adaptation requires investments in agricultural research and extension with a particular emphasis on development and diffusion of stress resistant high yielding varieties.

Conservation of natural resource base: arable land, soil fertility and groundwater Conversion of arable land to non-agricultural purposes, depletion of soil fertility and the groundwater tables are major challenges. Depletion of soil fertility is mainly due to intensive land use without appropriate soil management and inadequate replenishment of plant nutrients in soils. The situation is more severe in areas where HYVs are being cultivated using low and unbalanced doses of mineral fertilizers with little or no organic recycling. ______36 FPMU (2012). Monitoring Report 2012 of the National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan, pp.15-16. 37 Awal, M. A. (2013). Adapting social safety net programs to climate change shock: issue and options for Bangladesh, Draft ﬁnal report, NFPCSP ﬁnanced project.

16 Conversion of land to non-agricultural uses is another increasing problem, with land available for agriculture having decreased by 0.49% between 2000 and 2010 per annum38. Similarly alarming is the depletion of groundwater. In the northern districts of Bangladesh, the depth of groundwater increased by about 80%, up from 3.7 meters in 1981 to 6.6 meters in 201139.. Against this backdrop, the existing policies - the Land Use Policy 2001 which provides guidelines for protection of agricultural land and water bodies, and the 1999 National Water Policy which provides policy direction for the water sector - need to be updated with further attention given to their implementation.

Promoting agricultural mechanization to cope with labour scarcity Labour shortage is becoming an increasingly frequent phenomenon during peak periods (e.g. sowing/planting, harvesting etc.) due to the increasing employment opportunities in rural non-farm activities and labour migration. A recent study40 showed that 22%, 12% and 2% of rural households sent internal, external and mixed (both internal and external) migrants during 2011/12. As a result, real agricultural wages are increasing: the quantity of rice that can be purchased with one day labour in agriculture increased by 68%, up from 5.6 kg in 2002 to 9.5 kg in 201241. While the increasing salary is certainly a welcome development for its impacts on rural poverty and food security, further progress in agricultural mechanization is required to prevent negative impact on production. At present, while 80% of land preparation is mechanized, other operations are still prevalently done manually due to land fragmentation, limited availability of quality machines, lack of knowledge and skills, tariff difference on machines and spare parts, etc. Addressing these issues requires detailed analysis of each issue to formulate a mechanization policy, including interventions such as formation of strong farmers group, strengthening custom-hire services of agri-machinery, promoting machinery research, reactivation of the National Standardization Committee and review and rationalization of current tariff rates 42.

3.3. NFP Objective 2 outcomes Objective 2 of the NFP is to increase purchasing power and access to food. The objective encompasses transitory shock management, targeted food assistance programmes and employment generating income growth. These are intended to strengthen factors that underpin stable food access by individuals, such as household income, gifts, borrowing and transfers, in the ﬁrst instance – and in the longer-run, increases in the levels of economic, social and human assets, and their productivity – as well as reductions in social discrimination, such as due to gender, disability or ethnicity.

______38 Hassan, N. (2013). Trends in the availability of agricultural land in Bangladesh, Draft final report, NFPCSP. financed project. 39 Estimated by NFPCSP based on data obtained from BADC. 40 Hossain, M. Z. et. al. (2013). Rural-urban migration and its implications for food security in Bangladesh, Draft final report, NFPCSP financed project. 41 NFPCSP calculation. 42 Islam, M. S. (2009). Farm Mechanization for sustainable agriculture in Bangladesh: problems and prospects, FMPE Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Presented at the Fifth Session of the Technical Committee (TC) of UNAPCAEM & Expert Group Meeting on Application of Agricultural Machinery for Sustainable Agriculture in the Asia-Pacific Region, 14-16 October 2009, Los Banos, the Philippines.

17 3.3.1. Assessment The purchasing power of rice increased; poverty declined and is likely to reach MDG targets before 2015; and food price inﬂation continued to outpace general inﬂation but with a narrowing gap. Despite the strong decline in poverty incidence between 2005 and 2010, over 47 million people are still poor, and there has been little improvement in income inequality, which continues to limit the inclusion of weaker groups into overall economic growth.

Table 4: NFP Objective 2: Selected performance indicators CIP/NFP PoA output 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Target Source proxy indicators Change in national BBS Statistical wages expressed in kg of Yearbook for -8.11% 5.71% 7.73% 4.27% 5.43%* coarse rice (3-year (2011/12) wages and DAM moving average) wholesale Poverty headcount index 40% 31.5% 29% na na (2015 MDG1 HIES Reports, BBS (2005) (2010) (CBN upper poverty line) Target 1A) Extreme poverty rate 25.1% na 17.6% na HIES Reports, BBS (CBN lower poverty line) (2005) (2010) Poverty gap (CBN upper 9.0% 6.5% 8% na na (2015 MDG1 HIES Reports, BBS (2005) (2010) poverty line) Target 1A) Diﬀerence between food National Accounts and general inﬂation (3- 1.45% 1.36% 1.43% 1.20% maximum 0% Report, BBS year moving average) *3-year average of real GDP per capita growth + 0.5

Rice wage continues rising The annual change in national wages expressed in terms of rice purchasing power increased by 4.27% in 2011/12 compared to 7.73% in 2010/11 (on a three year moving average basis) - see Table 4. The increase is Figure 11: Rice purchasing capacity of agricultural day lower than the target (5.43% or labourers 0.5% above GDP growth), but is 12 still signiﬁcant and continues the trend observed since 2009. Survey data from 2011/12 10 showed that rural wages were equivalent to 7.6 kg and 6.8 kg 8 of rice per day for male and 43 day perKg female workers respectively . 6

Figure 11 shows the trend from 4 2005 to 2012 in the rice-wage of agricultural labourers. Notable points are: 1) the impact of the Source: BBS, DAM ______43 IFPRI (2013). The status of Food Security in the Feed the Future Zone and Other Regions of Bangladesh: Results from the 2011-12 Integrated Household Survey. Prepared for USAID. International Food Policy Research Institute, Dhaka, April 2013.

18 global food price hike of 2007/08 led to a plunge to 4 kg of rice per day worked; 2) a peak in May 2012 to a historical maximum of 11 kg per day worked; 3) greater oscillations since 2007/08, with more peaks and troughs, suggesting greater instability in access to calories. Overall, wage adjustments appear to have been slower than price adjustment, particularly in the presence of declining rice prices, so that peaks in rice price have been followed by increased wages that were only partially reverted during the cyclical slumps of rice price.

Figure 12 shows that after Figure 12: Wages in agriculture and other sectors 2007-08 agricultural wages began to converge towards wages in other sectors, and eventually overtook wages in construction and fisheries. Reasons for rising rural wages are yet to be fully studied or quantified, but some plausible contributors are: 1) higher prices of non-rice and non-crop agricultural products, which Source: BBS would have had a modest impact given that production diversification from rice was modest; 2) growing rural labour demand for non-farm activities, partly due to investments in rural transport and trade; 3) reduced abundance of rural labour supply, partly due to migration; 4) improvements in total factor productivity in agriculture, mainly in aquaculture, boro rice and non-cereal crops; 5) increased farm mechanisation which may have helped increase labour productivity.44

Declining poverty up to 2010 – and possibly thereafter Poverty headcount rates declined between 2000 and 2010 from 49% to 32% below the upper poverty line (UPL), and 41% to 18% below the lower poverty line (LPL). Poverty gap declined between 2000 to 2010 from 13% to 7% (Table 4) below the UPL, and 7% to 3% below the LPL. Re-rankings occurred with Barisal having the highest poverty incidence in 2010, instead of Rajshahi (including Rangpur) in 2000. Sylhet continued to have the lowest poverty incidence. Landowners with 7.5 or more acres had a poverty incidence of 8% below the UPL, compared to 45% amongst those with <0.05 acres. Poverty incidence in female- headed households was slightly lower than male-headed, since the former group includes households with absent migrant males who send remittances. The poverty decline between 2000 and 2010 (1.74 percentage points on average per year for upper poverty) was faster than during the previous decade (about 0.9 percentage points). The decline in poverty is attributed to increased farm incomes (particularly after 2005); a greater share of the population reaching working age which led to lower dependency ratios; and a tripling of migrants’ remittances45. Notably, endowments (such as

______44 Ahmed, S.A. (2012). FAO/WB Cooperative Programme on Dynamics of Rural Growth - Assignment Summary Report, FAO, Investment Centre Division (dated 18 October 2012). 45 Inchauste, G. et. al. (2013). What is Behind the Decline in Poverty Since 2000? Background Paper for World Development Report 2013, World Bank; World Bank, Bangladesh Development Update. April, Dhaka.

assets or education), public transfers and greater equality were not major pathways in poverty reduction in that decade. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we expect that poverty continued to decline after 2010, the most recent year with an official estimate, because since then the economy grew with no marked escalation in inequality detected. Other indicators are supportive of this position. Real wages rose (as discussed above); domestic migration continued to help smooth inter-sectoral and inter-temporal imbalances in growth and consumption; and remittances from international migration increased and is forecasted to reach USD 14.7 billion in 2012-13, a 17% year-on-year rise. The Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (IFPRI 2013)46 shows DCI rural poverty (calorie intake less than 2122 kcals) at 35.3% in 2011- 12 compared to 39.5% registered in the HIES 2005. However, the pace of poverty-reduction could slow somewhat because of: 1) weak outlook in agricultural output growth, the main driver of rural consumption growth; 2) negative wealth effects resulting from deflating asset markets (stocks, housing and land); 3) forecasted slight slowing of GDP growth due to the impacts of the Euro-crisis and Bangladesh’s parliamentary elections47. Pro-poor extension services, community protection of natural resources, new seeds and affordable inputs to address climate change, and access to water and land continue to constrain the extent to which the poor share in economic growth and stabilise their access to food. The Government targets by 2021 a fall of poverty incidence below 15% under its Vision 202148.

Trends in food versus general prices Figure 13 shows that since 2006 food price inflation generally exceeded non-food price inflation with the exception of two periods: 1) February to August 2009 and 2) December 2011 to December 2012. In 2012, food price inflation declined, as a continuation of a longer trend started from a peak in March 2011; but since October 2012, food Figure 13: Point to point general, food and non-food price inflation has increased again, inflation whilst non-food price inflation 15 continued to decline. The food price inflation has closely followed the 12 trend in rice price given the weight on

ti 9 a

of the latter in CPI. fl Figure 13 also shows that since the 6 food price crisis, food price inflation in % price 3 has experienced a cyclical trend of almost 3 year duration, with peaks in 0 11 10 08 09 10 08 06 10 11 - -05 - - - - - early 2008 and late 2010 and slumps - Jul Jan-08 Jun Oct-06 Oct- Apr-09 Sep Feb Aug-07 Dec Aug-12 Dec Nov- Mar-07 Mar-12 May in mid-2009 and late 2012. May Unpredicted volatility in food prices General Food Non food heightens food insecurity because Source: BBS ______46 IFPRI (2013), op. cit. 47 World Bank (2013). Bangladesh Development Update. April, Dhaka. 48 Muhammad Abdur Razzaque (2013). Vision 2021: Bangladesh Charts a Path toward Food Security, http://southasia.ifpri.info/files/2013/03/Book_2013_GFPR_w80.pdf

20 many households are not adequately insured or otherwise protected, neither as consumers nor as producers. Volatility can also have knock-on effects on agricultural labour supply. Recent reports suggest the fall in rice price of early harvested boro can make labour migration less attractive, as wages are sometimes paid in paddy instead of cash, in haor and beel areas (with consequent shortage of labour for the harvest)49. On the other hand, low or reducing food price inflation harms producers and benefits consumers. According to HIES 2010, food constitutes 71% of total expenditure for the lowest expenditure decile of households, compared to 41% for the highest decile, implying that the poor benefit more from reducing food prices. Many poor rural households switch between being net producers and net consumers depending on the season, though they remain net consumers on a yearly basis. The share of food on total expenditure for the lowest decile is not significantly different between urban (75%) rural households (70%) so that the impact of price changes is not significantly different for urban and rural poor.

3.3.2 Issues and policy challenges Progressive achievement of the right to food The normative framework for the right to food in Bangladesh is provided by Article 15(a) of the Bangladesh Constitution; Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Articles 24 and 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child; and Articles 12 and 14 on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. These commit Bangladesh to “respect”, “protect” and “fulfil” the right to food – each implying a different level of obligation. Recently, several NGOs, including Oxfam, Action Aid, Angikar Bangladesh Foundation and Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, have held national forums and briefings with parliamentarians on the right to food.50 Food, as a human right, means that it should be accessible regardless of purchasing power. Although the Government runs many food and non-food based safety net programmes to alleviate poverty and food insecurity, they are not run within an explicit rights-based framework, which implies a weaker entitlement whereby a person has the possibility, but not the right, to receive support to access food. A strength of the rights-based approach is its systematic attention to inclusion, and in this regard, an NGO-umbrella organisation, called Shiree, launched on 30 November 2012 a Manifesto for the Extreme Poor. Involving stakeholders from Government, civil society, donors and the extreme poor, the manifesto includes recommendations to reduce extreme poverty, with potentially great practical relevance for addressing rights to food, by highlighting and substantiating the social and economic challenges to be addressed with respect to this particularly vulnerable group.

Migration as self-protection Migration continues to be a major means to protect food access by households. International remittances exceeded 1.0 billion USD for 16 consecutive months until March ______49 Wardad Y. (2013). Rice price fall hits migratory farm workers. Financial Express, 30 April 2012, http://www.theﬁnancialexpress- bd.com/more.php?news_id=128292&date=2012-04-30. 50 Analysis: The right to food in Bangladesh, http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97303/Analysis-The-right-to-food-in-Bangladesh.

2013, and amounted to over a tenth of GDP.51 Whilst there is some policy recognition concerning international migration, the policy issues regarding internal migration remain far less clearly articulated. This stands against the much greater importance for poorer households of internal migration rather than international migration. Migration is costly and risky, and the risks are largely uninsured and privately borne, and therefore international migration, although potentially more rewarding, is undertaken by better-off households. The cost structure of internal migration is accessible to a wider population, ranging from a reported zero cost for around a fifth of migrants and under-1500 taka cost for another third of migrants52. Migrants on average consumed over 2.7% more calories per capita than non-migrants, and their family members left behind in rural areas consumed 3.3% more calories than those without a migrant in the family53. Whilst overall 2.8 times as much remittance comes from international migrants than internal migrants, amongst the poorest expenditure quintile this is reversed with 2.5 times as much remittance money coming from internal migrants than international migrants54. Remittances amount to 4.1% of household expenditure in the poorest quintile, in which internal migration is 2.9%55. Remittances are least in poorer divisions, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur56. Randomised control trials in Bangladesh show that more households would migrate if the risks of migration were insured. Insurance mechanisms are policy measures that support migration such as special schemes for credit provision and cash incentives to help households avoid financially risky coping strategies such as borrowing from money-lenders or liquidation of assets.57

Promoting decent work through employment and skill development Earnings from employment are the main pathway to access food for households, especially poor households whose main asset is their labour. Public safety nets do not reach many poor households, and for many that do receive beneﬁts, the amounts are vital for survival but often too little to help much beyond that, and therefore work remains the main ladder out of poverty for most households. The Labour Force Survey Report 2011 estimates the number of unemployed at 2.6 million, of which 1.7 million are in rural areas and 0.9 million in urban areas. Domestic employment generation is projected to be just enough to absorb new workers – at the current employment elasticity of growth (0.4), around 1.3 to 1.6 million jobs could be generated per year until 2017, leading to a slightly declining unemployment rate from 13.6% in 2012 to 11.6% in 2017.58 The informal sector remains a large source of employment with consequent impacts on reliable access to food. The share of employment in the informal sector has declined from 80% in 2000 to 71% in 2010 – the ﬁgures in rural employment are 86% and 82%

______51 Bangladesh Bank (2013). Selected Macroeconomic Indicators of Bangladesh, Monetary Policy Department, 10 April. 52 Hossain, M. Z., J. U. Ahmed and M. H. Kazal (2013). Rural-urban Migration and its Implications for Food Security in Bangladesh. NFPCSP supported Research Report. FAO, Dhaka. 53 Hossain, M. Z., J. U. Ahmed and M. H. Kazal (2013). Ibid. 54 IFPRI (2013). Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey 2011-12. 55 IFPRI (2013). ibid. 56 IFPRI (2013). ibid. 57 Khandker, S. R and W. Mahmud (2012). Seasonal Hunger and Public Policies: Evidence from Northwest Bangladesh. World Bank 58 World Bank (2013). Bangladesh Development Update, April.

22 respectively, and for urban employment are 54% and 44%59. The informal sector accounted for more than 40% of the total gross value added of Bangladesh in 2010, with the highest contributions in agriculture, ﬁshery, trade, and industries where capitalization is relatively lower.60 Casual/irregularly paid workers work an average of 54 hours a week, while the unpaid family worker works 35 hours per week. Skills development for participation in economic activities at home and abroad will contribute to higher productivity and incomes. The policy framework in this regard has been strengthened. The National Education Policy 2010 promotes skills development, introduces pre-vocational education and the need to adjust formal education to job market needs. The National Skills Development Policy 2011 expands the scope to include pre-employment training and job-centred courses. The National Education Act is under development. However, problems remain in disseminating the Skills Development Policy across all subsectors, closing huge coordination gaps and monitoring change.61

Income inequality high but slightly improved The results of HIES 2010 showed that 24.6% of total income is concentrated in the top 5% of households, while the bottom 5% accounts for 0.78% of the total income. Income inequality (measured by Gini coefficient) improved only marginally nationwide from 0.467 in 2005 to 0.458 in 2010, as a result of increasing disparity between urban and rural areas62: income distribution deteriorated in rural areas (Gini coefficient increasing from 0.428 to 0.431), while improving significantly in urban areas (Gini coefficient decreasing from 0.497 to 0.452). Gini coefficient higher than 0.40 indicated that gross income inequality exists both in rural and urban areas63. This needs to be addressed by promoting a more pro-poor, inclusive growth pattern and a reinforced focus on rural development. A great deal of disparity was also observed across the Divisions of the country. The highest average monthly household income was recorded in Chittagong Division at 14,092 taka followed by Dhaka Division at 13,226 taka. The regions having lower monthly household incomes were Rangpur, Rajshahi and Khulna. Monthly income in Rangpur was almost half than in Chittagong Division (HIES 2010). Beside the greater Rangpur region, areas along the southern coastal belt have now emerged as new poverty pockets because of changes in agro climatic environment, including salinity intrusion and increased frequency, severity and unpredictability of natural disasters64. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) conducted in 2011 reveals the distribution of assets in terms of a household wealth index. In urban areas, 55% of the assets are owned by the wealthiest quintile and 6% by the poorest one; the corresponding figures in rural areas are 9% and 26%. Regarding food consumption, national average per capita daily food intake increased from 952 grams in 2005 to 1000 grams in 2010, following a similar trend in rural and urban locations. Per capita rice consumption declined to 441.6 grams in rural areas and 344.2 ______59 Zhang, X. et. al. (2013). Rising Wages in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01249, Washington DC. 60 ADB (2012). The Informal Sector and Informal Employment in Bangladesh, Asian Development Bank Manila. 61 Ahmed, T. (2013). Skills Development in Bangladesh Presented to the LCG on Education, 11 April. 62 In absolute term, monthly household expenditure was 62% higher for urban than for rural households. 63 IFPRI (2013), however, found significantly lower income inequality: Gini coefficient was 0.307 at national level, varying from 0.273 in Rangpur and 0.319 in Sylhet region. 64 Khandker, S. R and W. Mahmud (2012) op.cit.

23 grams in urban areas65. Consumption of relatively expensive food items such as milk and dairy, edible oil, meat, egg, ﬁsh, fruits and spices were higher in urban than in rural areas. As a result, the rural diet is signiﬁcantly more unbalanced than the urban one with clear implications for nutritional outcomes.

Access to food remains unstable Food security is achieved only when food is accessible all the time in adequate quantity and quality. The BDHS (2011) found a ﬁfth of ever-married women aged 15-49 reporting that in the 12 months before survey they ‘sometimes’, ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ had three square meals, deﬁned as “full stomach” meals– and this rose to nearly half in the least wealthy quintile. Greater stability of access to food is indicated by those reporting ‘mostly’, as was the case for nearly everybody in the richest wealth quintile. In other words, about 20% of the adult women could not secure stable access to food neither through the market nor through public protective provisioning. World Bank (2012)66 showed that in Rangpur the incidence of starvation varied across districts from 2% to 17% in the non-monga period and 26% to 58% during the monga period, the hungry season. The extent of full meals varied from 30% to 60% in the non-monga period and from 1% to 13% during the monga period67. The study suggests that in designing poverty alleviation and food security programmes, all seasonal, regional and intra-regional dimensions need to be taken into consideration. Access to food is also increasingly constrained by civil disturbances which cause disruption in mobility and slow down of business activities causing income losses68. For day labourers, it can cause the loss of daily revenue, threatening food security of the family 69.

3.4. NFP Objective 3 outcomes

3.4.1. Assessment Objective 3 of the NFP is to ensure adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially women and children. The assessment gives particular attention to dietary energy supply and intake, chronic energy deﬁciency among women, complementary feeding and micronutrient status.

Dietary energy supply The share of cereals on Dietary Energy Supply (DES) hardly declined since the mid -90s; from 79.6% in 1995/96, to 78.1% in 2005-07 and 78.3% in 2007-09 (Table 5). This indicates that the supply of rice and wheat increased in line with the supply of other sources of calories.

______65 The IFPRI (2013) study focusing exclusively on rural people, reported on average higher rice consumption (495.5 grams per capita per day) compared to the HIES 2010 results, with the lowest expenditure quintile consuming 427.3 grams compared to 565.2 grams in the top quintile. However, total per capita calorie consumption was estimated at 2243 kcal per capita per da y, significantly below the 2344.6 kcal per capita per day estimated for rural people in the 2010 HIES survey. Thus the IFPRI study points out an even more unbalanced composition of the rural diet than the HIES survey. 66 Khandker, S. R. and W. Mahmud (2012), op. cit. 67 It needs to be mentioned that the World Bank study of 2012 is based on data from household survey conducted by the Institute of Microfinance in the year 2006. Anecdotal evidence suggest that the severity of food deprivation in the monga-prone areas has been minimized to a considerable extent through introduction of short duration aman rice varieties such as BRRI Dhan 33, BINA 7 and also through intensification of safety net measures under public and private initiatives. 68 UNDP (2005). Beyond Hartals: Towards Democratic Dialogue in Bangladesh. UNDP, Bangladesh. March 2005. 69 The Financial Express, Dhaka. 30 April, 2012.

24 Per capita calorie supply is correlated with reduced undernutrition, especially at the lowest daily per capita energy supplies (below 2300 kcal/person)70. However, caloric adequacy is necessary but insuﬃcient to address under-nutrition. Among countries meeting the MDG target to halve undernourishment, an indicator of caloric adequacy, less than a third are on track to meet the MDG target to halve child underweight. The trends in DES and dietary energy intake by food groups are discussed in more detail under section 6.1.

Table 5: NFP Objective 3: Selected performance indicators

CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Target Source

National dietary energy supply from 78.1% 78.3% na na 60% FAO - RAP cereals (%) (av. 2005-07) (av.2007-09) (recommended) National dietary energy intake from 73% na 70 na 60% BBS, HIES cereals (%) (2005) (recommended)

Chronic energy deﬁciency prevalence 33% na na 24.2% 20% BDHS among women (BMI <18.5) (%) by 2015

Proportion of children receiving 52 by 2016 BDHS minimum acceptable diet at 6-23 na* na na 21% (HPNSDP months of age (%) MoHFW) Proportion of households consuming na na na 82.3% 100% BDHS iodized salt (%) *This was 42% in 2007 and 37% in 2011 using the less restricted deﬁnition of minimum acceptable diet as per WHO recommendations.

Dietary energy intake Undernourishment, i.e. inadequate caloric intakes, still requires considerable attention. In the last 15 years (Table 6), per capita caloric intakes increased by slightly more than 4 calories per year. At this rate, 28 years would be needed to close the gap of 112 kcal between current per capita calorie consumption and the average normative requirement of 2,430 kcal. Consumption of cereals, including rice, decreased, both in absolute and relative terms, and had positive impact on dietary diversity (also see Programme 10). Indeed, as incomes grow, consumption patterns evolve towards more energy dense foods, such as animal products and edible oils.

Table 6: Intake of dietary energy, cereals and rice, 1995 - 2010 Source/Year Energy intake (kcal) Cereals, g (En%) Rice, g (En%) HIES 1995 -96 2254 509 (78%) 464 (71%) HIES 2000 2240 487 (75%) 458 (71%) HIES 2005 2238 469 (73%) 440 (68%) HIES 2010 2318 464 (70%) 416 (62%) Source: HIES various years

The double burden of malnutrition among women A woman’s nutritional status results from her current food consumption, level of health, dietary composition, care received since childhood and past demands on health, such as during pregnancies. Low pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)71 and short stature are ______70 Smith LC and L Haddad (2000). Explaining child malnutrition in developing countries: A cross country analysis, IFPRI, Washington DC. 71 By normalizing the weight of an individual over their height, the Body Mass Index (BMI) gives an indication of the thinness or obesity of

25 known risk factors for maternal health and birth outcomes. A strong correlation exists between maternal nutrition and the length of pregnancy and birth weight. High incidence of low birth weight indicates the poor health status of the mother, inadequate antenatal care and the need for improved care of newborn babies72. A BMI below 18.5 is indicative of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), leading to low work productivity and reduced resistant to illness. BDHS (2011) found that the proportion of women with CED (BMI<18.5) is 24% and the proportion of overweight (BMI≥25) is 16.5%. These results are confirmed by the FSNSP73 (2012) findings, which show also slight seasonal variations. According to BDHS (2011), women in the top wealth quintile are 7 times more likely to be overweight or obese, compared to those in the lowest wealth quintile. Despite over a decade of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities, the persistence of high levels of women’s malnutrition suggests that in many cases knowledge among women of healthy nutrition practices have not been translated into action74. Interventions that tackle the direct and immediate factors of women’s undernutrition should target also the adolescent period and should be scaled up to cover at least 70% of the total population to show tangible outcomes75.

Deterioration in children’s minimum acceptable diets Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) is the cornerstone in ensuring good nutritional status and development of children. Improving feeding practices and timely introduction of appropriate complementary foods are critical to prevent stunting. The proportion of children receiving a minimum acceptable diet was 42% in 2007 which declined to 37% in 2011 using a comparable and a less restricted definition of appropriate Figure 14: Core indicators of IYCF complementary feeding. However, 100 89 93 88 87 using a stricter definition, one-in-five 81 77 77 80 infants and young children (21%) aged 73 65 66 60 57 60 6 to 23 months have minimum 60 acceptable diets which reflects a

Percent 40 substantial decline in appropriate 21 76 22 complementary feeding . Other 20 surveys such as FSNSP (2012) point to 0 slight improvement in child dietary Early Initiation Exclusive Initiation of Animal Food Hand washing of Breastfeeding Complementary with soap quality indicators with a little over a Breastfeeding Feeding before child third of infants and young children feeding 2010 2011 2012 taking a minimum acceptable diet as Source: Adapted from Alive and Thrive/ BRAC (2012) ______an individual and thereby information about the macro-and micronutrient contribution of the diet consumed as well as the women’s nutritional status. 72 Yasmeen S et. al. (2011). Status of low birth weight at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh for a selected period of time, South East Asia Journal of Public Health,1:24-27. 73 The FSNSP (2012). Report on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh 2011 shows that 22% of women are undernourished and an even larger proportion are overweight (32%) but the latter result is based on a common cut off point for Asian women ( BMI range 18.5 to 23) rather than a speciﬁc one for Bangladesh. 74 Shannon K et. al. (2008). The Social and Environmental Factors Underlying Maternal Malnutrition in Rural Bangladesh: Implications for Reproductive Health and Nutrition Programmes, Health Care for Women International, 29:826–840. 75 Tahmeed A et. al. (2012) Nutrition of Children and Women in Bangladesh: Trends and Directions for the Future, Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 30(1): 1–11. 76 BDHS (2011). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. National Institute of Population research and Training (NIPORT), Dhaka.

26 per the strict deﬁnition complying with WHO recommendations77. Over the last three years, community-based interventions and national media campaigns are improving IYCF practices 78 among 8.5 million households with children less than 2 years of age - see Figure 14.

An important gap for the enhancement of IYCF practices has been the absence of adequate tools. To ﬁll this gap the Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation (BBF) has developed a complementary feeding manual using a “trials of improved practices” (TIPS) methodology79. It provides science-based guidance for mothers and care givers on types and quantities of foods, recipes, preparation and processing methods for appropriate complementary feeding80.

Consumption of iodized salt 81 BDHS 2011 showed that 82% of Figure 15: Households using iodized salt in 109 households consumed iodized salt, but National Nutrition Programme Upazilas the adequacy of iodization has not been 100 reported. Trends in the usage of iodized 94 92 92 salt in 109 programme upazilas of the 90 85 86 NNP from 2004 to 2010 are shown in 82 Figure 15. 80 As of 2010, 92% of households in these upazilas consumed iodized salt, Percent 70 compared to 61% in 2004. However, 61 60 there are concerns regarding the adequacy of iodine content in the salt 50 sold and consumed. The 2011-2012 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 National Micronutrient Survey found Source: Health Bulletin 2012 that 80% of households use iodized salt (≥5%) while a meagre 57.6%82 on average take adequately iodized salt (≥ 15 ppm), with variability from 52% to 65% across socioeconomic groups (Table 7). The same survey shows that 76% of households use ‘brand salt’ while around a fourth use open salt. Moreover, there is a concern regarding how the salt is stored at household level, given that iodine is easily lost when salt is not kept in closed containers.

Table 7: Use of adequately iodized salt Income category Percent Poorest 51.9 Poorer 56.3 Middle 57.8 Richer 64.8 Richest 65.1 Source: National Micronutrient Status Survey 2012

______77 James P Grant School of Public Health (JPGSPH) and Hellen Keller International (HKI) (2012). State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh: 2011, JPGSPH and HKI, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 78 http://www.aliveandthrive.org/where-we-work/country/bangladesh 79 http://www.fao.org/ag/humannutrition/nutritioneducation/70106/en/ 80 BBF/FPMU/NFPCSP/FAO (2013) A Complementary Feeding Manual for Bangladesh. 81 NFP PoA and CIP Monitoring Report 2012. 82 National Micronutrient Status Survey, 2012.

Prevalence of anaemia and intake of iron rich foods Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a common anaemia (haemoglobin levels <12g/dl) caused by insufficient dietary intake and absorption of iron, and/or iron loss from bleeding which can be from a variety of sources such as intestinal, uterine or from the urinary tract. The national prevalence of anaemia is 33.1% amongst preschool children, 19.1% amongst 6- 11 year olds, 17.1% amongst 12-14 year olds and 26% amongst non-pregnant, non-lactating women (NPNL). The current prevalence of anaemia appears to be lower than the earlier nationally representative estimates. The exact reasons for the decline are unclear. However, a number of interventions have been put in place to address maternal anemia through iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, antenatal care and nutrition counselling. Findings also pointed to very high iron levels in groundwater consumed through drinking water. Further, the current survey made use of a different assessment method compared to the one previously used which has varying reliability and accuracy. Recent estimates report that dietary iron provides 41-82% of the RDA across population groups by age and sex. The dietary pattern of adolescent girls in Dhaka indicates poor consumption of milk, liver and leafy vegetables. The prevalence of anaemia among adolescents was 23% - and the results suggest that the majority knew what they needed to do to improve their nutrition, but not how to do it. Sixty five percent had correct knowledge about the causes of anaemia, 72% about its prevention and 80% about its treatment, but 74% were unaware of the sources of iron-rich foods.83 Given the overall poor nutritional status of urban adolescent girls, there is need for appropriate nutrition interventions to overcome the problem.

3.4.2 Issues and policy challenges Over the last three decades, Bangladesh put nutrition high on its development agenda. A multisectoral approach involving agriculture, social protection and education is required to provide entry points for improving nutrition outcomes84. Figure 16 shows an analytical framework for the range of required interventions, distinguishing between nutrition specific interventions and nutrition sensitive interventions, which mutually reinforce each other. Without attention to sustainable integrated programming and resilience, food productivity improvements may not result in desirable nutritional outcomes. Explicit attention must be given to the relationships between household agricultural opportunities and decisions, on one hand, and nutritional outcomes on the other. Integration with food safety, water, hygiene, sanitation, vector control and immunization will reduce the impact of disease on nutritional status. This approach is embedded in the AoIs identified in the PoA. In Bangladesh, the mainstreaming of nutrition is guided by two principles: 1. Intervening at the different stages of the life cycle through the National Nutrition Services, MoHFW with a focus on the first 1000 days of life;

______83 Kabir Y. et. al. (2010). Dietary pattern, nutritional status, anaemia and anaemia-related knowledge in urban adolescent college girls of Bangladesh, J Pak Med Assoc. 60(8): 633-8. 84 AED and FAO (2011). Deepening the dialogue: agriculture and nutrition collaboration to enhance global food security. Summary Report from the Open Forum held on November 1, 2010, Washington DC: AED.

2. Coordinating and ensuring active engagement with other key Government agencies notably, Agriculture, Food, Industries, Local Government, and Women and Children’s Aﬀairs. To this end, nutrition Figure 16: Nutrition status: determinants and interventions sensitive analysis should be carried out to maximize the nutritional impact of agricultural and other programmes85.

Scaling up National Nutrition Services Paying special emphasis on children, women, adolescents and underprivileged sections of society, the NNS mainstreams nutrition services within regular operations of DGHS and DGFP under the HPNSDP. Interventions include growth monitoring and Source: Adapted by World Vision from ‘Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries: A UNICEF policy review’ (UNICEF, 1990) and ‘Investing in promotion; behaviour Early Childhood Nutrition’ (M. Ruel and J. Hoddinott, IFPRI Policy Brief 8, 2008). change communication; micronutrient supplementation; control of iodine deficiency disorders; management of SAM and CMAM; nutrition during emergencies; community based nutrition Box 2: Progress on National Nutrition Services services; nutrition intervention in hard- Until June 2012, NNS achieved 9 out of the 10 OP to-reach areas; early childhood level indicators. Universal coverage of vitamin A development; coordination with IMCI supplementation has been achieved through the National Vitamin A Plus Campaign conducted once programme; non-communicable in six months. The Steering Committee for Nutrition diseases; and training and capacity Implementation (SCNI) headed by the Secretary, building. MoHFW, meets every quarter for an update and for inter-agency and multi-sectoral coordination. Going Relevant nutrition indicators have been forward, NNS needs to implement a comprehensive training program that matches skills of staff with identified to monitor progress (Box 2). training needs. NNS is trying to coordinate with While training, vitamin A other OPs, develop accountability mechanisms supplementation and some policy related under the SCNI, partner with NGOs to provide activities are underway, there is need for services in hard-to-reach areas; and working to scaling up all the NNS activities. A include nutrition indicators in sector-wide management and monitoring by DGHS and DGFP. Nutrition Task Group is also identifying a Strengthened coordination between NNS and set of actions, timelines and FPMU on NFP PoA and CIP monitoring is needed. responsibilities to support

______85 ACF International (2011). Maximizing the nutritional impact of food security and livelihoods interventions : A manual for ﬁeld workers.

implementation. Issues of enhancing coverage and outreach are being carefully reviewed and addressed in the implementation. Preparations for an Annual Programme Review 2013 are underway. There is need to strengthen linkages between NNS and maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health services to maximize impact.

Enhance the role of women in agriculture and nutrition There is need to acknowledge and maximize the role of women in agriculture, which is not mainly confined to weeding, post-harvesting, processing, and preservation, but to promote technologies that allow balancing agricultural tasks and family care and to strengthen women focused nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions. Evidence from integrated food and nutrition projects shows that engagement in homestead poultry rearing can increase egg production and consumption by children and reproductive-age women86. Similarly, in a vegetable and polyculture fish production programme there was an increase in vitamin A consumption, improvements in weight-for-age z-scores for children, a decrease in stunting by 28 percentage points among girls and 43 percentage points among boys, and increases in body mass index for women, despite the absence of long-term income effects.87

Implement the Non Communicable Disease (NCD) strategy NCDs88 are becoming increasingly common because of increasing longevity and high prevalence of contributing factors such as tobacco use, obesity, physical inactivity and unhealthy diets. The NCD risk factor survey 2011 revealed that 99% of the population in Bangladesh has at least one risk factor. Prevention programmes are in their early phase as priority is still given to control of infectious diseases. The Non Communicable Disease Control (NCDC) strategy, under the HPNSDP 2011-2016, aims to strengthen health service delivery; promote healthy lifestyle and practices and develop an effective public health surveillance system89. One of the first steps is to facilitate screening of diabetes and hypertension at community clinics in addition to mass awareness campaigns and school curricula update. Multisectoral initiatives that mobilize other sectors like LGRD & C and Ministry of Youth are urgently warranted. Affordable recreational facilities, public parks and nutrition behaviour change clinics and centres to promote healthy life styles and diets need to be established.

Improve food safety, hygiene and sanitation There is a need to increase awareness regarding the interconnections between unsafe food and water, unhygienic practices, diseases and malnutrition. Consumer supply and demand for safe and healthy food along with hygiene education, centered on a number of simple messages, are essential to break the cycle of food and water-borne diseases. One of the major determinants in stunting is the access to improved sanitation facilities. According to the BDHS (2011), stunting, particularly among children aged 18 to 23 months is high, perhaps because young children come into contact with faeces in their environment daily and face the risk of infections90, with only 33.7% of households having improved toilet ______86 Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (2003). Dhaka University, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project Garden and Poultry Projects: Process and Impact Study. 87 Kumar N, Quisumbing A (2010). Access, Adoption, and Diﬀusion: Understanding the Long-term Impacts of Improved Vegetable and Fish Technologies in Bangladesh. Discussion Paper 00995. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. 88 Includes coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease and others. 89 MoHFW/WHO (2011). Strategic Plan for Surveillance and Prevention of Non Communicable Diseases in Bangladesh 2011-2015. 90Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (2012). Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview. Seattle, USA.

30 facilities. There is also a need to create demand for safe water and sanitation facilities. WASH Projects91 that are working on improving access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene practice in hard to reach areas and vulnerable groups, including women and children, need to be scaled up.

______91 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 2011, UNICEF/WaterAid/others.

4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

A number of socio-economic and environmental factors such as the reduction of the natural resource base per capita, the increasing threat of climate change, as well as insuﬃcient availability of high quality agricultural inputs reduce the country's potential to achieve adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food. The interventions proposed in the CIP address food availability through Programmes 1 to 5, covering agricultural production in the broader sense (crop, ﬁsheries, livestock, agro-forestry, water management and climate change adaptation). These Programmes correspond to eight Areas of Intervention of the NFP PoA. A detailed synoptic description of the interventions planned under the two strategic documents is provided in the following paragraphs.

4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension Programme 1 of the CIP focuses on promoting intensification, diversification and resilience to climate change of crop production through the generation and propagation of sustainable technologies. It covers the investments needed to operationalize the NFP PoA AoI 1.1 on research and extension activities and AoI 1.4 on agricultural diversification for crops, and is also relevant for the implementation of the PoA AoI 1.9 on developing early warning systems and AoI 2.1 on agricultural disaster management.

4.1.1. Progress towards achievements The widespread use of modern or high yielding varieties has helped Bangladesh to move away from serious import dependence to self-sufficiency in rice, despite a substantial increase in population and a decrease in arable land since its independence in 197192. Given a population growth already below 1.3% and projected to reach 1% in the next decade, in presence of declining per capita consumption of rice, a comparable annual growth of rice production should be sufficient to provide adequate supply. However, considering that cultivable land is being lost at an annual rate of 0.5%93, increase in rice yield of at least 2% per year is required in order to maintain the current level of self-sufficiency and allow releasing land and other resources as required for diversifying agricultural production.

Development of new crop varieties accelerated In 2011/12, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) released three new stress tolerant (BRRI Dhan 55, 56 and 57) and one short duration (BRRI Dhan 58) rice varieties. BRRI Dhan 55, is a moderate salinity and cold-tolerant variety with a per hectare yield of seven tons, particularly suitable for cultivation both in the salinity-prone southern region and in the cold-hit northern region. BRRI Dhan 56 and BRRI Dhan 57 are capable of surviving without rain for up to one month. The short duration BRRI Dhan 58 matures about 7 days earlier than the widely accepted BRRI Dhan 29 and can be particularly suited for haor and ﬂash-

______92 Hossain, M., M. L. Bose, and B.A. Mustafi. (2006). Adoption and Productivity Impact of Modern Rice Varieties in Bangladesh. The Developing Economies 44(2): 149–166. 93 Hassan, N. (2013). Trends in the availability of agricultural land in Bangladesh, Draft final report, NFPCSP financed project.

ﬂood prone areas. BRRI Dhan 58 is the ﬁrst variety developed in Bangladesh using tissue culture technology94. Table 8: Progress towards achievement of CIP Programme 1 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source No. of improved new rice varieties 3 9 2 5 MoA (BRRI and BINA) developed by GoB agencies No. of new non- Wheat 0 2 0 2 rice varieties Maize 2 0 0 0 developed Potato 3 2 0 6 Pulses 0 6 2 5 MoA (BARI and BINA) Vegetables 5 6 5 7 Edible Oilseeds* 0 1 7 7 Fruits 1 6 6 3 No. of farmers trained on sustainable 1,045,488 1,333,847 1,278,900 1,277,840 DAE agriculture practices by DAE Share of rice on total cropped land 76% 79% 77% 77% BBS HYV rice area as % total rice area 72% 73% 76% 77% BBS (excluding boro hybrid) Annual change in Rice 5.9% 2.1% 4.9% 1.0% major crops' Wheat 14.5% 6.1% 7.9% 2.3% production Maize 49.7% 21.6% 14.8% 27.5% Potato 28.7% 50.5% 5.0% -1.4% Pulses -21.0% 12.5% 3.9% 3.3% Brinjal 1.5% 1.1% -0.4% 3.9% BBS, Major & Minor Pumpkin 4.6% 4.3% 0.0% 7.4% Crops Statistics and Beans -0.1% 0.2% 7.0% -0.4% communication with Lal Shak 10.1% 6.6% -3.4% 2.6% Agricultural Wing Edible Oilseeds* 11.4% 11.9% 5.2% 2.7% Banana -12.7% -2.1% -2.1% -6.8% Guava -0.3% 13.1% 2.9% 1.5% Mango 4.7% 1.7% 5.5% 6.3% Pineapple -13.4% 2.3% -6.7% -17.2% Jackfruit 5.4% 3.1% -4.4% -3.6% * Includes til, rape & mustard, groundnut and soya bean

Overall, 61 rice varieties have been developed by BRRI since its establishment in 1970, of which 57 are inbred and 4 are hybrid varieties.95 At present BRRI varieties cover 80% of the rice area and accounts for 90% of the total rice production. In the same year, the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) released one aromatic rice variety of short duration (Bina dhan 9). Four more stress-tolerant rice varieties are expected to be released shortly. Indeed, BRRI is working on two saline-resistant HYV varieties that are expected to facilitate boro rice cultivation in the south, where 10 lakh hectares of land remain uncultivated during the dry season due to salinity intrusion.96BINA is about to release other two submergence-resistant varieties expected to reduce losses caused by flood during aman season. Overall, the new varieties are expected to contribute to enhance resilience and facilitate adaptation to climate change of rice cultivation. In northern regions, ______94 Tissue culture is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media. Under the right conditions, an entire plant can be regenerated from a single cell. Tissue culture is seen as an important technology for developing countries for the production of disease-free, high quality planting material and the rapid production of many uniform plants. 95 An inbred rice variety is the result of a cross between two or more different varieties and subsequent selection through several cycles of self-pollination or inbreeding. Normally, each rice flower contains both male and female organs. This allows the plant to reproduce itself through self-pollination or inbreeding. A hybrid is the product of a cross between two genetically distinct rice parents. When the right parents are selected, the hybrid will have both greater vigour and yield than either of the parents. 96 Parvez, S. More climate-smart rice seeds to reach farmers this year, The Daily Star, Jan 3, 2013.

34 cold resistant varieties of wheat would be helpful. In addition, BRRI is also working to develop vitamin and iron fortified rice varieties. For other crops, in 2011/12, the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) developed 2 disease resistant varieties of wheat, 3 high yielding varieties of pulses, 5 of vegetables including 3 hybrids for brinjal and tomato, 6 of potato and 3 of fruits. BINA developed 2 pulses, 7 oilseeds and 1 vegetable variety. Research activities related to development of wheat, potato, pulses and vegetables varieties have accelerated in 2011/12 as 20 new varieties have been developed compared to only 7 in 2010/11 (Table 8). This progress can have positive impacts on crop diversification if the corresponding extension services are also developed. In addition to NARS institutes, other institutions such as the Bangladesh Agricultural University and BRAC are contributing to developing varieties. At present BRAC is researching on rice, maize and vegetables in its nine agricultural farms in different agro- ecological zones of the country in collaboration with national and international organizations.97

No increase in numbers of farmers trained The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) with 12,875 Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers (SAAOs) operating all over the country is the main provider of training to farmers, although various other government and non-government agencies also provide training to promote environmentally sustainable practices in the use of soil, water and chemical inputs. The number of farmers trained by DAE decreased slightly to 12.78 lakh in 2011/12 from 12.79 lakh in 2010/11, mainly due to reduction in project based formal training from 7.1 lakh farmers in 2010/11 to 6.0 lakh farmers in 2011/1298. The effectiveness of DAE is constrained by the availability of resources to finance costs additional to salaries, such as transportation, communications, fiscal infrastructure and others, which are often financed through projects.99

Area planted to rice remained stable, productivity increased The share of rice on total cropped land remained stable at 77% in 2011/12 after Figure 17: Boro rice varieties

2 years of slow decline. This indicates 100% that production growth was only driven 17.2% 17.3% 14.6% 13.8% 13.4% by intensiﬁcation. Indeed, the share of 80%

HYV rice on total rice area increased 60% slightly to 77% in 2011/12 from 76% in 80.1% 80.2% 83.1% 84.6% 85.1% 40% 2010/11 with a steady increase since 2007/08. This shift contributed to Boro % of total area 20%

1.5% increase average rice yield. However, the 0% 2.7% 2.6% 2.3% 1.7% utilization of hybrid rice varieties during 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 the boro season continues its downward Local HYV Hybrid trend after the breakthrough registered Source: BBS in the aftermath of the food price crises (Figure 17). Reportedly, available hybrid varieties ______97 http://www.brac.net/content/bangladesh-agriculture-food-security-agriculture-research-and-development#.UVEVQcr2rPY 98 DAE delivers two types of trainings: the informal day to day advice provided by the SAAOs and the formal training imparted through diﬀerent projects under DAE. 99 USAID (2011). Transformation of agricultural research, education and extension in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Agricultural Transformation Program Publication 9, Washington DC.

35 have unattractive physicochemical characteristics, while problems have emerged in terms of high seed cost compared to grain quality and price, inconsistent yield performance, acceptability by some public sector extensionists, researchers and to some extent policy makers.100

Production growth slowed down for rice and wheat, but is picking up for vegetables The growth of foodgrain production has slowed down in 2011/12 with an annual increase of 1.0% and 2.3% for rice and wheat, respectively, compared to 4.9% and 7.9% a year earlier (Table 8). Maize production registered a record yearly increase of 27.5%. Potato production marginally declined, contributing, jointly with the increasing storage costs, to sustain prices, while new export opportunities are being explored101. Pulses and oilseeds production continued to rise though at a reduced rate compared to the previous year. Vegetable production accelerated, but fruits exhibit mixed trends: mango and guava maintained the upward trend while banana, pineapple and jackfruit production declined.

Some crop diversification but no significant recent agricultural diversification Over the last 10 years, area under wheat, oilseeds, pulses, sugarcane and fruits declined, while maize, vegetables, spices and potato expanded. Between 2007/08 and 2010/11, wheat, maize, sugarcane and fruits area dropped respectively by 4%, 26%, 10% and 5% (Figure 18). By contrast, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, spices and Figure 18: Area under major non-rice crops potato area rose by 11%, 6%, 90 29%, 7% and 15%, respectively. Jute 75 Spices In other words, pulses and Vegetables oilseeds area rebounded from a 60 Fruits Sugarcane negative trend. For maize the 45 Potato Lakh acre Lakh decline is explained by the record 30 Pulses expansion in area planted, Oilseeds 15 registered in 2007/08, but - Maize Wheat except for this special year- the 0 growing trend continues. Vegetables area increased steadily, while fruits area Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics declined, though at a slower pace in the last few years. Wheat area continues declining, albeit at a slower pace in more recent years, whilst potato area continued expanding at sustained rates. Different factors contributed to this development, including the change in evolution of demand and change in relative profitability of the various crops, as well as the availability of newly developed modern varieties -especially for pulses and oilseeds- and related extension services.

______100 Rashid, H. et.al. (2011). A study on hybrid rice in Bangladesh, report submitted to IFPRI. 101 It is reported that Agri concern Bangladesh, a NGO, started exporting quality potatoes to diﬀerent foreign countries, particularly Malaysia and Singapore. http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/quality-potatoes-for-export-but-priced-too-low/

36 Agricultural diversification improved in the earlier part of the last decade but deteriorated thereafter (Figure 19) as shown by the fact that the share of rice on total agricultural value added after falling by over 5% between 2000/01 and 2006/07 has partly recovered thereafter. Conversely, the increase in minor crops Figure 19: Share of subsectors in agricultural GDP registered in the first part of the 2010-11 36 19 13 9 22 decade has partly reversed, 2009-10 36 18 13 9 22 though there are some limited 2008-09 37 17 13 9 22 sign of recovery in the last few 2007-08 35 19 13 8 22 Paddy 2006-07 35 19 13 8 22 Other major crops years. Animal production has 2005-06 36 19 13 8 22 Minor crops Animal farming similarly expanded till 2006/07, 2004-05 36 19 13 8 22 Forestry 2003-04 39 17 13 8 22 but has slowly declined Fishing thereafter. The share of fishery 2002-03 39 16 12 8 22 2001-02 39 17 12 8 23 has remained quite stable at 2000-01 40 16 12 7 22 about 22% of agricultural GDP, 0 20406080100 while forestry has slowly but % of Agricultural GDP consistently expanded. Overall, it Source: BBS appears that in terms of share on GDP, the relative share of rice during the first part of the last decade has been reverted by the food price crises, which gave new impetus to rice production and price. This trend seems however, to have reached a maximum.

4.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further acti on Enhance research and knowledge generation in a sustainable manner The CIP (2011) subprogramme 1.1 emphasizes the role of research and technology development to increase productivity in varied ecosystems. This requires strengthening human, physical and institutional capacities of key research players. Under this subprogramme, the CIP 2013 includes 4 completed, 28 ongoing and 2 pipeline projects, for the enhancement of knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner. Out of the ongoing projects, 15 were initiated in 2010-11 and eight more in 2011-12. Total financing under this subprogramme stands at 144.2 million USD or 2.3% of the total financed CIP, out of which 94.5 million USD are financed by the government and the remaining 46.6 million USD by various Development Partners. Subprogramme 1.3 “Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change” includes 4 ongoing projects specifically focusing on research and extension for climate adaptation, of which 2 were started in FY 2011-12. The subprogramme has a financed budget of 112.7 million USD (1.8% of total CIP), out of which 58.4 million USD is financed by DPs. More importantly, the pipeline now consists of 13 projects for a total of 389.1 million USD. In order to strengthen research capacity, the Government has increased the budget for the research institutes under NARS (including BARC) from 4.03 billion taka in 2011/12 to 4.90 billion taka in 2012/13102 with an increased share in total National Budget from 0.25% to ______102 MTBF, MoA. http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/12_13/mtbf/en/MBF_43_Agriculture_English.pdf

0.26%. The SFYP emphasized the need to re-examine focus and priorities of the present research system so as to avoid fragmentation and duplications, re-orient its focus from commodity to farming system; and promote problem solving research tailored to different agro-ecological zones. Equally important is to reinforce the link between research and extension. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Vision-2030103 has identified the following research priorities: ensuring food security and consumption of safe and nutritious food; enhancing capacity on knowledge generation and management; exploiting the potentials of biotechnology; valorizing breeding options for crop improvement; identifying technological interventions required in unfavorable agri-ecosystems; enhancing efficiency of natural resources management; strengthening mechanization; fostering adaption to climate change and bio-risk management; promoting agricultural diversification; and improving post- harvest management and value addition. A variety development policy for the development of stress resistant, early-maturity and short duration crop variety has been drafted by BARC104. The “Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Act” approved in 2011 aims at fostering coordination of research activities conducted by different institutes. This Act strengthens BARC’s coordinating role making it responsible for allocating financial resources to the various NARS institutes and for the approval of the research programmes conducted by all of the institutes which, however, remain under the supervision of different ministries. This is expected to reduce duplication of research efforts and enhance accountability.105

Improvement of agricultural extension services The PoA and CIP stressed on improvement of extension services to propagate knowledge and practices, supported by community based experimentation and learning and indigenous knowledge. Interventions are needed in the areas of technology adoption and community- based learning (farmers’ skill training, soil health improvement, cultivation of quick growing fruits and vegetables, farm mechanization, vaccines, treatment of animals, etc.) and promotion of sustainable agriculture, livestock and ﬁshery, including implementation of the Southern Delta Master Plan. For the success of these interventions, human and infrastructural capacities of organizations engaged in the delivery of extension services, including DAE, DLS and DoF, require strengthening.

In this regard, the CIP 2013 under subprogramme 1.2 “Improve extension service to propagate knowledge and practices, supported by community-based experimentation and learning and indigenous knowledge" includes, in addition to 7 completed projects, 24 ongoing projects, of which 9 started in FY 2010 -11 and 6 in 2011-12. Completed and ongoing projects account for a budget of 204.5 million USD, of which 158 are financed by the government and the rest by DPs. The subprogramme absorbs 3.3% of the total CIP financed budget. Additional 12 projects are in the pipeline and expect financing for a total of 227 million USD.

______103 BARC (2012). Agricultural Research Vision 2030, Final Report (http://www.pcu-natp.gov.bd/pdf/20120503041218_FinalAgriculturalResearchVision-2030.pdf) 104 http://www.moa.gov.bd/Flood_Damage/policy_converted.pdf 105 Rahija, M. et.al. (2011).Bangladesh: recent development in Public agricultural research, country note, ASTI.

38 As mentioned above, DAE with a force of 12,875 extension workers and 2000 extension personnel remains the largest public extension agency with presence at national, divisional, district, upazila and village levels. Along with DAE, a variety of other agents is involved in the delivery of extension services. These include public research cum extension organizations, Agricultural Universities, donor supported rural development programmes, non- government organizations, private agro-chemical input suppliers, public community development and agricultural extension service providers, etc. However, this plurality of agents is not always able to address all farmers' needs, especially in marginal areas such as char, haor and river bank areas. To coordinate, enhance capacity and maximize impacts of the extension system, the government has recently revised the New Agricultural Extension Policy (1996) adopting the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP, 2012). The main facets of the new policy are: coordination and integration of the extension services; implementation of a market-led, demand responsive, pluralistic and decentralized bottom- up approach to extension; support to farmers groups and promotion of public-private partnerships; strengthening the one-stop service centres; digitalization of agricultural services; reinforcing research-extension-farmers’ linkages and farmers’ linkages with marketing and processing; promotion and adoption of biotechnology, organic and green farming, homestead gardening and farm mechanization; supporting urban agriculture; enhanced disaster management and adaptation to climate change; supply of quality seeds and other inputs; addressing gender issues in agriculture by valorizing and encourage women’s participation; and strengthening monitoring and evaluation. The needs for further action in this area include: Focusing on coordinated, demand-driven and integrated research: In line with the SFYP, the research system needs to be focused on coordination and integration for avoiding fragmentation and duplicating of its efforts. The research approach needs to be increasingly focused on farming systems or integrated production systems rather than individual commodities. Its planning, programme monitoring and coordination must be strengthened. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Act, approved in 2011, and the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Vision 2030, adopted in 2012, are important steps in this direction and need to be fully implemented. Allocating of larger budget for agricultural research: Public spending in agricultural research is very low in Bangladesh compared to even neighbouring countries such as India. Bangladesh’s agricultural research intensity measured by agricultural R&D spending as a share of agricultural GDP stood at 0.32% in 2009 against 0.4% in India106. Research funding needs to be scaled up in order to allow the technological breakthrough needed to secure the required intensification, diversification, sustainability and resilience to climate change and natural disasters of national agriculture. In presence of a tight budget constraint, a trade-off emerges between funding allocation to research versus other agricultural expenditures such as input subsidies. Strengthening of human, physical and institutional capacities of key research institutes: The number of researchers and their skills are significantly below requirement. In 2010, more than 20% of scientific positions remained unfilled107. In 2011/12, only 43% of total budget allocated to research institutes under NARS is ______106 http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/astisouthasiasynthesis.pdf 107 Rahija, M. et.al. op.cit.

identified as the development budget and is mainly used for financing research projects, while the rest is classified as revenue budget and covers the cost of staff and other running expenses108. Training and mentoring of junior scientists remains an urgent priority, while the system of incentives, e.g. salary structure and promotion system, need to be updated. Also, research facilities such as laboratories and other infrastructure need to be modernized. Strengthening linkages among research, extension, education and farmers: In Bangladesh agricultural research, education and extension are not adequately linked. Stronger linkages would reduce yield gaps. Field officers stated that new technology normally takes 5-7 years to be successfully popularized109. The recently adopted NAEP (2012) in line with the SFYP emphasizes the need to strengthen these linkages. To this effect researchers need to be involved in planning extension activities based on demand for on-farm technology validation; extension service providers need to be trained on technologies newly developed by research institutes; participatory action research needs to be undertaken involving extension service providers and farmers; and empowerment of farmers is important. Other suitable initiatives include the organization of participatory annual technology review workshops complemented by a feedback procedure involving all relevant actors. Strengthening the One Stop Service Centre: In line with NAEP (2012), all field extension personnel of DAE, DLS, DoF, in collaboration with NGO and private companies need to provide integrated services for all farmers. The Farmers Information and Advice Centre (FIAC) housed in UP complex can work as the reference for the one stop service center. Increasing farmers’ participation and use of ICT in extension service: Extension services should be problem solving, able to address genuine demands of the farmers, rather than supply-driven. In line with NAEP (2012), ICT can be used to facilitate farmers’ participation and better linking the marketing and production system through web and mobile based technologies. Digitized databases and management information systems may be set up at upazila, district and national levels. Mobile based text messages and voice messages may be utilized for early warning on pest and disease outbreaks, natural disasters as well as to disseminate critical information. Increasing the number and efficiency of extension workers: At present each Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officer (SAAO) is responsible to visit 1000-1200 farmers, compared to 280 in countries like China and Vietnam110. Beside the number, the gender balance between extension workers requires attention to more effectively reach out to rural women and maximize their role in agricultural production and in activities that have a key role for maximizing nutrition outcomes of agricultural activities such as homestead gardening and specific food utilization practices. Indeed, available evidence shows that female household heads are less likely to get extension services and are less likely to access quality services than their male counterparts111. Besides, the efficiency of extension services can be improved through training, skill development, institutional strengthening and logistic support. Insufficient extension services may jeopardize the implementation

______108 MTBF, MoA. 109 Haque, J. T. Agrarian transition and livelihoods of rural poor: agricultural extension services, Draft Report, Unnayan Onneshan. 110 http://www.farmingﬁrst.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Global-Forum-for-Rural-Advisory-Services_Fact-Sheet-on- Extension-Services.pdf 111 http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/ﬁles/publications/essprn21.pdf

of good programmes112. Coordination among different extension agencies (GO, NGO and private) is essential to increase efficiency and effectiveness.

4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes Programme 2 of the CIP aims to ensure sustainable and efficient water management to address farmers’ needs. It covers the investments required under the NFP PoA 1.2, which deals with the use and management of water resources, advocating for the expansion of irrigation coverage, improved efficiency, delivery and safety of water use and reduced dependency on groundwater irrigation. Programme 2 is articulated along 3 subprogrammes focusing on (1) improve water management and water distribution systems at farm level, (2) improve and increase efficiency of surface water irrigation particularly in the south, (3) reduce impacts of saline water intrusion in the south, and (4) enhance river flow to the south.

4.2.1 Progress towards achievements

Table 9: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 2 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source BBS Major & Minor Crops Statistics and % of cropped area under irrigation 44.2% 45.3% 45.8% 46.8% communication with Agricultural Wing Water table depth in Northern region, average yearly change over last 20 years 7.0 8.3 13.7 11.6 BADC (2007) (2009) (2010) (2011) (cm/year) Water table depth in Northern region, average yearly change over last 3 years 14.1 27.1 45.9 31.0 BADC (2007) (2009) (2010) (2011) (cm/year) BBS Major & Minor Surface water irrigation area as % of total Crops Statistics and 23.3% 22.0% 21.3% 21.3% irrigation area communication with Agricultural Wing Irrigation cost per acre as % of total boro 16.3% 15.8% 14.2% 13.6% MoA production cost

Irrigation coverage continues expanding The share of cropped area under irrigation continued expanding since the approval of the PoA, increasing from 44% in 2007/08 to 47% in 2011/12 of the total cropped area (Table 9), as a result of continuous small scale infrastructure development mainly carried out by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation (BADC).

Dependency on groundwater did not increase Irrigation remains largely dependent on groundwater as only a little more than one-ﬁfth of ______112 For instance, the Ministry of Agriculture has reduced the targeted coverage of the African drought tolerant variety 'Nerica' this aus season, following crop failure last year, partly due to poor extension service: http://www.theﬁnancialexpress- bd.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDRfMDlfMTNfMV8yXzE2NTg5MQ==

41 the cropped area is irrigated by surface water. The share of surface water irrigation in total irrigated area remained unchanged in 2011/12 after continuous decline since 2007/08.

Groundwater table depth reduced in 2011 contrary to the trend Pressure on groundwater is reflected in declining aquifer levels. This is of particular concern in the northern districts of Bangladesh. Figure 20 shows how the groundwater table depth deepened from 3.7 m in 1981 to 6.6 m in 2011, as a result of over exploitation of groundwater relative to the recharging capacity of the aquifer113, which is reduced by the lower rainfall during the short monsoon season114. Average yearly change in water table depth over last 20 years and over the last three years are calculated as indicators for measuring the trends in the depth of the water table in the long and short Figure 20: Depth of the groundwater table in run. Northern Bangladesh For both indicators, a significant improvement has been observed in -3.50 2011 compared to 2010, when the -4.00 -4.50 water table deepened due to the lowest rainfall since 1995. However, -5.00 since 2007 both indicators confirm the -5.50 -6.00

declining trend: changes in depth of GWT Depth (m) water table have increased from 14cm -6.50 to 31cm considering a 3 year moving -7.00 average and from 7cm to 12cm -7.50 considering the 20 year moving Source:BADC average. The significant and increasing difference between the short and long term indicators can be considered as confirmation that the water table decline is accelerating and that recovering from the exceptional low level registered in 2010 provides no space for complacency.

Share of irrigation on boro production cost declined The share of irrigation cost in total boro production cost has continued declining from 16.3% in 2007/08 to 13.6% in 2011/12. This is the result of slower growth of irrigation costs (+10%) relative to total production cost (+32%). It is reasonable to assume that over the last year, the increase in irrigation cost has been driven by the spike in prices of fuel and electricity, although oﬃcial data are not yet available that fully document this. Overall, irrigation cost remains a concern particularly for marginal and small farmers who pay higher prices compared to medium and large farmers. Price of irrigation water per m3 was estimated at 0.58 taka and 0.52 taka for marginal and small farmers, compared to 0.26 taka for medium farmers 115.

______113 Dey, N. C. et. al.(2013). Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation in Northwest Bangladesh, Draft final report of the study commissioned by NFPCSP; and Mamunul, A. H. M. et. al. (2012). Hydro geological condition and assessment of groundwater resource using visual mudflow modelling, Rajshahi City Aquifer, Bangladesh.Journal Geological Society of India. Vol. 79, pp. 77-84. 114 Jahan C.S. et.al. (2010). Impact of irrigation in Barind area, NW Bangladesh-an evaluation based on the meteorological parameters and fluctuation trend in groundwater table, Journal Geological Society of India. Vol. 76, pp. 134 - 142. 115 http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/ERE/WC3/24/Disc202.pdf

42 4.2.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further acti on The perspective plan (2010-2021) defines the following long term objectives for irrigation: increasing water use efficiency116 from 30% to 50%; increasing the irrigation area from 5 million hectares in 2009 to 7 million hectares by 2021 by using water saved from improvements in irrigation efficiency; effectively addressing overwhelming dependence on groundwater, focusing on increasing use of surface water; and monitoring quality and quantity of groundwater through continuous surveys and investigation. Within this framework, an Integrated Minor Irrigation Policy 2012117 was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. It emphasizes the need to promote efficiency of surface water utilization by developing necessary infrastructure, maintaining minimum distance between tube-wells, harvesting and preserving rain water, updating groundwater mapping, etc. The Bangladesh Water Act 2012 has been approved by the Cabinet in May 2012 as a legal framework for better management and use of water resources. The issues of ownership of water, right to use, price as well as overall guidelines for water management sources, retention of rivers and river recovery have been addressed in the Act. The Government has taken initiatives with India to negotiate water sharing treaties for Teesta and other rivers based on the Ganges water sharing model signed in 1996 with a validity of 30 years. A similar agreement was signed in 1977 for five years, and followed by a Memorandum of Understanding signed in 1982 with validity up to 1988. Between 1989 and 1996 no treaty was in force on the sharing of the Ganges water which allowed India to divert water at Farakka and upstream. The GoB is also committed to reactivating river dredging, including dredging of the Gorai River so as to ensure fresh water availability in the South-West region. Programme 2 of the CIP has a budget of 1696.7 million USD for completed and ongoing projects, of which 1433.2 million USD are financed by GoB and the rest 263.5 million USD by DPs. Overall, this programme accounts for 27.4% of total CIP budget, of which nearly one- half is allocated for the activities related to dredging of rivers. Additionally, 15 projects worth 291.8 million USD are in pipeline under this programme. Subprogramme 2.1, aiming to improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level, includes 3 completed, 11 ongoing and 4 in pipeline projects with a budget of 317.1 million USD or 5.1% of total CIP budget. Four completed, 25 ongoing and 11 pipeline projects are included under subprogramme 2.2, which aim to improve and increase efficiency of surface water irrigation particularly in the south, with a budget a 586.5 million USD or 9.5% of the total CIP budget. One project worth 45.4 million USD has started in 2012 and another one is in the pipeline under subprogramme 2.3 on reducing the impact of saline water intrusion in the south; while subprogramme 2.4, which aims to enhance river water flow to the south, includes 1 completed and 9 ongoing projects for 747.7 million USD or 12.1% of the total CIP budget. Needs for further action in this area include: Enhancing of river water flow: Water scarcity in the dry season is one of the key challenges in Bangladesh. The Himalayan River Basin is seriously threatened by water stress with implications for internal and cross-boundary development and security in ______116 The ratio between irrigation water actually utilized by growing crops and water diverted from a source in order to supply such irrigation water. 117 http://www.moa.gov.bd/Flood_Damage/irrigation_policy.pdf

the region. Climate-related water challenges make Bangladesh one of the most vulnerable countries. During the last 37 years the country has lost about 18,000 km of river routes. During the rainy season only 6000 km of river of routes become active for navigability and it falls to 3,800 km during the dry season. Water flow of rivers can be increased in the dry season by river dredging and by signing and enforcing water sharing treaties with neighbouring countries. There are 9 ongoing projects worth 52.2 billion taka under the BWDB for the different activities related to dredging of different rivers. The important projects are: Buriganga River Restoration Project; Capital Dredging of River System in Bangladesh; Gorai River Restoration Project; Excavation of Chanda-Barasia River; and Re-excavation of Bemelia, Lagan Balbhadra River and Kalni-Kusiara River Management. Use of manual labor to excavate small rivers and canals during the lean season can be considered as part of the government initiative to promote productive safety nets. Sustainably and efficiently using groundwater for irrigation: The major impediments to the sustainable use of groundwater are (i) excessive extraction, especially related to the expansion of boro area; and (ii) decreased groundwater recharging due to decreased river water level and discharge, and reduced wetland areas. The National Commission on Agriculture estimated in 1996 that the maximum sustainable level of extraction through Shallow Tube Wells (STWs) had already been reached. Since then, the further expansion of STWs and Deep Tube Wells (DTWs) resulted in over- exploitation. Over-extraction of groundwater has adverse impacts on drinking water supply and contributes to arsenic contamination. To promote sustainability it is important to have detailed water budgets (recharge, extraction and change in storage) for main water basins; farmers should be encouraged to gradually shift from boro cultivation to higher value crops, such as pulses and oilseeds, in critical basins; managed aquifer recharge should be promoted nationwide; and harvesting of surface and rain water should be encouraged, especially through excavation of existing canals, ponds, khals, and water bodies118. Increased efficiency of water use could be promoted through research into varieties that consume less water; expansion of drip irrigation techniques (although high installation costs may make this inappropriate for poorer farmers); and improved water management practices, including Alternate Wetting and Drying irrigation technology (currently being experimented in northern Bangladesh as part of a collaboration between DAE, BMDA, BRRI, NGOs and the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia, with reportedly reductions in water use of up to 30% during boro cultivation)119. Enhancing availability and use of surface water: In line with sixth five year plan, excavation/re-excavation programmes and promotion of effective utilization of canals, ponds and other water bodies should be scaled up to enhance conservation and utilization of surface water and encourage groundwater recharge through water-shed management, rainwater harvesting and establishment of water reservoirs and other surface water storage systems. To this end, rubber dams may be set up in different parts of the country. BADC recently established two rubber dams in Mymensingh (Haluaghat) and Suanmgonj (Chhatak) areas for ensuring more irrigation water after creating surface water reservoirs. As mentioned above, CIP ______118 Dey, N. C. et. al.(2013), op.cit. 119 http://economy-bd.blogspot.com/2011/04/awd-irrigation-technolocy-benefitting.html

subprogramme 2.2 has a budget of 586.5 million USD including 4 completed and 25 ongoing projects. Moreover, 11 new projects are in pipeline awaiting financing for a total of 270.9 million USD. These projects are expected to expand the role of surface water irrigation, inverting the declining trend observed over the past years (Table 9). Making quality groundwater available for irrigation: Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh affects 59 out of 64 districts and 85% of the total area of Bangladesh120. Excessive groundwater extraction may be a main cause for the increasing arsenic contamination. The risks for human health of arsenic entering the food chain are well known. Less well-known are the implications for crop production: build-up of arsenic in the soil from contaminated irrigation water reduces crop yields. It has been estimated that water extraction from the shallow aquifer for irrigation adds 1 million kg of arsenic per year to the arable soil in Bangladesh, mainly in the paddy fields. A positive correlation between arsenic in groundwater resources, soil and rice has been reported, indicating that food chain contamination may take place as a result of prolonged irrigation with contaminated water. Arsenic in irrigation water can result in land degradation that in turn affects food safety and crop production121. It is important to support initiatives to quantify and qualify the problem for arsenic and other physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Options to prevent and mitigate contamination need to be further explored. Controlling flood and river erosion: Flood is a common climatic risk in Bangladesh. Flood affects approximately 20% of the country in normal years and up to 68% in extreme years. Flood also causes serious river bank erosion. The BWDB estimated that about 1,200 km river bank is eroded and another 500 km is under threat to collapse. In the flood years of 1988, 1998 and 2004, 61%, 68% and 38% of land was inundated, which caused large scale destruction of infrastructure, loss of crops and lives. In 2004, over 6.5 lakh ha of crop land were fully damaged and another 4.2 lakh ha partly damaged by flood122. Factors that contribute to increased floods are unplanned urbanization, soil erosion, sea-level rise, inadequate sediment accumulation, subsidence and compaction of land, riverbed aggradations, and deforestation. Interventions to mitigate flooding propensity include floodplain zoning, planned urbanization, restoration of abundant channels, dredging of rivers and streams, increased elevations of roads and village platforms, building of efficient storm sewer systems, establishment of buffer zones along rivers, conservation tillage, controlled runoff near construction sites, adjustment of life-style and crop patterns, good governance, and improvement in flood warning/preparedness systems123. Reducing salinity and its impact in the South: The main obstacle to intensification of crop production in the coastal areas is seasonally high content of salts in the soil. According to salinity survey findings and salinity monitoring information, about 1.02 million ha (about 70%) of the cultivated land in coastal areas are affected by varying degrees of soil salinity124. Climate change exacerbates salinity through the intrusion

______120 Saifuddin, M. and M. M. Karim (2001). Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: cause, effect and remediation. University of Windsor, Canada. 121 Heikens, A. (2006). Arsenic contamination of irrigation water, soil and crops in Bangladesh, office for Asia and the Pacific, FAO, Bangkok. 122 Awal, M. A. (2013). Adapting social safety net programs to climate change shocks: issues and options for Bangladesh, draft final report, NFPCSP financed project. 123 http://www.lhup.edu/mkhalequ/research/floods-bd-bmps-ben.pdf 124 Haque, S. A. (2006). Salinity problems and crop production in coastal regions of Bangladesh, Pak. J. Bot., 38(5).

45 of the saline waterfront in the rivers, saline water interface in the groundwater aquifers, percolation from the increased saline surface waters into the groundwater systems, and increased storm surges, which carry sea water inland. Between 1973 and 2009, salinity prone area increased from 0.83 million ha to 1.06 million ha125. Salinity is also stimulated by shrimp cultivation as the intrusion of saline water during high tide is used to stimulate production. In the dry season, a vast area is left fallow until the salinity concentration is reduced by rain. The problem is expected to further exacerbate due to reduced dry-season freshwater supply from upstream sources resulting from climate change and from the reduction of water flow from India. Although one project named "Rehabilitation of BWDB infrastructures affected by Aila cyclone in coastal area" is underway and other two “Char kukri-mukri flood control, drainage and prevention of saline water intrusion project in the district of Bhola" and "Rehabilitation of coastal infrastructures damaged by Aila (south-western zone)" are in pipeline aiming at reducing salinity, more interventions are needed, including protection of embankments and sluice gates; dredging of rivers; storing of excess rainwater; adoption of saline resistant varieties; increased use of organic fertilizers, etc.

4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility Programme 3 aims to improve the quality of inputs and soil fertility through four subprogrammes to: (1) enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality and diversified crops; (2) develop public-private partnership through capacity development; (3) improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management; (4) facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the poor. CIP investments in this programme closely support NFP PoA Areas of Interventions 1.3 and 1.5 which deal with supply and sustainable use of agricultural inputs and agricultural credit and insurance, respectively.

______125 Awal, M. A. (2013). op.cit.

46 4.3.1 Progress towards achievements Table 10: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 3 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source Annual change in improved rice, wheat and maize 9.8% 127.8% 25.8% 2.9% MoA seeds production Improved seeds supply (BADC, Rice 40% 44% 58% 59% DAE and private companies) as Wheat 41% 67% 55% 72% % agronomic requirements Maize 93% 84% 100% 96% Potato 5% 3% 4% 12% MoA Pulses 1% 3% 5% 12% Vegetables 36% 32% 33% 20% Edible Oilseeds* 4% 4% 8% 12% Supply of urea as % of estimated requirements 98% 82% 94% 77% MoA, Fertilizer Supply of TSP as % of estimated requirements 82% 63% 79% 81% Monitoring and Supply of MoP as % of estimated requirements 66% 53% 89% 77% Management Unit Change in crop yields (moving Rice 3.11% 3.78% 2.08% 2.95% average over 3 previous years) Wheat 7.53% 9.58% 6.26% 5.10% Maize 3.18% -0.70% 0.86% 5.02% Potato 2.85% 9.30% 5.55% 1.80% Pulses 2.13% 3.73% 0.52% 3.60% Brinjal 5.47% 0.77% 1.03% 2.15% BBS Statistical Pumpkin 3.35% 1.61% 2.87% 3.70% Yearbooks and Beans 3.66% -0.18% 1.01% 3.30% communications Lal Shak 0.19% 2.73% 0.85% -0.40% with BBS Edible Oilseeds* 4.53% 2.26% 1.37% 3.95% Agricultural Wing Banana -1.39% -3.89% -2.70% -3.66% Guava 0.45% 10.77% 15.83% 5.81% Mango -2.22% 0.03% 8.85% 4.50% Pineapple -4.11% -0.95% 1.27% -7.19% Jackfruit -15.47% 2.27% -2.08% -1.60% Agricultural credit billion taka 85.81 111.17 121.84 131.32 Bangladesh Bank disbursement % of target 103% 97% 97% 95% Annual Report * Includes til, rape, mustard, groundnut and soya bean

Availability of improved variety and quality seed Annual changes in the production of improved cereals seeds has ﬂuctuated widely since 2007/8, and declined to 2.9% in 2011/12. However, as a percentage of agronomic requirements, improved seeds supply increased for all crops, except maize and vegetables. For rice and wheat, in 2011/12 this reached 59% and 72% respectively, with a substantial increase for wheat. For maize, the decline of 4 percentage points to 96% should not be considered as a source of concern as the economic optimum level might be below the agronomic requirement. The reduced supply for vegetables deserves attention, which decreased from 33% to 20% conﬁrming high volatility along a negative trend. For other non- cereals, a slow upward trend prevails, but the supply is still quite low. Indeed, the share has increased to 12% from 4% for potato; to 12% from 5% for pulses; and to 12% from 8% for oilseeds.

Fertilizer supply Fertilizer supply as a share of agronomic requirements has declined for both urea (to 77% in 2011/12 from 94% in 2010/11) and MoP (to 77% in 2011/12 from 89% in 2010/11). On the contrary, supply of TSP in 2011/12 increased to 81% of agronomic requirements from 79% in 2010/11. As no major scarcity of fertilizers is recorded in the market, supply below the estimated requirement can be explained by the divergence between agronomic and

47 economic optimal requirements. Compared to the baseline year a substantial rebalancing of fertilizer supply is recorded, with supply declining for urea and increasing for TSP and MoP. This is an important result of the rebalancing of subsidies on the various micronutrients that is discussed below.

Change in crop yield Yields have increased since 2007/08 for almost all crops. Rice yields have grown steadily registering an increase of almost 3% in 2011/12 compared to 2% in 2010/11. As mentioned above, rice yield annual growth exceeding 1.5% should be seen as a favourable condition for crop diversification, as it allows releasing land for other uses without impacting on self- sufficiency. Wheat yields show a high growth rate although the growth has gradually decelerated. This can be interpreted in connection with the reduction of wheat area planted that concentrated production on the most suitable land with positive impacts on yields and profitability. Maize yields increased in 2011/12 by 5.02%, which is well above the growth registered in previous years. A significant increase is also registered for the yield of pulses. Potato yields increased by 1.8% and have shown high variability over recent years, determining high price volatility. Most vegetables yields show consistent growth and good performance in 2011/12. Also relatively stable is the growth of yield of edible oilseeds that registered a quite good growth (3.95%) in 2010/11. Among fruits, relatively high yield variability is observed: while growth prevailed for guava and mango, yields declined for pineapple, jackfruit and, quite consistently for banana.

Agricultural credit The Bangladesh Bank has expanded credit supply in recent years, with disbursements reaching 121.8 billion taka in 2011/12, an increase of 8% on the previous year, in line with inflation. In 2008/09 disbursements increased by about 20% compared to the previous year. Disbursement relative to the annual target has steadily declined since 2007/08. Targeting small farmers and sharecroppers cultivating under 200 decimals, the Bangladesh Bank provided 5 billion taka to BRAC’s Borga Chashi Unnayan Programme, which provides agricultural credit at 5% interest rate, through village organizations that manage the credit and promote savings126. Loan duration varies between six and ten months; and one third of the loan is repaid in monthly instalments and the rest at the end of the crop season or just after harvest. The number of beneficiaries rose from 238,071 in 2010 to 578,210 in 2013 and disbursement rose up to 83,406 lakh taka in March 2013127. A recent study found that access to formal credit is significantly correlated to agricultural production and food security, particularly to marginal and smallholder farmers128. Farmers took credit for modern boro rice production, where irrigation and other input costs surpass equity financing. Home-based and commercial poultry, fishery and livestock rearing use credit financing. Access to credit has also made the lease of additional land possible and helped communities to expand non-farm activities and social development.

______126 Alam, M. Shahe (2011). Agricultural Census Report on Borga Chashi Unnayan Programme (BCUP) of BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, Dhaka. 127 Rahman. A. (2013). Credit Programme for Share Croppers: Impact and Evaluation. Paper presented in the conference on Bangladesh Bank credit programs, held at BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 4 April.2013. 128 Khondker.B.H, S.H. Bidisha and G.M. Suhrawardy (2013). Role of Credit in Food Production and Food Security in Bangladesh. NFPCSP- FAO, Dhaka.

48 4.3.2 Policy development /programmes underway and needs for further acƟon Programme 3 of the CIP includes 26 financed projects of which 10 are completed and 16 are ongoing for a total financing of 1055 million USD, equivalent to 17% of the financed budget as of June 2012. In the financial year 2011/12, six projects moved from the pipeline to ongoing for a total value of 161.1 million USD. The lion share of financing under programme 3 (1002 million USD) is allocated to finance 20 projects under subprogramme 1.1. BCIC has three major ongoing projects to improve and expand the production of fertilizers. Shahjalal Fertilizer project is the largest one, with 778 million USD which is financed by China. The residual 53 million USD finances 2 ongoing projects under subprogramme 3.1 and four projects (of which three are completed) under subprogramme 3.3. No program has so far been financed under subprogramme 3.4, which focuses on agricultural credit. The updated pipeline in CIP 2013 includes 14 projects for a total value of 1069 million USD. Also in the pipeline subprogramme 3.1 still received overwhelming attention with 995 million USD to finance 8 projects, while the other 3 subprogrammes have in the pipeline three, two, and one project, respectively. Total delivery in programme 3 now stands at 170.5 million USD out of which 95.9 million USD is financed by DPs and 74.6 million USD by the government. Table 11: Fertilizer subsidies, urea and non-urea

Subsidies Change from previous (in billion taka) ﬁnancial year Fertilizer subsidies as % Urea subsidies as % of Year Non Non of national budget fertilizers subsidies Urea urea Total Urea urea Total 2007/08 31.55 3.79 35.34 na na na 4.1% 89% 2008/09 42.73 8.01 50.74 35.4% 111.3% 43.6% 5.1% 84% 2009/10 19.79 20.99 40.78 -53.7% 162.0% -19.6% 3.6% 49% 2010/11 25.71 29.71 55.42 29.9% 41.5% 35.9% 4.2% 46% 2011/12 23.28 46.24 69.52 -2.43 16.53 14.1 4.3% 33% Source: MoA

Changes in fertilizer subsidies, prices and sales Fertilizer subsidies represent the largest element of public expenditure in agriculture. As shown in Table 11, fertilizer subsidies doubled from 35.3 billion taka in 2007/08 to 69.5 billion taka in 2011/12, and accounted for 4.3% of Government spending. Substantial rebalancing occurred with urea accounting for only one-third of the total subsidy, compared to 89% in 2007/08. Whilst urea subsidies were cut by a quarter, non-urea subsidies were 12 times as large since 2007/08. Table 12: Trends in fertilizer prices and sales

Price (Tk/kg) Sales (lakh MT) Before Eﬀective Eﬀective In In 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 4 Jan, 2009 Nov, 2009 Oct, 2010 2011 2012 Urea 12 12 12 20 20 25.33 24.09 26.55 22.96 TSP 80 22 22 22 22 1.65 4.2 5.91 6.41 MoP 70 25 15 16 15 0.82 2.63 5.07` 6.03 DAP 90 30 27 27 27 0.18 1.36 3.53 4.08 Source: MoA

The rebalancing of subsidies, combined with price dynamics on international markets, have driven changes in absolute and relative prices of the four main fertilizers. Table 12 (left panel) shows that since 2008, urea price increased from 12 Tk/kg to 20 Tk/kg, while prices for TSP, MoP and DAP signiﬁcantly declined.

Figure 21 shows that the ratio Figure 21: Domestic and international fertilizer prices between domestic and international 100000 cif price prices is now comparable among domestic price the four types of fertilizers, 80000 reﬂecting their similar subsidization 60000 in contrast to the strong bias 40000 towards urea prevailing in 2008. The Taka perMT price changes led to signiﬁcant shifts 20000 in the quantities and composition of 0 fertilizers used: urea declined by 9%, Urea TSP MoP DAP Urea TSP MoP DAP TSP increased by 288%, MoP by 2008 2011 635% and DAP by 217% - as shown in Table 12 (right panel). Source: Ministry of Agriculture

Seed availability and quality The Government of Bangladesh considers the seed sector a main priority. Over the past decade multiple activities have been undertaken with the support of several development partners such as Holland, USA, Germany, Australia, EU, Belgium, Denmark and FAO129. Seed production and distribution involve both public and private agents. The key government agencies are the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC), the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) and the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE). BADC remains the largest national producer of foundation seeds and quality seeds for rice, wheat, maize, jute, vegetables, spices, potato, pulse and oilseeds, produced through seed multiplication farms and 75 contract growers’ zones. In 2011, BADC set a target to produce 143 thousand MT of seeds including 91 thousand MT paddy seeds. Against that target of production, 131 thousand MT of seeds were actually distributed130. A newly opened seed multiplication centre in Patuakhali will help increase BADC’s supply of improved/quality seeds. With more than 100 companies, over 8000 registered seed dealers and thousands of farmers contracted to produce seed, the private sector has been expanding its presence from high value vegetable seeds to also cover rice and maize hybrids. Moreover, at least 20 NGOs have been increasingly involved in seed production and distribution as part of their `relief and livelihood promotion interventions. BRAC has become a major stakeholder in the sector through a seed company, 23 seed producing farms and an agricultural research

______129 Bodker, L. et.al. (2006). Overview of seed supply systems and seed health issues, Dept. of Plant Biology, Copenhagen University, Denmark. 130 Bangladesh Economic Review (2011). Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh.

50 centre with an annual capacity to produce 5200 MT of certified quality seeds of hybrid maize, rice, onion, pulses, oil crops and potatoes. Quality remains an issue. It has been estimated that some 85% of seeds used are untested, unlabelled or of unknown quality to farmers131. The National Agricultural policy has emphasised the development of quality seeds proposing to encourage the private sector in undertaking breeding programmes and import of foundation/breeder seeds for notified crops. Moreover, it calls for strengthening the seed certification process, so as to provide a fair playing field for the private sector in its endeavours to cater quality seeds to satisfy the increasing demand. The Seed Certification Agency (SCA), established in 1974, is the statutory body authorized to provide certification of Breeder, Foundation and Certified classes seeds. The Agency certifies and maintains seed quality through field inspection, seed testing and variety testing under the guidance of the National Seed Board (NSB) and regulations provided by the National Seed Policy 1993, The Seeds (Amendment) Act 1997, Seeds Ordinance 1997, and the Seed Rules 1998. The SCA is responsible for their implementation through its three technical wings in charge of variety testing, field inspection and seed testing. Initially, the SCA was only in charge of certifying seed produced by the public sector only but from the early nineties, its jurisdiction has been extended to testing and certification of seeds produced by public, private and NGO agents. The SCA generally certifies seeds of five ‘notified’ crops namely rice, wheat, jute, potato and sugarcane132.

Government incentives for enhancing productivity Given the declines in planted area of aus in recent years, in 2012 the Government attempted to encourage farmers by providing subsidised seed and fertilizers up to a maximum one bigha (33 decimals) per farmer, with seeds supplied by BADC and fertilizers by BCIC. Table 13 reports the coverage and cost of subsidy for these interventions.

Table 13: Subsidy for aus production in 2012 Modern aus variety Districts covered Number of farmers Subsidy (lakh taka) BRRI Dhan 28 56 308,956 2894 BRRI Dhan29 Nerica 30 56,250 606 Total 86 365,206 3500 Source: DAE

Leveraging the private sector to foster production and use of stress tolerant seeds As part of its commitment to promote climate resilient agricultural practices in Bangladesh, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) is working with four large private seed companies to demonstrate the business case for stress tolerant seeds. IFC targets to support farmers in adapting to climate change as well as strengthening food security and social inclusion by increasing the production, distribution and adoption of stress tolerant seed varieties; including rural women in seed production in remote areas and linking them to the seed supply chain. This initiative has so far resulted in training for more than 40,000 farmers and more than 600 dealers and retailers on how stress tolerant seeds work, while about ______131 Bangladesh Seed Grower, Dealer and Merchants Association (BSGDMA) (2007). Bangladesh Seed Industry at a Glance. Asian Seed Congress. Manila, Philippines. 132 Ministry of Agriculture: http://www.sca.gov.bd/

1200 women received training to become seed micro-entrepreneurs133. Needs for further action in this area include: Strengthening production and distribution of quality seed: The available statistics indicate that institutional sources supply only a proportion of the total national seed requirements. The Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) is the main public body responsible for producing and supplying improved seeds. Its production capacity, especially for foundation seeds, needs to be enhanced. Furthermore, the participation of the private sector in production and marketing of quality seeds need to be encouraged and improved. The Seed Certification Agency and other public agencies involved in promoting seed quality need to be strengthened to maximize their role in ensuring effective enforcement of relevant regulation. Also important is to promote collaboration among main private sector companies to establish voluntary quality certifications and controls as well as branding to make easily distinguishable seeds (and other inputs) that respect minimum quality standards. Moving from rebalancing fertilizer use to promoting fertilizers’ quality: An over use of urea and sub-optimal use of other plant nutrients has been attributed to imbalanced subsidies and insufficient farmers’ awareness on appropriate usage. The substantial rebalancing of subsidies taking place over the past few years, coupled with continued efforts by DAE and other public and private extension providers, are showing positive impacts on yields and overall efficiency. However, as agriculture diversifies and production, marketing and use of different types and grades of fertilizers –such as the mixed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur (NPKS)- expands, ensuring quality and preventing adulteration of fertilizer becomes more difficult. This calls for renewed efforts to enforce standards through public regulations and controls as well as by promoting initiatives within the private sector to establish self-certification and controls that allow, for example through appropriate branding and packaging, to easily identify fertilizers (as well as other agro-chemicals) supplied by reliable producers and distributors. Strengthened agricultural waste management would be supportive by increasing availability of organic fertiliser. Using Urea Super Granule (USG) and deep placement technology: Research indicates that consumption of urea could be reduced by 25-30% using Urea Super Granules (USG) in rice cultivation, but this practice is labor-intensive134,135. The agricultural machinery development programs of BARI, BRRI and other institutions developed a urea applicator machine that could substantially reduce labour requirements and boost adoption of USG. DAE is implementing motivational programmes for farmers to use USG. Agricultural credit should be made available to increase the number of USG making machines.

______133 IFC Bulletin (2012). Agri-seed: Making Bangladesh’s agricultural sector more sustainable http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/sustainable+business+advisory +services/project+examples/sba-project-agriseed 134 Jahiruddin, M.R. Islam and M.A. Miah (2010). Constraints of farmers’ access to fertilizer for food production, study commissioned by NFPCSP. 135 Alam, M. Shahe., M.S. Islam and M.A. Islam (2009). Farmers’ eﬃciency enhancement through input management :The issue of USG application in modern rice production. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. XXIII (2).

52 Improving pest management: Farmers often use insecticides and pesticides without adequate knowledge of its impact on human health, plant biology and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) and other environmentally friendly practices are being promoted by DAE and other extension agencies. These efforts need to be scaled up to minimize impact on producers and the environment and maximize safety of food. Reintroducing crop insurance: Crop insurance (CI) is a potential risk management strategy against extreme events, like cyclone, flood and drought, which can overwhelm the protection from microcredit and savings of poor farmers with no other safety nets. The UN Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol included the provision of insurance to address risks from climate change. In 1977 Bangladesh introduced crop insurance through the state owned Sadharan Bima Corporation (SBC), but it was stopped in 1996 after experiencing huge losses due to moral hazard based on individual loss assessment, adverse selection, bad program design, poor monitoring at grass root level, covariant risks, etc.136. Weather index-based crop insurance, which incorporates historical weather and crop production data, can reduce farm-level monitoring and transaction costs. A pilot crop insurance project was introduced in Madhabpur Upazila, Habiganj District, with the sponsorship of SBC137. Recently the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Japan agreed to provide 2 million USD, and the GoB 0.42 million USD in-kind support, towards a 3- year pilot weather index-based crop insurance project in selected districts, with the goal of covering at least 12,000 farm households138. Past experiences suggest a partnership between private, public and NGO actors would improve implementation. Reputed insurance companies can offer CI, where SBC can serve as a re-insurer and the Directorate of Insurance can regulate and monitor the process, including dispute resolution. NGOs can serve as the go-between and mobilizer of communities. Additionally, in order to increase its coverage, the Government may make CI mandatory for farmers who take agricultural loans.

4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development Programme 4 seeks to sustainably increase fishery production through 4 subprogrammes to (1) develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills; (2) improve the management of fishery resources; (3) develop public private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development; and (4) promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based management of wetland. Programme 4 relates to NFP PoA area of intervention 1.4 which strives to diversify agriculture through production of fish among other things.

______136 Climate Change Cell (2009). Crop Insurance as a Risk Management Strategy in Bangladesh. DoE, MoEF. 137 Government of Bangladesh (2011). Budget Speech 2012-13. Ministry of Finance. 138 http://www.adb.org/news/bangladesh/adb-japan-seek-aﬀordable-crop-insurance-bangladesh-farmers

4.4.1. Progress towards achievements Table 14: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 4 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source GDP from ﬁshery sector as % of Bangladesh Economic agriculture GDP (excluding forest), at 24.39% 24.18% 24.18% 24.75% Review constant price 1995-1996 Annual change in national ﬁsh Fisheries Statistical 5.04% 7.33% 5.66% 6.50% production Yearbook (DOF)

Fishery expanded faster than other agricultural subsectors in 2011/12 The fishery subsector accounts for 4.4% of GDP, provides about 60% of animal protein and contributes to the livelihoods of about 16 million people. With its high value products, the sector has a significant potential for Figure 22: Fishery in agricultural GDP income and employment growth. Fisheries and aquaculture also 45 contribute to dietary diversification 35 by increasing the availability of protein rich food. The sector 25 significantly helps to balance trade % share through the export of high value 15 foods such as shrimps. Given the acceleration in production growth, 5 over the last year the share of fishery value added in agricultural GDP increased by nearly 0.6 percentage Rice Forest & related services Animal farming Fishery points, and reached almost a quarter Source: BBS of the total. This is an encouraging sign of diversification after many years in which the share remained quite static. Figure 22 shows that the subsector had substantially increased its relative importance till the '90s and remained quite static thereafter.

Fish production growth rate sustained The ﬁshery sector has quite distinct features in its three main subsectors -aquaculture, inland capture and marine capture- Figure 23: Fish production by subsectors engaging households and the community with quite diverse 1.5 2009/10 income levels, livelihoods, 2010/11 2011/12 technology and socio-cultural 1 settings. In 2011/12 ﬁsh production registered one of the best

Million MT 0.5 performances since the PoA baseline year, with a growth of 6.5%, which is almost 1% higher than the previous 0 Aquaculture Capture Marine year. Export of shrimp and other ﬁsh Fisheries Fisheries and ﬁshery products reached 0.96 Fish category lakh MT or 4604 crore taka in the FY Source: DoF, MoFL

2010-11 almost 23% higher export compared to that of 2009/10 and 31% higher than that of 2008/09139. Figure 23 shows the disaggregation of total ﬁshery production by its three subsectors over two recent years. Aquaculture is the most important subsector and continues expanding its share by growing faster than capture and marine ﬁshery production.

4.4.2 Policy development/programmes underway and needs for further action Programme 4 of the CIP has so far mobilized 178.8 million USD, accounting for only 0.29% of the CIP. These resources have financed 27 projects of which 24 are currently ongoing. In the financial year up to June 2012, two projects were completed and 4 initiated. The 3 projects completed since 2010/11 had a total value of 5.2 million USD, which indicates that the average project size is substantially increasing (from 1.7 million USD of the completed to 7.2 million USD for the ongoing). No project has so far been financed or is in the pipeline under subprogrammes 4.3 (developing public private partnerships) and only one project is financed under subprogramme 4.4 (focusing on the south and community based management of wetlands), which has in the pipeline two projects awaiting financing. Total delivery as of June 2012 stands at 72 million USD of which 35.4 million USD was delivered during the last fiscal year compared to almost 36.5 million USD over the previous year. Delivery of DPs financed activities is higher (24.1 delivered versus 33.1 financed) compared to GoB financed activities (14.7 million USD delivered against 144.9 financed). Overall, program 4 requires formulation and financing of additional investments especially in programme 4.3 and programme 4.4. Fishermen were trained on fish farming, and illegal nets were confiscated, under the Jatka Protection law. Fish sanctuaries were created for the conservation of indigenous fish varieties. The Hazard Analysis for Critical Control Point (HACCP) compliance is being pursued to ensure quality of fishery exports. Market visits have been introduced to prevent the use of formalin and other adulterants in preserving fish. Water body management is being improved by providing training to small fish farmers and fishermen with the involvement of NGOs. Poor households received support for fish culture in paddy fields and floodplains were developed to improve the socio-economic conditions of fishermen140. Over the last three years, the Bangladesh Fishery Research Institute (BFRI) developed three new fish varieties: Thai climbing fish, gugi and nona tengra. In addition to this, Super Tilapia, improved nursery for galda shrimp, aquaculture at hilly Ghona, and fish drying using solar dryer technology were also developed. Four technologies were transferred to the field level. Trainings were conducted on modern aquaculture developed by the Institute, on the production of mono-sex tilapia, fish fry, shrimp cultivation management, and conservation of hilsha, etc. Moreover, the establishment of a research sub-station, establishment of a PCR laboratory with modern equipment and the modernization of two research laboratories were completed. A programme for sale of fish in insulated fish vans in Dhaka city has started. Market building in Barisal fish landing station and wholesale market was expanded141. ______139 Bangladesh Economic Review (2011). op cit. 140 MoFLS, MTBF. 141 Ibid.

Due to climate change and man-made interventions such as construction of unplanned flood dams, excessive use of insecticides in crop fields and water pollution, production and collection of fingerlings/fry from natural sources has declined. In response to this problem, DoF developed facilities in 33 Government farms and raised brood stock to collect fries from the natural stocks. These brood fish are distributed to private hatchery owners at a concessional price. At present, 122 government hatcheries (fish seed multiplication farms) along with 862 private hatcheries are operational to meet the increasing demand of the fingerlings. As a result of government efforts, a total of 222 MT of fish fries have been released in FY 2010-11. Similarly, 137 MT of fish fries have been released in Padma, greater haor areas of Jessore and Faridpur, and Kaptai Lake under various projects and programmes.142 The Fish and Livestock Feed Act 2010 covers the production, processing, quality control, import, export, transportation, marketing, sales and distribution of fish and livestock feed, and Section VI of the Act stipulates the need for a license to carry out these activities. The Department of Fisheries (DoF) and the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) are responsible for the quality of fish and livestock feed, respectively, through laboratory tests on samples from producers and importers. Antibiotics, growth hormones, steroids and pesticides and other harmful chemicals are prohibited. The Fish Hatchery Act 2010 covers the establishment of fish and shrimp hatcheries for production of larvae, post-larvae and fingerlings, and related activities. Under the Act hatcheries must be registered with the Department of Fisheries, and hatchery operators must have legal documents giving rights to use the hatcheries either as owner or as leaseholder. The hatcheries are prohibited from using banned antibiotics, drugs and other chemicals, and are required to establish health monitoring and control procedures to minimize the risk of disease. The DoF officials reported that the Fish and Livestock Feed Act 2010, has been under implementation and all the livestock and fish feed producing and processing organizations/ enterprises have been advised to get registered under the law. All the organizations involved in producing, processing, quality control and marketing of fish, and livestock feed had to obtain a license from the concerned authority. For fish feed, monitoring of the activities are done centrally by DoF, but implemented by a team consisting of several DoF staff at the Upazila level. About the quality control issue of the Fish Hatchery Act, the DoF officials reported that there were some complications with respect to certification of the imported items by the BSTI. There are also complications related to issuance and renewal of licenses for the importers which need to be resolved. Needs for further action in this area include: Increasing productivity: There is wide scope for improving productivity of fish species in the country through improved technology, better management and further investment in the sector143. A main obstacle in increasing aquaculture production is genetic deterioration of the hatchery –produced seeds of various farmed fish species. The poor quality of fish seed is largely attributed to inbreeding and the resultant indiscriminate use of inferior quality of brood fish. As pointed out ______142 Bangladesh Economic Review (2011). op cit. 143 BER, ibid.

in the CIP 2011, proper implementation of the National Breeding Plan and the Law on Carp/Shrimp Hatchery Management would ensure the quality seed production through genetic management of brood stock in the hatcheries and equitable dissemination of improved breeds to the target groups for sustainable enhancement of aquaculture production in the country. Reducing water pollution would help increase productivity. Enhancing extension and training: Research144 suggests that high impact on fish quality preservation can be obtained from awareness programmes, making use of traditional and electronic media. All market actors (fishers, fishermen and women, fish farmers, shrimp farmers, aratdars, wholesalers, transporters, depot holders, processors, retailers, fish vendors, etc.) in the fish distribution chain should be defined in the fisheries policy with specific roles. Similarly, provisions need to be made in the policy to make them responsible through enforcement of regulations. Assessment and monitoring of post-harvest losses in the fishery sector/industry needs to be intensified by regulatory agencies, and a manual should be prepared and disseminated. Greater extension services should be provided to increase production through homestead ponds. Strengthening the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute: BFRI has a vital role to play in developing and disseminating technological innovations needed to modernize and sustainably intensify fishery production. Out of 43 projects included under Programme 4 of the CIP (of which 27 are already financed), BFRI is implementing five projects and two are in pipeline to improve inputs for small scale fisheries and improve management of fishery resources. It is important to secure funding for the 44.6 million USD required for these projects and proceed with formulation of additional initiatives. An important direction of activity for BFRI is research to maintain/improve productivity of the native fish species. Research is needed to develop saline tolerant fish species. Minimizing the impacts of shrimp culture on soil quality and biodiversity: Construction of coastal embankments by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) has prevented inflow of saline water useful for brackish water shrimp culture. The shrimp farmers on the other hand, are alleged to be flushing out the available saline water to the neighbouring paddy fields with a view to compelling paddy farmers to lease out paddy lands for shrimp culture. They are also alleged to be aggressively encroaching the mangrove forest areas to expand their shrimp Ghers. These phenomena have given rise to serious conflict of land use in the coastal areas which need to be resolved. The BWDB filed various cases against shrimp producers who dismantled some of the embankments to allow intrusion of saline water in the shrimp Ghers. Steps have been taken by DoF to minimize the litigations between the BWDB and shrimp farmers. It is important to classify lands according to comparative suitability for shrimp culture and other agricultural uses, and adopt regulations for compliance to the use of lands. To this effect, the Government has declared 172 thousand hectares of land in the Southern-coastal belt of the country as special shrimp producing zone.145 As zoning based on comparative advantage can ______144 Nowsad. A. A. K. M. (2010). Post harvest Loss Reduction in Fisheries in Bangladesh: A Way Forward to Food Security. NFPCSP-FAO, Dhaka. 145 Concerns of shrimp exportation, The Daily Prothom Alo, 24 April 2013.

be an important tool to balance conflicting interest of farmers and shrimp producers, impacts of this initiative need to be assessed and eventually scaled up. Utilizing roadside canals and ditches for increasing fish production: Utilization of roadside ditches and canals including flood control, drainage and irrigation canals calls for policy attention, as their effective use is closely related to the definition and enforcement of community use rights. A related dimension is the ‘pen’ and ‘cage’ culture in some floodplains and open water bodies where use rights of water resources should be ensured through legal and institutional support146. Promoting rice-fish farming system: The CIP emphasizes the need to mobilize and coordinate multiple stakeholders in sustainable intensification of rice-fish systems, which require appropriate technologies and infrastructures and efficient markets. There is need to further prioritize investments in scientific research and market development to capitalize on the sustainability and profitability of concurrent and alternate rice-fish cultures that favour the poor and small holders in Bangladesh. The national agricultural research system (NARS) needs to step up applied research, particularly on the alternating rice-fish system. Research, extension agents, and non- governmental organizations should prioritize an integrated approach cognizant of the interactions between rice cultivation, other crop cultivation, and fish farming in line with small holder livelihood strategies. To date, analysis of the social, economic, and policy issues of Bangladesh’s rice-fish systems has been limited. There is an immediate need to scale up research on issues such as technologies and practices for rice-fish systems, fish value chains, the distribution of economic value within those value chains, and the policy interventions that can encourage efficiency and equity147. Effectively managing open water fisheries resources: Bangladesh has a vast potential for open water fishing. The annual rainy season inundates up to 60% of the total land surface. About 70% of the total water resource is identified as floodplains which remain under water for 4-6 months. Yet fish production from inland capture has increased only marginally over recent years (DoF 2012a)148. Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) is recognized as a fundamental step in creating sustainable co-management of fisheries resources. According to DoF, 6 out of 16 ongoing development projects under implementation includes community based fisheries management, involving more than 0.2 million project beneficiaries (DoF 2012a)149. Further depletion of fish stock in the perennial and seasonal water bodies should be prevented through stricter enforcement of the ban on indiscriminate fishing during the breeding season, more breeding grounds declared as fish sanctuaries with adequate protection, and expansion of employment and other support measures for fisher communities during the fishing ban periods.

______146 Karim, M., M. Ahmed, R. K. Talukder, M. A. Taslim, H. Z. Rahman (2006). Policy Working Paper: Dynamic Agribusiness-Focussed Aquaculture for Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth in Bangladesh. World Fish Center Discussion Series No. 1. World Fish Centre, Penang, Malaysia. 147 Dey et.al. (2012). Change and Diversity in Small holder Rice-Fish Systems: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion paper 01220, IFPRI, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 148 DoF (2012a). Annual Report 2011. Department of Fisheries. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 149 DoF (2012a). ibid.

4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production Programme 5 of the CIP deals with livestock development with a focus on poultry and dairy production. It contributes to the implementation of the NFP PoA AoI 1.4 on agricultural diversiﬁcation which has a number of provisions for fostering the development of livestock and livestock products. Programme 5 is articulated along the following four subprogrammes: (1) strengthening animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate diseases outbreak; (2) Strengthening husbandry capacity at household level though community based improved knowledge and advisory services; (3) improve availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships; and (4) research on livestock developments, including genetic improvements.

4.5.1. Progress towards achievements Table 15: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 5 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source GDP from livestock sector as % of BBS Statistical agricultural GDP (excluding forest, at 14.6% 14.4% 14.1% 14.1% Yearbooks constant price 1995-96) Total production Eggs (million) 5653.2 5742.4 6078.5 7304 MoF, Bangladesh (quantity) of Milk (million MT) 2.65 2.37 2.97 3.47 Economic Review Meat (million MT) 1.04 1.26 1.99 2.33 Annual change in artiﬁcial insemination 1.56% 15.25% 7.67% 10.11% Annual change in number of poultry deaths DLS, MoFL 333% 274% 231% -75.4% due to avian ﬂu

Livestock production increasing and share of agricultural GDP no longer reducing The share of livestock value added in agriculture GDP (excluding forestry) remained unchanged at 14.1% in 2011/12, in contrast with the slow decline observed since 2007/08 (Table 15). There has been an encouraging growth of virtually all main livestock products: between 2010/11 and 2011/12, production of eggs increased by 20%, while milk and meat each rose by 17%. Overall, this represents an encouraging response to the increasing diversification of food consumption that is taking place mainly in urban areas150 and is increasingly impacting on the trade balance. Between 2007 and 2010, the trade deficit of dairy products and eggs increased by 130%, up from -102.36 million USD to -236.01 million USD151. While contributing to contain the trade deficit, the production of eggs, milk and poultry boost nutritional outcomes in low-income households, especially in rural areas.

Poultry death dropped and artificial insemination accelerated Poultry death due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) dropped markedly (-75%) in 2011/12 after increasing in 2009/10 and 2010/11. Improved animal health has allowed the poultry industry to substantially accelerate growth after the massive blow experienced during the repeated outbreaks of avian influenza that forced nearly half of the country's 150,000 farms to suspend their activities. It appears that outbreak of HPAI has reduced heavily because of different actions taken by the Government. Increased consciousness on bio-security measures among farmers and reduced prices of soybean meal, an important ______150 NFPCSP (2012). Strengthen diversification to further improve food and nutrition security, Policy brief no. 7. 151 Calculated from data obtained from FAOStat.

59 poultry feed ingredient, also supported the rebound in farming152. The extension of vaccination coverage also accelerated the industry's recovery153. Artiﬁcial insemination, a key factor for improving livestock breeds, accelerated in 2011/12, after the slow-down observed in 2010/11, conﬁrming an overall satisfactory progress since 2007/08.

4.5.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further acti on The Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-15) emphasizes the importance of ensuring adequate feed supply; imparting training to veterinary technicians for identifying and treating common diseases and administering vaccines; cross-breeding of imported and domestic animals; improving livestock management practices for farmers; improving the breed of goats while retaining its disease resistance and skin quality; removing barriers that constrain the poor’s ownership of large animals; protecting the livestock sector from avian flu, anthrax etc.; and conducting research on production of vaccines according to climate and weather of the country. In line with the SFYP, the final draft of the National Livestock Extension Policy (2013)154 has been prepared taking into account the rapidly changing context characterized by increasing demand for livestock products including organic products, increasing trends in production and investment. The policy focuses on veterinary public health and food safety issues; producers’ organizations; one stop livestock extension services; supply chain development; popularization of successful models and technologies; linkage among research, extension, education and farmers; constraints to farmers’ access to extension services; development of family level small scale livestock farming. An Animal Slaughter and Meat Quality Control Act (2011)155, aiming at ensuring the slaughter of livestock and poultry in hygienic environments, has been approved by Parliament. The Government has published user manuals and introduced microcredit programmes for small, marginal and poor livestock and poultry farmers. The Bangladesh Dairy Development Council has been established156. Between July 2009 and June 2012, 27.7 livestock and 600.6 million poultry were vaccinated and 6.7 million cattle were artificially inseminated. One buffalo breeding farm and one sheep development farm were established. Moreover, a Veterinary Drug Administration Cell has been established. The National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza was upgraded to international standards Bio-safety Level-2 Plus (BSL-II+) and SAARC has approved it as a regional reference laboratory. For the first time with the assistance of JICA, a new variety of commercial layer (named “Shubhra”) has been developed. It can lay 280 to 295 eggs per year. Thanks to long preservation efforts and genetic research, a domestic cattle breed (“Red Chittagong Cattle”) has been protected from extinction with possible positive impact on productivity of milk157.

______152 Between January 2011 and January 2012, soybean meal price declined by 16%, from 412 USD/MT to 347 USD. http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=soybean-meal&months=60 153 The Daily Star, 22 February 2013. 154 http://www.dls.gov.bd/Final%20Draft%20%20of%20National%20Extension%20Policy.pdf 155 http://www.dls.gov.bd/ﬁles/Slaughter%20Act%20-2011.pdf 156 MoFLS, MTBF. 157 MoFLS, MTBF.

Programme 5 of the CIP has a financed budget of only 68.2 million USD, equivalent to a share of 1.1% of the total resources mobilized so far. Of the 16 projects financed as of June 2012, 3 were completed and 13 ongoing. Among the ongoing projects, 1 was initiated in FY 2010/11 and 3 in FY 2011/12. The 3 projects completed since 2010/11 had a total value of 14.5 million USD, which indicates that the average project size has slightly decreased from 4.8 million USD of the completed to 4.2 million USD for the ongoing. It should be highlighted that no project has so far been financed under subprogrammes 5.3 (improving availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships) while 2 projects are currently in pipeline. The total number of projects in pipeline is 10 with an average value of almost 14 million USD. Total delivery between July 2010 and June 2012 is 38.8 million USD of which 10.3 was delivered during the last fiscal year and 13.7 over 2010/11. Overall, programme 4 requires additional attention in order to scale up public services in research, extension and animal health to the level required to sustain and accelerate the growing livestock sector. Particular attention is needed for subprogramme 5.3. Needs for further action in this area include: Ensuring supply of quality and safe feed and fodder: Feed is a key factor for animal production.158 The poor quality and high price of feed and scarcity of fodder constitute the main constraint for the growth of livestock and poultry farming. A study found out that in Bangladesh livestock feeds are inferior with substandard nutrition value.159 In 2010, although the Government approved the Animal and Fish Feed Act, poor quality feed is still produced and marketed by different companies due to an absence of proper monitoring. Bangladesh needs to set up testing laboratories at main feed producing centres to ensure quality feed. In line with NLEP (2013), fodder production can be augmented by using government fallow land, roadside slopes, riverside slopes and newly accreted char land. It is noticeable that in order to expand grass cultivation technology, 4260 exhibitions were arranged at farm level by the Government over the period 2010–2012. Moreover, 35 million cuttings of 3 newly innovated fodder were distributed among farmers in different regions during the last three years160. Among the CIP pipeline projects requiring attention is the "Establishment of cattle feed plant for enhancing milk production". Diversifying supply and monitoring private sector production and marketing of vaccines: Only a small amount of vaccines is produced in the country by one veterinary vaccine production laboratory under DLS. In the private sector, pharmaceutical companies either manufacture or import livestock vaccines. Government should continuously monitor vaccine production and marketing by the private sector and take initiative to further diversify availability. For this purpose, capacity of DLS personnel needs to be up scaled. Besides, there is urgent need to develop pipeline projects to improve availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships. More broadly, the CIP subprogramme 5.3 aiming to “improve availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships" requires additional efforts in formulation and financing. ______158 Makkar, H. Feed and Fodder Challenges for Asia and the Pacific, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO. 159 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Livestock-Feed-Marketing-In-Bangladesh-Problems-598715.html 160 MoFLS, MTBF.

Breed management for livestock: Productivity of milk in Bangladesh is the lowest with average 206 kg/ head/ year compared to 1087 kg for India, 1253 kg for Pakistan and 9118 kg for the USA161. The most common local cow has very low productivity. Although productivity has improved significantly by creating various cross breeds in the country, a selective breeding program is needed to obtain the best possible lines for milk production. Artificial insemination services are provided by a number of organizations, including DLS, Milk Vita and BRAC. However there is no breeding programme to selectively breed a few generations of acclimatized cows. The Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) is tasked with developing appropriate technologies and breeds that are suitable to our environment. However, BLRI has also been hampered by a shortage of manpower and finances. Since 2001 the BLRI’s budget has been almost completed devoted to salaries with only 6.5% on average left over for financing research related expenditure162. The private sector in Bangladesh has not reached the technological sophistication nor has the financial power to conduct research on improving the genetic potentiality of the animals, while it is desirable that the benefits of genetic improvements are publicly available rather than appropriated by single corporations. Thus, the government and universities should take the initiative to conduct research on improving the quality of livestock. Properly funded and monitored cross-breeding and selective breeding programmes are essential to create climatized breeds that will be produced optimally in the Bangladesh environment. The budget allocation for subprogramme on research on livestock development which accounts for only 0.55% of the total CIP budget is very limited for genetic development of livestock in the country. Financing and implementation of the three pipeline projects on “Establishment of Post- graduate Training and Research Facilities on Livestock”, “Establishment of Buffalo Breeding Station for Enhancing Milk Production” and “Buffalo Dairy Development through Selective Breeding Project” may contribute to reduce the gap. Conserving of Black Bengal goat species: The goat is the most neglected, but important species of livestock in Bangladesh. Among the Asiatic countries, Bangladesh possesses the third largest repository of goats, with a population of more than 34 million heads. More than 90% of the goats of the country are of the Black Bengal breed. Local black Bengal goats are disease resistant and able to live off scavenged food. The skins of these goats are also of high quality and a major source of export earnings. Each year goat provides 127,000 MT of meat, accounting for 25% of total red meat. It is also important for uplifting income of the rural poor as more than 98% of goats are owned by the small, marginal and landless farmers in rural areas163. Therefore, goat productivity must be increased to meet the growing demand for meat in the future. Efforts should be made to improve the breed to increase meat (and milk) production, while retaining its disease resistance and skin quality. One obstacle to meeting this requirement is that programmes for scientific breeding are practically absent. Therefore, a comprehensive programme of genetic improvement and conservation of local goat needs to be initiated. For genetic improvement of indigenous cattle like Black Bengal goats in the existing situation, an ______161 http://statinfo.biz/Geomap.aspx?region=154&act=6243&lang=2 162 http://www.undp.org.bd/library/policypapers/Dev%20of%20Dairy%20Indus(English).pdf 163 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/stories/2006-black-bengal.html

62 Open Nucleus Breeding Scheme (ONBS) may be undertaken as it is the most suitable system for a country like Bangladesh164. Under the CIP, no project in connection with goat development has been initiated. Improving bio-security in poultry farms as well as in the marketing chain: Poultry is a major contributor to the growth of the livestock sector. In recent years producers have borne tremendous losses due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), although its attack has reduced substantially in the last year. Official figures are not always reliable as many farmers try to hide HPAI outbreaks because the compensation they receive for culled birds is less than what they receive from selling the birds. Outbreaks of HPAI can be limited through the improvement of bio- security in poultry farms and in the marketing chain, and by involving all stakeholders, including farmers, feed millers, processors, traders and consumers. Principles of bio-security plans are to increase the ability of animals to resist diseases; minimize the contact that might result in diseases; and eliminate sources of infection. For this purpose, the Government and private sector should undertake joint initiatives. Scaling up budget allocation in the livestock sub-sector: Instead of scaling up, budget allocation for fishery and livestock sector has reduced from 9.789 billion taka in FY2011/12 to 9.497 billion taka in FY2012/13165. Moreover, only 1.1% of total CIP budget is allocated for the livestock development programme. Budget allocation to the livestock sector is limited and needs to be scaled up through the formulation and financing of projects in activities that can support the growth of private investments such as veterinary services and disease control, improvement of breeds and production of animal feeds, improvement of processing and marketing facilities so as to accelerate growth of the sub-sector and realize its potential for the improvement of income and the food security status of the population. Improving marketing of livestock and livestock products and development of value chain: In line with NAEP (2013), adoption of technologies in marketing of livestock and its products should be market driven rather than technology driven. Production of livestock products like milk, meat and eggs are seriously hampered by the inadequate development of the marketing system and market infrastructure for these perishable products. Without adequate access to organized markets, technological innovation will not take place as required for a real breakthrough in productivity. For example, in the dairy industry, collection and processing of milk is normally conducted by private enterprises, but it cannot work effectively without a marketing network that coordinated the multitude of producers involved. Value chain is the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the intermediary phases of design, production, delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use166. Constraints hindering value chain development should be identified and government should provide an enabling environment, opening opportunities, reducing risks and vulnerability for harnessing full potential of the livestock sector. ______164 In open Nucleus Breeding System Gene flow from both way viz., downward from nucleus to other lower herd (multiplier & commercial) and upward from lower to upper herd (nucleus) by introduction of superior animals from other herds. 165 The Financial Express, June 8, 2012. 166 Kaplinsky, R (2000). Globalization and Unequalization: What can be learned from value chain analysis. Journal of Development Studies 37 (2): 117-146.

5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

Access to food by all people at all times is a necessary condition for national food security. A range of social and economic factors inﬂuence individual access to food, gained through entitlements in market systems, social systems and public systems. The CIP addresses access to food through its Programmes 6 to 9, which correspond to 11 Areas of Intervention under the NFP PoA, including the 5 AoIs listed in the PoA under food availability and subsequently brought under food access by the CIP. Also, whilst the PoA lists under food access the area of intervention on agricultural disaster management (PoA AoI 2.1), in the CIP this is listed under food availability. The exact way in which CIP programmes correspond to PoA interventions is described further below under each programme.

5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value-addition in agriculture, and non- farm incomes Programme 6 of the CIP aims to increase access to food by boosting rural household incomes through greater farm and non-farm value-addition, combined with greater access to markets, through four subprogrammes to: (i) improve physical access to market facilities and information, (ii) mobilize and promote producer and marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge, (iii) develop adequate storage, processing, value addition and reduce wastage through public-private partnerships, (iv) promote and assist the development of oﬀ farm activities and rural businesses. The programme corresponds to the following seven AoIs in the NFP PoA: physical infrastructure (PoA AoI 1.6), agricultural marketing (PoA AoI 1.7), policy/ regulatory environment (PoA AoI 1.8), private food trade (PoA AoI 2.3), agro-processing (PoA AoI 2.6), household income generation (PoA AoI 2.5) and skill formation (PoA AoI 2.7).

5.1.1 Progress towards achievements Differences between farm gate and retail prices widened The difference between farm gate and retail prices of coarse rice was 13.8% in 2011-12, compared to 6.5% in the previous year. This difference was the highest since 2008-09 when retail prices adjusted only with a delay to the fall of prices that followed the food price crisis. The price margin increased between 2010/11 and 2011/12 for potato, lentil and onion. For brinjal, the difference between farm gate and retail price fluctuated over the recent past. Since the difference represents the difference of annual average prices, it does not capture the seasonal difference of prices. The high differences corroborate the notion that producers get small shares of consumers spending on the products. A recent study showed farmers’ share of the retail price of potato for the Bogra-Dhaka marketing chain at 69% in the harvest season and 43% in the lean season167, implying price spreads of 31% and 57% respectively. The exceptionally high price margin observed for lentil may be explained by the fact that the farm gate price is based on domestic produce only, whereas the retail price

______167 Reardon, T. et. al. (2012). The Quiet Revolution in Staple Food Value Chains: Enter the Dragon, the Elephant and the Tiger. Asian Development Bank, Manila.

65 is based on a mix of domestic and imported produce, in which the imported component has an increasing share, with higher quality and prices.

Table 16: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 6 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source Difference between Coarse rice 4.8% 1.0% 6.5% 13.8% farm gate and retail Lentil 39.3% 66.5% 105.9% 129.9% price of selected Onion 13.7% 39.1% 14.9% 63.4% DAM goods as % of farm Brinjal 67.0% 45.9% 24.2% 29.7% gate Potato 21.0% 25.3% 41.1% 54.5% Diﬀerence between 20%, Urea 19% - 25% 20% 11% MoA Circular on mill gate dealers’ and farmers’ 11% price and maximum prices of fertilizers as TSP 3% - 6% 10% 10% 10% farmers' price % dealers price MoP 17% - 31% 9% 15% 15% Number of growth centers, rural markets, women market centers, and 442 350 580 413 LGED M&E Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED Yearbook of Agricultural Wage diﬀerential between male and 48% 43% 41% 40% Statistics and Monthly female in agriculture Statistical Bulletin, BBS Real GDP growth of small scale Bangladesh Economic 7.1% 7.8% 5.8% 6.5% manufacturing Review (Bangla), BBS Number of students enrolled in Technical and Vocational Education 89,637 125,594 139,374 144,904 and Training (TVET) institutions Bangladesh Economic Ratio of TVET students in year t to Review and BANBEIS secondary and higher secondary 1.21% 1.84% 1.90% 1.94% school enrolment in year t-1

Difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of fertilizers remain relatively stable Table 16 shows that the difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of different types of fertilizers ranged between 10% and 15% which is a reasonable range of difference. For urea this is equivalent to 1 taka. The higher difference for urea price observed in the past was explained by weight loss (about 2-3 kg from a bag of 50 kg) mainly due to the fact that bags were often opened to sell in small quantities to small farmers. According to DAE Officials, such loss has been minimized to a good extent by encouraging farmers to buy whole bags of urea by a single or more than one buyer.

Fewer new growth centres and rural markets developed The number of growth centres, rural markets, women market centres and UP complexes developed fell from the exceptional number of 580 in 2010/11 to 413 in 2011/12, which is in line with the average performance recorded since 2007/08. Improved markets and rural transport infrastructure is needed to widen market access. Farm products are transported within rural areas, and from rural to urban areas, using mainly unpaved roads. The Roads and Highways Department constructed more than 400 kilometers of roads between 2007 and 2010, and paved and unpaved roads maintained by the Local Government Institutions increased by 6,366 kilometers and 18,307 kilometers, respectively between 2007/08 and 2009/10168. With a view to strengthening the rural economy, 28,086 km out of 37,763 km of Upazila roads have been brought under development work169. ______168 BBS: Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh 2011. 169 Budget Speech (2011-12) of the Finance Minister, Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh.

Persisting wage difference between men and women in agriculture The wage difference between men and women in agriculture continued to decline slightly, but still remains at around 40%. Major involvement of women in agricultural work is concentrated in the Hill Tract areas and in some areas of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Mymensingh and Jamalpur districts. However, a good part of post-harvest activities are carried out by women, generally at household premises, all over the country170. In 2011/12, the wage differential between men and women in agriculture was estimated at 40% which was marginally lower than that in the preceding two years.

Figure 24 shows a decline in the Figure 24: Wage differential between male and seasonal variation in the male-female female by season rural wage differential171. In 1995, the rural nominal wage differential 200 between males and females was 51% in the peak season and 45% in the 160 lean season. In 2010, the wage 120 differential was 37% in both peak and lean seasons. Higher male-female 80 wage differentials are reported, and Taka perday these are likely to depend on sectors, 40 location, seasons and casualness of the work; for example reports exist 0 of men getting 64% more for doing 1995 2000 2005 2010 equal amount of earth work, and in Peak season-male Peak season-female Lean season-male Lean season-female another location, men got 87% more for working in a brick field172. Source: Zhang et. al. (2013)

Growth of value added in small scale manufacturing exceeded overall GDP growth Real GDP growth of small scale manufacturing was 6.5% in 2011/12, above the 5.8% growth in 2010/11. Annual performance during last year and most of previous years has been, as expected, above agricultural GDP growth. More surprisingly, it has often exceeded also the GDP growth, confirming the vast potential of agribusiness as a source of income, employment and food diversification. Under the SME refinancing scheme managed by the Bangladesh Bank, 1806 crore taka has been refinanced to various banking and non-banking financial institutions up to 30 April 2011. Total loan disbursement for agro processing industries increased from 16,591 crore taka in 2010-11 to 19,378 crore taka in 2011-12173. The SME Foundation has initiated a special credit package programme, named ‘Gunabati’, for the exclusive benefit of women entrepreneurs174.

______170 Some unpaid self employment is not generally priced and remains outside labor market transactions. It is true that for some of these activities, such as manual threshing, women’s output is not less than those of men. Proper pricing of these activities would reveal some level of wage parity between men and women in agriculture. 171 Zhang et. al. (2013). Rising Wages in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01249. March 2013. 172 Daily Prothom Alo, March 8, 2013. 173 Bangladesh Bank: http://www.bangladesh-bank.org/openpdf.php 174 Budget Speech (2011-12) of the Finance Minister, op. cit.

67 Skill development training increased Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes are engaged in developing skilled manpower by offering both short and medium term training in engineering, commerce and other vocations. Table 16 shows that enrolment in these institutes registered an impressive increase from 89,637 in 2007/08 to 144,904 in 2011/12, representing an annual average increase of about 12%. Also, the ratio of TVET enrolment to lagged secondary education enrolment has increased, showing that the opportunity to continue with technical or vocational education has increased despite the increase in population. Technical training leading to diploma and certificates are being offered by both public and private institutions.

Several other institutions contribute to train personnel for technology generation and dissemination, including the Central Extension Resources Development Institute (CERDI) at Joydevpur, the Graduate Training Institute (GTI) attached to the Agricultural University at Mymensingh and 12 Agricultural Training Institutes (ATIs) located throughout the country. During the Sixth Five Year Plan period, two more ATIs will be established to meet the growing needs of extension agents. The Academies for Rural Development in Comilla and Bogra train agricultural personnel including model farmers and managers of village cooperative societies on various aspects of technology generation and dissemination. On a regional basis, women farmers will be trained on crop cultivation including homestead agriculture, with emphasis on new technologies such as compost making and other organic manure production175. Rural women’s skills development can be enhanced through increased training in cottage industries, and employment opportunities can be expanded by establishing more cottage industries through public and private initiatives.

5.1.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and need for further acti on The financed and pipeline budget for Programme 6 increased from 1,318 million USD to 1,711 million USD, while the number of projects increased from 49 to 52. In terms of financed projects (completed and ongoing), Programme 6 accounts for 18.8% of the CIP, and has 1,168 million USD. Subprogramme 6.1, focusing on infrastructure development, absorbs an overwhelming part of the total budget, and as of June 2012, has financed eight projects already completed and 21 ongoing projects. The major ongoing projects are: ‘Marketing of agricultural products through development of rural communication system’ and ‘Construction of village road, bridge/culvert and other infrastructure of underdeveloped Upazilas of North-West Bangladesh’. An additional six projects are in the pipeline with a total budget of 250 million USD. Subprogramme 6.2 has so far mobilized only 8.6 million USD under a project completed in 2011/12, and two that are ongoing. There is a good pipeline with five projects for a total of 10 million USD. Under subprogramme 6.3, despite the attention devoted during the CIP consultations, no investment has taken place in public-private partnerships as a means to develop storage, processing and value addition. The 10 pipeline projects considered in the CIP 2011 have not been sponsored by any institution, and only one remained in CIP 2012. However, two new projects have been formulated in the course of the last fiscal year, bringing the total pipeline awaiting financing to three projects for a total ______175 The Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-15). Part-2: Sectoral Strategies, Programs and Policies. Planning Commission. Ministry of Planning, Governance of Bangladesh, Dhaka, July 2011.

68 value of 47.2 million USD. Subprogramme 6.4 promotes the development of off-farm activities and rural businesses with a total financing of 78.8 million USD already secured for 10 completed projects and 26 currently being implemented. There is also a significant pipeline including 16 projects for a total cost of 46.5 million USD. Delivery over the first 2 years of the CIP has totalled 462 million USD, decreasing from 246 million USD in 2010/11 to 216 million USD in 2011/12. This is essentially due to the reduced expenditure under the DPs financed activities under subprogramme 6.1, which is consistent with reduction in the number of ongoing projects from 25 in FY 2010-11 to 21 in FY 2011-12. For programme 6 as a whole, the most important pipeline projects are ‘Strengthening capacity building of the Department of Agricultural Marketing (DAM) in research and policy analysis on agriculture marketing information’, ‘Improving marketing efficiency through value chain linkage development in 6 selected districts’ and ‘Ensuring food security through enhancing value addition and processing activities in 10 selected districts’. Part of the budget increase is accounted for by one large project “Construction of small bridges/culverts on the rural roads (3rd Phase)” that entered the pipeline in the original CIP and was further expanded in the following years. For improving the rail communication system, a Ministry for Railway was established in 2012 and the 20 Year Master Plan for Railway is nearly finalised. Under the Railway Sector Improvement Project, construction of a double line rail track along Tongi-Bhairab Bazaar has been started. To improve the water transportation system by enhancing the navigability of rivers, dredging activities have been intensified and 3 new dredgers have been procured176. The Government has introduced training for Upazila Parishad Chairpersons and Vice Chairpersons as part of strengthening local government institutions. The Government has also constructed 652 Union Parishad complexes during the period 2009-11177. On the policy and regulatory front, the Agricultural Produce Markets Regulation Act 1964 (revised in 1985) is being reformulated as the new Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness Management Act (2011). The proposed legislation is expected to improve the legal framework governing agricultural price information, agribusiness and marketing. It has incorporated new license fees and license renewal fees for wholesalers, aratdars and commission agents. The Government enacted the Consumer Right Protection Act 2009 to determine, promote and protect the rights of consumers through fair and honest trade practices by manufacturers and traders of goods and services. However, implementation of the Act has been fraught with difficulties. Recently the Government has formulated a draft Food Safety Act 2013, with provision for establishing a National Food Safety Management Advisory Council and an independent Bangladesh Food Safety Authority. The draft Act is expected to be placed before Parliament soon. Improvement of food safety and quality regulations is important not only for public health and nutrition, but also for establishing a normative framework for the development of agribusiness from the farm to the consumer. Indeed, the possibility to easily recognize and trust the quality and safety of food can be seen as a very important contribution to the reduction of transaction costs.

______176 Budget speech (2011-12) of the Finance Minister op. cit. 177 Budget speech (2011-12) ibid.

Need for further action in this area include: Sustaining development and maintenance of rural transportation and market infrastructures: Although there has been substantial expansion of rural road networks over the past years, some areas still face constraints in accessing markets with negative impact on the growth of perishable, high value products. The further development of the road network should also ensure quality of construction to prevent deterioration of rural roads shortly after construction. Beside the road network, attention needs to be given to water transport, so as to valorise the country’s network of rivers, canals and haors. Also important is the rail transportation system, which has been neglected in the past. The Government has recently established the Rail Ministry, which is expected to enhance this transportation system. Equally important is to sustain the development of growth centres, rural markets, women market centres and UP complexes. Integrating rural infrastructure development with safety net programmes: Safety net programmes are increasingly being refocused towards productive and promotional directions. Such focus can conveniently be integrated with construction, repair and maintenance of rural transportation infrastructure and other asset creation. The Food/Cash for work and Employment Generation Programme for the Ultra poor can be integrated with rural infrastructure building and asset creation. In doing so, a great deal of care needs to be taken in identifying and designing the appropriate rural infrastructure projects178. Developing cold storage and transportation facilities: Most fruits and horticultural products are perishable and need to be preserved for short or long durations before marketing. Potato is the produce stored for a relatively longer period. Hossain and Miah (2009)179 estimated total post-harvest loss of potato at 28% for traditionally stored potatoes and 23% for cold stored potatoes. Hassan and Raha (2013)180 identified several measures for improving cold storage facilities for potato including regularity of electricity supply, technical skill development of cold storage operators and maintenance of multi-chamber cold storage providing different levels of temperatures for table and seed potatoes. Some fruits and vegetables are stored for shorter duration before transporting and marketing. In addition to cold storage facilities, there is a growing need for refrigerated transport. These is particularly relevant for fruits, vegetables and milk. While some large corporates, such as PRAN, BRAC, Milk Vita and Aftab maintain their own chilling plants and refrigerated vehicles, such facilities are not available for smaller traders and processors. Exemption from duties for some years can boost the import of vehicles and other essential facilities. Developing processing for value addition and wastage minimization: While large private companies such as PRAN, BRAC, Square and Aftab Groups are increasingly active in agro-processing, none of the projects included in the pipeline for subprogramme 6.3 have so far been implemented. As part of this effort it is also ______178 Field visits by the NFPCSP Team in 2008 revealed that some projects of the 100 Day Employment Generation programme (2008-09) were not properly designed, and hence faced a lot of constraints in their implementation. 179 Hossain, M. A and M. A. M. Miah (2009). Post harvest Losses and Technical Efficiency of Potato Storage Systems in Bangladesh. Final Report No. 2/08. NFPCSP Research Grant Initiative. FAO/MoF, Dhaka. 180 Hassan, M. K. and S. K. Raha (2013). Improving Marketing System Performance for Fruits and Vegetables in Bangladesh. Research completed through NFPCSP/FAO support, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

possible to minimize wastage and valorize by-products. A Department of Agriculture Marketing (DAM) report presents evidence on producing edible oil from rice bran in different locations of Bangladesh181. Rashidpur Oil Mill at Pabna uses 40 metric tons and Amarend Oil Industry uses 25 metric tons of rice bran per day for producing edible oil. More of such initiatives are required to stimulate value addition in the interests of farmers, processors and consumers. Developing technical skills: With increasing technological developments and mechanization of agricultural activities, the need for technically skilled personnel is increasing rapidly. As has been mentioned, skill development training activities are increasing rapidly. Such activities need to be further expanded along the lines of non-crop and non-agricultural activities including fisheries, livestock, agro-processing and manufacturing/repairing of farm implements. Promoting farmers’ organizations in marketing farm products: Small and marginal farmers generally sell their agricultural produce immediately after harvest, more often at the farm gate. Their poor bargaining power means they are deprived of the remunerative prices of their products. Small and marginal farmers cannot access the Government procurement centres for selling paddy at the incentive prices offered by the Government. In the case of other products such as vegetables and fruits, they can reach only up to local markets where they fall in the grip of middlemen to whom they are generally compelled to sell at lower prices because of perishability of the products. Hossain and Miah (2009)182 studied the marketing chain of 12 fruits and vegetables and found the percentage difference between harvest and retail prices at 120% for tomato, 116% for papaya and 129% each for pineapple and jackfruits. Concerted efforts are needed for promoting farmers’ organizations for marketing farm products, particularly in remote areas. Reducing wage differentials between men and women: Although national level data have shown some improvement over time, wage differential is still in the order of 40%. More recent location-specific anecdotal reports exist of even wider difference in male-female wages. More research and analyses are needed to identify if the main determinants of the wage differential are productivity differences or others- and identify suitable interventions to minimize it.

5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions Programme 7 aims to strengthen organisational and human capacities to design, implement and monitor the NFP PoA and the CIP. It is articulated in 3 subprogrammes focusing on strengthening capacities of: 1) the Government in policy implementation, coordination and monitoring; 2) the Government in design, management and operation of CIP operations; and 3) civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation. The insititutional setting for the NFP PoA and CIP and the monitoring framework are explained in Chapter 2. ______181 Hossain, J. (2012). Prospects and Imperatives for Production of Edible Oil from Rice Bran (in Bangla). Department of Agriculture Marketing. Khamarbari, Dhaka. 182 Hossain, M. A. and M. A. M. Miah (2009). op. cit.

5.2.1 Progress towards achievements Progress under Programme 7 is measured by three indicators in Table 17.

Table 17: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 7 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source 1,616 million 1,712 million CIP Additional resources mobilized for CIP183 na na USD USD monitoring Increase in ongoing projects Number 83 65 CIP na na 1,647 million 1,591 million Value monitoring USD USD CIP CIP available budget execution performance na na 47.8% 50.6% monitoring CIP Monitoring Reports produced na na Produced Produced FPMU

Additional resources mobilized for CIP During 2011/12, an additional 1,712 million USD were mobilized in projects previously in the pipeline or newly identiﬁed. This compares to 1,616 million USD in FY 2010/11, with an increase in fund mobilization of 96 million USD.

Increase in projects implemented under the CIP Implementation of 65 projects (new or previously in pipeline) was initiated in 2011/12, valued at 1,591 million USD, out of a total additional ﬁnancing of 1,712 million USD, with the balance of 121 million USD accounted for by revisions to the budgets of ongoing projects. This compares with 83 new projects in 2010/11, valued at 1,647 million USD, indicating that 18 fewer projects entered into implementation, but that the average size of projects increased from about 20 to 25 million USD. Table 18 shows that the number of newly initiated projects decreased for the availability component from 50 in 2010/11 to 37 in 2011/12, although the value of projects increased from 841.8 million USD to 1211.7 million USD, an increase of 369.9 million USD.

Table 18: Increase in number and value of projects implemented FY 2010/11 Changes between FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 (revised) and FY 2010/11 Component Project Cost Project cost Project cost No. of No. of No. of (million USD) (million USD) (million USD) Projects Projects Projects Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Availability 50 841.8 57.3 784.5 37 1211.7 512.6 699.2 -13 369.9 455.3 -85.3 Access 18 666.1 147 519 14 272.1 102.2 169.9 -4 -394 -44.8 -349.1 Utilization 15 139.5 114.3 25.2 14 107.5 31.8 75.7 -1 -32 -82.5 50.5 Total 83 1647.3 318.6 1328.7 65 1591.3 646.5 944.8 -18 -56 327.9 -383.9 Source: CIP 2012 and CIP 2013

Under access, 14 new projects were initiated, compared to 18 projects in 2010/11, with the value of newly initiated projects decreasing by 394 million USD. The utilisation component shows a similar trend with 14 new projects initiated in 2011/12 compared to 15 in 2010/11, with the value of newly initiated projects decreasing by 32 million USD. DP contributions to newly initiated projects under availability and access decreased, whilst they increased under ______183Additional resources mobilized for the CIP is calculated as the total of ongoing and completed projects as of June of each ﬁnancial year.

utilisation. GoB contributions to newly initiated projects increased by 327.9 million USD, entirely due to the availability component. Implementation of the CIP Over the ﬁrst two years of CIP implementation (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2012), a total of 1,662 million USD was disbursed, representing 27% of the budget (funded and non-funded) planned in the CIP by 2015. In terms of absorptive capacity and implementation, progress is slower than required as indicated with a delivery of 51% in 2011/12 and 48% in 2010/11 relative to the funded amount on a pro-rata basis (i.e. a ﬁfth of the total funded CIP). At the latter rate of delivery, disbursement of the already funded CIP will take until 2017/18.

Table 19: CIP execution performance 2010/11 2011/12 Delivery of Delivery of Component Delivery Yearly execution the CIP 2013 Delivery Yearly execution the CIP 2013 (million USD) performance(1) as of June (million USD) performance(1) as of June 2011(2) 2012(2) Availability 318.3 40.1% 9.2% 386.5 38.0% 20.4% Access 419.7 61.1% 17.5% 503.9 70.5% 38.6% Utilization 11.5 13.3% 3.4% 22.4 32.0% 9.9% Overall 749.5 47.8% 12.1% 912.8 50.6% 26.8% Source: CIP 2012 and CIP 2013 Note: (1) The yearly execution is equal to the delivery in a given ﬁscal year divided by that year’s expected delivery – and expected delivery is calculated as that year’s share of the total project costs on a pro-rata basis, adjusting for projects that started before the CIP and others that will end after it. (2) Delivery of the CIP is the cumulative delivery up to the end of a given ﬁscal year divided by the total size of the CIP.

Table 19 disaggregates the execution performance by CIP components (2010/11 compared to 2011/12): - The lowest execution has been in the utilisation component, although performance has improved substantially between 2010/11 and 2011/12. One-tenth of the utilisation component of the CIP was executed in two years. - The availability component has middle execution performance – although this decreased by 2 percentage points between 2010/11 and 2011/12. One-fifth of the availability component of the CIP was executed in two years. - The highest project delivery was in the access component, and its execution performance increased by 9 percentage points between 2010/11 and 2011/12 reaching an execution performance of 70.5% in 2011/12. Nearly two-fifths of the access component of the CIP was executed in two years. This component remains the closest to the targeted annual delivery. At the rate of delivery observed during the first 2 years, full delivery of funds already allocated under the utilization component would require 15 years beyond June 2015; under the availability component, 3 years beyond June 2015; and under the access component, could be completed within June 2015. Admittedly, assuming constant delivery is not realistic because project implementation usually takes off after an initial start-up period. Under access and utilisation, financing decelerated and execution accelerated; whilst on the contrary, under availability, financing accelerated and execution decelerated. Though the increasing funding can partly explain the slow delivery observed, slow progress under the utilization and, to a lesser extent, the availability components clearly point to the need for

additional efforts to increase the number and capacity of personnel involved in implementation, and to enhance implementation arrangements and procedures. The slow execution of funds within the GoB is attributed to delays in procurement, land acquisition, recruitment of project staff and unrealistic aid estimates. Delays in contract approvals and delays in fund release are some of the challenges from the DP side. Nevertheless, performance of the ADP portfolio is a matter of concern184. Incremental budgeting and the tendency to add new projects while continuing with existing projects, has led to the practice of stretching scarce resources to cover new projects at the expense of inadequate maintenance of ongoing ones. Implications of poor management include time and cost overruns, deferral of project benefits to the future, and declining returns on investment. Consequently, the ADP has carried a significant backlog of incomplete projects each successive year, resulting in low rates of project completion and implementation185.

Active institutional framework Under the arrangements in place for implementing, coordinating and monitoring the NFP PoA and CIP, inter-ministerial collaboration and information exchange continued to be enhanced through regular Thematic Team (TTs) meetings held at FPMU under the guidance of the Food Policy Working Group. This monitoring report is a direct outcome of this collaboration, as is the substantial inter-ministerial data sharing that underlies it. The report is expected to feed into the planning and implementation processes in individual ministries and divisions so as to enhance coherence, coordination and eﬀectiveness. During the last year, eﬀorts have been made to maximize consistency and synergies with the mechanisms in place for Scaling Up Nutrition. In particular, the CIP framework has been used as a main reference in the costing of direct and indirect nutrition interventions in the country. Attention has also been devoted to maximize consistency between the NFP and CIP process and the ongoing debate for the assessment of progress toward the MDGs – especially MDG 1- and formulating the post MDG vision and goals.

5.2.2 Policy development/programmes underway and needs for further acƟon Programme 7 consists of technical assistance funded exclusively by development partners. It accounts for 0.28% of the funded CIP as of June 2012, with 2 completed, 3 ongoing and 3 pipeline projects. Programme 7.1 has two completed, one ongoing and two pipeline projects. Programmes 7.2 and 7.3 share one ongoing project of 13.8 million USD, which is the Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project ﬁnanced by the GAFSP and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture. Three pipeline projects await funding of a total of 47.5 million USD. Two pipeline projects are ideas for interventions identiﬁed as part of the consultation for the revision of the CIP.

Enhancing monitoring information across ministries As with previous years, data to monitor the PoA and CIP, as presented in this report, was provided and endorsed by the TTs. The capacity of TTs in monitoring input data and outcomes has been strengthened through training under the NFPCSP and participation in ______184 Khan, A. (2012). Presentation to the LCG on Improving Aid Eﬀectiveness in Bangladesh. 185 World Bank (2010). Bangladesh Public Expenditure and Institutional Review. Report No. 47767-BD.

producing this report. Project classification in the CIP database was enhanced in terms of (i) programmes and subprogrammes, (ii) implementing agency, and (iii) completed, ongoing or pipeline projects. The quality and reliability of CIP financial data has been also improved. The CIP Database, initially created on MS Excel was converted and updated to Access. Data from July 2010 to June 2012 has been validated against the ADP official records published by the Programming Division and IMED of the Ministry of Planning dating from 2010 to 2012/13. The results of these efforts are presented in detail in Chapter 7 and Annex 3 of this report.

Ongoing capacity support by FAO, USAID and EU through the NFPCSP The NFPCSP will continue in close liaison with FPMU, to strengthen national capacities to formulate, implement and monitor equitable, pro-poor and gender sensitive food security and nutrition policies and investments until September 2014. NFPCSP actively supported FPMU to formulate and monitor the NFP PoA and CIP, and to produce publications on food and nutrition security. FPMU’s technical and institutional capacities have been enhanced by supporting the revision of its mandate, structure and staﬃng, strengthening its information systems and outreach capacity. The Unit’s ability to promote inter-ministerial collaborations has been reinforced through reform of the composition and operation modalities of four Thematic Teams and a Food Policy Working Group. Technical capacities of FPMU increased considerably through postgraduate study, specialised formal training in-country and abroad, and on-the-job training. To support sustainability, NFPCSP has invested in the capacities of academics to deliver university-level training on food and nutrition security. Support to the FPMU has increased the level of policy and research debate in the country and signiﬁcantly strengthened the FPMU as the food and nutrition security hub of the GoB.

Generating knowledge in support of decision making The FPMU and NFPCSP Research Grants Scheme (RGS) financed 16 policy-related studies executed by national academic institutions and non-government organizations, of which 14 will be completed before June 2013 and the other 2 before December 2013. Issues covered include the natural resources availability, diversification of agriculture, safety nets, formulation of food composition tables, dietary requirements and food safety. FPMU commissioned a study by BIDS to estimate parameters required for the national food budget and planning of public food operations. The GoB-WFP-UNDP study on social safety net transfer modalities (cash vs. food) is ongoing, with a baseline survey completed and the outcome survey ongoing. The MDG Fund has provided training to MoHFW staff on acute malnutrition and to DAE and DoLS staff on vegetable production and nutrition186. IFPRI’s Poverty Research and Strategy Support Programme supported studies on food policy research capacity, wages in Bangladesh and women’s employment in agriculture.

Ongoing capacity support by FAO and GAFSP through the IAPP/TA The IAPP, implemented in collaboration with the MoA, is progressing. A mapping exercise of farmers’ organisations has been completed, and 261 community facilitators have been trained on community mobilization and facilitation. A study tour to India has been

______186 Mid-term evaluation of the MDGF available online at http://www.mdgfund.org/sites/default/ﬁles/Bangladesh%20-%20Nutrition%20- %20Mid-term%20Evaluation%20Report_0.pdf.

75 undertaken to expose IAPP oﬃcials to community mobilization activities by two World Bank ﬁnanced projects.

Development of a National Aid Policy and web-based Aid Information Management System (AIMS) A proposal has been put forth by the Aid Effectiveness Unit (AEU) of the Economic Relations Division, Ministry of Finance to develop a National Aid Policy to provide policy direction on aid management issues and donor coordination. The GoB has produced a draft policy which is still to be released for consultation. The development of an aid information management system (AIMS) to coordinate development partners and effectively manage aid flows within the country has also been proposed by the AEU. The AIMS will facilitate the provision of timely and accurate data to enable informed decision making with development partners, leading to more effective aid utilisation within the development context as a whole, and certainly within the CIP.187

Plans to enhance aid utilisation by streamlining the DPP/TPP process The Economic Relations Division of the Ministry of Finance in consultation with development partners has prepared a scoping study on the GoB Project Approval Process which set out recommendations to the Ministry of Planning for streamlining the DPP/TPP process. Although the recommendations are yet to be implemented, there is significant commitment from government to simplify the project revision and approval process. Progress to streamline the TPP/DPP process includes steps to create an online project planning system (PPS) for preparation, submission, review and approval of projects. A project called “Strengthening Public Expenditure Management Programme” (SPEMP) has been initiated with a TA component funded by the World Bank to be jointly implemented by the GED and the Programming Division of the Planning Commission. An inter-ministerial committee has been formed in the Planning Division headed by Joint Chief (ECNEC) to provide recommendations for modification of the existing approval procedure and formats for the DPP/TPP188. Needs for further action in this area include: Increasing efforts to scale up and strengthen implementation capacities: Insufficient organisational and human capacities remain a challenge to effective implementation of investment operations. National systems are not yet able to absorb fully the increased resources flowing into the CIP, which negatively affects the disbursement rates and timely implementation of projects. Multiple ministries are involved in project administration and numerous agencies are directly involved in programming, budgeting and even in project implementation. The complexity of the process leads to delays, loss of efficiency and reduces transparency and accountability. Enhancement of ADP management, including capacity building for planning and monitoring, and improvement of the procurement system is required to accelerate the rate of implementation and delivery of the CIP. Given that the rate

______187 Aid Management in Bangladesh (2011). A Review of Policies and Procedures: Aid Eﬀectiveness Unit, Economic Relations Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 188 Ministry of Planning (2012). Presentation to the LCG on Streamlining the TPP/DPP Process.

76 of implementation for 2011/12 is 50.6%, significant improvement in disbursement capacities is required to accelerate delivery of ongoing and planned interventions. Increasing efforts to institutionalise the annual monitoring process: Although incremental progress has been made in consolidating financial and technical capacity to monitor annual commitments under the NFP, significant technical assistance was required to produce this monitoring report. Capacity needs to be strengthened in FPMU to gather, store, retrieve and analyse data through a systematic database – and to maintain and manage the database, these include skills in financial tracking and analysis (see Programme 11 on developments underway). While TT meetings are active and participatory, the role of TT meetings in routine monitoring require further institutionalisation to strengthen monitoring of input data and draw implications for the implementation of the CIP. Linkages need to be reinforced between delivery and outcomes at the level of beneficiaries. Accuracy and consistency of financial (input) data collated from the GoB has to be improved. Data from various government agencies are collated through TT members, validated in TT meetings and cross-checked with the ADP publications from the Planning Commission, which are the final source of verified input data. Closer links between CIP and ADP monitoring needs to be forged. Capacity building of TT members on the CIP and PoA and in collecting and verifying input data should be provided annually, particularly because of turnover of TT members. Facilitating development partners and aid effectiveness: DPs have a central role to play in terms of supporting government activities under Programme 7. As partners in the CIP, DPs are a crucial source of accurate and consistent financial data on ongoing and planned investments in the CIP. Despite awareness-raising in the LCG and the development of reporting templates and guidelines, timely and accurate reporting is yet to be achieved. DP roles are also crucial in valorising lessons learned from the CIP monitoring process and incorporating findings in future planning and priority setting. The inclusion of capacity development components in main development projects financed by DPs could serve to enhance delivery and effectiveness as well as to increase sustainability of national capacities. Strengthening capacities for inclusion of civil society and community based organisations in the CIP: To date, the FPMU and the Thematic Teams have started to coordinate the CIP within government. Though civil society and the private sector are represented in the National Committees for the CIP, a demand driven process, inclusive of civil society and community based organisations is yet to be achieved. Although the CIP foresees initiatives under programme 7 to strengthen operational, technical and institutional capacity of civil society and communities to participate in CIP implementation, a good part of these are still in the pipeline, requiring formulation and financing commitments. Capacity strengthening of the GoB maybe necessary to construct participatory processes to bring together multiple stakeholders, to develop regulatory frameworks and ensure accountability and transparency.

77 5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system Public food management involves procurement of domestic and imported foodgrains, storage of grain in good condition and distribution of grains through various channels, to complement the overall objective of maintaining and improving food and nutrition security in the country. Domestic procurement has double objectives of supplying the public food distribution system and sustaining prices received by farmers during harvesting time when market prices generally go down. The government supports poor consumers through targeted non-monetized distribution such as VGF and TR, and through monetized distribution such as OMS. The latter has also a broad objective of stabilizing consumer prices of coarse rice and wheat during the lean season. Another main objective of the public food distribution system (PFDS) is to maintain strategic reserves able to secure supply at times of natural calamities and market shocks.

5.3.1 Progress towards achievements Table 20: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 8 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source Effective grain storage capacity at 1,493 1,529 1,572 1,620 ITDS, Food Directorate close of fiscal year (thousand MT) Average use of effective Government 38% 65% 52% 80% MISM, Food Division foodgrain storage capacity Actual procurement (thousand MT) 706 1,196 563 978 MISM, Food Division Achievement of public boro 59% 100% 49% 99% MISM, Food Division procurement target Wholesale price during the boro Wholesale price (DAM); procurement period as % of boro per 145% 86% 129% 117% Production cost ( MoA) unit cost production National Budget and Opening stock as % of budget target 64% 114% 47% 107% FPMU Quantity of rice distributed through 0.90% 0.96% 2.96% 1.00% MISM, DG Food; BBS OMS as % of total domestic supply

Programme 8 aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the public food management system. It corresponds to two PoA AoIs: enhanced public procurement system to support producer prices (PoA AoI 1.10) and improved management of public stocks and price stabilization (PoA AoI 1.11). Major actions to be monitored are the modernizing of public storage, determining procurement price and quantity, and ensuring effectiveness of OMS operation. Programme 8 is articulated in 3 subprogrammes to: (1) enhance efficiency and effectiveness of public food management system and improve its impacts on price stabilization, (2) build capacities of the Ministry of Food and DG Food to better manage the food system and (3) increase and modernise public storage and handling capacity, including in disaster prone areas. Table 20 shows the relevant output indicators and their status of achievement.

Increased public foodgrain storage capacity Eﬀective grain storage capacity reached 1.62 million tons in 2011/12 with a signiﬁcant increase on the previous year. There has been a consistently increasing trend since the food price crisis pointed out the need to reinforce government capacity to intervene in foodgrain markets in response to market volatility and natural calamities, including those induced by

78 climate change, by scaling up food based safety net programmes, emergency food distribution and price stabilization interventions. The Government plans to increase foodgrain storage capacity up to 1.9 million tons by 2013, 2.2 million tons by 2015 and 3.0 million tons by the year 2021. Over the past two years 140 godowns with storage capacity of 1.10 lakh metric tons have been built. Construction of 261 godowns with total storage capacity of 2.19 lakh metric tons is under way in different parts of the country. Works are in progress for construction of a concrete grain silo of 50 thousand metric ton capacity at Mongla Port. Besides, a feasibility study for 8 big modern storage facilities equipped with small silos with storage capacity of 5.5 lakh metric tons has been finalized counting on financial support from the World Bank. The new technologies being considered will allow grain storage for a longer period, minimizing quality losses in such a way to reduce the need to rotate the stock. The same project foresees the promotion of low cost storage facilities at farmer level to enhance resilience of foodgrain consumption and production, in response to the increasing climatic vulnerability.

Fully utilized foodgrain storage capacity Average utilization of eﬀective foodgrain storage capacity was 80% in 2011/12 and 52% in 2010/11. An annual average capacity utilization of 80% should be considered as full capacity utilization given the seasonality of procurement and the impossibility of using 100% of the capacity for more than short periods in the traditional storage facilities. On the contrary in 2011/12, the Government maximized procurement (978,000 MT) as a way to sustain farmers’ incomes and proﬁtability of rice production in a situation of declining market price that resulted in estimated average production cost exceeding the wholesale market price189. In this year, the available storage capacity limited the possibility of procuring larger quantities.

Domestic procurement of foodgrains Boro accounts for the overwhelming share of total foodgrain procurement. The government announces the procurement price and procurement target ahead of the harvest. Seng procurement targets depends on a number of factors: domestic and international prices, cost of production, requirement for distribution and impact of the procurement operations on price expectations and marketing behavior. Actual annual domestic procurement has varied over the past years. In 2011/12, total procurement was 0.98 million metric tons (mmt) compared to 0.56 mmt in 2010/11 and 1.20 mmt in 2009/10. Table 21 shows a short historical proﬁle of domestic procurement price, wholesale price and cost of production of aman and boro rice. The lowest domestic procurement in 2010/11 (0.56 mmt, see Table 20) coincides with higher wholesale prices of both aman and boro rice during the year (Table 21). As farmers were already obtaining remunerative prices from the market, the Government procured less rice during boro and did not procure during the aman harvest of 2010/11 so as to prevent further rise in price that would have impacted on consumers’ welfare. Adequate supply for public food operations was guaranteed through public imports190. Although boro procurement target was relatively higher, the Government ______189 Recent experience corroborates this fact as the government had to slow down boro rice procurement in 2012 due to shortage of storage facilities in the country. 190 Total food grain import in 2010/11 was 5.38 mmt of which 1.60 mmt was rice. Of the total rice import, 1.30 mmt was imported by the Government alone to compensate for the lesser domestic procurement.

eventually procured less boro for the same reason, and consequently the achievement of boro procurement target was quite low in 2010/11 compared to the other recent past years (Table 21). Table 21: Procurement and wholesale price and production cost of aman and boro (Tk/kg) 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Cost/Price aman boro aman boro aman boro aman boro aman boro Cost of production (CP) 16.73 19.98 20.75 21.17 20.71 21.65 22.41 23.06 24.75 24.27 Procurement price (PP) 20.00 28.00 26.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 na 29.00 28.00 28.00 Wholesale price (WP) 24.10 29.60 24.70 18.00 21.80 25.40 31.01 28.96 25.81 23.65 Source: MoFood Notes: 1. Wholesale price of aman rice represents three months average price of coarse rice from November to January and that of boro represents three months average price from April to June of each ﬁscal year. 2. There was no procurement of aman rice in 2010-11. Increased procurement through open tender was emphasized in the NFP PoA. In recent years, 0.347 mmt of foodgrains were procured through open tenders in 2007/08. The practice has since then not been operative over the past four years.

Fluctuating public stock of foodgrains The Government makes the food distribution plan by keeping in view certain stipulated quantities to be distributed through different channels during different periods of a year. Actual procurement and distribution quite often varies substantially due to changed circumstances on the domestic and international markets. Consequently, the actual opening or closing stock may differ from the targeted stock for any month of the year. Table 20 shows that opening public foodgrain stock191 exceeded the budget target by 7% in 2011/12. Although actual distribution during 2010/11 reached the record high level of 2.29 million MT, public import alone supplied 2.28 million MT of foodgrain, which was the record public import since 1991/92. Similarly, the lowest opening stock of 47% of the budget target for 2010/11 can also be attributed to one of the highest volumes of distribution (1.96 million MT) during the preceding year 2009/10 in presence of significantly lower public import (0.55 million MT) and a domestic procurement of 0.80 million MT during the year.192

Consumer price stabilization through Open Market Sales To minimize the negative effects of price hikes since 2007/08, most South Asian countries resorted to selective trade policy measures such as abolishing import tariffs, restricting exports, and expanding public grain reserves and extending social protection measures, including introduction of new social protection programmes193. The Government of Bangladesh adopted a variety of measures to bring about stabilizing effect on the prices of foodgrains. In the production front, the measures taken were timely delivery of crucial inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and electricity, and maintenance of subsidies on chemical fertilizers and diesel for irrigation. In the trade front, tariffs were abolished for foodgrain import and rice export was banned. Public food distribution was ______191 The opening stock in a certain year is equal to the closing stock of the previous year. The latter, in turn, is determined by the balance between total distribution on the one side, and total procurement, both from domestic and international sources, during the year and the opening stock of the year, on the other side. 192 Database on monthly government stock, procurement, import and off take maintained at FPMU, Ministry of Food. 193 World Bank (2010). Food Price increases in South Asia: National Responses and Regional Dimensions. World Bank, South Asia Region. June 2010.

80 expanded, more in the direction of Figure 25: Public foodgrain distribution monetized distribution at subsidized prices. 2500 Total foodgrain distribution in 2010/11 reached the record high of 2.29 million MT 2000 and has subsequently reduced (Figure 25). 1500 OMS is a monetized distribution channel 1000 aiming to stabilize consumer prices during Thousand MT Thousand the lean seasons of September-November 500 and January-April of a fiscal year through 0 sale of foodgrains (coarse rice and wheat 2007-08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 flour) at prices lower than the market price. TR, GR, other VGF VGD The programme is generally self-targeted to FFW FFE Ration & FM the poor in the sense that the modality and Source: Directorate General Food quality of food reduces incentives of the wealthier segments of the population to buy it. Except for 2010/11, quantity of foodgrains distributed through OMS has not exceeded 1% of total supply in the market, implying that the impact on price is likely to be limited. However, to assess the impact of the intervention it has to be considered that it is limited to specific portion of the years and concentrated mainly in urban areas, so that it does not represent an irrelevant part of the marketed rice and can be sufficient to contain price spikes without inverting more structural market trends. In 2010/11, distribution through OMS reached a record high level of 1.2 million MT or 2.96% (Figure 25) of the total annual supply, including the distribution through the newly introduced Fair Price Card that is a way to guarantee access to OMS distribution for targeted population groups194. These initiatives are believed to have had some moderating effect on the price of rice, particularly coarse rice in the market195. Indeed during the peak registered in late 2010 and early 2011, the rice prices in Bangladesh grew at a lesser rate and started declining earlier than what was observed in the international markets.

5.3.2 Policy developments/programmes under way and need for further acti on The food price crises of 2007/08 resulted in renewed attention to the need of enhancing public food operations, especially to be better prepared to face shocks arising from markets and natural events. Total budget allocation (completed, ongoing and pipeline projects) for Programme 8 increased from 261 million USD in 2010/11 to 451 million USD in 2011/12, although the total number of projects decreased from 16 to 13. By the end of 2011/12, Programme 8 accounted for 2.8% of the ﬁnanced CIP budget. All projects are under subprogramme 8.3 aiming to increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities. Two projects were completed, 5 were ongoing and 3 were in the pipeline. The completed projects are Reconstruction of Dilapidated Food Godowns and Ancillary Infrastructures, and Construction of 1.10 lakh MT Capacity Food Godowns in the Northern Region of the Country. Among the ongoing projects the important ones are Construction of 1.35 lakh MT Capacity Godowns in diﬀerent parts of the country and

______194 The Government introduced Fair Price Cards in February 2011. Currently, 144,548 beneﬁciaries (4th class employees) are geng 15 kg rice and 5 kg aa per month at Taka 24/kg and Taka 22/kg respectively. 195 Intensive monitoring of the OMS distribution by the Ministry of Food Oﬃcials, including the Minister for Food himself, is believed to have been instrumental in achieving the high level of distribution and thereby containing the price hike of coarse rice in the country.

Construction of 50,000 MT Capacity Concrete Grain Silo at Mongla Port with Ancillary Facilities. There are no completed or ongoing projects under subprogrammes 8.1 and 8.2 so far, but one programme is now included in the pipeline under each subprogramme and both of them are expected to be financed by the World Bank. With the completed, ongoing and pipeline projects, Bangladesh would be able achieve a public foodgrain storage capacity of 20.8 lakh MT within 2014/15. The largest increase is due to the inclusion of the Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Facilities Project (BMFSP). As a result, the average project budget under Programme 8 almost doubled reaching 34.7 million USD in 2011/12. Delivery was 29 million USD in 2010/11 and 32 million USD in 2011/12 with respectively 5 and 7 projects in these two years, all under subprogramme 8.3. It is important to note that all the completed/ongoing projects were completely financed by GoB funds, with no DP spending. On the policy front, as documented above, the Government has enhanced its flexibility in procurement management, procuring more from the domestic source in periods of lower domestic prices and more from international markets during periods of higher domestic prices. To enhance food planning, the government has commissioned and recently completed a study that provides fresh estimates of the parameters needed to refine estimates of the national food budget196. Though not all issues involved in reconciling ex- ante estimation with ex-post records of foodgrain production, consumption, trade and stocking have been completely solved, the study certainly represents a significant step forward. Needs for further action in this field include: Expediting construction of enhanced storage facilities: As mentioned above, effective grain storage capacity has been increased from 1.53 million tons in 2009/10 to 1.62 million tons in 2011/12 as part of the government plan to increase storage capacity up to 2.2 million tons by 2015 and 3.0 million tons by 2021. The new technologies considered under the World Bank supported initiative will increase the shelf life of the stock compared to conventional godowns, improve nutritional quality of the grains distributed, and enhance efficiency of the public food distribution system. It is important to move speedily from design to the implementation of this project. Increasing effectiveness of domestic procurement: An important stated objective of the domestic food distribution system is to procure during main harvests to prevent seasonal price falls that hamper farmers’ incomes and incentives to produce. The government can carefully examine the procurement system and other support modalities pursued in various Asian countries to explore options for enhancing effectiveness, including an assessment of the benefits of paddy procurement from farmers. The study recently completed by BIDS (2012) for the government includes some suggestions to make domestic procurement more farmer-friendly and cost- effective. Another study on ‘Effectiveness of the procurement system and possible alternatives’, commissioned by the NFPCSP, is also ongoing and is expected to provide information on the functioning and effectiveness of the procurement

______196 Bangladesh Institute of Development Study (BIDS) (2012). Estimation of Parameters Needed for Integrated and Eﬀective PFDS Planning in Bangladesh. A study conducted for the Ministry of Food. Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

systems in support of farmers and PFDS operations. Procurement rules and guidelines need to be updated to reflect the new evidence available. Estimating private stock for effective food planning and management: Regular annual estimations of private stock are an important pre-requisite for food planning and related public interventions. The study completed by the Government through BIDS has shown that most of the rice stock is kept by farmers and most of the wheat is kept by traders. The rice stock kept by farmers varies between 16% and 43% of gross production in different months. Among private traders, the larger share of the stock is kept by millers for rice and by retailers for wheat. Estimation for 2011 revealed that 6 million tons of rice and 1 million tons of wheat remained with the private sector at the end of the year. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there was a need for rethinking the public foodgrain procurement policy, which is currently procuring from millers and large traders. It claimed that market interventions can be more effective if conducted at growers’ level. However, it is appropriate to explore both feasibility of such a proposal, including the extent of procurement issues and modalities, given the large numbers of small and marginal farmers. Introducing country-wide computerized food stock monitoring: Public food stock monitoring is still done in traditional methods, using mainly fax and telephonic information transfer. This system leaves scope for errors which at times can give wrong signals for public interventions, particularly in periods of disasters and emergencies. Computerized on-line stock monitoring can help expedite decision making in food management. The government has recently piloted computerized stock monitoring in Tangail district through one ADB supported project. The use of modern information and communication technologies needs to be introduced throughout the country exploiting the experience gained through the piloting. Developing an effective early warning food information system: For effective food planning, early warning information about production, stock and price formation at national and international levels are the essential prerequisites. Attempts to build an effective early warning food information system have so far been sporadic197. Design and implementation of an early warning system for forecasting demand, supply and price of food commodities is considered under the already mentioned “Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Facilities” project. The establishment of an effective early warning system needs to be expedited, giving due consideration to its integration with global early warning systems such as Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) and Famine Early Warning System (FEWS).

5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets Programme 9 aims to improve the effectiveness and targeting of social safety nets by investing in institutional and capacity development. The program is articulated in two subprogrammes: 1) to strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety ______197 Some early warning exercises with respect to crop production were done through the Early Warning and Food Information System (EWFIS) project, executed by the Ministry of Food during the period 2000-2002.

83 nets programs and to formulate a new integrated strategy; 2) invest in income and employment generation through social safety nets. Programme 9 in the CIP corresponds to two AoIs in the PoA: improvements in coverage and eﬀectiveness of emergency food distribution from public stocks (PoA AoI 2.2) and improvements in targeting, leakage, coverage and adequacy of food-based safety-net programmes (PoA AoI 2.4).

5.4.1 Progress towards achievements Table 22: Progress towards achievement of CIP Programme 9 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source Budgeted 88.00 VGF (lakh person) na 366.67 122.22 coverage of (Revised) National Budget, VGF and VGD, MoF VGD (lakh person month) na 88.33 88.33 88.33 million cards Safety net programmes expenditure as % of Finance Division, 198 na 1.95% 2.12% 1.88% GDP MoF Budgeted coverage of employment generation program for the poor (in million na 4.9 4.2 2.0 National Budget person month) Quantity of VGF and GR distributed (in MT) 225,755 285,384 147,853 209,367 MIS,M, DG Food

Shrinking safety nets Social safety net spending has shrunk as a share of GDP, total Government spending and total social protection spending. Following year-on-year increases of 18%, 25% and 2% since 2008/09, safety net spending reached 172 billion taka in 2011/12. However, it is budgeted to fall to 169 billion taka in 2012/13 – and as these are in nominal taka, the real decline will be even larger after inflation is accounted for (Table 22). As a Figure 26: Safety nets relative to total and social percentage of GDP, spending protection spending on social safety nets increased 100 to 2.12% in 2010/11 but decreased to 1.88% in 2011/12 80 – and is projected to fall 60 further to 1.63% in 2012/13. 40 Percent Figure 26 shows that social 20 safety nets as a percentage of 0 total government spending Revised Revised Revised Revised Budget decreased from 12.9% in 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2010/11 to 10.7% in 2011/12 – Safety nets as % of total government budget Safety nets as % social protection budget and is budgeted to decrease Source: Ministry of Finance further to 8.8% in 2012/13. Social safety net spending and social empowerment spending together make up the Government’s social protection spending – and on this, the figure shows that safety nets had a shrinking share from 80% in 2010/11 to 78% in 2011/12, and is budgeted to fall to 74% in 2012/13. This is an important re-structuring of the social protection budget because ______198The definition of safety net used here includes cash and non-cash transfers and food-for-work – and it corresponds to the definition used in budgetary reports by the MoF called “Social Protection”.

84 while 4.05 taka was spent on safety nets per taka spent in social empowerment in 2010/11, this fell to 3.64 taka in 2011/12 – and is budgeted to fall to 2.91 taka. This restructuring is taking place while the National Social Protection Strategy, intended as the vehicle to rationalise programmes, is still under formulation.

Decreased VGF coverage and steady VGD coverage The budgeted coverage of VGF decreased from 367 lakh persons in 2009/10 to 88 lakh persons in 2011/12, reﬂecting that recent years were without major natural disasters or price hikes. Budgeted VGD coverage was steady for the last four monitored years at 88 lakh person months. The quantity of food distributed under VGF and GR increased from 148 MT in 2010/11 to 209 MT in 2011/12, both allocations being far less than those in 2008/09 and 2009/10, the years coinciding with domestic and international price crises.

Decreased coverage of Employment Generation Programme (EGP) The Employment Generation Programme (EGP) is a cash-for-work program originally piloted to enhance poor people’s capacity to cope with the food price crises. EGP has been scaled back significantly from a nationwide programme in 2008/09 with an allocated budget of 20 billion taka. EGP now operates in selected locations only, with allocated budgets of 10 billion taka in each of 2010/11 and 2011/12, and based on evidence on the difficulties of providing 100 days of work during the lean season without adversely affecting the labour market, the number of days of work was reduced to 80 person days per year taka. Budgeted coverage of EGP decreased further to 2.0 million person months in 2011/12, which is 22% of its coverage in 2008/09. Given the proven effectiveness of the programme in achieving both protection and promotion objectives increasing allocation and expanded geographical coverage of the programme needs to be considered199 .

Inadequacy of social safety net benefits Using HIES 2010 data, 24.6% of households received safety net benefits, of whom 60% received 100 taka or less per month; 33% received between 100 taka and 300 taka, and 4% received between 301 taka and 500 taka200. If the benefit is deducted from the income of beneficiary households, the poverty rate would increase by only 2.1 percentage points using the UPL and 2.6 percentage points using the LPL.

Varied inclusion and exclusion errors across safety net programmes Figure 27 shows that 9.9% are poor beneficiary households and 56.6% are non-poor non- beneficiary households – and these are well targeted groups. However, 14.5% are non-poor beneficiary households and 19.0% are poor non-beneficiary households – and these are mistargeted households, indicating respectively inclusion and exclusion errors201.

______199During its implementation in 2008/09, the EGP contributed to creation of a good number of community assets such as compost heap and levelling of school grounds. 200 Analysis of HIES 2010 data by Barkat et. al. (2013) op. cit. 201 Barkat et. al. (2013) op.cit.

85 Inclusion error is highest in Figure 27: SSNP inclusion and exclusion errors the secondary and higher secondary school stipend programme (59%), followed by the Allowance for Financially Insolvent Disabled (43%) and the Old Age Allowance (31%). Inclusion error is lowest in the EGP for Hardcore Poor (7%), followed by Gratuitous Relief (13%) and Vulnerable Group Development (15%). While 89% of focus group respondents believed the poor were receiving SSNP Source: Barkat et. al. (2013) using HIES 2010 data benefit, most respondents Note: poverty is defined as below the UPL believed that the ‘poorest of the poor’ did not receive any benefit202.

5.4.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Programme 9 constitutes 16.6% of the financed CIP budget. Subprogramme 9.2 has the bulk of this investment of 1,028.7 million USD, compared to subprogramme 9.1, with total value of just 5.3 million USD. Over a three year period, the overall financed budget of programme 9 increased from 615 million USD in 2009/10 to 816 million USD in 2010/11 to 1,034 million USD in 2010/12. In total, programme 9 has 22 ongoing projects (1 in subprogramme 9.1 and 21 in subprogramme 9.2) with a total value of 969.7 million USD and 7 completed projects in Programme 9.2 as of June 2012, with a total value of 64.2 million USD. Four projects moved from the pipeline to ongoing in the fiscal year 2011/12- these include the Chars Development and Settlement Project 4 implemented by the DAE (675 lakh taka) and LGED (23361 lakh taka), Food and Livelihood Security (FLS) implemented by DWA (22333 lakh taka), the Operation Support to the Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP) implemented by MoDMR (3660 lakh taka) and the Create Employment Opportunities of Char Dwellers in Greater Rangpur District through Sugarcane Cultivation implemented by BSRI (821 lakh taka). There are 10 pipeline projects, with a total value of 237.7 million USD. Total delivery in the financial year 2011/12 was 252.2 million USD, compared to 141.2 million USD in 2010/11, which demonstrates a significant capacity to scale up delivery of safety net programmes. Delivery of funds financed by development partners was higher in 2010/11 (83.8 million USD) and 2011/12 (134.4 million USD) compared to the GoB spending of 57.4 million USD and 117.7 million USD respectively in the two fiscal years. In 2011/12 the Government introduced 12 new development programmes with total allocation of 246 crore taka. Programmes with notable allocations are Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health (118 crore taka), Community Based Health Care (118 ______202 Barkat et. al. (2013) op. cit.

86 crore taka), Community Based Health Care (36 crore taka) and Food and Livelihood Security programme (47 crore taka). National Social Protection Strategy In line with the objective stated in the SFYP, an Action Plan for the Formulation of a National Social Protection Strategy has been drafted, led by the General Economics Division with an inter-ministerial committee established by the Cabinet Division, and supported by UNDP, WFP, AusAID and DFID. The strategy will address both protection and promotional aspects of safety nets, streamlining of programmes, and design and coordination with emphasis on coverage and sustainability. UNDP has delivered training of government officials, and will assist in drafting the strategy, holding consultations and providing background research. DFID and AusAID will support activities to strengthen the national social protection system through improved coordination. The Social Protection Policy and Reform (SPPR) programme will strengthen the capacity to deliver social protection programmes by core ministries, engage in the policy and budgeting process, update the evidence-base, and develop plans to strengthen priority social protection schemes. Integration of social protection with nutrition programmes can enhance human capital and productivity and break the intergenerational transmission of poverty203. For example, growth monitoring and expanding school feeding programmes for adolescent girls can reduce undernutrition. Social protection to cover health care The Government of Bangladesh has taken a new initiative on expanding social protection for health through the newly formulated Health Care Financing Strategy (HCFS) 2012-2032. The strategy is aligned with the vision of the Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program (HPNSDP) 2011-16. The goal of the national health financing strategy is to strengthen financial protection and extend health services to the poor and vulnerable segment of the population, with the long term aim to achieve universal coverage. The proposed 20 year health financing strategy devises ways to combine funds from tax-based budgets with proposed social health protection schemes, existing community based and other payment schemes and donor funding to ensure financial protection against health expenditure for all segments of the population, starting with the poorest. The strategy will be implemented in three phases – short, medium and long term. The short term one will be up to the end of HPNSDP. The medium term will be up to 2021 when the activities launched during the preceding phase will be appropriately scaled up. In the long term, covering the next 11 years, Bangladesh will move ahead to achieving universal health coverage through implementation of the strategic interventions proposed in the three phases. The HCFS is claimed to be comprehensive in its inclusion of a logical framework and a set of indicators. This framework will make it easy for all stakeholders to assess the ongoing and proposed interventions in the light of the defined objectives and strategies.204 Integrated system of safety-net administration The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR), with funding from the World Bank, will implement a project called “Bangladesh Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project”. The broad objective of the proposed project is to assist the MoDMR in developing

______203 The World Bank (2013). Improving Nutrition through Multisectoral Approaches. Available online at http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cesa/ﬁles/Comunicacoes/sonialima1.pdf. 204 Expanding Social Protection for Health: Towards Universal Coverage. Health Care Financing Strategy 2012-2032, Health Economics Unit. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, September 2012.

an integrated system of safety nets administration that focuses on improved targeting, and efficient and transparent implementation. Investing in these systems for implementing large safety nets would help to increase coverage of the poor in the short term and help GoB improve the quality of a large amount of public expenditure earmarked for social protection in the medium term. The MoDMR and the Statistics and Informatics Division (through BBS) will jointly implement the proposed project. Five of the largest SSN programs are implemented by the MoDMR, around a third of the total social protection budget, including the EGPP, FFW, TR, GR and VGF, and together these programs received an allocation of 678 million USD in 2012/13205 . Needs for further action in this area include: Simplifying targeting criteria: Existing targeting criteria are several, overlapping and sometimes impractical. Complex targeting criteria, based on household and geographical characteristics, have a greater chance of including the non-poor rather than the poor. When participants are selected by community members or village leaders on these criteria, some households are incorrectly classified and excluded. There has been increased interest in the possibility of using biometric technology, such as fingerprint or iris scans, to provide authentication and identification. Biometric technology can assist in including marginalised groups in entitlement programmes but it can also increase the risk of exclusion206. Although this technology can assist in organising the sector- by providing a profile of beneficiaries in terms of numbers, demographic information of beneficiaries, etc for the technology to be effectively used, it has to be part of wider policy reform. Reducing leakages through innovations and lessons learned from well performing programmes: The administration of food based programmes is difficult and costly, and a movement towards cash based transfers would improve program efficiency. Leakage increases with the number of intermediaries involved. A cash versus food transfer study is currently being finalized by the World Food Programme and is expected to be released in 2013. In the case of the VGD and VGF, local government officials are responsible for collecting grains from the local depot and making deliveries to beneficiaries. The cost of collecting and distributing food is not fully paid by the programme which means that further leakage occurs as costs are deducted from the transfer. In the case of public works, part of the benefit is used often for non-wage costs associated with small infrastructure project implementation. One of the innovations brought about by the EGPP was the introduction of allocating non-wage costs to minimize the leakage in program allocations. The EGPP has strict eligibility criteria relative to the other programs and uses a direct bank-transfer payment system. The EGPP has an estimated leakage of less than 5% of total allocation because it has few intermediaries, or at least none that are able to intervene in the cash transfer process until it reaches the beneficiaries’ accounts207. However, informal fee charges are deducted by individuals collecting the money on behalf of the beneficiary for travel expenses208.

______205 World Bank (2013). Project Information Document on the Bangladesh Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project (P132634) 206 Gelb and Clark (2013). Identiﬁcation for Development: The Biometrics Revolution. CGD Working Paper 315. Washington, DC. 207 World Bank (2013) Op. cit 208 Rahman and Choudhury (2012). Op. cit.

Finalizing the National Social Protection Strategy: The National Social Protection Strategy has not yet been finalized and adopted. Finalization of the strategy will be crucial for guiding and coordinating efforts to raise the effectiveness of the social protection system in the country, minimizing overlapping between programmes and establishing common priorities to convey a vision for Bangladesh’s social protection for the future. The PPRC, with support from UNDP, has completed a comprehensive study on social safety nets in Bangladesh: Volume 1 covering A Review of Issues and Analytical Inventory of Programmes and Volume 2 focusing on Ground Realities and Policy Challenges. Three related studies are about to be completed under the NFPCSP to provide a better understanding of (i) Targeting Effectiveness of Social Safety Nets, (ii) Social Safety Nets and Productive Outcomes, and (iii) Role of Social Safety Nets in Climate Change Adaptation. Results of these studies are expected to provide background information for the formulation of National Social Protection Strategy. In addition, a minimum of six papers (of which one is expected to cover nutritional aspects) will be produced by a service provider contracted by UNDP to inform policy formulation of the strategy. Developing capacity for implementation and monitoring: Effective implementation of safety net programmes is constrained by lack of adequate and skilled manpower for administering and monitoring the programmes, both at national and grass root levels. Quite often the overall coordination activities are assigned to persons with other major responsibilities (such as the Deputy Commissioners at district level and Upazila Nirbahi Officer at Upazila level). Sometimes monitoring responsibilities are assigned to local level officers without transport facilities/allowances which result in poor monitoring of the programmes209. Recording and transmission of data with respect to implementation and monitoring is constrained by lack of equipment (such as computers) and the associated trained manpower. Provision of monitoring (particularly result monitoring) should be consistently incorporated as a built-in element in the design of the safety net programmes. Adjusting safety net interventions to enhance resilience to climate change: Impacts of safety nets on beneficiary households’ consumption and human development outcome are evident210. Evidence on economic impacts of safety net is however scarce. These impacts come from changes in productive and income-generating activities at the household and at the community levels. At the household level, the main variables of interest include labor allocation, investment in income generating activities and risk management abilities. At the community level, the main variables of interest are building of local infrastructure, stimulation of local goods and some multiplier effects. In the contemporary environment, these variables are closely related to resilience to climate change. Greater provisions are needed for creating employment opportunities in local infrastructure improvements, including repair and maintenance of transport and irrigation infrastructures, river bank protection works and social forestry activities. Enhancing safety nets operations during lean seasons: Six social safety net programmes address seasonal food and livelihood distress (VGF, FFW, Test Relief,

______209 This situation was observed by the NFPCSP Team during evaluation of the 100 day Employment Generation Programme in selected locations in 2008. 210 Hulme, D. and K. Moore (2010). Assisting the poorest in Bangladesh: Learning from BRAC’s “Targeting the ultra-poor programme".

Gratuitous Relief, RERMP, and the EGRP). Apart from the VGF and Gratuitous Relief, that provides foodgrain with no work requirement, the other four seasonal safety nets require physical work in activities such as infrastructure repair and road maintenance. The timing of the four labour-related seasonal safety nets is crucial especially if the objectives of the programme are to mitigate seasonal hunger. In this case, labour- based safety net programmes have a reduced impact as they are not implemented during the peak of the lean season which also happens to partly coincide with the rainy season. Most labour-related social safety net programmes are thus implemented in the dry season, which is just after the harvesting of the aman crop. This issue calls for designing innovative safety net programmes to address the naturally unfavourable lean periods.211 Integrating graduation strategies into safety net programmes: Income Generating Vulnerable Group Development, Food Security Vulnerable Group Development, REOPA and CFPR/TUP have embraced graduation in their design and reach to suatainably increase household income, skills and human capital thereby promoting long term welfare and poverty reduction212. For example, REOPA beneficiaries have demonstrated significant nutrition outcomes. 81% of REOPA women who graduated from the programme and live off earnings from their own micro-enterprises were found to have acceptable food security levels with a balanced diet, acceptable calorie and protein intakes, and sufficient micro-nutrients, as compared to 87%of women still within the programme213. Maximizing benefits of migration: Seasonal migration and migration during shocks helps protect against transitory hunger. Access to employment opportunities during the lean season can alleviate food insecurity in other seasons as well, as demonstrated in the period immediately following the monga when migrants return home with their savings. For households who are not open to migration, the provision of microcredit programmes provides a means of reducing the risk associated with the monga season. Therefore, safety nets programmes need to be designed to include mechanisms of resource provision to migrant households to facilitating migration and microcredit schemes to vulnerable households who no longer have the capability to engage in seasonal migration.

______211 Khandker, S R and Mahmud, W (2012) op.cit. 212 World Bank (undated). Available online at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SAFETYNETSANDTRANSFERS/Resources/281945- 1291746977764/7-graduation.pdf. ; Rahman, H.Z. and Chowdhury, L.A. (2011). Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh: Ground Realities and Policy Challenges. PPRC-UNDP, Dhaka. 213 UNDP Capacity Strengthening Team (2011). Food Security of REOPA Women: Report on ﬁndings from a survey using the WFP Food Consumption Score.

6. Utilization: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

This chapter deals with improving food utilization for better food and nutrition security, the third pillar of National Food Policy, its Plan of Action, and the CIP programmes 10, 11 and 12. An update is provided on community based nutrition programmes and services; food security and nutrition information and data; and food safety, quality and control including consumer protection and public health. The three programmes are in alignment with the eight areas of intervention under the third objective of the NFP PoA (see Annex 1).

6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services Programme 10 is concerned with community based nutrition programmes that are linked to and supported by government services, delivered primarily through the NNS. The aim is to implement a comprehensive package of direct nutrition services, along with strengthened coordination of sectors engaged in nutrition. Mainstreaming nutrition into health and other related sectors to deliver a package of low-cost interventions will lead to major gains in nutritional status214. This programme corresponds to the NFP PoA AoIs 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.7 and 3.8 on promoting balanced and nutritious food for vulnerable people; food based programmes and growth monitoring of children; nutrition education on dietary diversiﬁcation; food supplementation and fortiﬁcation; women and children’s health; and protection and promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding.

6.1.1. Progress towards achievements

Table 23: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 10 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source Proportion of infants under six months 42.9% na na 64.1% BDHS exclusively breastfed Poor households raising home gardening and na na na 42% FSNSP backyard poultry Share of total Cereal 78.6% 79.3% 79.0% 78.3% dietary energy (2005) (2007) (2008) (2009) FAO, Selected supply for Sugar and sweeteners 4.1% (2005) 3.5% (2007) 3.4% (2008) 3.3% (2009) Indicators of consumption Oil and oil crops 6.5% (2005) 5.6% (2007) 5.7% (2008) 5.8% (2009) Food and from: Roots and tubers 2.5% (2005) 2.5% (2007) 3.3% (2008) 2.5% (2009) Agricultural Pulses 1.7% (2005) 2%(2007) 1.1% (2008) 2.6% (2009) Development Fruits and vegetables 1.6% (2005) 2%(2007) 2.2% (2008) 2.2% (2009) in the Asia- Meat, fish, eggs and milk 3.3% (2005) 3.4% (2007) 3.5% (2008) 3.6% (2009) Pacific Region Others* 1.7% (2005) 1.7% (2007) 1.8% (2008) 1.7% (2009) Prevalence of global acute malnutrition 17.4% na na 15.6% BDHS (GAM) among children < 5 years < -2SD Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition 2.9% na na 4.0% BDHS (SAM) among children < 5 years < -3SD Proportion of women ANC coverage of at 22.0% na na 25.5% BDHS least 4 visits *Others - Includes stimulants, spices, alcoholic beverages, offal, animal fats, aquatic products and miscellaneous.

______214 Committee on World Food Security (2012). Nurturing the Movement for Scaling Up Nutrition: A Proposition.

Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life is increasing Mothers should breastfeed exclusively on demand until six months, and thereafter appropriate complementary and solid foods should be introduced alongside Figure 28: Six months exclusive breastfeeding continued breastfeeding until at least two 80 75.8 years of age, as per WHO 64.1 58.5 recommendations. Exclusive breastfeeding 60 54.3 53 50.5 for the first six months remarkably 46.8 increased from 43% in 2007 to 64 % 40 37 in 2011, largely helped by intensive Percent 20 media campaigns, maternal and child health programmes and continuous 0 encouragement by the Honourable Prime Minister on the World Breastfeeding Weeks of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Source: World Breastfeeding Trend Initiative (2012) Bangladesh has adopted paid maternity leave for 6 months, part time work arrangements, facilities for expressing and storing breast milk and breastfeeding breaks. Breastfeeding rates are much better in Bangladesh than in neighbouring countries (Figure 28). However, FSNSP 2010 and 2011 have lower estimates215 of exclusive breastfeeding at around 51%, while the 2012-NHDSDBD preliminary report shows that recent progress has been static at 63.4%. Given the strong causal links between exclusive Box 3: Linking home gardens, climate change and breastfeeding, reduced risk of extension infections and infant morbidity and A tenth of the gardens surveyed in Shyamnagar Union in mortality, further raising exclusive Sathkira district were destroyed completely by soil salinity; 38% showed high levels of soil salinity; and 34% breastfeeding rates remains crucial. moderate soil salinity. Better off households had adopted Indeed, amongst infants aged 1-11 salinity coping practices and knowledge. Around 50% of months, nearly 13% died because of households implemented coping practices, such as diarrhoea and malnutrition – and 1% organic compost and planting in pits leached with water. of all children born in Bangladesh died Mulching with rice straw, coconut coir and other locally 216 available organic materials were used to increase water between 1-11 months . retention of the soil and develop compost. Greater resilience to salinity was found among vegetable crops - Integrated home gardening, and including Indian spinach (pui shak), sweet gourd, okra and farming systems for nutrition kang kong (kolmi shak)- which are good sources of Integrated home gardens fall within micronutrients. Kang kong is one of the most saline resistant crop but is relatively new to Southern the national concept of “Ekti Bari, Ekti Bangladesh. Such practices can be integrated into Khamar” (“One household, One agriculture extension to promote integrated home farm”). In rural areas, 75% of gardening, particularly in climate affected areas. households reportedly have a home Source: HKI/WFP/Kraft Foods (2012) Helping homestead gardeners mitigate the impact of soil salinity, Bulletin # 8. garden217. A range of 25 fruit crops,

______215 State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh 2010, 2011, JPG School of Public Health, HKI and BBS. 216 BDHS (2011). ibid. 217 Khan KU (2011). Homestead gardening in Bangladesh: enhancing the nutritional and economic status of the rural population, Khulna University, Khula, Bangladesh.

92 29 vegetables, and 12 spices can be cultivated, even in small home gardens of less than 50 square-metres. Usually controlled by women, income from home gardens is more likely to directly beneﬁt women and children through education, health care and other spending. In 2011/12, FSNSP estimates show that 42% of households have both homestead gardens and backyard poultry, 14% have only homestead gardens, 20% have only backyard poultry, and 24% have neither. The same source also estimates that homestead gardening with backyard poultry decreased from 41% in February-May of 2010-11 to 35% in February-May of 2011- 12. Home gardening needs enhanced resilience to land Figure 29: Dietary energy supply by food groups (%) degradation, water scarcity, bio- 2009 2008 security (especially avian ﬂu), and 2007 climate change, particularly in 2006 2005 high risk areas, such as in the 2004 Southern region (see Box 3). 2003 2002 2001 Dietary energy supply is not 2000 1999 diversifying 1998

Dietary energy supply (DES) 0 20 40 60 80 100 measures food availability for Cereals Sugar and sweetners Vegetable oils and oil crops Starchy roots consumption from production Pulses Vegetables and fruits and trade. It is closely correlated Meat, Eggs, Milk and Fish Other Source: Adapted from FBS, FAO RAP (2012) to household consumption. Cereals make up too high a share of dietary energy supply and no significant improvement was recorded since the adoption of the PoA. Since 1998, the share barely moved and four- fifths of available calories are still provided by cereals (Figure 29) against a recommended norm of 60%218. DES Cer% is significantly correlated with population undernourishment, child stunting and child underweight219. High DES from cereals imbalances the diet, resulting in poor protein quality and Figure 30: Trends in cereal consumption insufficient micronutrients. Dietary

85 supply of micronutrient rich foods like fruits, vegetables and animal foods is 80 far from adequate. 75 Dietary diversity is improving as 70 poverty reduces

cereals (% of total) 65 Over the last 20 years, the share of Dietary energy intake from 60 cereal on daily energy intakes decreased from over 80% to 70%, 55 compared to a desirable maximum of 1991-92 1995-96 2000 2005 2010 60%. The decline shows acceleration National Rural Urban Desirable maximum over the last decade among urban Source: BBS; HIES various years populations (Figure 30). ______218 FAO RAP (2007). Selected Indicators of Food and Agricultural Development in the Asia-Paciﬁc Region 1996-2006. FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. 219 Yusuf HKM, Bhattacharjee L, Nandi BK (2008). Trend and pattern of dietary energy supply and nutrition status in South Asia countries 1995 -2005, South Asian Journal of Public Health 1: 1-12; Arimond M and MT Ruel ( 2004) .Dietary diversity is associated with child nutrition status :evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys, Journal of Nutrition, 134 (10).

Average per capita consumption of all food groups, except cereals, increased between 1995 and 2010 (Table 24). Importantly, the accelerated decline of rice was partly compensated by other cereals (especially wheat) so that the overall decline in cereal consumption slowed down -4% to -1%. Intakes of animal foods, vegetables and fruits declined from 1995 to 2000, but increased thereafter, signalling a significant improvement in dietary diversification between 2000 and 2010. The sustained reduction of poverty has certainly contributed to this result, and also the slower progress in diversification in rural areas can be related to the slower progress in poverty reduction (see Section 3.3 above, and Monitoring Report 2012, p 22). The proportion of children aged 6-23 months in the poorest 20% of households by wealth, which consumed foods rich in vitamin A 24 hours prior to survey, was just 53% - and foods rich in iron just 41%. These figures rise in the richest 20% of households to 70% and 61%, confirming that wealth is clearly a driver of diversification though dietary practices are critical 220 . Increased intakes of sugar and edible oils contribute to improving the energy gap for those in deficit, but intakes should be moderate in order to prevent and control associated health concerns. The rapid increases observed since 1995 warrant attention in terms of understanding the type of foods (e.g. sugary, fried, high energy, nutrient poor) and population groups involved. Nearly a quarter of men age 35 years and older in the richest 20% of the population are overweight and obese, compared to 1% in the poorest quintile; and notably even amongst the poorest women ever married of age 15-49, a sizeable 5% are overweight or obese.

Table 24: Trends in food intake (grams/capita/day and year-on-year % change) % of dietary 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, Food group 1995 2000 2005 2010 Desirable energy intake % change % change % change Cereals 509 487 469 464 400 56 -4% -4% -1% - of which rice 464 459 440 416 350 49 -1% -4% -5% Fruits and 180 169 190 211 400 7 -6% 12% 11% vegetables Potatoes 49 55 63 70 100 4 12% 15% 11% Legumes 14 16 14 14 35 6.5 14% -13% 0% Animal foods 91 87 95 109 260 10.5 -4% 9% 15% including milk Fats and oils 10 13 17 21 30 11 30% 31% 24% Sugar 9 7 8 8 20 3 -22% 14% 0% Spices 37 50 53 66 20 2 35% 6% 25% Source: Adapted from HIES 1995 -2010 and Desirable Dietary Pattern, BIRDEM 2013

Decline in global acute malnutrition (GAM - global wasting) According to the BDHS, GAM decreased by almost 2 percentage points in 4 years down to 15.6% of under-5 children in 2011. FSNSP reports a lower estimate of 12% for the same year (FSNSP 2011)221. Wasting is related to macro and micro nutrient intakes. The latter also play a catalytic role in food utilisation and in supporting immune competence for which dietary ______220 BDHS (2011). op. cit. 221 Timing of surveys could explain some, though possibly not all, of the diﬀerence in estimates because, in contrast to stunting and underweight, wasting is more sensitive to short-run changes in food intakes, feeding practices, hygiene, sanitation and morbidity. BDHS was conducted in the latter half of 2011, including the longer lean season, whilst FSNSP was conducted in three surveys throughout the year.

diversity is the key. According to BDHS (2011), this complexity might help explain why the socioeconomic gradient in inequalities in GAM is not sharper – 12.1% of children in the richest wealth quintile of households are wasted, compared to 17.7% in the middle quintile and 17.5% in poorest quintile; or 11.1% of children with mothers with secondary or higher education are wasted, compared to 17.7% with no education at all.

Rising severe acute malnutrition (SAM - severe wasting) Whilst global acute malnutrition slightly decreased, severe acute malnutrition increased by a third reaching 4% in 2011. Any increase in SAM is of great concern because it closely linked to child survival. At present, treatment for SAM is primarily in-patient, making it Box 4: Community management of SAM in Bhola difficult for poor rural households to When SAM is diagnosed and treated by community health workers (CHW) at the community level, more obtain the health care needed for their malnourished children can access care and they are children. more likely to recover. In Lalmohan of Bhola district, The NNS provides screening for acute most children referred for facility-based care were appropriately attended to and went home before malnutrition (using MUAC, W/H growth completing treatment. In Borhanuddin of Bhola district, monitoring) along with nutrition advice out of 724 children with SAM treated by CHWs, 92% and referrals to appropriate health recovered, 7.5% did not attend the treatment and only facilities. SAM units including training in 0.1% (1 child) died. At 89% by April 2010, coverage was medical college and district hospitals, one of the highest ever recorded for CMAM programmes. All outcomes recorded in Borhanuddin UHC, Maternal and Child Welfare Center, were significantly better than those commonly seen in and other medical health facilities are traditional facility-based care centres. being established. Community Source: Sadler K. et al. (2011). Community Case Management of SAM in Southern Bangladesh, Tus University, SC US, IPHN, management of acute malnutrition Sher-E-Bangla Medical College & Hospital, and DGHS, Bangladesh (CMAM) guidelines and training modules, weighing scales have been supplied to the community clinics under the NNS. The effectiveness and feasibility of SAM treatment as part of the community case management (CCM) is summarized in Box 4.

Improving antenatal care (ANC) coverage Utilization of pregnancy related health services remains generally low, but some improvement is registered in women’s ANC coverage access. It is noteworthy, that the percentage of women who had no ANC visit declined from 44% in 2004 to 32% in 2011 and at the same time the percentage of women who had at least 4 or more ANC visits increased from 16% in 2004 to 26% in 2011222. Greater proportions (45%) of urban women tend to access ANC services compared to rural women (20%). Antenatal care visits have been associated with increased facility-based delivery in public hospitals and health facilities223. The success relies on delivery of an integrated package of basic services, which need to be strengthened. To be most eﬀective, there should be regular ANC throughout pregnancy so as to ensure favourable birth outcomes and facility delivery care to maximize health beneﬁts to mothers and new-borns.

______222 BDHS 2011 op.cit. 223 Jesmin Pervin et. al. (2012). Association of antenatal care with facility delivery and peri-natal survival – a population-based study in Bangladesh, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12:111.

6.1.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Nutrition programmes provided through the government service delivery infrastructure should be appropriately linked to community-based mechanisms224. NNS operates countrywide through 12,568 community clinics established in the existing DGHS and DGFP delivery systems. As reported in Section 3.4 of this report, progress is noted in NNS activities covered under the AoI 3.2, 3.3. 3.4 in the NFP PoA and CIP Programme 10. NNS recently implemented the National Vitamin A Plus campaign targeting children 12-59 months. Programme 10 of the CIP accounts for 363 million USD in 2011-12 (3.7% of the total CIP budget), of which 311 million USD are already financed. It includes 3 subprogrammes with 23 ongoing projects and 6 in the pipeline. Most of the ongoing projects are components of NNS and cover community based nutrition activities. The budget increased by 11% from 327 million USD in 2010/11 to 363 million USD in 2011/12. All 12 pipeline projects of 2010/11 moved to ongoing in 2011/12, and 6 new projects were added to the pipeline. By 30 June 2012, 3 projects were completed costing 24.4 million USD. The average budget for individual projects decreased from 29.5 million USD in 2009/10 to 12.6 million USD in 2010/11 and to 11.4 million USD in 2011/12. Subprogramme 10.2 to support homestead gardening, small livestock rearing, aquaculture and awareness creation is under-funded with only one completed project and none ongoing. This is attributable partly to the fact that homestead gardening is oen covered as a component under agriculture or livelihood projects. The lack of funding is equally noticeable for subprogramme 10.3, on the treatment of acute malnutrition through therapeutic and supplementary feeding, with only one project ongoing and no provision for other initiatives in the pipeline reflecting the fact that treatment of acute malnutrition through therapeutic feeding is seen as efficacious but not effective. Efforts are ongoing to explore if community-based therapeutic care costs can be reduced through production of local foods to be provided in the community with one-to-one counselling of the mother for home feeding and follow up to prevent relapse. Feasibility studies and piloting of low-cost product development are underway by the Government and research institutions. Total delivery of programme 10 was 62.4% in 2011/12 compared to 37.6% in 2010/11. This is attributed to the delayed start of the NNS, deployment of staff, programme orientation and other start-up arrangements.

Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Since 2010, Bangladesh joined 27 other countries in the SUN Movement to scale up nutrition interventions with a focus on the ﬁrst 1000 days of life, in partnership with donors, UN, NGOs and the private sector. This includes the design of comprehensive and costed strategies and action plans for food, agriculture and nutrition as well as institutional developments. The Bangladesh SUN Framework for Action is in alignment with the NNS and CIP. With a focal point in the MoHFW and two civil society alliances supporting the SUN movement, Bangladesh is an exemplary case, with the highest level of support evident with Her Excellency the Prime Minister and also the Founder of BRAC being represented on the Global SUN movement. ______224 Tontisirin K and Bhattacharjee L (2008). Community based nutrition programmes, International Encyclopaedia of Public Health, Eds. Heggenhougen HK, Vol 1. San Diego: Academic Press; 2008. pp. 791-799.

Regular SUN Movement Country Network meetings are held by teleconference every quarter to share country updates with the Global SUN Secretariat. UN REACH and development partners are working together with the relevant ministries to provide technical support and facilitate multisectoral action. A REACH focal point in the MoF supports the process for engagement of non health sectors in strengthening nutrition sensitive interventions and food and nutrition security policies within a comprehensive context. Reactivating the Oﬃce of the PM to provide supportive leadership in multisectoral coordination needs to be explored.

Nutrition sensitive agriculture There is increasing attention to address under-nutrition through agriculture. Doubling per capita agricultural income is associated with approximately 15-21% decline in stunting on average and increasing small scale production of nutrient dense foods. Nutrition education enhances potential consumer demand and impacts on nutrition225. Joint government and research initiatives, notably the CGIAR research programme, LANSA, SAFANSI, MDGF Programme and SPRING are some examples of nutrition sensitive interventions (Box 5).

Improved management of wetland Box 5: Farmer field schools (FFS) integrating agriculture, and seasonal floodplains can lead nutrition and hygiene through SPRING to increased fish production, Resource poor households with pregnant and lactating women especially nutrient rich small and children under the age of two are being targeted through the fish226. It is estimated that a small FFS learning process to enhance access to diversified nutrient-rich production of 10kg/pond/year of vegetables, fish and poultry. Poultry rearing is harnessed for its important nutritional value to the household diet and its vitamin A rich fish mola potential as an income generating activity for women. SPRING (Ambylpharyngodon mola), in the field facilitators ensure appropriate vegetable, poultry and fish 4 million small, seasonal ponds can production practices are adopted and link agricultural topics to household food consumption, intra-household food distribution meet the vitamin A annual and appropriate household dietary diversity, particularly for recommended intake of over 6 women and children. FFS participants are supported to breed million children. Low cost poultry and fish and to grow up to five nutritious vegetables and technologies for production, fruits per planting season. FFS incorporate key messages on essential nutrition and hygiene actions into all vegetable, fish and management, conservation and poultry production activities. FFS are designed to respond to accessibility of nutrient rich fish farmers’ needs and towards encouraging creativity and must be promoted with efforts to independence. Source: Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning and Evidence Exchange Case enhance fish intake in the diets of Study (2013), SPRING/USAID Bangladesh young children. Needs for further action in this area include: Scaling up implementation of appropriate IYCF: Improving CF practices and dietary quality is an essential component of IYCF guidelines that need to be implemented on a nationwide basis. Locally appropriate dietary recommendations and season specific recipes using the Trial of Improved Practices (TIPS) methodology need to be popularized. As mentioned in Section 3.4.1, BBF has developed CF guidelines and recipes based on TIPS formative research and have generated appropriate nutrition

______225 WB/DFID/Government of Japan and Rapid Social Response (2013). Improving nutrition through multisectoral approaches: Agriculture and Rural Development. 226 Roos N, Islam MM and Thilsted SH (2003). Small indigenous ﬁsh species in Bangladesh: contribution to vitamin A, calcium and iron intakes. Journal of Nutrition. 133:4021S -4026S.

messages for improving child feeding behaviour and food intake. Monitoring the BMS code is also central to scaling up IYCF activities. Strengthening biodiversity for healthy diets and nutrition: Indigenous foods and species are important to health besides having an important role in ecologically based production systems. In poor rural households in Kishoreganj, small indigenous fish species contributed 40% and 31% of the total recommended intakes of vitamin A and calcium, respectively.227 Darkina (Esomus danricus) a common local fish has a high content of heme iron, calcium as well as zinc and these fish are eaten with bones which makes it a ‘package source’ of micronutrients. Support for increasing the production of small fish and promoting its consumption needs scaling up. Innovative farmer techniques to improve productivity, efficiency and efficacy of the food production base should be systematically investigated. Appropriate choice of species including plant and animal biodiversity to diversify the nutrition base in the garden and traditional resource use need to be strengthened for sustainable diets. Promoting school feeding and nutrition gardens: Less than 65% of the approximately 20 million children of primary school age attend school and around 40% are hungry during their lessons. Good quality nutrition is critical for physical and intellectual development. The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education of the Government of Bangladesh is implementing a pilot programme to improve the school attendance and nutrition of children 5 to 11 years from vulnerable families in approximately 45 schools in the Dhaka and Mymensingh District. Central kitchen models are operational and are being considered for replication to other districts. Following up on previous DAE–FAO efforts, integrated initiatives on school gardening coupled with nutrition education and food supplements are being supported by a joint UN MDGF Programme in Monpura and Char Fasson Upazilas in Bhola District, and Bamna Upazila in Barguna District. Results show that nutrition knowledge among rural school students improved from 47.2% to 75%, while 120 schools established a school garden. Ensuring implementation of the BMS228 code: As part of IYCF policy development, BBF in collaboration with IPHN and UNICEF helped to establish for monitoring system for implementation of the BMS code229. BMS manufacturers, distributors, health professionals and general public have been violating the code either due to intentional or unintentional reasons, conflict of interest and/or lack of knowledge. Mothers are influenced by doctors, relatives, and BMS product advertisements that make claims of ensuring healthy growth of babies. Strict implementation of the BMS code is mandatory in addition to enhancing public awareness and alerting marketers about the implications of the BMS code. Revitalising the Baby Friendly Hospital (BFH) Initiative: To promote, protect and support breastfeeding is an activity being spearheaded by BBF and supported by the MoHFW. To date, 499 hospitals have been certified as ‘Baby Friendly’ and the Government has revitalized BFH activities in 63 hospitals. In 2012, BBF and IPHN conducted Training of Trainers and BFH training at 15 Medical College Hospitals and ______227 Roos N, Wahab A, Hossain MAR, Thilsted SH (2007). Linking human nutrition and fisheries: incorporating micronutrient dense, small indigenous species in carp polyculture production in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28 (2): s280 –S 293. 228 BMS code is a system of rules and regulations outlining the responsibilities in marketing breast milk substitutes (BMS) by the manufacturers and distributors of such products adopted by WHO in 1981. 229 BBF (2012). Report of the Pilot Project on BMS Code Monitoring.

BFH training at 3 Medical College Hospitals and 21 Upazilas health complexes. For the sustainability of BFH status of the hospitals, built-in monitoring and evaluation is required. Strengthening fortification initiatives and the National Fortification Alliance (NFA): Universal salt iodization is being pursued for the last two decades. Legal and organizational measures include: enactment of the Prevention of IDD Act in 1989, framing of the Prevention of IDD Regulation in 1993; constitution of national, district and sub district level salt committees; establishment of 8 zonal offices along with eight salt iodine testing laboratories and adoption of a National Salt Policy in 2011. A total of 267 salt mills have been equipped with salt iodization plants and 105 salt mills have their own laboratories. Vitamin A fortification of refined soybean oil is undertaken with private sector support. Micronutrient powders (MNPs) are also being promoted through retailer and grocery outlets at low cost. The BRAC community network in collaboration with MoHFW is disseminating messages to promote MNP usage in diets of 6 to 24 months old children to meet the need of micronutrients for this vulnerable period. Pilot rice fortification initiatives are underway, wherein milled rice is fortified with micronutrients. Inclusion of fortified rice in social safety nets is being explored by the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief in collaboration with relevant ministries and development partners to address micronutrient deficiencies. The NFA needs to be reactivated to provide strategic guidance and governance for national fortification programmes.

6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data Programme 11 aims to utilise up-to-date data and analyses to strengthen planning, monitoring and evaluation of nutrition interventions and policies, and corresponds to NFP PoA AoI 3.1. Improvement of statistics is essential for evidence-based decision making. The last two years have seen important new datasets made available. Data is collected according to established methodologies and criteria governing food and nutrition security and provides update on indicators and elements that serve as reference for monitoring food and nutrition policies.

6.2.1. Progress towards achievements Programme 11 of the CIP identiﬁes key interventions in updating national food composition tables, conducting food consumption and dietary assessments, validating dietary diversity methodologies and capacity strengthening in nutrition survey and analysis to facilitate evidence-based decision making. Table 25 shows the progress in relation to these interventions. Increased Behavioural Change Communication (BCC) eﬀorts The key to BCC is empowering the communities towards health and nutrition seeking behaviour. Bangladesh has been implementing health education as part of its health promotion and protection interventions since 1958 through networks articulated down to

the grass root level230.

Table 25: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 11 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source indicators Number of mass media Health Bulletin activities for behavioural na 635 575 685 2011, DG Health change communication Services Desirable dietary pattern BIRTAN/FPMU/ Research Research BIRDEM/FPMU/ na established and updated DGHS initiated ongoing NFPCSP/FPMU FCT on INFS/CARS/DU/ Food composition tables FCT work Research Updated FCT indigenous FPMU/NFPCSP – (FCT) updated ongoing initiated ongoing foods prepared FAO, INFOODS Food security and nutrition BDHS, NMSS, databases/ surveillance BDHS MICS; FSNSP HIES; FSNSP FSNSP, FPMU systems NHDSBD

The number of BCC activities has increased in recent years. The NNS is implementing mass media campaigns, social mobilization and BCC activities at the health facility and community clinic levels. The Operational Plan (OP) on Health Education and Promotion also implements health education under the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), as a precondition for successful health care delivery. The Bureau of Health Figure 31: Vision for national coverage on IYCF Education (BHE) under DGHS is implementing jointly with DGFP the OP for Information, Education and Communication (IEC/BCC) of the HPNSDP carrying out comprehensive Health Education Promotion to the target population at all levels. BCC tools like TV or radio spots, posters, leaﬂets and ﬂip charts address behaviors and generate demand for health, family planning and nutrition services. Source: Sanghvi T (2013). The Vision: Alive and Thrive, FHI 360. More recently eHealth tools have also been introduced. Billboards on health have been supplied to 114 Upazilas, indoor display boards have been supplied to 240 schools and 460 UHCs through the NNS. IYCF TV spots are being aired jointly with IYCF Alliance and some innovative strategies are initiated. BCC activities are also being implemented within the context of the National IYCF Communication Implementation Framework. As part of scaling up national coverage of IYCF communication, BRAC has been promoting community based approaches. The programmes are being implemented in partnership with NNS and development partners along with strong support of multimedia like journalism, press and TV spots that act as a plaorm for advocacy and lead to an improved national coverage (Figure 31). ______230 HPNSDP (2011 -2016). PIP, Vol 1, Planning Wing MoHFW, July 2011.

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Establishment of Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) Following up on previous estimates of desirable food intake,231 a Desirable Dietary Pattern and dietary guidelines for Bangladesh have been established by the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BIRDEM, in collaboration with FPMU and supported by NFPCSP–FAO. This is in line with NFP PoA AoI 3.1 ‘long term planning for balanced food.’ The DDP was based on an assessment of the adequacy of food and nutrient intake using the HIES 2010 household food consumption data. Energy requirements were estimated using FAO/WHO methodology,232 based on physical activity levels in rural and urban areas classiﬁed by age, sex, occupational status (including sedentary, moderate and heavy work) and physiological status (i.e, pregnancy and lactation). The recommendend dietary allowances for macronutrients and micronutrients are compiled based on FAO/WHO (2006) and ICMR 2010 recommendations233. Diet plans formulated identify types and quantities of foods with an emphasis on local food habits, food availability and biodiversity building upon the 2000 Dietary Guidelines produced by BNNC, MoHFW. The dietary pattern and dietary guidelines have been reviewed by and shared with stakeholders in MoF, MoHFW and related institutions.

Updated Bangladesh Food Composition Tables (FCT) Food composition tables (FCTs) are an essential tool for planning interventions in food security, nutrition and health. FCTs provide information on the nutrient composition of foods with specific reference to energy, nutrients (e.g. protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals) and other nutritionally significant food constituents (e.g. total dietary fibre, anti-nutrients, phytonutrients, etc). The Bangladesh FCTs have been updated and revised by INFS and CARS, Dhaka University with technical support from NFPCSP-FAO. A key foods approach was used to identify and prioritize the foods for primary nutrient analysis.234 Food consumption data from HIES 2010 was used to identify the key food list, for rationalizing the food consumption indicators and other normative nutrition standards. The nutrient values have been derived from chemical analyses performed in accredited analytical laboratories or have been compiled from secondary sources in compliance with the Global INFOODS Guidelines for which FAO serves as Secretariat.235 A robust methodology and quality assurance review was employed in the development of the Food Composition Data Base (FCDB) and the updated FCT. The nutrient composition of 381 foods representing 15 food groups including 20 key foods that represent 75% of the nutrient intake and 11 cooked recipes are included in the new food composition database and FCT. The nutrient composition of 75 ethnic foods that had been earlier analyzed236 was also considered in the update of the national FCT. This initiative has been the first of its kind in the country. The Bangladesh FCT is also part of its larger contribution to the South Asian

______231 BAN- HRDB, FPMU and MoHFW (2007). National Food Basket of Bangladesh 2007 -2012. 232 FAO/WHO (2004) Human energy requirements, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, Rome 17 -24 October 2001, Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series # 1. 233 Indian Council of Medical Research (2010). Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians. 234 Haytowitz et. al. (2002). The identiﬁcation of key foods for food composition research. J ournal of Food Composition Analysis, 15:2, 183- 194. 235 INFOODS (2003). The International Network of Food Data Systems (available at http:// www.fao.org/infoods). 236 Islam S.N., M.N.I. Khan, and M. Akhtaruzzaman (2010). A Food Composition database for Bangladesh with special reference to selected ethnic foods, INFS-NFPCSP-FAO, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC Food Bank) which is a member of the INFOODS Network.

Food security and nutrition databases/ surveillance systems Accurate, reliable and timely data are essential for the formulation of evidence-based interventions. Given the multidimensional nature of food insecurity and malnutrition, data from multiple sectors including agriculture, education, health, nutrition and others are required. A variety of national sources collect key food security and nutrition information on routine basis. These include national surveys and surveillance systems that generate food security and nutrition data on a periodic basis, as well as ad hoc surveys that provide speciﬁc food security and nutrition (micronutrient status) data that complement and validate the available information (Table 26).

Table 26: Sources of food security, health and nutrition data Government/ Source/Survey Data generated Periodicity Coverage partner Five years Income, expenditure, food consumption HIES (possibly changing National BBS and poverty to 3 years) Demographic, health and nutritional NIPORT, BDHS Three years National status of men, women and children MoHFW Diaggregated data on children and National/ women covering social indicators MICS Three years Sub BBS/ UNICEF (education, environment and child National protection) Food Security and Surveillance Food security and nutrition covering agro BRAC/ BBS/ Nutrition Surveillance system-3 National ecological regions HKI Program (FSNSP) rounds/year National Micronutrient intake , prevalence of ICDDR,B/ Micronutrient Survey micronutrient deﬁcencies in adult, Ad hoc National UNICEF (NMNS) adolescent and child population Nutrition Health and Demographic, food security and nutrition, Demographic Survey, fertility, mortality, morbidity, maternal Ad hoc National INFS/ USAID Bangladesh and child health, HIV/AIDS/STDs Tobacco use, prevalence of overweight, Non Communicable obesity, cardiovasular disease, MoHFW/ Ad hoc National Diseases Risk Survey hypertension, cancer, gout, physical WHO activity and food intake patterns Bangladesh Integrated Food security, nutrition, agricultural Rural Ad hoc IFPRI/ USAID Household Survey production and practices National Food Balance Sheets Agriculture and Food supplies Annual National FAO/ BBS

Preliminary reports or consolidated summaries of the surveys/surveillance are ﬁrst discussed in technical consultations and then shared through dissemination meetings where full reports and speciﬁc policy briefs are made available largely at national level to a wide range of users. The Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) serves as a proxy source for food consumption. The HIES 2010 has a module on food consumption covering a 2 week period that can be used to generate estimates on food consumption and to assess dietary and nutrient adequacies at household and individual levels. The BDHS serves as the national source for demographic, maternal and child health data, including anthropometric statuses

102 of women and children. The Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Project (FSNSP) building on the experience of the Nutrition Surveillance Project, began collecting in 2008 surveillance data on food security and nutrition situation for households, women and children, generated on a seasonal basis and disaggregated by sub national levels. Moreover, during the last two years three food and nutrition surveys have been released: the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey 2011/2012 by IFPRI; the National Micronutrient Status Survey (NMSS) 2011-2012; and the Nutrition, Health and Demographic Survey of Bangladesh (NHDSBD) 2011, by INFS, Dhaka University. The Integrated Household Survey 2011-2012 provides information representative of rural Bangladesh at national and regional level as well as for the Feed the Future (FTF) zones, covering in an integrated manner agricultural production, food consumption, child feeding practices, and other key issues related to food security and nutrition. Efforts are ongoing to promote harmonization of the methodologies used to identify and target food insecure and malnourished populations, notably in children under-5 years. To this end, the WHO cut off points help interpret the public health significance of undernutrition levels (Table 27).

Table 27: WHO categorization of the public health signiﬁcance of child undernutrition237 Current national Indicator Low Medium High Very high levels % Stunted < 20 20-29 30-39 ≥ 40 41 % Underweight < 10 10-19 20-29 ≥ 30 36 % Wasted < 5 5-9 10-14 ≥15 16 % Women of child bearing age 5- 9.9 10-19.9 20-39.9 ≥ 40 24.2 with BMI < 18.5 % LBW ≥ 15 22

6.2.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Actions in Programme 11 target the improvement of statistics and provide national and sub national data in support of decision making. The budget for Programme 11 increased by 29.4% from 17 million USD in 2010-11 to 22 million USD in 2011-12, accounting for 0.22% of the total CIP. Across its three subprogrammes, 5 projects are ongoing and one is in the pipeline as of 2011-12. One pipeline project of the year 2010-11 moved to ongoing in 2011- 12; one new project entered the pipeline; and three projects were completed up to 30 June 2012, costing about 0.3 million USD. The average project cost was 2.0 million USD in 2009- 10, which increased to 2.5 million USD in 2010-11 and then reduced to 2.4 million USD in 2011-12.

Collaboration on food security situational analysis under the IPC The Integrated Phase Classiﬁcation (IPC) Acute Scale Analysis was piloted, under FPMU leadership, with a multi-stakeholder Technical Working Group consisting of GoB and civil society representatives. IPC consolidates indicators on 9 inter-linked aspects: food consumption; livelihood change; nutritional status; mortality rate; food availability; food access; food utilization; food stability; and hazards and vulnerability. The IPC is not an

______237 WHO Expert Committee (1995) Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry, WHO Technical Report Series # 854, Geneva, WHO.

103 information system, but a situation analysis and assessment of the future. The IPC is seen as a precursor to a more fully ﬂedged Early Warning System, given its similarities with the Acute Future Projection, in terms of information on the potential severity, likelihood and timing of impending crises, and implications on livelihoods. The Nutrition and Food Security Clusters238 are also engaged in food security and nutrition mapping, analysis and capacity building during emergency and rehabilitation following disasters.

Development of food and nutrition security information systems Two initiatives have been implemented to strengthen and mainstream data management. First, FPMU, with support from the NFPCSP, developed a Beta Version of the FPMU Data Management System, as part of a larger Food Security and Nutrition Information System (FSNIS) that encompasses a website and a virtual library. Nutrition data incorporated into this database draws on the most recent FSNSP, BHDS and HIES results, data on food availability, markets and public distribution are drawn from BBS, DAE, DAM, MIS of DG Food and various other sources. Data can be entered or imported via data linkages with DAM, MISM and FSNSP, and has helped to automate production of FPMU’s daily, fortnightly and quarterly food reports. Development of the FPMU FSNIS will continue in 2013 and 2014. A second initiative in the health sector, under the mandate of the IPHN/NNS, seeks to create a nutrition information system (NIS). A Nutrition Information & Planning Unit (NIPU) is also in process of development with support from DFID, UNICEF, MI, WHO, FAO, HKI, Brac University, FHI and other organisations in an eﬀort to consolidate information from diverse sources for comprehensive nutrition situational analysis in Bangladesh.

National Strategy for the Development of Statistics (NSDS) BBS will introduce the NSDS to strengthen the National Statistical System (NSS) of Bangladesh. NSDS is a global concept which emerged in 2004 under PARIS 21 (Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century) to improve the performance of statistical systems of developing countries. The goal is for NSS to produce timely, reliable and accurate statistics for planning and development processes. The Statistical Development Strategy, has the aim of establishing statistical cells within relevant ministries/agencies; enhancing statistical capacity through human resource development and improving the data dissemination policy. NSDS is a holistic approach which will cover the entire NSS. It involves situation analysis, formulation of policies, time-bound and result-based action plans, monitoring and evaluation.

Institutionalize food security and nutrition surveillance FSNSP is now working towards a sustainable institutionalization plan to integrate surveillance into the activities of BBS, FPMU, NNS and related partners involved in food security and nutrition monitoring. Areas identified for institutionalization include: participatory governance mechanisms; mobilization of sustained finances; data collection and management capacity embedded in lead national agencies; analysis and timely reporting of results; and use of findings for policy and programming by government (including the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Food, NGOs, UN Agencies and development partners) and NGOs.

______238 Food Security Cluster is co-chaired by WFP and FAO; Nutrition Cluster is chaired by UNICEF.

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Needs for further action in this area include: Maximizing impacts on nutrition through programme formulation and monitoring: Explicit nutrition targets and indicators should be included in the formulation of new projects and should be regularly monitored during implementation, also for projects that are implementing nutrition sensitive actions. Monitoring impacts can contribute to demonstrate the benefits of mainstreaming nutrition in multi-sectoral interventions. In this connection, a mapping of nutrition actions has been initiated by HKI to review the range of interventions and consistency and harmonization of indicators. It is envisaged that the nutrition data and information will be included in the Health Information System database of DGHS and also shared with FSNIS in FPMU so as to feed into national level policy monitoring processes such as the NFP PoA and CIP monitoring. Promoting convergence among information systems: Given that nutrition and food security information is generated and used by multiple sectors, convergence, collaboration and coordination between different information systems should be seen as an important opportunity to better inform decision making. This is the case for example of the NIS in Nutrition Information Planning Unit (NIPU) and FSNIS in FPMU. Data sharing and, possibly, integration of the data repositories should be promoted to enhance data coverage and use. Institutionalizing food security and nutrition surveillance: Under the new National Strategy for the Development of Statistics (NSDS), the BBS budget has ear marked resources for nutritional surveillance. NSDS provides a framework to institutionalize the processes for consultation, negotiation, mediation, and consensus building on priority issues apart from improving the quality, coverage and use of core statistics required for national planning. FSNSP has commenced with the transition; the project components have shifted from the HKI to BRAC University and BBS as part of the local ownership process. Using evidence from research for promoting BCC programmes: Core BCC messages should be validated using science based guidance and a common understanding of the nutrition needs of the community. Studies on the desirable dietary pattern, complementary feeding manual and tested recipes, updated FCT with the macro and micronutrient content of the foods provide useful background to inform BCC programmes and nutrition education. Promoting the use of food based dietary guidelines to inform policies and actions: Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) should be used by a plurality of actors within multiple sectors, a working group on dietary guidelines’ implementation should be constituted. It should include key ministries (MoHFW, MoA, MoFLS, MoF, Ministry of Primary Education and Mass Communication), government agencies, academic institutions and private sector. The working group should define a timed plan for dissemination of the FBDGs to all relevant users.

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6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement Programme 12 aims to improve food safety and quality, including the national system for the assurance and surveillance of food safety and quality. It ﬁnances actions foreseen under NFP PoA AoIs 3.5 and 3.6 which aim to enhance access to safe and quality food supply for national consumption and international trade; and also to provide safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities for all. Programme 12 is articulated along the following three subprogrammes: (1) improve surveillance system of food-borne diseases; (2) develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and control of food; and (3) support the development of a modern food control management system.

6.3.1. Progress towards achievements Table 28: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 12 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Source No. of compulsory food items 58 64 64 12 BSTI, MoI standardized by BSTI Prevalence of diarrhoea in under-5 10% na na 5 % BDHS children (in two week period) Proportion of population served with 97% 98% 98% 98.4% DPHE safe water supply for domestic use Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water in arsenic na 86% 87% 88% DPHE aﬀected areas

Food safety activities are implemented under several line ministries given the multisectoral nature of food safety and its articulations along the food supply chain from ‘farm to fork’. For example, the department of Plant Protection under DAE of MoA is the focal point vested with responsibilities for activities covered under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) including the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Standards and Measures in Bangladesh; the Directorate of Food is responsible for supply of food stuffs and essential commodities to the consumers, assessing grain quality and standards and to align the draft Food Safety Policy with the disaster management/relief distribution system; the Institute of Public Health under DGHS, MoHFW is responsible for testing various food items including drinking water sold in the market for public consumption. BSTI,239 under Ministry of Industries deals with all government regulated standards and certification of food commodities and products and food fortification initiatives.

Certiﬁcation and food standards Consumers have been demanding legislative action to ensure that only safe food of acceptable quality be sold and that the risk of food borne health hazards be minimized. BSTI has approved 250 food related standards, both mandatory and voluntary. Of these 64 are under the mandatory certiﬁcation marks scheme covered by issuing statutory regulatory orders (SROs) under Clause 24 of the BSTI Ordinance 1985. The number of compulsory standardized food items increased from 58 in 2007/08 to 61 in 2008/09, 64 in 2009/10 and remained static at 64 in 2010/11 (Table 28). However, only 12 new food items have been standardized in 2011/12. Among the standardized products, many foods are still sold ______239 BSTI was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. The Ordinance has been amended as the BSTI (Amendment) Act, 2003.

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without standard bearing seals or with false seals due to weak enforcement. The slow progress in the certiﬁcation of foods is attributed to limited capacities in BSTI and compliance with stricter regulations. Beside safeguarding consumers and health, standardization and certifcation of foods also inﬂuence trade.

Prevention and control of diarrhoea The incidence of diarrhoea has declined over time but still persists as a major cause of infant mortality, morbidity and acute child malnutrition. It caused 2%of under-5 deaths during 2007-11 in Bangladesh. Greater mortality was averted by sustained use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) by about 77-78% of all children sick with diarrhoea since 2007240. There has been a decline in prevalence of diarrhoea from 10% in 2007 to 5% in 2011. The use of zinc along with ORS increased from 20% in 2007 to 34% in 2011 which could be one of the reasons for this achievement. On the other hand, FSNSP 2011 shows a different picture where the diarrhoea prevalence improved less markedly (from 14% in 2010 to 12% in 2011), though the difference can be partly due to seasonal factors241 242. Prevalence of diarrhoea is highest at the age of 6 to 23 months, a period when solid foods are first introduced into the child’s diet. This pattern is believed to be associated with increased exposure to illness as result of faulty complementary feeding, greater mobility of the child as well as the immature immune system of children in this age group.243 Very little data is available on the prevalence and severity of food-borne illnesses. Work is underway in setting up a national food-borne illness surveillance system with the Institute of Epidemiology and Disease Control Research (IEDCR) of the MoHFW under the purview of the Project, ‘Improving Food Safety in Bangladesh’, being implemented by the MoHFW with technical support from FAO and funding from the Government of the Netherlands. Hygienic practices play an important role in the prevention of diseases related to water and sanitation. An average of 65% of mortality caused by diarrheal diseases could be reduced if good hygiene practices are coupled with the provision of water and sanitation244. A gap between perception and practice of proper hand washing with soap was identified in a BRAC conducted study. At 2006 baseline, 8% reported to wash their hands with soap, which increased to 22% in 2010. The study also revealed that WASH interventions improved the water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Bangladesh; reduced diarrhoeal prevalence associated with lower number of faecal-colony forming bacteria on hands. Multivariate analysis showed that socio-economic factors including education of household head and respondent, water availability and access to media have strong positive association with hand washing with soap. The LGRD & C has taken initiatives to achieve the full coverage of hygiene and sanitation in collaboration with BRAC’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme to achieve the target set by the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs).

______240 Policy Briefs, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011, p.10. 241 The ﬁgures in diarrhoea prevalence vary between the BDHS, HFSNA and FSNSP surveys which could be attributed to seasonality factors. 242 State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh 2011. 243 Faruque ASG et. al. (2008). J Health Popul Nutr. 26(3): 325–339. 244 Rabbi S., and Dey N., (2013). Exploring the gap between hand washing knowledge and practices in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional comparative study, BMC Public Health, 13:89.

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Safe water supply Safe water supply is essential for maintaining good health and nutrition. The water supplied and used for households inﬂuences hygiene and therefore public health. Bangladesh attained almost universal coverage of safe water supply. The coverage was 75% in 2002 and reached 97% by 2007-08 and 98% in 2009-10. Recently (2011/12) DPHE estimated that the safe water supply for domestic use among households is 98.4%. Signiﬁcant health gains occur when water is available at household level for child-care, food preparation and other productive activities.

Access to safe drinking water in arsenic aﬀected areas Ninety per cent of the rural population relies on tube wells for drinking water and deaths from diarrhoea have dropped dramatically. The establishment of tube well facilities at the household level was a main achievement, but it led to the emergence of arsenic contamination as a new challenge. Arsenic has no taste, odour or colour, and poses only long-term health risks, unlike the immediate risks of diarrhoea. Accordingly, arsenic mitigation is being mainstreamed into broad water and sanitation programmes. Many of the shallow tube wells with arsenic contaminated water are now marked with red colours245 and access to safe drinking water in arsenic aﬀected areas has gradually increased to reach 88% of the population in 2012.

Consumption of unsafe foods Problems of food safety can arise at any point of the food chain, from production, manufacture, transport, storage, or processing to preparation and consumption. Globalization of the food trade, mass production and increase in the Box 6: Assessment of food safety using a total diet study complexity of the food chain has The concentration of heavy metals in foods varies further multiplied the risk of food depending on where food is grown and marketed. Rice contamination. Consumption of unsafe and vegetables grown in Rajshahi and Jessore have elevated concentration of arsenic (As) while rice and food is an important factor in vegetables grown in Savar, Hazaribagh and Mymensingh malnutrition, along with morbidity, had lower As levels. Males from over three-fourths of notably diarrhoea along with other poor and non-poor households have cadmium (Cd) intake permanent consequences for the above the MPL. Both poor and non-poor households have human body. Total diet studies can be high intake of As and lead (Pb) from diﬀerent foods. The dietary risk exposure calculations point to a risk of all used as part of food safety monitoring males of poor and non-poor households from As and Pb for chemicals in food. contamination. Mercury and antimony intake through diﬀerent foods consumed by males from both poor and Dietary risk exposures to heavy metals non-poor households are safely below Provisional and other elements can be used to Minimum Tolerable Intake (PMTI). In particular, the assess the safety of foods consumed. estimates of high dietary risk exposure to As and Pb have Recent research carried out by the INFS health implications, given that the Joint FAO/WHO Expert and supported by NFPCSP-FPMU Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2010 has withdrawn the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes assessed the heavy metals content of (PTWI) of As and Pb. 20 prioritised key foods. Among the Source: Islam, R. et al. (2013). Consumption of Unsafe Foods: Evidence key foods, three have been found to from Heavy Metal, Mineral and Trace Element Contamination, BAU (NFPCSP-FAO study) contain heavy metals beyond the safe ______245 UNICEF (2008). Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh; the red colour could enable the tube well users to visually know if the water is arsenic contaminated.

108 limit recommended by FAO/WHO. Tilapia fish (arsenic content: 1.486 ppm), milk (lead content: 0.04 ppm) and mango (lead content: 0.642 ppm) are unsafe considering the safe limits of 1 ppm arsenic in fish, and 0.02 ppm and 0.1 ppm of lead in milk and fruit, respectively246. Another research carried out by the Department of Soil Science of BAU247 and supported by NFPCSP-FPMU evaluated the dietary risk exposure to specific minerals, trace elements and heavy metals among poor and non-poor households of Dhaka city (Box 6).

6.3.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action Programme 12 has a budget of 43 million USD or 0.44% of the total CIP budget, allocated to 5 ongoing, 1 completed and 3 pipeline projects as of June 2012, which is about 6.5% below the level registered in 2010-11. During the last fiscal year 1 project was completed, no new projects initiated and the number of pipeline projects reduced from 4 to 3. The average size of the projects gradually decreased from 12.7 million USD in 2009-10 to 4.6 million USD in 2010-11 and to 4.7 million USD in 2011-12. Delivery under the programme was 22.4 million USD in 2011/12, almost double than in 2010-11. The FAO Food Safety Project with a budget of 12.5 million USD is incorporated under the operational plan of the National Nutrition Services of the MoHFW. It follows up on an earlier project technically supported by FAO and funded by the EU with a budget of 10 million USD over the period 2009-12. Food safety is now a major national priority with the government committed to establish a comprehensive, update legislation framework and implementing science-based approaches harmonized with international standards. The Prime Minister, in an inter-ministerial meeting in late 2012, instructed the Ministry of Food to elaborate a Food Safety Act since the Pure Food Law 1959 and its amendment in 2005 is out-dated, largely ineffective and requires major amendment. Under the provisions of the draft Act, an independent Bangladesh Food Safety Authority will be established and the National Food Safety Management Advisory Council will be reorganised with representation of all relevant ministries. In line with the priority activities identified in the CIP, a National Food Safety Laboratory (NFSL) has been set up with well resourced modern instrumentation, equipment and facilities with support from FAO and EU. Qualified and trained core analysts are required to run the laboratory. The FAO Food Safety Project is supporting the capacity development activities for the analysts of the NFSL as well as other food testing laboratories in the country. There is a strong need for collaboration between Ministries particularly the MoHFW and the Ministry of Food in this critical initiative. Recognizing that the NFSL alone cannot meet the food safety analysis needs of the nation, the FAO Food Safety Project is also setting up the Bangladesh Food Safety Laboratory Network for sharing scientific and technical information and promoting partnerships. Concomitantly, capacity development activities are being supported for food and sanitary inspectors to undertake risk-based inspection and proper sample collection. Collaboration with the private sector is also envisaged, building on the successful partnerships between the public laboratories and ______246 Shaheen, N., et al. (2013). Heavy Metals Content of Selected Key Foods in Bangladesh. Annual Meeting, Experimental Biology, Boston Convention and Exhibition Centre, Boston, April 20-24. 247 Islam R et. al. (2013). Consumption of unsafe foods: Evidence from heavy metal, mineral and trace element contamination in Bangladesh, Department of Soil Science, BAU, NFPCSP-FAO/FPMU supported Research Study.

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exporters that have resulted in a positive turn around for Bangladeshi fish and shrimp exports to EU. The PoA Area of Intervention 3.5 on safe drinking water and sanitation facilities available and accessible for all is yet to be met. The strategic planning for water supply and sanitation projects for all urban areas and installing piped water supply for the urban poor needs to be further geared up. Besides, there is need for increasing the number of improved tube wells in rural areas to minimize impacts of arsenic contamination, excessive iron and salinity. There is also need for introducing water quality monitoring and surveillance programmes as well as mass hygiene awareness campaigns including the importance of hand washing. Research and development on appropriate and affordable technologies for safe drinking water and improved sanitation, construction of sanitary latrines for every household and for every school, strengthening the capacity of the local authoritative bodies through training of the concerned officials, strengthening/developing urban solid waste management through improved water and sanitation services are needed. The PoA Area of Intervention 3.6 emphasised the enhanced access to safe and quality food, for domestic consumption and international trade. It covers activities including the strategic development framework at the national level and the need for a food control system to ensure nutritious, safe and wholesome food for consumers. The adoption of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) at the field level and food safety management systems (such as GHP, GMP and HACCP) from post-harvest to retail; the remodelling of concerned IEC/BCC programmes on food safety and safe food practices to target actors in the food chain from farm-to-table, women particularly at the household level and school children; supporting the development of national food standards on the basis of risk assessment studies and strengthening the National Codex Committee and the National Codex Contact Point located in the BSTI are important priorities for FAO in its support to national food safety efforts. Needs for further action in this area include: Activating CODEX focal point and ensure compliance to standards: There is need to support capacity development for the National Codex Committee and the National Codex Contact Point so that they can participate in standard setting activities, regional and international, of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. As the government is now actively responding to food safety as a national priority, there is need for strengthening food control agencies and systems to monitor compliance with regulations to protect consumer health. Additionally, issues related to international trade and the SPS and TBT Agreements of WTO should be addressed by relevant departments in collaboration with the CODEX focal point. Finalizing and enacting the new Food Safety Act, 2013: As mentioned above, the government in consultation with different ministries and stakeholders decided to enact a new Food Safety Act, 2013 under which a National Food Safety Management Advisory Council and an independent Bangladesh Food Safety Authority is being established to co-ordinate all functions related to food safety in the country. The National Food Safety Management Advisory Council will continue to be the apex policy making body on this issue. The Food Safety Act is being finalized and is expected to be placed soon before the Parliament for enactment. The approval and implementation of the Act will constitute a key step forward for improving food safety and food control in the country. This would need to be followed up with the development of the rules and regulations including measures for standards

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development and to align the various ministries and agencies involved in the new structure so that it incorporates all vital elements of food control. Seeking approval of the National Food Safety and Quality Policy and National Food Safety Emergency Response Plan: The draft National Food Safety and Quality Policy prepared by different concerned ministries and stakeholders is currently being reviewed, thereafter awaiting approval. This will need to be followed by the development of a Plan of Action. A National Food Safety Emergency Response Plan drafted by a multi-sectoral committee and facilitated by the (then) MoFDM and related ministries, also awaits approval. Given that food safety emergency responses are generally built on an effective food control system, there is need to collect and review experiences of food related outbreaks and incidents through food-borne illness surveillance and develop a profiling of the system to address food safety emergencies. This is an area of policy priority that is being followed up. Promoting effective utilization of national food safety testing facilities: As mentioned above, a state-of-the-art NFSL has been established at the Institute of Public Health under MoHFW. Support for building national food analysis at the NFSL is being provided by FAO with funding from the Government of Netherlands. The Institute of Food Science and Technology of BCSIR has also established a food safety laboratory with modern sophisticated instruments and equipment with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Technology. This laboratory has well trained food scientists and analysts. It is important to promote collaboration and coordination among all laboratories, and streamline their role within the food control system in order to maximize impact of the investments. A laboratory network is being established for this purpose. Scaling up safe and healthy street food vending: Healthy street food vending is gaining momentum. In particular, the urban workforce need convenient foods because of their individual household circumstances which may not permit them to prepare home cooked meals. A large part of the urban population in Bangladesh, particularly from the lower income groups, meets a subtantial part of its dietary and nutritional needs through meals and beverages offered by outdoor vendors. Institutionalization of safe and hygienic street food vending was initiated as part of NFP Strategy # 3.5, PoA AoI # 3.6 : Safe, quality food supply. Following up from an NFPCSP-FPMU supported pilot research on Street Foods248, MoHFW with support from the FAO Food Safety Project implemented a safe street food vending initiative in collaboration with the Khulna City Corporation. This initiative also set up clean and hygienic street food kitchens to support the modern food carts. Model healthy markets for the sale of fresh produce were established within existing markets in Khulna. A training manual for street food vendors and handlers on food hygiene is being used by the vendors and other participants.249 This model that has resulted in healthier, safer food in Khulna and higher vendor incomes, awaits extension and scaling up in other urban areas of the country.

______248 FPMU Food Security Policy Brief (2011). Safer Street Foods, NFPCSP-FAO/USAID/EU. 249 FAO (2012). Training Manual for Street Food Vendors on Food Hygiene.

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7. Food security and CIP ﬁnancing

The CIP tracks resources channelled through the Annual Development Programme to finance a comprehensive set of priority investments consistent with the NFP Plan of Action. Some financing has been committed already for completed and ongoing projects, which are recorded as “financed” within the CIP monitoring framework. Other financing requirements are yet to be committed, and are recorded as “pipeline” in the CIP monitoring framework. The pipeline is classified by the GoB into priority and non-priority funding in order to facilitate phased and sustained commitments. The CIP is articulated in 12 programmes and 40 subprogrammes that identify the priority investments required under the various Areas of Interventions (AoIs) of the PoA (see Annex 1) to address the issues targeted in the National Food Policy. The CIP “focuses on those investments that have a direct impact on food availability, access and nutrition, leaving out broader items for which other mechanisms are more adequate” (CIP 2011, Section 2 pg. 3). For example, not included in the CIP are donor contributions outside the ADP, private investments, and public sector current expenditure (such as direct transfers, fertilizer subsidies, food distribution and other safety nets) as well as on broader interventions, such as family planning and reshaping the education system. This chapter is organised as follows. Section 1 reviews budgetary allocations across key ministries and divisions involved in the NFP PoA implementation. This does not exactly show financing of the PoA, since other areas of the Government’s work are also financed from these budgets, but it does show the relative importance of key PoA partners in the country’s overall fiscal space. Section 2 provides background information for understanding the CIP tables presented, including discussion of the project data that has been monitored for this report and improvements made to the budgets of 2011 and 2012 (see Annex 3 for details). Section 3 discusses the financial situation of the CIP updated for 2013, and reports the overall budget; financed actions disaggregated by government and development partner contributions; total and priority pipeline; and delivery articulated by programmes and subprogrammes. The analysis of the CIP financial situation is followed by recommendations, focusing on trends and distribution of current financing, the gap still to be financed and delivery so far. Updated data on completed and ongoing projects are presented in Annex 3.4, and on pipeline projects in Annex 3.5.

7.1. Fiscal space for food security: budgets of key NFP partner ministries The NFP is a multi-ministerial policy, with 13 lead ministries and a multitude of other agencies expected to play key roles in its implementation. The budgets of these key ministries and divisions are spent mainly on PoA interventions, and partly on other objectives. Their total budget, however, can be taken as a measure of the ﬁscal space for food security and nutrition interventions. Table 29 shows that in 2011/12, key NFP partner ministries and divisions together spent 424 billion taka on PoA and non-PoA interventions out of the GoB’s total expenditure of 1,445 billion taka. This represents shrinkage of the ﬁscal space for food security and nutrition investments to its lowest share (29%) since the start of PoA implementation – and moreover the shrinking share is planned to continue to 27% in 2012/13. Although the nominal taka

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spending in 2011/12 by key partner ministries and divisions increased by 8%, this year-on- year increase was one of lowest and was outpaced by general inflation at 10.6%– which means the fiscal space shrank in real terms too. The planned budgetary increase of 11% in 2012/13 is larger than the inflation target of 7.5% announced in the 2013 Budget. The MoA, LGD and MoHFW together accounted for around 66% of spending in 2011/12 by NFP partner ministries and divisions, making them the three largest – and this share is planned to remain the same in 2012/13. Key NFP partner ministries and divisions revised their planned budgets for 2011/12 by between +31% and -8%. Of total GoB expenditure in 2011/12, 9% went to agriculture, 8% to rural development and 7% to social security and welfare – and these are planned to be 8%, 8% and 6% respectively in 2012/13. As cross-cutting and mainstreaming issues, gender and poverty are specific reporting items in BC-1 (Budget Circular 1), which in late-September is the first step in the strategic phase of the annual cycle before detailed budgets are prepared. The Ministry of Finance publishes a Gender Budget Report, which in the latest round included 25 ministries, and also reports budgets on antipoverty spending. Data from this reporting process shows there has been over four-fold increase in planned gender-spending over Figure 32: Public spending on anti-poverty the past six years by key NFP partner ministries and divisions, with gender-spending planned to account for half of their total spending in 2012/13. Box 7 reports more detailed information. Poverty spending follows the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper classification, and comprises projects directly benefiting and mostly-targeting Source: Ministry of Finance incomes and human capital of the poor, and also projects indirectly benefiting and not mostly-targeting the poor, but which are pro-growth, such as infrastructure, agriculture and institutional capacity. Figure 32 shows a declining trend in the share of total government spending on poverty, although the absolute amounts are steadily increasing. Between 2009/10 and 2010/11 the nominal increase was 19% and between 2010/11 and 2011/12 it was 11% - both of which exceeded inflation. Poverty spending is planned to increase by 19% to 97,440 crore taka in 2012/13.

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% of total exp total of %

8% 3% 6% 6%

revised revised Change FY12-13/ FY11-12 FY11-12 FY12-13/ Change

2% 5% -1% 16% 12% Planned budget Planned es, as well as es, well as as ti

1,693 ti % of total exp exp total of %

1% 10.8 -21% 1% 4% 58.3

al ti ini revised/ Change

-2% 8% 142.2 -6% 7%-8% 102.7 6% 93.3

11 (revised) 11 FY11-12 FY10- (revised)/ FY11-12 Change 7% NANA NA -2% NA 14% 19%

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93% Revised Budget Revised NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.5 52.6 6% 817.8 20% p://www.mof.gov.bd/en/) tt on 52.6 6% -4% 6% 62 18% 2% 7% 62.7 1% -10% 6% 76.2 21% -6% 6% 81.5 ti c and foreign debt, food account opera on programs/development programs ti ti l FYl 2012-13, includes MoFood alsothebudgetMoDM the of ons), non-development capital expenditure (e.g. acquisi ti ti MoA 61 domes (D), advances MoFLMoWRSubtotal agricultureLGDRDCDMCHTASubtotal rural development 80.6 5.1 70% 14.5 28% 10% 69.5 29% 10% -7% -5% 3% 60.7 97.3 -8% 1% 4.1 -8% 2% 4.7 21% 8% 25% 6 -9% 14.9 14% 13% 74.3 0% 18% 7% 2% 9% 0% 7% 0% -8% 64.1 98.2 8% 1% 2% 4.7 1% 1% 6% 1% 5.5 8% 16% 6.4 20% 1% 18.4 18% 84.6 18% 10% 5% 24% 7% -4% 14% 113.6 0% 24% -11% 76.5 1% 16% -3% 3.8 1% 2% 19% 4.3 18% 8% -19% 21.3 -4% 7.9 -22% 9% 104.9 -3% 16% 25% 8% 124.5 24% 9% 0% 4% -8% 10% 93.4 -4% 0% 6 2% 17% 22% 1% 9% 5.5 -3% 9% 22.6 120.1 59% 9.3 28% 127.5 -12% 8% 6% 18% -3% 20% 0% 103.9 1% -5% 8% 0% 11% 10.5 1% 2% 5.7 -5% 75% 28.9 9.5 7% 31% 3% 30% -3% 124.3 1% 1% 2% 1% 14% 11.1 0% 7% 39% 6.7 1% 20% 0% MoSWMoWCAMoFood/aMoDM/b Subtotal social security and welfare 45.1 60% 8 11% 11.1 26 6% 14% 67% 79% -1% 74 0% 21% 1% 64% 1% 3% 10.1 -8% 12.2 51.7 26% 9% 9% 99% 2% 66.5 -10% -9% -10% 1% 1% 6% -62% 12.6 12.1 41.8 7% 25% 0% -19% 98.9 -3% -10% -72% 49% 1% 1% 4% 8% 17.7 11.9 69.3 8% 40% -1% 66% 97.4 -8% -4% 15% 1% 1% 6% 19.5 12.4 11.0 10% 4% -5% 0% 1% 1% 20.6 13.1 1% 5% 1% 1% Subtotal healthnutri and Planned Expendituresinclude developmentexpenditures (expenditures underthe Annual Development Program (ADP)but also non-ADP MoHFW sub-total FOOD TOTAL SECURITY 247.8 25% generaemployment 6% Total GoB expenditure (development + development) non \b: MoDM established in FY 2012-13 FY in established MoDM \b: Source: Budget in Brief, MoF (h \a: un \a: alloca Table 29: Actual and planned expenditures (in billion (in Tk expenditures and planned Actual 29: Table 115 Box 7: Planned gender spending by key NFP partner ministries and divisions In 2011/12 key NFP partner ministries and divisions planned to spend 216 billion taka on gender-related interventions. This is set to rise to 233 billion taka in 2012/13, thereby continuing the upward trend since the start of PoA implementation. LGD, MoDM, MoHFW and MoA accounted for over 75% of planned gender-spending by key NFP partner ministries and divisions in 2011/12 and 2012/13.

Planned budget spending on gender in billion taka 250

200

150

100 Billion taka

0 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 MoA MoFL MoWR LGD RDCD MCHTA MoSW MoWCA MoFood/a MoDM/b MoHFW Source: CIP 2013

The Government publishes revised budgets, but not for gender-spending. As a share of the revised budget by partner ministries and divisions, planned gender-spending increased from nearly 30% in 2006/7 to nearly 51% in 2011/12 and 50% in 2012/13 – see the blue bars in the chart below. Planned gender- spending as a share of revised sectoral spending was largest for social security and welfare (70%) and rural development (57%) in 2011/12 – and these ﬁgures are 65% and 51% respectively in 2012/13. These represent substantial increases since the start of PoA implementation – see lines in chart below.

Proportion of budget spending on gender by key NFP ministries and divisions 80%

60%

40% on of of on budget ti

20% Propor

0% 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 Spending on Gender Agriculture Rural development Social security and welfare Health and nutrition Source: CIP 2013

116 7.2 CIP financing The CIP budget aggregates a large number of ADP projects into 12 programmes and 40 subprogrammes of investments towards the PoA. For each project, its status (completed, ongoing or pipeline), start date, end date, cost (total, GoB and DP) and annual delivery is recorded. All these characteristics, except project start dates, can change from year to year as a result of changes in project management, and therefore require annual monitoring. The 2013 version of the CIP financial status (Table 30 and Table 31) includes the annual update for the latest fiscal year for which data is available (2011/12) and also through backward revisions for the previous two fiscal years. Annex 3 explains in detail the changes made. Backward revision was necessary because the CIP financial data are collated project by project across all relevant government agencies and development partners using specialised formats. Information collated in this way are then cross-checked against previous CIP records and published information from ADP planning and reporting documents (usually published between March and April) at individual project level, with numerous inconsistencies detected and resolved by re-verifying data with the original source. The necessity for backward revision of the CIP financial data may remain in future until a centralised project management system is made accessible in ways that allow it to be tailored for monitoring multi-sectoral investment programmes – similar to what is done currently for public expenditure on poverty and gender. The CIP project inventory was updated by including newly started projects, and by tracking changes in status of other projects (pipeline, ongoing, completed, or a few projects excluded from the CIP upon reconsideration) – and as part of backward revision, this was done for each year following the start of the CIP. Particular attention was made to avoid double-counting of projects involving – and therefore reported – by more than one agency. A second step to update the project inventory was to prioritise the pipeline. The pipeline consists of projects whose funding still needs to be secured and projects for which funds have already been pledged but implementation has not yet started. In other words, the pipeline includes both project ideas looking for a sponsor and projects that have already secured financing but are still completing the formulation stage. The pipeline was recalculated maintaining the criteria for prioritization applied in 2010-11, as determined in a participatory manner during extensive consultations. These criteria are applied at the level of subprogramme (not individual projects) as follows: - TOP priority: 90% of the financial requirement prioritized; - HIGH priority: 70% of the financial requirement prioritized; - MEDIUM priority: 50% of the financial requirement prioritized; - LOWER priority: 40% of the financial requirement prioritized; - These criteria were applied by subprogramme to pipeline projects. Where required, the exchange rate used was 69.5 taka per USD, the rate used at the start of the CIP, thus allowing comparisons. Other currencies were converted to USD using the rate at the time of disbursement, or the rate provided by the respective DP. Further details are in Annex 3.

117

The CIP investment window runs from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015. The cost of projects that started before the investment window, or will end after the investment window, entered the CIP on a pro-rata basis according to their project durations250. The revised financial data in this monitoring report include backward revised data for the CIP 2011, the CIP 2012, and the CIP 2013, the latter including the most recent financial data. As a result: - CIP 2011 refers to projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 using (revised) data as of June 2010. - CIP 2012 refers to projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 using (revised) data as of June 2011. - CIP 2013 refers to projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 using (newly collected) data as of June 2012. An inevitable consequence of backward revision of the database is that financial aggregates published in the previous two monitoring reports have been revised too. Revised tables are published in this report, along with updates for 2011/12.

7.3 CIP 2013 budget As shown in Table 30, the CIP 2013 totals 9.8 billion USD, of which 6.2 billion USD is completed or ongoing, and 3.6 billion USD is in the pipeline of which 2.5 billion is marked as priority. Availability accounts for 56% of the value of ﬁnanced projects and 65% of the value of pipeline projects – the respective ﬁgures of access are 39% and 33%, and for utilisation 6% and 2%, respectively. The GoB has invested into the CIP 1.65 dollars for every dollar invested by DPs, but interestingly for availability this ratio is 2, for access it is 1.62 and for utilisation it is just 0.26. For several years nutrition has been riding high in global development priorities, and has gained concrete recognition amongst policy makers in Bangladesh especially in the recent two years. Priority projects make up 70% of the pipeline, and of total priority projects, 68% is for availability, 29% for access and 3% for utilisation.

Table 30: Summary of CIP 2013 budget (as of June 2012, in million USD) Total Financed (ongoing and completed) Pipeline projects CIP programme CIP GoB DPs Total Total Priority A=D+E B C D E F Availability 5,790 2,306 1,153 3,459 2,331 1,712 Access 3,560 1,482 913 2,395 1,165 728 Utilization 428 70 272 342 86 64 Total 9,777 3,859 2,338 6,196 3,581 2,505 CIP 2013: changes year-on-year and against baseline Table 31 compares the CIP budget 2013 with CIP budget 2012 to show the year-on-year change, and against the CIP budget 2011 to show changes against the baseline.

______250 For example, a project with 20% of its duration overlapping the CIP window was taken to contribute 20% of its project cost to the CIP.

118

F 64 728 1,712 1,712 2,505 Priority Priority E 86 Total 2,331 2,331 1,165 3,581 Pipeline projects Pipeline

D 342 Total 3,459 3,459 2,395 6,196 C DPs DPs 913 272 1,153 1,153 2,338 CIP 2013 completed) completed) B 70 GoB 2,306 2,306 1,482 3,859 Financed (ongoing (ongoing and Financed 43 4 12 15 27 14 65 0 17 47 33 22 6 6 15 9 3 CIP 207 26 42 139 68 95 374 145 33 196 178 133 451 144 30 276 175 199 363 60 52 311 251 47 428 Total 1,272 466 1,272 238 1,034 568 181 1,989 1,433 1,433 1,989 264 1,697 292 200 871 1,772 603 1,169 298 315 2,124 395 2,124 1,069 762 1,055 660 1,097 307 1,097 154 461 635 523 5,790 5,790 3,560 9,777 A=D+E A=D+E

F 712 125 1,728 1,728 2,565 Priority Priority E 154 Total 2,353 2,353 1,162 3,669 Pipeline projects projects Pipeline D 235 Total 2,219 2,219 2,030 4,484

C DPs DPs 454 702 198 CIP 2012 1,354 1,354 completed) completed) B 38 Financed (ongoing (ongoing and Financed GoB 1,764 1,764 1,328 3,130 46 4 12 15 30 16 30 15 12 46 4 91 0 14 14 77 54 77 14 14 91 0 17 2 6 8 11 3 CIP 192 25 38 129 63 90 916 173 75 248 668 543 668 173 75 248 916 148 216 122 29 151 367 88 126 135 135 - 261 327 32 178 209 117 106 117 209 178 327 32 389 Total 1,129 404 1,129 412 816 314 234 1,990 1,303 262 1,303 426 1,564 1,990 292 788 1,711 646 276 1,065 336 1,106 141 51 193 913 655 913 141 51 193 1,106 4,571 4,571 3,192 8,153 A=D+E A=D+E USD) million (in

F 959 557 1,877 1,877 3,393 Priority Priority E 707 Total 2,738 2,738 1,477 4,922 Pipeline projects projects Pipeline

D 95 Total 1,443 1,443 1,330 2,868 C 82 DPs DPs 395 524 CIP 2011 1,002 1,002 Financed (ongoing) Financed B 12 806 GoB 1,047 1,047 1,866 22 1 0 1 21 13 CIP 686 60 76 136 551 404 470 100 29 129 342 219 63 - 63 305 220 368 610 332 19 351 259 197 190 1 12 13 178 91 802 112 0 10 10 102 71 Total 4,180 4,180 2,807 7,790 A=D+E A=D+E on 590 11 71 11 81 508 454 590 on ed ti ﬁ on ti on and and on ti lity on ti ti ve safety nets 1,009 303 312 615 394 287 ti CIP programmeCIP

ons liza ec ti ti ﬀ Availability Access U Total Sustainable and diversi agriculture Improved quality of input and soil fer aquaculture and Fisheries development Implementa monitoring of NFP and CIP ac Enhanced PublicFood Management Systems Orient foodOrient and nutri Food safety and quality improvement program through data Table 31: CIP Budget 2013 and revised Budget 2011 and 2012

1 1,653 533 management 233 water 2 Improved 766 887 3 632 development 40 21 61 699 426 760 4 Livestock 5 6 access to markets Improved 1,318 7 439 202 8 641 9 E 677 380 10 Community based nutri 11 12

119 The main findings are: CIP budget increased by 1,624 million USD between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012, with a total increase of 1,987 million USD between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012; Financed CIP budget (ongoing and completed projects) increased by 1,712 million USD between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 to 6,196 million USD, resulting in a total increase of 3,328 million USD between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012. The increase recorded in 2013 (1,712 million USD) is slightly above the increase recorded in 2012 (1,616 million USD); The financial gap (pipeline projects awaiting finance) decreased by 88 million USD between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012, leaving 3,581 million USD in the pipeline; however, the financial gap decreased by a much more substantial 1,341 million USD between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012. It is important to highlight that the slow decline in pipeline is not due to a slow movement of projects from pipeline to financing, but rather to the formulation of new projects added to the pipeline that almost equated the value of those that moved out of the pipeline - the pipeline is discussed in more detail below; Prioritized finance gap decreased by 61 million USD between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012; and by a total of 889 million USD between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012. Figure 33 compares the total budget - distinguishing between the financed portion and gap to be financed - in the CIP 2011, 2012 and 2013, disaggregating by availability, access and utilisation. The total CIP budget 2013 increased relative to both 2012 and 2011 for availability and access, while for utilization the budget increased relative to 2012 but reduced compared to the baseline. This is mainly the result of the substantial decrease in the gap to be financed (pipeline) registered between the 2011 and Figure 33: CIP 2011, 2012 and 2013 by NFP objective 2012 budgets. The financed 6,000 Gap portion of the CIP budget Financed increased for all three pillars of the 4,000 NFP. The financial gap (pipeline) 2,000 shrank for all three pillars but, as Million USD noted above, most markedly for - on on utilisation. While in all pillars on ti ti ti Access Access Access liza liza financing has been substantially liza ti ti ti U U U Availability Availability scaled-up, under the utilization Availability pillar there has been only limited 2011 2012 2013 formulation of new pipeline Source: CIP 2013 projects.

Changes in the ﬁnanced part of the CIP Table 32 provides more details on the changes observed in the ﬁnanced part of the CIP. The total costs of projects completed between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012, with pro-rata costs for projects starting before 1 July 2010 (CIP start), added to the total cost of projects

120 j and 247.0 247.0 3,329 Total Total nancing 2,017.0 2,017.0 1,065.0 CIP 2011 CIP 2013 between between fi increase in in increase 15.0 2.0 2.0 15.0 342.0 342.0 6,197 i=e+h 3,459.0 3,459.0 2,395.0 CIP 2013 CIP 2013 Financed budget in (0) 366.0 366.0 107.0 1,713 Total Total h=f+g h=f+g 1,241.0 1,241.0 FY 2012 FY 2012 change in in change g 189.7 189.7 107.5 1,509 Newly 1,211.7 1,211.7 FY 2012 FY 2012 nanced in fi f 205 28.9 cost cost (0.8) 176.7 176.7 Project Project FY 2012 FY 2012 changes in in changes 192.7 0.9 861.4 862.0 1,055.0 704.0 704.0 0.9 192.7 1,055.0 861.4 862.0 235.2 235.2 4,483 e=a+d e=a+d 2,218.6 2,218.6 2,029.6 CIP 2012 CIP 2012 Financed budget in 775.9 775.9 699.5 140.2 1,616 Total Total d=b+c (158.4) (158.4) FY 2011 FY 2011 change in in change c in 2.2 2.1 63.0 63.0 0.2 2.1 2.2 4.9 5.0 68.0 7.0 45.3 45.3 128.0 127.8 127.8 128.0 209.1 0.0 102.2 102.0 311.0 230.0 841.8 841.8 665.5 139.5 1,647 nanced Newly Newly FY 2011 FY 2011 fi

b 0.8 (31) (31) 34.0 (0.2) (0.2) cost cost (65.8) (203.7) (203.7) Project FY 2011 FY 2011 changes in in changes a 94.9 2,868 2,868 1,442.7 1,442.7 1,330.1 CIP 2011 2011 CIP Financed budget in ons 10.2 4.1 - 4.1 14.2 - 3.7 4.0 18.0 8.0 ti lity 351.1 351.1 lity ti on of financed CIP budget (in million USD) million (in budget on of financed CIP ti on 81.4 ed agriculture agriculture ed 135.6 1.4 110.9 112.3 247.9 28.4 185.0 213.0 461.0 326.0 ti ﬁ on program through through program on data 0.6 1.0 9.1 10.1 10.7 (0.8) 5.3 5.0 15.0 15.0 ti CIP programme on and monitoring of NFP and CIP ac ti on ti ve safety nets 615.4 2.5 197.3 199.8 815.2 160.0 59.2 219.0 1,034.0 419.0 ti Table 32: Evolu 32: Table liza ec ti ﬀ Availability Access U Total 2 Improved water management management 1 water Sustainable and diversi 2 Improved development aquaculture 3 and Improved quality of input and soil fer 4 Fisheries development Livestock 5 markets to 128.8 access 766.2 6 Improved 3.0 133.6 7 Implementa 664.4 18.9 8 Systems Management Food Public Enhanced 798.0 21.9 9 E 1,564.2 150.7 (0.6) 641.3 61.0 (0.0) 27.4 63.3 133.2 396.0 27.2 133.0 423.4 - 1,697.0 1,064.7 27.0 931.0 16.6 178.0 72.2 49.0 87.6 72.2 104.0 1,169.0 135.5 528.0 (0.0) 39.3 39.0 175.0 111.0 10 Community based nutri 11 Orient food and nutri 12 improvement and quality safety Food 12.9 - 2.4 2.4 15.3 (0.0) -

121 ongoing between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012, with pro-rata costs for projects continuing beyond 30 June 2015 (CIP end), gives the total financed CIP. In two years, an additional 3.3 billion USD was financed, bringing the total to 6.2 billion USD, of which 3.5 billion USD went to availability, 2.4 billion USD to access and 0.3 billion USD to utilisation. This represents a rising share in the total for availability from 50% to 56%, declining share for access from 46% to 39% and rising share for utilisation from 3% to 6%. Of the 3.3 billion USD increase, 97% was due to new projects and the rest to budgetary revisions of ongoing projects. It can be noticed that the additional financing mobilized is quite similar over the two years.

Number of projects in the CIP as of June 2012 Table 33 shows the decomposition by pillars and programs of the 434 projects completed or ongoing or in the pipeline in the CIP by 30 June 2012. The number of financed projects increased significantly from 159 in CIP 2011, to 242 in CIP 2012, and to 307 in CIP 2013. Conversely, a decline is observed in the number of pipeline projects from 257 in CIP 2011, to 152 in CIP 2012 and to 127 in CIP 2013. The increase of 148 financed projects exceeds the decline of 130 pipeline projects, suggesting that projects have been financed under the CIP in addition to the identified pipeline. In particular: 1. Projects considered of particular relevance can be “fast tracked”, that is to say, be financed without having previously been in pipeline; 2. Projects in pipeline can be reconsidered and so aggregated with others or cancelled to give space to other proposals. This has been particularly the case when moving from CIP 2011 to CIP 2012, as the ideas for interventions identified in a very preliminary manner as part of the CIP have only gradually later on entered the formal planning process.

Table 33: Number of CIP projects– ongoing/completed and pipeline by programme CIP 2011 CIP 2012 CIP 2013 CIP programme Ongoing / Ongoing / Ongoing / Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline completed completed completed 1 Sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture 27 63 51 34 67 27 2 Improved water management 31 29 49 18 54 15 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 16 20 19 13 26 14 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 17 20 21 19 27 16 5 Livestock development 12 22 13 9 16 10 Availability 103 154 153 93 190 82 6 Improved access to markets 20 29 31 13 36 16 7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 3 6 3 6 5 3 8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 3 18 5 11 7 6 9 Eﬀective safety nets 19 15 24 12 29 10 Access 45 68 63 42 77 35 10 Community based nutrition 4 16 14 12 26 6 11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 3 8 6 1 8 1 12 Food safety and quality improvement 4 11 6 4 6 3 Utilization 11 35 26 17 40 10 Total 159 257 242 152 307 127

Table 34 shows that the average size of completed and ongoing projects increased under availability, access and utilisation, and overall increased from 18 million USD to 21 million USD. Completed and ongoing access projects are larger than the average CIP project at 32 million USD - the respective figures for availability and utilisation are 19 million USD and 10 million USD. Average size of pipeline projects are markedly larger for availability and access,

122 but smaller for utilisation in 2013. The largest increase in average size of ongoing projects is registered between 2012 and 2013 under programme 3, mainly as result of the shift from pipeline to ongoing of a large fertilizer production project. Amongst pipeline projects, the largest increase is recorded under programme 8 mainly as an eﬀect of the formulation of a new project for construction of additional food storage capacity awaiting approval for funding from the World Bank.

Table 34: Average CIP project budget– ongoing/completed and pipeline by programme

CIP 2011 CIP 2012 CIP 2013 CIP programme Ongoing / Ongoing / Ongoing / Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline completed completed completed 1 Sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture 5.0 8.7 4.9 26.0 7.7 30.4 2 Improved water management 24.7 30.6 32.5 24.9 32.0 21.0 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 21.9 13.0 10.6 70.4 40.9 77.8 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 7.6 17.1 7.2 17.7 6.6 19.6 5 Livestock development 5.1 31.8 4.8 14.4 4.3 13.9 Availability 14.0 17.8 14.8 29.2 18.7 32.6 6 Improved access to markets 32.1 23.3 35.0 64.6 33.1 51.1 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP 7 3.4 16.9 4.7 12.9 3.6 15.8 actions 8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 21.1 16.9 27.1 12.7 25.0 71.6 9 Eﬀective safety nets 32.4 26.2 34.0 29.5 37.0 24.6 Access 29.6 21.7 32.5 33.6 31.9 44.0 10 Community based nutrition 20.3 31.8 17.0 11.1 14.1 8.7 11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 0.2 2.6 2.1 6.5 2.3 6.5 12 Food safety and quality improvement 3.2 16.1 2.6 7.6 2.5 9.1 Utilization 8.6 20.2 10.2 10.0 10.0 8.6 Total 18.0 19.2 18.9 28.3 20.9 33.9

Managing many small projects in a large investment portfolio requires greater project management, implementation and monitoring capacities than a few large projects in a small investment portfolio, at least at central government level, Figure 34 Figure 34: Average project size versus porolio size, plots each programme’s average by programme 1800 project size against its investment in 2 the CIP, with the vertical line marking 1600 1400 the average project size in the whole 6 1200 CIP and the horizontal line marking 3 9 the CIP budget divided by 12, the 1000 olio size, million USD average portfolio size. In the top right 800 600 quadrant, programmes 2, 3, 6 and 9 1 400 0 5 1010 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 have larger portfolios composed of 8 Investment por Investment 4 200 larger projects, whilst in the bottom 11 12 5 7 0 left quadrant, programmes 1, 4, 5, 7, Average project size, million USD 10, 11 and 12 have smaller portfolios Source: CIP 2013 composed of smaller project sizes.

Changes in the CIP pipeline (gap to be financed) Table 35 shows the changes in total gap and prioritized gap by programme (details of the prioritisation criteria are in Section 7.2). The financing gap decreased by 27% and the prioritized gap decreased by 26% - with the greatest decrease in the utilisation pillar at 88%. The presence of a large pipeline should not be seen as a sign of difficulty when the number

123 and value of financed projects are increasing. Indeed, this can be interpreted as a sign of positive dynamics of formulation of new initiatives waiting for financing. In other words, the large pipeline in presence of increasing financing can be interpreted as a sign that the CIP is indeed working as a “living document” as originally conceived (CIP, 2011, pp. 5 and 8). On the contrary, a stagnating pipeline in the presence of significant financing can be interpreted as lack of new initiatives, where areas of interventions remain unfinished. With this in mind, the utilisation pipeline could be reviewed to see if there is need to replenish it as it has declined from 707 million USD to 86 million USD, although such a review would need to pay explicit consideration to any potential capacity constraints to implementation. More modest reductions in the pipeline occurred for availability and access pillars, at 15% and 21% respectively. Worth noticing is that most of the reduction occurred during the first year of the CIP; the reduction of pipeline projects for availability was greater for non-priority projects; and within a declining overall pipeline for availability, the pipeline increased for subprogrammes 1 and 3 (the only subprogrammes with increases).

Table 35: Changes in CIP pipeline, total and priority projects Change from Change from Change from Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline CIP2011 to CIP 2012 to CIP 2011 to CIP CIP programme CIP 2011 CIP 2012 CIP 2013 CIP2012 CIP 2013 2013 Total Priority Total Priority Total Priority Total Priority Total Priority Total Priority Sustainable and diversiﬁed 1 551 404 21% 34% 668 543 -5% -4% 635 523 15% 29% agriculture 2 Improved water management 887 632 -52% -54% 426 292 -32% -31% 292 200 -67% -68% Improved quality of input and 3 259 197 252% 233% 913 655 17% 16% 1,069 762 312% 287% soil fertility Fisheries and aquaculture 4 342 219 -37% -32% 216 148 -10% -10% 196 133 -43% -39% development 5 Livestock development 699 426 -82% -79% 129 90 8% 5% 139 95 -80% -78% Availability 2,738 1,877 -14% -8% 2,353 1,728 -1% -1% 2,331 1,712 -15% -9% 6 Improved access to markets 677 380 -5% -12% 646 336 -7% -6% 603 315 -11% -17% Implementation and monitoring 7 102 71 -24% -24% 77 54 -38% -38% 47 33 -53% -53% of NFP and CIP actions Enhanced Public Food 8 305 220 -59% -60% 126 88 120% 126% 276 199 -9% -10% Management Systems 9 Eﬀective safety nets 394 287 -20% -18% 314 234 -24% -23% 238 181 -40% -37% Access 1,477 959 -21% -26% 1,162 712 0% 2% 1,165 728 -21% -24% 10 Community based nutrition 508 454 -77% -77% 117 106 -56% -56% 52 47 -90% -90% Orient food and nutrition 11 21 13 -69% -75% 6 3 0% 0% 6 3 -69% -75% program through data Food safety and quality 12 178 91 -83% -82% 30 16 -10% -13% 27 14 -85% -85% improvement Utilization 707 557 -78% -78% 154 125 -44% -49% 86 64 -88% -89% Total 4,922 3,393 -25% -24% 3,669 2,565 -2% -2% 3,581 2,505 -27% -26%

CIP delivery between July 2010 and June 2012 CIP delivery refers to actual rather than budgeted expenditures. Usually expenditures are unequally spaced throughout a project’s life, and actual project expenditures can differ from budgeted costs. Table 36 shows increased delivery from 750 million USD to 913 million USD, making a cumulative delivery of 1,662 million USD out of the 6,196 million USD financed. This indicates 27% delivery in 40% of elapsed time (two of the five years of the CIP). Access component had a larger year-on-year increase as compared to availability – and then utilisation. Programme 3 (improved quality of input and soil fertility) and programme 10 (community-based nutrition) had large year-on-year increases in delivery, by 66% and 100% respectively. The GoB’s share in total delivery dropped from 63% in CIP 2012 to 57% in CIP

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2013 – giving a share of 60% of the cumulative delivery against a share of 62% on ﬁnance budget.

Table 36: Year-on-year and cumulative delivery (million USD) Delivery in FY2010/11 Delivery in FY 2011/12 Cumulative Delivery CIP programme GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total 1 Sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture 36.9 15.0 51.9 48.0 20.4 68.4 84.9 35.4 120.3 2 Improved water management 125.2 28.6 153.8 118.1 31.3 149.4 243.3 59.9 303.2 Improved quality of input and soil 3 48.0 7.4 55.4 26.5 88.5 115.0 74.6 95.9 170.5 fertility Fisheries and aquaculture 4 32.7 3.8 36.5 27.6 7.8 35.4 60.4 11.6 72.0 development 5 Livestock development 6.9 13.7 20.6 7.9 10.3 18.2 14.7 24.1 38.8 Availability 250 69 318 228 158 386 478 227 705 6 Improved access to markets 132.9 113.2 246.0 136.0 80.3 216.3 268.9 193.5 462.4 Implementation and monitoring of 7 0.0 3.3 3.3 - 3.3 3.3 0.0 6.5 6.5 NFP and CIP actions Enhanced Public Food Management 8 29.2 - 29.2 32.2 - 32.2 61.3 - 61.3 Systems 9 Eﬀective safety nets 57.4 83.8 141.2 117.7 134.4 252.2 175.2 218.2 393.4 Access 220 200 420 286 218 504 505 418 924 10 Community based nutrition 2.8 6.9 9.7 2.4 13.6 16.1 5.2 20.6 25.8 Orient food and nutrition program 11 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.6 1.8 through data 12 Food safety and quality improvement 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 4.5 5.5 1.1 5.2 6.3 Utilization 3 8 12 4 19 22 7 27 34 Total 472 277 750 518 395 913 990 672 1,662

Comparing cumulative expenditure Figure 35: Delivery versus additional financing and additional financing since the start of the CIP, Figure 35 shows that additional resources made available are significantly above the resources utilized. This highlights a need to accelerate implementation and to scale up delivery capacity. Delivery relative to additional resources is smallest in utilisation.

Source: CIP 2013

Development Partners’ contribution to the CIP Monitoring of DP contributions allows identiﬁcation of their ongoing and future commitments in the 12 areas of the CIP. Data collected from DPs on their ongoing and completed commitments should tally with the GoB’s report of DP’s ongoing and completed contributions. Considering the scale of the CIP and its complexity across many ministries, the two totals do tally relatively closely with just a +292 million USD discrepancy in a 9.8 billion USD investment portfolio – and this acts as an important quality assurance for this

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monitoring exercise. Reasons for the discrepancy include diﬀerences in classifying statuses of projects, exchange rates applied, and the elements included in project costs. DP monitoring is also important for keeping track of their near funding intentions, and their contributions outside the ADP. Similarly to what was done for data from the GoB, the DP data reported in CIP 2011 and CIP 2012 was backward revised for some inconsistencies and omissions to allow valid comparisons through time. There are 258 completed, ongoing and pipeline projects in the DP database as of 30 June 2012.

ADP projects Annex 3.6a shows the ﬁnancing reported by DPs through the ADP in projects that are ongoing or have been completed since the beginning of the CIP. The total contribution by DPs to the CIP is 2.6 billion USD, of which 55% went to the availability pillar, 37% to the access pillar and 8% to the utilisation pillar. China, DFID, World Bank, ADB, JICA and EU were large contributors, greater than 100 million USD – with important diﬀerences in the allocation of their investments. For example, China’s contribution of 560 million USD is entirely in programme 3; and of these six DPs, utilisation is a large share of only the EU’s investment portfolio (see Table 37).

Table 37: Financing structure of DPs contributing more than 100 M USD through the ADP World CIP programme China DFID ADB JICA EU Bank 1. Sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture 21% 16% 9% 2%

2. Improved water management 22% 21% 23%

3. Improved quality of input and soil fertility 100% 8% 8% 12%

Availability 4. Fisheries and aquaculture development 0% 5. Livestock development 18% 4% 2% 1% 0% sub total Availability 100% 39% 52% 40% 24% 14% 6. Improved access to markets 7% 60% 69%

7. Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 0% 2%

Access 8. Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 7% 9. Eﬀective safety nets 29% 48% 43%

sub total Access 37% 48% 60% 76% 45%

10. Community based nutrition 25% 27% on ti 11. Orient food and nutrition program through data 7% liza ti

U 12. Food safety and quality improvement 7% sub total Utilization 25% 41% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Annex 3.6a shows changes between CIP 2011 and CIP 2013. Funding by DPs to the CIP increased by 1.2 billion USD, of which 397 million USD was committed between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 and 835 million USD was committed between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 – indicating a substantial slowdown in investments. While 94 DP-funded ADP projects were ongoing at the start of the CIP on 1 July 2010, there were 212 projects ongoing or completed by 30 June 2012. Amongst projects that moved from the pipeline to ongoing status were the China funded ‘Shajalal Fertiliser Project’ under

126 Programme 3 with a cost of 560 million USD (China’s entire contribution to the CIP). Two new donor agencies have been added to the CIP DP database in 2013. These were UNICEF which contributed 4 million USD in three projects under Programme 10, and Italy which contributed 3 million USD under Programme 6 with a project called ‘Food Security through Enhanced Agricultural Production Diversiﬁed Sources of Income, Value Addition and Marketing in Bangladesh’.

Non-ADP projects In addition, DPs have committed food and nutrition security projects outside the ADP – and therefore, outside the CIP – to a total of 738 million USD – see Annex 3.6b. This means that Table 38: DP contributions by programme, ADP, non-ADP and 78% of DP investments future commitments come under the Non- CIP programme ADP Future CIP’s coordinating ADP 1. Sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture 11% 14% 12% framework. USAID, 2. Improved water management 11% 0% 7% DFID and AusAid 3. Improved quality of input and soil fertility 26% 3% 2% make up 79% of the 4. Fisheries and aquaculture development 1% 3% 0% non-ADP investments, Availability Availability 5. Livestock development 6% 22% 1% whilst 9 DPs with ADP sub total Availability 55% 43% 22% projects have no non- 6. Improved access to markets 19% 10% 45% ADP projects. Since the CIP began, DP 7. Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP 1% 3% 1% funding outside the Access Access 8. Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 1% 3% 18% ADP increased by 220 9. Eﬀective safety nets 16% 23% 4% million USD, of which sub total Access 37% 39% 68% 191 million USD was 10. Community based nutrition 8% 18% 8%

on committed between 1 ti 11. Orient food and nutrition program through data 0% 0% 0% July 2010 and 30 June liza ti

U 12. Food safety and quality improvement 0% 0% 1% 2011 and 28 million sub total Utilization 8% 18% 9% was committed 100% 100% 100% between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2012 - which represents a signiﬁcant deceleration of DP activities outside the CIP. As of June 2012, 77 non-ADP projects were ongoing or completed and 11 were in the pipeline. Four new non- ADP projects started in the ﬁnancial year 2011/12.

Possible future DP contributions Annex 3.6c shows that future potential contributions to the CIP, indicated as of 1 July 2012 by DPs, totalled 1.6 billion USD, of which 22% was towards availability, 68% towards access and 9 % towards nutrition. If this were to be all channelled through the ADP, which it might not be, it would lead to 17% expansion of the CIP. Major future contributors include ADB, the World Bank, IFAD, USAID and DFID. These agencies are projected to invest more than 100 million USD in the CIP, followed by Spain which might ﬁnance an additional 90 million USD. ADB’s possible investments are concentrated on Programme 6. The World Bank considers making major investments under Programmes 8 and 9, and to support with smaller amounts most programmes under the availability component. IFAD will mainly concentrate on Programme 6 and Programme 1, while USAID will invest in a wide range of

127 programmes under all 3 components of CIP. Spain has partnered with IFAD to jointly fund the Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project under Programmes 1, 2 and 6.

Table 38 summarises the preceding discussion on DP ﬁnancing through the ADP, outside the ADP, and future potential commitments. ADP projects have a relatively greater emphasis on availability, whilst non-ADP projects have relatively greater emphasis on utilisation. Furthermore, if all potential commitments are realised, and they are channelled through the ADP, it would represent a signiﬁcant adjustment of the CIP portfolio across its programmes.

Financing through ADP beyond 2015

The analysis so far refers to Table 39: Post-CIP budget through the ADP (million USD) the CIP investment window Beyond 30/6/2015 from 1 July 2010 to 30 June CIP programme 2015, with projects that GOB DPs Total started before or after 1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture 26.0 27.7 53.8 these dates included on a 2 Improved water management 9.1 24.3 33.4 pro-rata basis. Table 39 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 1.9 6.7 8.6 shows that 218 million USD 4 Fisheries and aquaculture development 0.1 1.1 1.2 of investments are already committed to ongoing 5 Livestock development 0.3 0.9 1.2 projects continuing beyond Availability 37.4 60.8 98.2 2015, of which 73% has 6 Improved access to markets 8.1 13.8 21.9 251 been committed by DPs . 7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP - 0.7 0.7 The investment structure 8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems - - - post-2015 is 45% for 9 Effective safety nets 2.3 37.7 40.0 availability, 29% for access Access 10.4 52.2 62.6 and 26% for utilisation – and this is significantly 10 Community based nutrition 10.7 43.5 54.2 different from the financed 11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 1.3 1.9 3.1 CIP up to 2015, at 56%, 12 Food safety and quality improvement - - - 39% and 6% respectively Utilization 12.0 45.4 57.3 (see Section 7.3). Total 59.8 158.3 218.1

Recommendations from the CIP analysis Based on the above analysis, a number of recommendations may be made: Sustain the investments: The pace of increase in CIP investments is felt to be adequate overall, and should continue as it is. Within this, an increase in the GoB share of spending under the utilisation pillar could be considered – currently at just 0.26 USD per 1 USD from DPs. Stronger integration of cross-cutting themes on nutrition, gender and climate change: Integration is an overarching necessity. Women have key roles spanning across food production, access and utilization. Needs for climate change adaption cut across ______251Whilst Table 39 is based on the GoB’s ADP project monitoring data, Annex 3.6a reports the same post-2015 calculation based on project data reported by DPs, at 186 million USD rather than 159 million USD.

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availability and access. Nutrition should be integrated into availability and access in addition to the stand-alone interventions under the third pillar of the CIP. The large share of the availability pillar in the CIP, at 59%, underscores the need to ensure more effective mainstreaming of nutrition, gender and climate change. Offering the potential for large spill-over benefits for access and utilisation pillars, often integration is about conception, design and execution, rather than resources and project costs. Enhance capacity to deliver: Government agencies and DPs need to focus on implementation capacities, particularly for the availability and utilization components. Focus on CIP areas lagging behind: At subprogramme level, some issues have an absence of projects or very limited resources, which could imply a less balanced investment portfolio. Note however that for some programmes and subprogrammes (e.g. Programmes 7 and 11), a lower level of financing is due to the immaterial nature of the investments considered therein. Review the formulation of new initiatives: The pipeline for the utilisation pillar is small, and so there is a need to investigate whether the existing financed commitments are sufficient to execute all the PoA interventions related to this pillar, subject to considerations of capacity constraints in order to ensure efficient usage of funds. For availability and access most of the reduction in the pipeline occurred in the first year of the CIP, indicating that project formulation has taken momentum thereafter. Exploit synergies between DP initiatives inside and outside the ADP: DPs with greater emphasis on utilisation in their portfolios outside the ADP should ensure that lessons and experiences are used, wherever possible, to inform GoB activities in the ADP – this is important especially because funding has been scaled up in that pillar.

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8. Overall assessment and recommendations

The National Food Policy (NFP) provides strategic guidance for achieving food and nutrition security. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates this into 26 Areas of Intervention (AoI) for the period 2008 to 2015. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A road map towards investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition (CIP) identiﬁes 12 investment programmes to ensure implementation of the PoA. Implementation mechanisms and responsibilities across Government are speciﬁed in the NFP PoA Section I.4 and Part II, respectively.

8.1 Overall assessment

Good achievements but recent mixed signals Progress towards the NFP goal is measured using overall undernourishment, child underweight and child stunting. Nearly 17% of the population is undernourished, 36% of children are underweight and 41% of children are stunted. The target set for undernourishment has been met, underweight is on track and stunting might well reach, or come close to, its target. This positive prognosis presumes that what happened in the past will happen in the future at the same rate. Recent data gives mixed signals and reasons for concern about maintaining the rate of progress. Having met its target, undernourishment has risen slowly, albeit with a slight decline towards the monitored year. Other signals on core drivers of change, include slowdowns in agricultural growth, rice-wage growth and forecasted GDP growth, all of which are positive but lower than previous years. This is combined with a lower share of social protection spending in GDP, and planned decline in real spending on safety nets, the main public protection against short-run slowdowns in progress. Anti-poverty spending, a broader concept to social protection, including infrastructure and other pro-growth investments, also has declined as a share of total government spending since 2008/9.

Banking on past successes in food availability, with few new successes The growth of agricultural GDP slowed down significantly, but rice import became insignificant, and instability in rice production declined. No significant progress in food production diversification was detected. Development of new crop varieties accelerated; however farmer’s training and capacities has not improved. Growth of cereal production slowed down although rice productivity increased. Irrigated area continued expanding and the share of irrigation on rice production cost share declined. Groundwater table depth reduced in 2011 contrary to the trend. As share of value added to agriculture GDP, the fisheries sector increased by nearly 0.6 percentage points and the livestock sector remained unchanged. Finally, poultry deaths due to avian influenza dropped markedly.

Food access: quantity needed with quality, diversity and stability Whilst millions remain unable to access adequate quantities of food, the trend is that more and more people can access greater amounts of food – so that quality, diversity and stability of food supply receive increasing attention. Rural wages have increased, and can buy more rice. Poverty continued to decline until 2010, the last household survey year. Given continued economic growth, poverty has likely declined further in recent years. An Extreme

131 Poverty Manifesto was launched. Food access remains of concern with economic inequality remaining largely unchallenged, a youthful population requiring many more decent jobs, and annual instability in food access for millions. Newer risks have emerged from rapid urbanization, climate change and global economic integration, including migration. The country is increasingly exposed to natural calamities and catastrophes. A comprehensive social protection strategy and its implementation have become priority in order to help organise protective and promotional responses to these challenges.

Address stunting and ensure safe and sustainable diets At 41%, the prevalence of stunting of under-5 year olds is very high, despite the significant progress registered over the last two decades. In the poorest fifth of the population, child stunting is at 54%: every other child. Keeping children well-nourished during the first 1000 days prevents irreversible damage that can put at risk longer-term objectives in economic development, poverty reduction and human development. Exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months - one of the key factors in addressing chronic malnutrition- increased from 43% in 2007/8 to 64% in 2011/12, helped in part by 6 months paid maternity leave. Prevalence of anaemia has declined for both mothers and children. Progress in these indicators is expected to have positive impacts on prevalence of stunting in the coming years. Sustaining progress also requires improved maternal nutrition and care, and appropriate and timely infant and young child feeding. The increasing attention to food safety and quality can improve nutrition status for both children and adults. Significant improvement in dietary diversification has been observed especially in urban areas. This needs to be sustained, while the emerging double burden of malnutrition calls for increasing attention to both insufficient and excessive caloric intakes. Despite widespread recognition, progress remains limited in integrating nutrition with agriculture, health, education and other relevant sectors, with too many interventions still implemented in silos.

Growing CIP signals sustained financing for food and nutrition security The CIP as of 30 June 2012 was a 9.8 billion USD investment mechanism, having grown by 2.0 billion USD since it was initiated on 1 July 2010, reflecting sustained dynamics in the formulation of new initiatives. The CIP growth was achieved at a time when the overall fiscal space for food and nutrition security investments shrunk to its lowest since the start of PoA implementation, in terms of the share of NFP partner ministries and divisions in the Government’s total budget. Food availability takes 56% of the CIP, food access takes 39% and utilisation takes 6%. Two years into its five years, additional financing mobilized stands at 3.3 billion USD, of which 1.7 billion USD was mobilized in FY 2011/12. Of the total 9.8 billion CIP 2013 budget, 6.2 billion USD or 63% has already been financed. As of 30 June 2012, there were 307 financed projects, up from 159 projects, totalling 2.9 billion USD at the start. The pipeline reduced by 27% from 4.9 billion USD to 3.6 billion USD. As a co-financing mechanism, the GoB has invested 1.65 dollars for every dollar invested by DPs – 3,859 million USD from the GoB and 2,338 million USD from DPs. DPs have invested into food and nutrition security 2,669 million USD inside the CIP compared to 762 million USD outside the CIP, and have indicated the possibility to invest an additional 1,792 million USD.

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Delivery over the ﬁrst two years stands at 1,662 million USD. Lowest execution has been in the utilisation component at 10%, followed by the availability component at 20% and the access component at 39%. At these rates, full delivery of funds allocated under the utilization component would require 15 years beyond June 2015; under the availability component 3 years beyond June 2015; whereas the access component could be completed within June 2015.

8.2 Recommendations

NFP Objective 1: Availability Considering the population growth rate, rice productivity should increase by at least 1.5% per year through intensification. Faster yield growth would allow release of land and other resources required for diversification, while preserving self-sufficiency in rice. More fallow land needs to be brought under cultivation in coastal areas through strategies for reducing salinity and technologies for developing saline tolerant varieties. Scaling up agricultural diversification is required through availability and dissemination of improved technologies and extension services. Increased fragmentation of land holding calls for increasing efforts to integrate small and marginal farmers. Climate change adaptation requires investment in agricultural research and extension with an emphasis on development and diffusion of stress resistant crop varieties. Agricultural extension must be improved through strengthening the capacity of organizations that deliver extension services. Irrigation area as well as water use efficiency should be increased, while dependency on groundwater needs to be reduced. Emphasis should be on ensuring adequate feed supply, cross-breeding of imported and local animals, improving the breeding of goat, One Stop Extension Service, supply chain management, development of family level small scale livestock farming, and protecting livestock from various diseases including avian flu, amongst other actions. For conservation of the natural resource base, existing policies need to be updated giving due attention to implementation. Agricultural mechanization is key to cope with the challenges of scarce manpower and labour. Supply of improved seeds in 2011/12 increased for rice, wheat, potato and pulses, while for maize it decreased. A new seed multiplication centre opened in the south. Supply in 2011/12 of urea and MoP decreased. Yields of wheat and maize increased faster than for rice. Agricultural credit distribution expanded by almost 8% in 2011/12 compared to that of 2010/11.

Programme 1 on sustainable and diversiﬁed agriculture through research and extension Focus on coordinated, demand-driven and integrated research; Allocate a larger budget for agricultural research; Strengthen human, physical and institutional capacities of key research institutions; Strengthen linkages among research, extension, education and farmers; Strengthen the One Stop Service Centre; Increase farmers’ participation and use of ICT in extension services; Increase the number and eﬃciency of extension workers.

Programme 2 on improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes Enhance river water flow by dredging of rivers and signing the Water Share Treaty; Scale up efforts to promote sustainable and efficient use of groundwater for irrigation;

133 Enhance availability and use of surface water; Make available arsenic free groundwater for irrigation; Control ﬂood and river erosion; Reduce salinity and its impact in the South.

Programme 3 on improved quality of inputs Strengthen production and distribution of quality seed, including strengthening relevant agencies and departments, notably the Seed Certiﬁcation Agency and BADC, and promoting voluntary certiﬁcations; Move from rebalancing fertilizer use to promoting fertilizer quality; Use of Urea Super Granule (USG) and deep placement technology; Improve pest management; Reintroduce crop insurance as a potential risk management strategy.

Programme 4 on fisheries and aquaculture development Increase productivity; Enhance extension and training; Strengthen the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute; Minimize the impacts of shrimp culture on soil quality and biodiversity; U tilize of roadside canals and ditches for increasing fish production; Promote alternate rice-fish farming system; E ffectively manage open water fisheries resources.

Programme 5 on livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production Ensure supply of quality and safe feed and fodder; Diversify supply and monitor private sector production and marketing of vaccines; Ini tiate properly funded and monitored cross breeding and selective breeding programmes; Improve the productivity of goats; Improve bio-security in poultry farms and the marketing chain; Scale up budget allocation in the livestock sector; Improve marketing of livestock and livestock products and development of the value chain.

NFP Objective 2: Access Safety nets programmes can be further integrated with construction, repair and maintenance of rural transportation infrastructure and other asset creation activities. While there has been notable progress in grain storage facilities, little progress has been made in cold storage facilities at farms and transport vehicles to increase the market value of perishable foods which will ultimately improve farmer prices and farm-gate bargaining power. Transport to bring goods to markets needs to be strengthened, including expanding the road network and its quality, and water transport in Hoars and other areas lacking proper road networks. Further investment is needed in promoting public private partnerships to develop adequate storage, processing and value addition, and waste reduction initiatives. The diﬀerence between wages earned by men and women remains quite high. The need for information systems for stock-level monitoring and early warning should be given more attention, especially given the country’s vulnerability to food price

134 hikes. While safety nets are intended to mainly help the poor and vulnerable through food and cash based programmes, errors of inclusion and exclusion, including leakages during transfer of beneﬁts still prevent the very poor from accessing their full entitlement. Despite the strong decline in poverty incidence and also the substantial decline in the depth of poverty, over 47 million people are still poor. There has not been any appreciable improvement in income inequality which restricts the share of the poor in economic growth. Plans are underway with development partners to implement projects that strengthen the administration of safety net programmes, and the overall utilisation of foreign aid to improve public delivery and livelihood outcomes.

Programme 6 on improved access to markets, value addition in agriculture and to non- farm incomes Sustain development and maintenance of rural transportation and marketing infrastructures; Integrate rural infrastructure development with safety net programmes; Promote the development of cold storage and transportation, allowing duty free import of required equipment; Develop processing and reducing wastage, also through public-private partnership; Technical skill development and strengthening of mechanization of agricultural activities; Promote farmers’ organizations in marketing of farm products to ensure remunerative prices for farmers; Reduce wage diﬀerentials between men and women in agriculture.

Programme 7 on strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions Increase efforts to scale up and strengthen implementation capacities; Increase efforts to institutionalise the annual monitoring process; Enhance aid effectiveness by improving reporting of consistent and accurate data; Strengthen capacities for engaging civil society and community based organisations in the CIP; Build necessary capacity to increase coordination and quality of food security information systems.

Programme 8 on enhanced public food management Expedite the construction of enhanced public storage facilities and capacities for safe and effective grain storage; Ensure incentive producer prices through improved modalities of domestic procurement in a cost-effective manner; Develop mechanisms for estimating private stock for effective food planning and management; Introduce country-wide computerized food stock monitoring; Develop an effective early warning food information system.

Programme 9 on institutional development and capacity development for more eﬀective safety nets Simplify targeting criteria and reduce leakages;

135 Finalise the National Social Protection Strategy; Enhance capacity to implement safety nets; Adjust safety net interventions to enhance resilience to climate change; Enhance safety nets operations during lean seasons; Integrate graduation strategies into safety net programmes; Design social protection interventions to support migration.

NFP Objective 3: Utilization and nutrition Dietary diversification, nutrition behaviour change, infant and young child feeding, and food hygiene and sanitation should remain priorities. Anaemia has reduced, although deficiencies in iron, zinc - and vitamin A at subclinical levels – need to be tackled through food fortification, behaviour change and micronutrient supplementation. Quality assurance of iodized salt and cost reduction require attention, along with universal usage. National nutrition services should be strengthened with community based mechanisms and links with multiple sectors. Harmonization of indicators in nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions is necessary. The existing governance and institutional arrangements should be strengthened to maximize coordination across sectors. Improvement of food safety, quality and control requires further attention, and the priorities are an independent Food Safety Authority and the enactment and enforcement of the Food Safety Act. Water and sanitation projects need further scaling up to achieve universal coverage and access.

Programme 10 on community based nutrition programmes and services Scale up the implementation of appropriate infant and young child feeding; Strengthen biodiversity for healthy diets and nutrition; Promote school feeding and nutrition gardens; Ensure implementation of the Breast Milk Substitutes code; Revitalize the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI); Strengthen fortiﬁcation initiatives and the National Fortiﬁcation Alliance.

Programme 11 on orienting food and nutrition programmes through data Maximize impacts on nutrition through appropriate formulation and monitoring of nutrition speciﬁc interventions; Promote convergence among information systems; Institutionalize food security and nutrition surveillance; Use evidence from research for promoting BCC programmes; Promote food based dietary guidelines to inform policies and actions.

Programme 12 on food safety and quality improvement Activate CODEX focal point and ensure compliance to standards; Finalize and enact the new Food Safety Act, 2013; Seek approval of the National Food Safety and Quality Policy and National Food Safety Emergency Plan; Promote eﬀective utilization of national food safety testing laboratories; Scale up safe healthy street food vending.

136 Annexes

Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators

Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams

Annex 3. Cost and ﬁnancing of the CIP - Annex 3.1 CIP Budget Revisions - Annex 3.2 Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2013 by subprogramme - Annex 3.3 CIP budget 2013 and delivery in FY 2011/12 by subprogramme - Annex 3.4 Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2012 - Annex 3.5 Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2012 - Annex 3.6 Development partners contributions

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Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators This annex shows the correspondence between CIP programmes and NFP PoA Areas of Interventions and the indicators used to monitor performance at output level. A few indicators have been reﬁned, e.g. the coeﬃcient of variation of rice production over the last 10 years has been taken rather than the variability of foodgrain production, or adjusted slightly for data availability reasons.

AVAILABILITY ACCESS UTILISATION

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention No. of improved new rice varieties developed by GoB agencies 1.1. Agricultural research and No. of new non-rice varieties extension: Demand-driven crop and developed non-crop new technologies Wheat developed and disseminated; Maize demand led and pro-poor extension service expanded Potato Pulses Vegetables Edible Oilseeds Fruits

No. of farmers trained on sustainable PROGRAMME 1 1.9. Early Warning Development: agriculture practices by DAE Sustainable and diversified Well functioning domestic Early Share of rice on total cropped land, % agriculture through Warning System established and integrated research and integrated/coordinated with Global HYV rice area as % total rice area extension: Productivity is Early Warning System (excluding boro hybrid) enhanced, food production is Annual change in major crops' diversified and resilience to production, % climate change is increased through effective generation Rice and propagation of Wheat sustainable technical Maize solutions Potato Pulses Brinjal 2.1. Agricultural Disaster Pumpkin Management: Enhanced disaster preparedness and post disaster Beans rehabilitation in agricultural Lal Shak systems Edible Oilseeds

Banana Guava Mango Pineapple Jackfruit

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention

PROGRAMME 2 1.2 Use and management of water % of cropped area under irrigation Improved Water resources: Increased irrigation Water table depth in Northern region, Management and coverage; Improved delivery and average yearly change over last 20

Infrastructure for Irrigation eﬃcient use of safe irrigation years (cm/year)

138

Purposes: Sustainable and water; reduced dependency on Water table depth in Northern region, eﬃcient water management groundwater; reduced cost average yearly change over last 3 is ensured for responding to years (cm/year) farmer needs Surface water irrigation area as % of total irrigation area Irrigation cost per acre as % of total boro production cost

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention Annual change in improved rice, wheat and maize seeds production, % 1.3. Supply and sustainable use of Improved seeds supply (BADC, DAE agricultural inputs: Increased supply and private companies) as %

of quality crop seeds; increased agronomic requirements supply of quality seeds and feeds Rice for fish and poultry farming; Timely Wheat supply and balance use of fertilizer ensured; agricultural machines and Maize implements available at affordable Potato prices; Strengthened IPM and ICM; Pulses increased efficiency and Vegetables sustainability of agricultural land use; Agricultural land use for non- Edible Oilseeds agricultural purposes effectively Supply of urea as % of estimated regulated requirements Supply of TSP as % of estimated requirements Supply of MoP as % of estimated requirements PROGRAMME 3 Change in crop yields (moving average Improved quality of input over 3 previous years), % and soil fertility: Access to Rice quality inputs is improved and soil fertility is enhanced. Wheat Maize Potato Pulses 1.5. Agricultural credit and Brinjal insurance: Increased formal credit Pumpkin to agriculture, to small and marginal farmers; assured coverage Beans of financial loss due to failure of Lal Shak crops, livestock and fish production Edible Oilseeds (Til, Rape & Mustard, Groundnut and

Soya bean) Banana Guava Mango Pineapple Jackfruit Agricultural credit billion taka disbursement % of target

139

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention PROGRAMME 4 GDP from fishery sector as % of Fisheries & aquaculture agriculture GDP (excluding forest), at development: Sustainable 1.4. Agricultural diversification: constant price 1995-1996 increase of fishery Increased production of high value production through crops; Increased production of fish Annual change in national fish improved technology and and livestock production, % natural resources management

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention GDP from livestock sector as % of PROGRAMME 5 agricultural GDP (excluding forest, at Livestock Development, with constant price 1995-96) a focus on poultry and dairy Total production (quantity) of production: Sustainable 1.4. Agricultural diversification: Eggs (million) increase of livestock Increased production of high value Milk (million MT) production is developed crops; Increased production of fish through improved and livestock Meat (million MT) technology, better animal Annual change in artificial health and resilient insemination, % management practices. Annual change in number of poultry deaths due to avian flu, %

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention 1.6. Physical Market infrastructure Diﬀerence between farm gate and development: Improving private retail price of selected goods as % of

storage, market and transportation farmgate facilities, improving market connectivity at local, national and Coarse rice

international levels 1.7. Agricultural Marketing and Lentil Trade: Reduced marketing costs of agricultural products; strengthened Onion market integration 1.8. Policy/Regulatory Environment: Brinjal Updated legislation regulating food markets enacted and enforced Potato PROGRAMME 6 Diﬀerence between dealers’ and Improved access to markets, 2.3 Enabling Environment of Private farmers’ prices of fertilizers as % value-addition in agriculture, Food trade and stocks: Enabling dealers price Environment of Private Food trade and to non-farm incomes: Urea and stocks Value chains are developed TSP contributing to better access 2.5. Income generation for rural to food and increased rural MoP women and disabled people: incomes. Enhancing participation of women No. of growth centres, rural markets, and disabled people in rural women market centres, and Union agricultural and other rural Parishad Complexes developed by activities LGED Wage diﬀerential between male and female in agriculture, % 2.6. Agrobased/ Agroprocessing Real GDP growth of small scale MSMEs Development: Increased manufacturing, % growth of agro-based /agro- Number of students enrolled in processing and MSMEs Technical and Vocational Education

and Training (TVET) institutions 2.7. Market driven education, skills Ratio of TVET students in year t to and human development: People's secondary and higher secondary

140

skills developed based on domestic school enrolment in year t-1, % and international market

requirements

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention

PROGRAMME 7 Additional resources mobilized for

Strengthened capacities for CIP, USD implementation and Increase in number and value of monitoring of NFP and CIP ongoing projects actions: National capacities to design, implement and CIP available budget execution monitor NFP PoA and performance175 investment operations are CIP Monitoring Reports produced strengthened

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention Effective grain storage capacity at 1.10. Producer price support: close of fiscal year, thousand MT Enhanced effectiveness of public Average use of effective Government procurement system; producer foodgrain storage capacity, % PROGRAMME 8 effectively supported during post- Actual procurement, thousand MT Enhanced Public Food harvest Achievement of public boro Management Systems: procurement target, % Enhanced efficiency and Wholesale price during the boro effectiveness of Public Food procurement period as % of boro per Management Systems 1.11. Public Stock Management/ Price stabilization: Improved public unit cost production stock management and enhanced Opening stock as % of budget target effectiveness of OMS Quantity of rice distributed through OMS as % of total domestic supply

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention 2.2. Emergency Food Distribution Budgeted coverage of VGF and VGD, PROGRAMME 9 from Public stocks: Improved million cards Institutional Development coverage and effectiveness of VGF (lakh person) and Capacity Development emergency distribution VGD (lakh person month) for more effective safety programmes nets: Effectiveness and 2.4. Effectiveness of targeted food Safety net programmes expenditure targeting of social safety net based programmes and safety nets: as % of GDP programmes are improved Improved coverage of vulnerable Budgeted coverage of employment through strengthened and disadvantaged people and generation program for the poor, institutional capacities to areas, improved targeting, reduced million person month design and implement them. leakage, enhanced adequacy to Quantity of VGF and GR distributed, vulnerable people's needs MT

141

CIP Programme title and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output Intervention 3.2 Balanced and nutritious food for Proportion of infants under six vulnerable people: Increased months exclusively breastfed, % availability through local production of low cost foods for balanced nutrition; Poor, distressed and vulnerable women and children Poor households raising home (including those from monga areas) gardening and backyard poultry, % effectively covered by food based nutrition programmes and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) programmes. 3.3 Nutrition education on dietary % of total dietary energy supply for diversification: Increased % of consumption from: women educated in nutrition and primary health care activities through formal and non-formal education; Increased home Cereal gardening and backyard poultry raising activities by poor households 3.4 Food supplementation and Sugar and sweeteners fortification: Increased coverage of PROGRAMME 10 Vitamin A, coverage and Oil and oil crops Community based nutrition compliance of iron-folate programmes and services: supplementation and coverage of Nutrition and health are HH with adequately iodized salt; improved at community level Increased coverage of food items through integrated short and Roots and tubers for fortification with important long term interventions. micronutrients, e.g. vitamin A, iron and zinc 3.7 Women and children health: Pulses Improved child and mother health; Fruits and vegetables Improved adolescents’ and women’s general health; Reduced Meat, fish, eggs and milk neonatal (NMR); Infant (IMR), child Others (includes stimulants, spices, (CMR) and maternal (MMR) alcoholic beverages, offal, animal fats, mortality rates; Reduced total aquatic products and miscellaneous) fertility rate (TFR) 3.8 Protection and promotion of breastfeeding and complementary Prevalence of global acute feeding: Strengthened exclusive malnutrition among children < 5 years

breastfeeding practices; Expanded < -2SD, % practice of breastfeeding; Ensured Prevalence of severe acute safe and nutritious complementary malnutrition among children < 5 years

feeding; Strengthened baby-friendly < -3SD, % hospital initiative; Increased maternity leave, particularly post- partum; BMS Codes respected by Proportion of women ANC coverage the breast milk substitutes of at least 4 visits, % marketers

142

CIP Programme Ɵtle and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators expected aggregate output IntervenƟon PROGRAMME 11 3.1. Long term planning for Number of mass media activities for Orient food and nutrition balanced food: Long-term targets Behavioural change communication programmes through data: for physical growth established; Desirable Dietary Paern established Eﬀective information Standard food intake established and updated supports planning, for diﬀerent population groups; Food Composition Tables updated monitoring and evaluation of integrated plan for aaining food security policies and standard food intake targets Food security and nutrition interventions. established databases/ surveillance systems

CIP Programme Ɵtle and Corresponding NFP PoA Area of

expected aggregate output IntervenƟon 3.5. Safe drinking water and No. of compulsory food items PROGRAMME 12 improved sanitation: Safe water standardized by BSTI Food Safety and Quality and sanitation facilities available Prevalence of diarrhoea in under-5 Improvement: National food and accessible for all by 2010 children (in two week period), % safety control management, Proportion of population served with 3.6 Safe, quality food supply: and food borne illness safe water supply for domestic use, % Enhanced access to safe and quality surveillance services are Proportion of population having food, for domestic consumption strengthened access to safe drinking water in and also for international trade arsenic aﬀected areas, %

143

Annex 2. ComposiƟon of ThemaƟc Teams

TT Agency

1 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food 2 Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC), Ministry of Industry 3 Ministry of Agriculture 4 Ministry of Food 5 Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 6 Ministry of Water Resources

food availability 7-8 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food Thematic A: Team 9-10 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO 11 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food 12 Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief 13 Ministry of Social Welfare 14 Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development & Cooperatives 15 Rural Development Cooperatives Division, Ministry of Local Government and Rural

food access Development & Cooperatives

Thematic B: Team 16-17 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food 18-19 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO 20 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food 21 Ministry of Primary and Mass Education 22 Institute of Public Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 23 Ministry of Women and Children Affairs 24 Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development & Cooperatives

food utilization 25-26 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food Thematic C: Team 27 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO

28 Food Planning Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food 29 Department of Agriculture Extension, Ministry of Agriculture 30 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 31 Department of Agriculture Marketing, Ministry of Agriculture 32 Directorate General of Food, Ministry of Food 33 Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Planning 34 Finance Division, Ministry of Finance data exchange exchange data 35-36 Food Planning & Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food ThematicD: Team 37-38 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO

144

Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP This annex provides the background data and tables used to estimate the CIP budget. The Term ‘project’ is used to describe ongoing and planned investment interventions. Virtually all funds provided by Government projects are included in the Annual Development Plan. In turn, part of the DP contribution is channelled through projects included in the ADP, while another part is channelled outside of the ADP, e.g. when DPs fund NGOs, international organizations or private contractors directly to implement projects. The CIP relates to projects in the ADP only but as part of the monitoring exercise, funding and commitments provided by the DPs outside the CIP are also monitored based on DPs reporting. This data was used in the analysis presented in Chapter 7. The annex is divided into six sections: - Annex 3.1 shows the effect of backward revisions to the CIP Budgets. In particular, Annex 3.1.a shows the effect of backward revisions on the original budget (CIP 2011), while Annex 3.1.b shows the effect of the backward revisions on the CIP budget updated after one year of implementation (CIP 2012). The CIP 2011 is the baseline CIP at its inception. It includes projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015, using data as of 30 June 2010. Annex 3.1.a shows the effect of backward revisions undertaken in 2012 and 2013. The baseline CIP was revised backwards from a total of 7,834 million USD to 8,194 USD in 2012 and to 7,790 million USD in 2013. Annex 3.1.b shows the effect of the backward revisions on the CIP 2012. The CIP 2012 is the CIP budget produced as part of the monitoring exercise conducted in 2012 after completion of the first year of implementation. It includes projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015, using data as of 30 June 2011. Annex 3.1.b shows the effect of backward revisions undertaken in 2013. The CIP 2012 was revised backwards from a total of 9,141 million USD to 8,153 million USD. - Annex 3.2 shows the priority ranking assigned by the Government to each subprogramme based on the consultation (top, high, medium and low priorities, as explained in Section 7.2) and, separately for ongoing or financed activities and for those still in pipeline, the number of projects and their average budget in CIP 2013. - Annex 3.3 summarizes by CIP component, programme and subprogrammes, the budget for completed, ongoing and pipeline projects, and total delivery up to June 2012. - Annex 3.4 lists by CIP component, programme and subprogramme, completed and ongoing projects in the CIP (updating Annex 4.5 of original CIP) providing details on previous and current status of the project, title, implementing agency, beginning and ending period, budget, delivery during the last fiscal year, total delivery and funding DP, if any. - Annex 3.5 lists by CIP component, programme and subprogramme, projects in the pipeline, their status in previous versions of the CIP, and fund requirements. - Annex 3.6 summarizes information on financing obtained from the DPs. In particular: Annex 3.6a reports DPs’ financing to completed and ongoing projects through the ADP. Annex 3.6b reports DPs’ financing to completed and ongoing projects outside the ADP. Annex 3.6c reports DPs’ possible future contribution within or outside the ADP. For the CIP financing, the monitoring report maintains account a fixed exchange rate of 69.5 BDT per USD, which was prevailing when the CIP was originally formulated. Other currencies (e.g. DPs’ contributions) were converted to USD at the actual rate at the moment of 145 disbursement or at the rate provided by the respective DPs: the respective exchange rates have been made constant, too, and then the amounts converted to BDT. The choice of such exchange rate is further motivated by the fact that the main source for the inventory of projects relevant to CIP is the ADP book, for which an exchange rate is not available, but probably has used an exchange rate prior to the more significant devaluation.

Why the CIP budget is revised each year Monitoring investments on food security under the Country Investment Plan is a demanding exercise involving directly and indirectly around 60 governmental agencies and more than 20 development partners, including bilateral and multilateral donors and other funding agencies. With each successive Monitoring Report, FPMU has accessed a wider set of data sources to increase its data collection and accuracy; refined definitions used to classify projects by programme and subprogramme, and by status; strengthened systems for managing data; and improved methodology for analysing and summarising the data. All of these factors have contributed to why the CIP budget has been revised backwards, analysed with some slight differences, and presented with some new features. The purpose of these enhancements has been to enable the monitoring process to provide a picture closer to the complex reality, increase transparency of the process for all stakeholders (within and outside GoB) and support sustainability by simplifying the process. A summary of the revisions produced (for total and pipeline budgets) is provided in Table 40. The table refers by column to the reference year for the budget and by row the year and source in which the revision was published.

Table 40: Overview of CIP budget revisions - total and pipeline (million USD) CIP Budget 2011 CIP Budget 2012 CIP Budget 2013 CIP Budget (details in Annex 3.1.a) (details in Annex 3.1.b)

Revision Total Pipeline Total Pipeline Total Pipeline

CIP (June 2011) 7,834 5,061 - - - -

Monitoring Report 2012 8,194 5,128 9,141 3,906 - -

Monitoring Report 2013 7,790 4,922 8,153 3,669 9,777 3,581 (details in Table 31)

As the monitoring process consolidated, there has been greater use of published GoB sources, especially from the Ministry of Finance, IMED and the Programming Division of the Ministry of Planning. These have been used to complement, validate and support information obtained from direct consultations with key NFP partner ministries and divisions. In the initial stages of CIP formulation, the emphasis was on the identiﬁcation of new initiatives and plans, but with gradual institutionalization of the CIP process, improved access to data and alignment of Government ministries and divisions to the CIP, the focus has shifted to stock-taking of actual changes in interventions and planning.

146

Some of the main changes are: - The financed budget now reflects only projects that have received funding, and for which implementation started by 1 July 2010 or for which implementation was completed after 1 July 2010. Previously this category included projects for which a credible pledge had been identified, and now such projects are placed in the pipeline. - The pipeline reflects more accurately actual identification/formulation of projects. This has been traced back to the original CIP to avoid duplication between preliminary ideas for intervention and actual formulation of initiatives awaiting financing. The pipeline is closely constructed from the Green Pages of the published ADP book and from information received from partner ministries and divisions. Changes in project statuses were tracked closely to identify projects that left the pipeline to become ongoing, and projects that were dropped from the pipeline. - The budget now reflects more accurately the level of initiative already undertaken (as the financed budget for completed or ongoing projects) and the level of initiatives being formulated and awaiting financing or finalization of the financing agreements (as part of the pipeline). - Some projects continue after the CIP ends. The CIP budget has been revised to exclude on a pro-rata basis the portion of the budgets of these projects that will be implemented beyond 30 June 2015, the end date of the CIP. - Few projects relevant to the CIP were previously not included because they were operational since before 1 July 2010, the start of the CIP. More of these have been identified and included, with their project costs taken on a pro-rata basis only for the period of implementation after 1 July 2010. - A few duplicate projects across pipeline and financed categories and within the pipeline have been identified and eliminated. - Some projects contribute to several CIP subprogrammes. Previously these projects costs were disaggregated using figurative percentages in the hope of maintaining an accurate picture at subprogramme level. However given a lack of accurate disaggregated project data, this idea has been dropped as it contributes to a risk of duplication and/or inconsistent methodology. Projects are now classified under one single subprogramme, the most relevant to the interventions of the project, and as per indication of the coordinating agency.

147

F 959 557 1,877 1,877 3,393 Priority E 707 Total 2,738 2,738 1,477 4,922 Pipeline projects Pipeline D 95 Total 1,443 1,443 1,330 2,868 C 82 395 524 DPs DPs 1,002 1,002 B Financed (ongoing) (ongoing) Financed 12 806 GoB 1,047 1,047 1,866 22 1 0 1 21 13 CIP 610 332 19 351 259 197 112 0 10 10 102 71 590 11 71 81 508 454 190 1 12 13 178 91 686 60 76 136 551 404 470 100 29 129 342 219 760 21 40 61 699 426 368 63 - 63 305 220 802 A=D+E Total 1,653 533 233 766 632 887 1,653 439 202 641 380 677 1,318 303 312 615 287 394 1,009 4,180 4,180 2,807 7,790 Revised (in 2013) CIP budget 2011 F 993 584 1,889 1,889 3,465 Priority E 737 Total 2,889 2,889 1,502 5,128 Pipeline projects Pipeline D 41 Total 1,286 1,286 1,738 3,065 C 33 580 878 DPs DPs 1,491 1,491 B 8 Financed (ongoing) (ongoing) Financed 706 860 GoB 1,574 1,574 33 1 10 11 22 13 CIP 439 122 82 439 204 235 172 108 0 5 6 102 72 558 5 15 21 480 537 186 1 8 9 178 91 797 62 797 92 154 643 468 456 74 20 94 362 216 842 24 38 62 779 443 659 163 202 365 293 212 659 778 A=D+E Total 1,642 424 348 772 870 589 1,642 403 195 597 635 368 1,232 1,242 294 476 770 472 340 1,242 Revised (in 2012) CIP budget 2011 4,176 3,241 8,194 F 990 584 1,846 1,846 3,420 Priority Priority

E 737 Total 2,826 2,826 1,499 5,061 Pipeline projects projects Pipeline

D 41 Total 1,157 1,157 1,575 2,773 C 33 643 899 DPs DPs 1,575 1,575 B Financed (ongoing) Financed 8 515 676 GoB 1,198 1,198 Original CIP budget 2011 33 1 10 11 22 13 1 33 CIP 113 - 14 15 99 69 - 113 637 142 202 344 293 212 142 637 778 A=D+E Total 3,983 3,983 3,073 7,834 lity 343 28 83 111 232 170 28 343 lity ti on 558 5 16 21 537 480 537 21 16 5 on 558 ed agriculture 781 34 143 177 604 441 agriculture 34 781 ed ti ﬁ on ti on and monitoring of NFP ti ons ti on Ɵ ve safety nets safety ve 476 593 472 341 117 1,065 ti liza ec Ɵ ﬀ and CIP ac CIP and Implementa Enhanced PublicFood Management Systems Availability Access U Total Orient food and nutri programmesthrough data

2 Improved water management management diversi 361 772 858 584 water and 411 1 Sustainable 1,630 Improved 2 3 Improved quality of input and soil fer markets 4 development aquaculture and Fisheries to 206 623 635 368 development 417 393 5 Livestock access 1,258 20 Improved 17 6 37 7 835 22 356 38 8 212 60 9 E 775 440 10 10 nutri based Community 11 12 improvement and quality safety Food 187 1 8 9 178 91 Annex 3.1. CIP budget revisions revisions budget 3.1. CIP Annex 2011 budget CIP and revised Original 3.1.a: Annex programmeCIP

148 F 712 125 1,728 1,728 2,565 Priority Priority E 154 Total 2,353 2,353 1,162 3,669 Pipeline projects projects Pipeline D 235 Total 2,219 2,219 2,030 4,484

C 454 702 198 DPs DPs 1,354 1,354 completed) Financed (ongoing (ongoing and Financed B 38 GoB 1,764 1,764 1,328 3,130 Revised CIP budget 2012 CIP 389 A=D+E Total 4,571 4,571 3,192 8,153 F 695 100 1,924 1,924 2,719 Priority Priority E 133 Total Pipeline projects projects Pipeline 2,622 2,622 1,151 3,906 D 338 Total 2,493 2,493 2,405 5,235 C 664 272 DPs DPs 1,012 1,012 1,948 completed) completed) Financed (ongoing (ongoing and Financed Original CIP budget 2012 B 66 GoB 1,829 1,829 1,392 3,287 CIP 471 A=D+E Total 5,115 5,115 3,555 9,141 108 - 5 6 103 72 91 0 14 14 77 54 ons ti lity 1,114 145 124 270 844 599 1,106 141 51 193 913 655 lity 913 193 599 51 145 124 270 844 141 1,114 1,106 ti on 384 57 243 300 84 76 327 106 32 178 209 117 ed agriculture agriculture 543 720 668 189 110 299 871 ed 248 1,170 75 173 916 ti ﬁ on programmes through data 30 5 19 24 6 3 17 2 8 11 6 3 24 6 6 3 30 5 19 11 8 17 2 data through programmes on ti CIP programme on and monitoring of NFP and CIP ac CIP and NFP of monitoring and on ti on Ɵ ve safety nets safety ve 234 314 816 412 129 454 534 988 162 404 1,150 1,129 ti liza ec Ɵ ﬀ Availability Implementa Access U Total 2 Improved water management management water 1 Improved markets Sustainable and diversi 2 1,369 2,068 354 to 3 1,723 345 235 Improved quality of input and soil fer 292 4 426 1,564 development 262 access 1,303 1,990 development aquaculture and Fisheries 5 Livestock 336 781 1,759 271 1,052 706 Improved 369 646 1,065 276 788 1,711 6 7 466 8 Systems Food Management Public Enhanced 100 9 E 297 31 538 26 44 131 157 70 335 202 227 231 359 139 179 192 367 25 126 122 38 63 29 261 129 151 90 135 216 - 148 135 126 88 10 Community based nutri 11 food Orient and nutri 12 improvement and quality safety Food 56 4 10 14 42 21 46 4 12 15 30 16 Annex 3.1b: Original and revised CIP budget 2012 (million USD)

149 Annex 3.2. Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2013 by subprogramme Number of projects Average budget ng CIP programme Subprogrammes (as of June 2012) (million USD, as of June 2012)

Priority Priority ranki Completed Ongoing Pipeline Completed Ongoing Pipeline Enhance research & knowledge generation

ed and adoption to increase agricultural

ﬁ 1.1 H 4 28 2 0.5 5.1 12.2 productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner Improve extension services to propagate 1 knowledge & practices, supported by 1.2 H 7 24 12 3.9 7.7 20.4 community-based experimentation & agriculture learning and indigenous knowledge Promote the development of responses to 1.3 T 0 4 13 NA 39.4 42.4

Sustainable and diversi adapt agricultural systems to climate change TOTAL 11 56 27 2.7 8.7 30.4 Improve water management in water 2.1 M 3 11 4 6.2 30.2 7.2 distribution systems and at farm level Improve & increase efficiency of surface 2.2 H 4 25 11 5.5 22.6 26.0 water irrigation, in particular in the south 2 Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in 2.3 H 0 1 0 NA 45.4 NA the South management Improved water 2.4 Enhance river water flow to the South T 1 9 0 0.2 83.1 NA TOTAL 8 46 15 5.1 36.7 21.0 Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, 3.1 tested and certified for quality of diversified H 7 13 8 4.3 75.5 124.7 crops Develop public private partnerships through

lity lity 3.2 T 0 2 3 NA 20.0 21.4

ti capacity development 3 Improve and increase sustainability of soil 3.3 H 3 1 2 1.1 9.4 3.7 fertility management soil fer soil Facilitate access to credit and other ﬁnancial

Availability Availability 3.4 T 0 0 1 NA NA 20.0 services by smallholders and the rural poor

Improved qualityinput of and TOTAL 10 16 14 3.3 64.4 77.8 Develop small scale aquaculture, through 4.1 H 1 6 3 0.8 3.2 16.9 access to quality inputs, advice and skills 4.2 Improve management of ﬁsheries resources H 2 17 11 2.2 8.8 22.8 Develop public private partnerships in 4.3 support of infrastructure and services M 0 0 0 NA NA NA 4 development Promote production in the South through

Development sustainable shrimp and prawn development 4.4 L 0 1 2 NA 5.2 6.1 and community based co management of

Fisheries and aquaculture wetlands TOTAL 3 24 16 1.7 7.2 19.6 Strengthen animal health services, including 5.1 beer diagnosis and surveillance systems to M 0 5 2 NA 4.7 4.2 mitigate disease outbreaks Strengthen husbandry capacity at household 5.2 level through community based improved H 1 3 4 0.1 4.0 26.0 5 knowledge and advisory services Improve availability and quality of inputs 5.3 H 0 0 2 NA NA 12.0 through public private partnerships Research on livestock development,

Livestock development development Livestock 5.4 L 2 5 2 7.2 4.0 1.2 including genetic improvement TOTAL 3 13 10 4.8 4.2 13.9 Total Food Availability 35 155 82 3.5 22.2 32.6 Share on Food Availability on Total CIP 55.6% 63.5% 64.6%

Improve physical access to markets, facilities 6.1 M 8 21 6 15.9 46.4 117.1 and information Mobilize and promote producer & marketing 6.2 groups for improved market access and T 1 2 5 0.6 4.0 2.1 knowledge 6 Develop adequate storage, processing and

Access 6.3 value addition and reduce waste through H 0 0 3 NA NA 15.9 public-private partnerships Promote and assist the development of oﬀ 6.4 M 1 3 2 58.9 7.3 28.6 farm activities and rural businesses Improved access to markets TOTAL 10 26 16 18.6 38.6 51.1

150 Number of projects Average budget CIP programme Subprogrammes (as of June 2012) (million USD, as of June 2012)

Priority Priority ranking Completed Ongoing Pipeline Completed Ongoing Pipeline Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor 7.1 and coordinate National Food Policy-Plan of H 2 1 1 0.2 13.8 6.5 Action and CIP

on and and on Strengthen national capacities for design, ti 7.2 implementation and monitoring of CIP H 0 1 1 NA 2.7 19.4 ons

7 ti operations ac Strengthen capacities of civil society 7.3 organisations to contribute to CIP H 0 1 1 NA 1.0 21.6 Implementa development and implementation monitoring of NFPandCIP TOTAL 2 3 3 0.2 5.8 15.8 Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of 8.1 Public Food Management Systems and T 0 0 1 NA NA 25.0 improve its impact on price stabilization Build capacities of Ministry of Food and 8.2 Disaster Management and Directorate of T 0 0 1 NA NA 25.0 8 Food to better manage the food system Increase and modernize public storage and 8.3 handling facilities, including in disaster prone H 2 5 4 17.4 28.0 94.9 Enhanced PublicFood Management Systems areas TOTAL 2 5 6 17.4 28.0 71.6 Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net 9.1 programmes and formulate a new T 0 1 2 NA 5.3 37.3 integrated strategy for social safety net 9 programmes

ve safety nets safety ve Investment in employment and income ti 9.2 generation of social safety nets (including in H 7 21 8 9.2 47.9 21.5 ec ﬀ

E ADP) TOTAL 7 22 10 9.2 45.9 24.6 Total Food Access 21 56 35 13.6 38.8 44.0 Share of Food Access on Total CIP 33.3% 23.0% 27.6% Community based livelihood and nutrition

on 10.1 programmes, building on the National T 2 22 6 36.5 13.0 8.7 ti Nutrition Service (NNS) Support community based eﬀorts of homestead gardening, rearing small 10.2 H 1 0 0 0.1 NA NA 10 livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition Link long term with immediate treatment of 10.3 acute malnutrition, in particular through T 0 1 0 NA 6.5 NA therapeutic and supplementary feeding Community based nutri TOTAL 3 23 6 24.4 12.7 8.7 Undertake updated & comprehensive 11.1 national survey of food consumption & food M 0 1 1 NA 0.9 6.5

composition on Undertake study of dietary diversiﬁcation & ti on program

ti supplementation needs and advocacy, liza

ti 11.2 awareness & educational materials to H 0 1 0 NA 5.9 NA

U 11 facilitate behavioral change in eating habits & practices through data Strengthen national capacities in surveying 11.3 and analysis to facilitate evidence based M 3 3 0 0.5 3.3 NA decisions

Orient foodOrient and nutri TOTAL 3 5 1 0.5 3.3 6.5 Improve surveillance system of food borne 12.1 M 0 1 1 NA 3.0 12.2 illnesses Develop and enhance capacities of 12.2 laboratories and systems for food quality M 0 1 1 NA 2.0 14.0 12 assurance and safety and control of food Support the development of a modern food

Improvement 12.3 H 1 3 1 3.1 2.4 1.0 control management system

Food Safety and Quality TOTAL 1 5 3 3.1 2.4 9.1 Total Food Utilization 7 33 10 11.1 9.7 8.6 Share of Food Utilization on Total CIP 11.1% 13.5% 7.9% Total CIP 63 244 127 7.7 24.3 33.9

151 68.4 68.4 149.4 149.4 115.0 Total 20.4 20.4 31.3 88.5 DPs DPs Delivery in 2011/12 2011/12 in Delivery 48.0 48.0 26.5 118.1 118.1 GOB 522.6 522.6 200.1 761.7 Priority Priority % 8.1% 8.1% 17.7% 17.7% 29.9% Pipeline projects 635.4 635.4 291.8 1,069.1 1,069.1 Requires Requires % 7.4% 7.4% 27.4% 27.4% 17.0% 461.3 461.3 Total 1,696.7 1,696.7 1,055.0 154.4 154.4 263.5 659.6 DPs DPs Completed and ongoing projects ongoing and Completed 306.9 306.9 395.4 GoB 1,433.2 1,433.2 % 11.2% 11.2% 20.3% 21.7% Total CIP

MUSD 1,096.8 1,096.8 1,988.5 2,124.1

ranking ranking Priority Priority T 501.8 5.1% 54.3 58.4 112.7 1.8% 389.1 10.9% 350.2 0.2 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.6 0.2 350.2 10.9% 389.1 1.8% 112.7 5.1% 54.3 58.4 501.8 T 0.9 0.9 - 41.8 1.3% 46.5 0.6% 40.0 0.9% 40.0 - 86.4 T 0.2% 18.0 - 0.6% - - 20.0 T - - 20.0 0.0% - H 163.2 1.7% 94.5 49.6 144.2 2.3% 19.0 0.5% 13.3 18.8 8.6 27.4 27.4 8.6 18.8 13.3 0.5% 2.3% 1.7% 94.5 144.2 19.0 49.6 H 163.2 H 4.4% 158.0 431.8 46.4 204.5 3.3% 39.1 10.2 159.1 28.9 6.3% 227.3 H 45.4 0.5% 45.4 45.4 0.7% 0.0% 0.5% 9.3 9.3 45.4 - - - - H 45.4 20.4% H 1,997.7 354.5 16.2% 1,002.4 647.9 27.8% 995.3 696.7 25.3 110.9 85.6 H 20.0 0.2% 0.9 11.7 12.7 0.2% 7.4 0.2% 5.2 0.4 2.9 3.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 5.2 0.2% 0.2% 7.4 12.7 11.7 0.2% 0.9 H 20.0 H 8.8% 461.1 857.5 125.4 586.5 9.5% 62.0 18.3 189.7 43.7 7.6% 270.9 M 337.9 3.5% 203.3 113.8 317.1 5.1% 20.8 0.6% 10.4 29.9 13.0 42.9 42.9 13.0 29.9 5.1% 0.6% 10.4 317.1 113.8 203.3 20.8 3.5% 337.9 M ed on fi scal year 2011/12 by subprogramme by subprogramme 2011/12 scal year ti fi on & ti cular in the south ciency of surface ti ow ow to the South T 747.7 7.6% 723.4 24.4 747.7 12.1% - 0.0% - 35.2 - 35.2 ffi fl ces, supported by by supported ces, ti ed for quality of diversi fi ti on, in par ti on to increase agricultural Subprogrammes Subprogrammes ti on systems and at farm level level and at farm systems on vity and diversity in a sustainable ti ti lity management ti nancial services by smallholders and the manner learning and indigenous knowledge produc community-based experimenta TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL and adop Enhance research & knowledge genera Improve extension services to propagate & prac knowledge Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change Improve water management in water distribu Improve & increase e Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and cer crops Develop public private partnerships through capacity development Improve and increase sustainability of soil fer Facilitate access to credit and other fi poor rural water irriga water

13 14 15

1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 water 2.3 river Enhance 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

agriculture agriculture lity ti fer

Improved water management management water Improved

ed ed ﬁ diversi and Sustainable soil and input of quality Improved

1 2 3

Availability Annex 3.3. CIP Budget 2013 and delivery in in 2013 and delivery Budget 3.3. Annex CIP

152 35.4 35.4 18.2 386.5 386.5 216.3 Total 7.8 7.8 10.3 10.3 80.3 DPs DPs 158.4 158.4 7.9 7.9 Delivery in 2011/12 2011/12 in Delivery 27.6 27.6 228.1 228.1 136.0 GOB 94.6 94.6 133.4 133.4 315.1 1,712.3 1,712.3 Priority Priority % 5.5% 5.5% 3.9% 16.8% 16.8% 65.1% 65.1% Pipeline projects projects Pipeline 195.8 195.8 138.6 603.1 2,330.6 2,330.6 Requires Requires % 2.9% 2.9% 1.1% 18.9% 18.9% 55.8% 55.8% 68.2 68.2 177.9 177.9 Total 1,168.9 1,168.9 3,459.3 3,459.3 33.1 33.1 42.2 297.5 297.5 DPs DPs 1,152.9 1,152.9 Completed and ongoing projects ongoing and Completed 26.0 26.0 144.9 144.9 871.4 GoB 2,306.4 2,306.4 % 3.8% 3.8% 2.1% 18.1% 18.1% 59.2% 59.2% Total CIP 373.7 373.7 206.8

MUSD 1,772.0 1,772.0 5,789.9 5,789.9

ranking ranking Priority Priority L 17.4 0.2% 5.2 - 5.2 0.1% 12.2 0.3% 4.9 1.5 - 1.5 1.5 1.5 - 4.9 0.3% 0.2% 5.2 12.2 0.1% - 5.2 L 17.4 10.4 5.0 5.5 0.9 0.1% 0.6% 2.4 34.2 18.8 15.4 0.4% L 36.6 T 18.8 0.2% 4.1 4.5 8.6 0.1% 10.2 0.3% 9.2 0.8 0.5 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.8 9.2 0.3% 10.2 0.1% 0.2% 4.1 4.5 8.6 18.8 T H 69.5 0.7% 14.3 4.5 18.7 0.3% 50.7 1.4% 35.5 3.1 0.4 3.5 3.5 0.4 3.1 35.5 1.4% 0.3% 50.7 14.3 18.7 4.5 0.7% H 69.5 1.2% 2.0 0.7 72.7 1.3 2.9% - 16.7 - - 2.4 H 114.9 0.2% 103.9 8.6 0.7% 11.0 0.2% 23.9 - 0.0% - 23.9 - H - 33.0 - - 1.3% 0.5% 47.2 - 0.0% - 47.2 - H M - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - - - - 0.0% M - - - - M 31.4 0.3% 8.2 14.8 23.0 0.4% 8.4 0.2% 4.2 1.1 4.7 5.8 5.8 4.7 1.1 0.2% 4.2 0.4% 8.4 0.3% 23.0 14.8 8.2 31.4 M M 1,580.8 16.2% 848.6 232.9 1,081.5 17.5% 499.3 13.9% 249.6 133.9 55.0 188.8 188.8 55.0 133.9 249.6 13.9% 17.5% 1,081.5 499.3 16.2% 848.6 232.9 1,580.8 M M 1.3% 125.3 18.7 60.1 78.8 1.3% 1.3% 46.5 23.2 26.2 24.8 1.3

ﬀ sheries resources H 286.8 2.9% 125.4 28.6 154.0 2.5% 132.8 3.7% 93.0 23.0 7.4 30.4 30.4 7.4 23.0 93.0 3.7% 2.5% 132.8 125.4 154.0 28.6 2.9% H 286.8 resources sheries ﬁ on ti on in the South through ti c improvement ti es and rural businesses businesses rural and es on and reduce waste through ti ti Subprogrammes Subprogrammes vi ng groups for improved market ti ti es and informa ti er diagnosis and surveillance systems to systems and surveillance er diagnosis gate disease outbreaks outbreaks disease gate ti tt access andaccess knowledge mi Develop small scale aquaculture, through through aquaculture, scale small Develop access to quality inputs, advice and skills Develop public private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development Promote produc sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co management of wetlands including services, health animal Strengthen be Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based services and advisory knowledge improved Improve availability and quality inputsof through public private partnerships livestockResearch on development, including gene Improve physical access to markets, facili & producer promote and Mobilize marke Develop adequate storage, processing and addi value public-private partnerships Promote and assist the development of o farm ac TOTAL TOTAL Food Availability Total TOTAL

16 17 18

4.1 4.1 of management 4.2 Improve 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Improved access to markets to access Improved

Fisheries and aquaculture development development aquaculture and Fisheries development Livestock

4 5 6

Access

153 3.3 3.3 32.2 32.2 16.1 252.2 252.2 503.9 Total - 3.3 3.3 13.6 13.6 DPs DPs 134.4 134.4 218.0 - 2.4 2.4 Delivery in 2011/12 2011/12 in Delivery 32.2 32.2 117.7 117.7 285.9 GOB 33.2 33.2 46.8 198.7 198.7 181.3 728.4 Priority Priority % 1.3% 1.3% 7.7% 6.6% 1.5% 32.5% 32.5% Pipeline projects projects Pipeline 47.5 47.5 52.0 276.2 276.2 237.7 1,164.5 1,164.5 Requires Requires % 0.3% 0.3% 2.8% 5.0% 16.7% 16.7% 38.7% 38.7% 17.2 17.2 174.7 174.7 311.3 Total 1,034.4 1,034.4 2,395.3 2,395.3 17.0 17.0 30.3 568.0 568.0 912.8 251.0 DPs DPs 0.2 0.2 Completed and ongoing projects ongoing and Completed 60.3 60.3 144.4 144.4 466.5 GoB 1,482.4 1,482.4 % 0.7% 0.7% 4.6% 3.7% 13.0% 13.0% 36.4% 36.4% Total CIP 64.6 64.6 451.0 451.0 363.3

MUSD 1,272.1 1,272.1 3,559.8 3,559.8

ranking Priority Priority T 80.0 0.8% 0.8% T 0.1 80.0 5.2 1.8 1.8 67.2 0.0 2.1% 0.1% 5.3 74.7 T T 3.7% 358.0 58.5 247.6 0.1 306.0 4.9% 1.5% 0.1 52.0 46.8 16.0 0.0% 13.6 2.4 - - 0.1% - 5.2 3.5 1.7 0.1% 5.2 T T 13.4 0.1% 0.1% 12.1 - 0.4% - - 13.4 T - - 13.4 0.0% - T 13.4 0.1% 0.1% 12.1 - 0.4% - - 13.4 T - - 13.4 0.0% - H 20.7 0.2% 0.2 14.1 14.2 0.2% 6.5 0.2% 4.5 - 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 4.5 0.2% - 0.2% 6.5 14.2 14.1 0.2% 0.2 H 20.7 H 0.1 0.0% 0.1 - 0.1 0.0% - 0.0% 0.0% - - - - 0.0% - 0.1 0.0% 0.1 - H 0.1 H 21.6 0.2% 0.2% H 21.6 - 2.2 13.6 0.5% 0.0% 2.2 19.4 0.1 0.1 - 32.2 32.2 174.6 - 7.0% 2.8% 249.4 144.4 174.7 30.3 4.3% H 424.2 12.2% 466.4 16.6% 250.4 H 1,192.2 1,029.2 562.8 132.6 117.7 163.0 4.6% 114.1 H 22.4 0.2% 0.2% H 22.4 - 0.8 15.1 0.6% 0.0% 0.8 21.6 0.1 0.1 - on ti on ti onal onal ti es to on ti ti veness of orts of orts of onal Food Food onal on ti ff es for design, ti ti cular through ti ec ti ff es toimplement, es of civil society onal capaci onal ti ti ti on and CIP CIP and on ti on, in par tu onal capaci onal es, includinges, in disaster ti ti ti ti on and monitoring of CIP es of Ministry ofFood and er manage the food system ciency and e ti ti tt c and supplementary feeding ffi ons ons to contribute to CIP Subprogrammes Subprogrammes ti ti on of social safety nets (including in ons ti on Service (NNS) vely vely operate social safety net ti ti ti ec ff e programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes programmes, building on the Na Nutri therapeu monitor and coordinate Na Policy-PlanAc of organisa Community based livelihood and nutri livelihood based Community e based community Support small rearing gardening, homestead and awareness aquaculture livestock, building for improved nutri of treatment immediate with term long Link acute malnutri development and implementa Public Food Management Systems and stabiliza price on its impact improve Strengthen capaci Strengthen na Strengthen capaci Enhance e Build capaci Increase and modernize public storage and handling facili prone areas Strengthen ins income and employment in Investment genera ADP) Disaster Managementand Directorate of Food to be TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Food Access Total TOTAL implementa opera 19 20 21 22

7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2

10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3

ons ti ac

Management Systems Systems Management

ve safety nets nets safety ve ti ec ﬀ E monitoring of NFP and CIP CIP and NFP of monitoring on ti nutri based Community

Enhanced Public Food Food Public Enhanced

on and and on ti lementa p Im

8 9 7 10

on on ti liza ti U

154 Total CIP Completed and ongoing projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2011/12 Subprogrammes Priority Priority ranking ranking MUSD % GoB DPs Total % Requires % Priority GOB DPs Total Undertake updated & comprehensive 11.1 national survey of food consumption & food M 7.4 0.1% 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0% 6.5 0.2% 3.2 - 0.2 0.2

on composition ti Undertake study of dietary diversiﬁcation & supplementation needs and advocacy, 11.2 awareness & educational materials to H 4.7 0.0% 1.5 3.2 4.7 0.1% - 0.0% - - - - 11 facilitate behavioural change in eating habits & practices Strengthen national capacities in surveying 11.3 and analysis to facilitate evidence based M 9.6 0.1% 4.2 5.4 9.6 0.2% - 0.0% - 0.0 0.6 0.6 Orient food and nutri programmes through data decisions 23 TOTAL 21.7 0.2% 5.7 9.5 15.2 0.2% 6.5 0.2% 3.2 0.0 0.8 0.8 Improve surveillance system of food borne 12.1 M 15.2 0.2% 0.4 2.6 3.0 0.0% 12.2 0.3% 6.1 - 0.4 0.4 illnesses Develop and enhance capacities of 12.2 laboratories and systems for food quality M 16.0 0.2% 0.3 1.7 2.0 0.0% 14.0 0.4% 7.0 - 0.3 0.3 12 assurance and safety and control of food Support the development of a modern food improvement improvement 155 12.3 H 11.3 0.1% 3.0 7.3 10.3 0.2% 1.0 0.0% 0.7 1.1 3.8 4.8 control management system Food safety and quality 24 TOTAL 42.5 0.4% 3.7 11.6 15.3 0.2% 27.3 0.8% 13.8 1.1 4.5 5.5 Total Food Utilization 427.5 4.4% 69.7 272.1 341.8 5.5% 85.7 2.4% 63.9 3.5 18.9 22.4 Grand Total 9,777 100% 3,859 2,338 6,196 100% 3,581 100% 2,505 518 395 913

Annex 3.4 Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2012 - updated annex 4.5 of CIP 2011 (in lakh taka)

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10 ti

DP Project end Project Project Project Programme GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogramme Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included 2012 CIP in Included

13 Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural 11 - - 14931 14931 0 1095 1095 0 1095 1095 0 No

BADC Development Project Jul

Jun Pipeline Ongoing

National Agricultural Technology Project -13 17872 869 17003 3475 157 3318 5671 160 5511 BARC Jul-07 Jul-07 Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing IDA, IFAD IDA,

Agricultural Sector Programme Support 07 - 303 0 303 50 0 50 94 0 94

BARI 2nd Phase (BARI Part) Jan Sep-12 DANIDA Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

156 1.1: Enhance Continuation and expansion of pesticide 10 -15 -

research & No research in pesticide analytical laboratory 859 859 0 401 401 0 401 401 0

JDCF BARI Jul Jun Ongoing knowledge at BARI Ongoing 1: Sustainable generation and

and diversiﬁed adoption to

Farm Machinery Technology 13 agriculture increase 1462 1462 0 422 422 0 830 830 0

BARI Development and Dissemination Jul-10 Jul-10 Jun-

agricultural Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

productivity and

diversity in a

Integrated Agriculture Productivity 11 -16 sustainable - 2200 283 1917 144 31 113 144 31 113

BARI Project (IAPP) Jul GAFSP GAFSP manner Jun Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Integrated Quality Horticulture - -10 5481 5481 0 1099 1099 0 1899 1899 0

BARI Development Project (2nd phase) Jul Dec Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural 11 - 619 619 0 154 154 0 154 154 0 No

BARI Development Project

Jul Jun-13 Jun-13 Pipeline Ongoing

11 Orange Development Project 423 423 0 0 0 0 128 128 0

BARI Jul-06 Jul-06 Jun- DANIDA Ongoing Completed Completed Completed

DP GAFSP

PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY in 2011/12 Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

609 609 0 99 99 0 99 99 0 609 99 0 99 99 99 0

Projectbudget for theperiod 2752 2752 0 612 612 0 1095 1095 0 2752 1095 0 612 612 1095 0 1816 0 117 0 736 676 676 736 25 0 142 117 25 142 1346 78 1268 0 3204 6593 3204 1689 0 0 1689 1138 0 0 994 880 880 994 0 635 149 784 635 149 784 2366 866 1500 1412 0 0 555 365 365 555 0 Total 11292 11292 11292 11292 0 1851 1851 4080 0 0 4080

Project end Project - - 13 13 Aug 16 16 Jun 13 Jun - Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-14 14 Jun-13 Jun-13 13 Jun-

Jun- Dec- 13

11 Jul May - - - 11 10 10 Jul - -10 12 Jan 10 Jul 10 10 Jul Jan- Sep-10 Jul-10 Project start Project -

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing on, on, ti es and vity ons on ti ti ti ti vi ti

ciency of BRRI ciency of

tle ti Project Project ﬃ ons Development of BINA BINA of Development ons ti on (RPRS) ti

Project (IAPP) Sub-Sta Tuber Crop Development Project Upgrading of Pulses Research Sub-Sta Madaripur to Regional Pulses Research sta Integrated Agriculture Produc Strengthening Research Ac Basic & Applied Research in Jute (BJRI) trial farm and on research Strengthening programs of BLRI regional sta Facility Research Biotechnology Development at BRRI project Enhancing Research E TechnologyFarm Machinery Development and Dissemina

GoB Agency GoB BRRI BRRI BARI BARI BARI BARI BFRI BINA BLRI BRRI

BJRI BJRI BRRI BRRI

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing No Pipeline Pipeline

Pipeline No

Subprogramme vity and on and and on ti ti on to ti Enhance 1.1: research & knowledge genera adop diversity in a sustainable manner increase agricultural produc

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture 157

DP JDCF

GAFSP PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

252 0 124 0 99 99 124 0 0 148 958 148 0 148 0 148 758 0 0 0 275 0 275 0 0 283 862 283 0 224 0 224 345 0 98 98 0 98 98 0 0 464 884 464 0 191 0 191 Project budget period budget for the Project 2056 359 1697 195 105 90 195 105 90 105 195 90 105 195 2056 359 1697 1004 0 92 92 0 349 349 0 7632 2046 0 1991 0 0 2046 1991 Total

Project end Project Jun - -13 Jun-12 Jun-12 14 -11 16 16 Jun Dec Jun-13 Dec-13 Jun-13 - Dec-13 Dec-13 Jun

Jul Jul 10 -07 -07 -11 -11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jul-05 Nov- Jul-10 Mar-10 Project start Project

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

vity ti

tute

tle ti Project on technologies in ti va ti on of Agriculturalists ti on, Bangladesh Complex (KIB) Complex Bangladesh on, ti tu ti

Integrated Agriculture Produc Project (IAPP) Minimizing Rice Yield Gap Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project Research and Development Hybridof in Bangladesh Rice Strengthening and Capacity Building of Biotechnology Laboratory in BRRI and Golpata Palm Palmyra palm, Date Development Pilot Project Pilot project for development of sugarbeet cul StrengtheningBiotechnology of of Sugarcane Research Ins Construc Ins Bangladesh

GoB Agency GoB

BRRI BRRI BRRI BSRI BRRI BRRI BRRI BRRI BRRI BSRI BSRI BSRI DAE

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Pipeline Ongoing

Pipeline Pipeline

Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing No Pipeline Pipeline

Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline

Subprogramme vity and on and and on ti ti on to ti Enhance 1.1: research & knowledge genera adop increase agricultural produc diversity in a sustainable manner

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture

158

DP DANIDA IDA, IFAD IFAD IDA, IFAD IDA, PA PA 9485 GoB 20088 20088 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total 29573 29573 PA PA 5958

GoB 13090 13090 Delivery in FY 2011/12 in Total 19048 19048 PA PA 38430 38430 GoB 67800 67800 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15 93 93 0 27 27 0 50 50 0 50 50 0 27 93 27 0

800 800 0 295 295 0 368 368 0 368 368 0 800 295 0 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 289 4 285 Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 1778 1822 0 69 15 15 0 15 15 0 1891 818 69 887 7991 184 7807 1102 60 1162 817 32 849 7344 409 6935 0 315 315 0 288 0 1544 0 288 200 1544 200 0 0 200 1174 2121 0 200 2121 1174 0 587 2311 0 587 2311

Total 106230 106230

Project end Project 14 14 Jun Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-13 Dec-12 Dec-13 Jun- Jun-14 Dec-13 Dec-13 Jun-11 - 13

Jul 11 09 - -11 -11 Jul-07 Jul-07 Jul-10 Jul-07 Jan- Jul-08 Jul- Jul-07 Jul-07 07 Jul Project start Project

Project Status Project Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing on ti

culture

tle ti Project Project tute ti onal agricultural training ti on and capacity upgrading on of agriculture informa agriculture on of ti ti on of Aaraihajar Hor Aaraihajar of on ti ca ﬁ agong Hill Tracts Integrated Integrated Hill Tracts agong tute (NATA- former SERDI) onal Agricultural Technology Project Project Technology Agricultural onal Project Technology Agricultural onal ti ti ti

service in 10 agriculture regions regions agriculture in 10 service project for na ins Center to training ins Moderniza Upgrada Na (KGF) Na (PCU) Minimizing Rice Yield Gap Agriculture Sector Programme Support Intensi Chi Agricultural Development Project (Phase III) Greater Bogra-Rangpur-Dinajpur Integrated Agricultural Development ( Phase II)Project

GoB Agency GoB AIS KGF KGF SRDI

DAE DAE DAE MoA AIS BADC BADC

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Pipeline

Subprogramme ces, ti supported by community-based experimenta & learning and indigenous knowledge 1.2: Improve 1.2: extension services propagate to knowledge & prac

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme agriculture 1.1 Subprogramme Sub total 1: Sustainable and diversi

159

DP DA NIDA NIDA PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

843 843 0 261 261 0 362 362 0 362 362 0 261 843 261 0 0 187 187 0 86 320 86 0

Project budget period budget for the Project 2405 2405 0 724 724 0 1622 1622 0 1622 1622 2405 0 724 0 724 0 1148 1148 2334 0 586 0 586 0 1277 1277 3635 0 774 0 774 Total 38553 38553 38553 38553 4897 0 4897 2498 0 0 2498 10918 1346 3163 2649 513 1756 9572 2262 506 0 13256 16341 16341 13256 5757 0 0 5757

Project end Project - Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-14 Dec- 13 Jun Dec-12 Jun- 12 Jun 14 Jun 13 - 14 -

Jul - -10 -10 Jul-09 Jul-09 Jul-09 Jul-10 Jul-10 Oct-06 09 Jul 10 Jan Project start Project -

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing on on ti a on ti ti on

culture

tle ti Project Project ti on of Rubber Dams in Small & ti on ti

Integrated Agricultural Development Development Agricultural Integrated Project ( Phase II) Development Project (2nd phase) phase) (2nd Project Development through Farm Mechaniza Greater Khulna-Jessore-Kush Agricultural Mymensingh-Tangail Greater Phase Project-2nd Development Integrated Quality Hor Project Development Crop Tuber Agriculture Sector Programme Support (1st revised) Agricultural Extension ASPS-II under (AEC) Component Construc Enhancement of Crops Produc Technology Machinery Farm Development and Dissemina medium River for Increasing Food Produc

GoB Agency GoB BADC DAE

DAE

BADC BADC BADC

DAE DAE DAE DAE

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included On

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing going Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline

Ongoing

Subprogramme ces, ti & and learning indigenous knowledge supported by community-based experimenta Improve 1.2: extension services propagate to knowledge & prac

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture

160

DP IDB AFSTF

PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 9885 9885 0 429 429 0 429 429 0 429 429 0 429 9885 429 0 452 203 655 69 0 69 4153 859 3294 0 1375 1375 0 468 2272 468 0 5777 0 0 0 0 605 605 0 0 588 588 0 588 1500 588 0 0 1391 1391 0 904 2125 904 0 0 2469 2469 0 1351 7863 1351 0 0 1033 1033 0 759 1995 759 0 Total 10991 10991 4924 771 423 348 348 6067 423

Project end Project 16 Jun - - Jun - Jun-12 Jun- 11 Jun 3 Dec- 14 Jun 12 Dec Dec-13 -13 12 - 1

11 Jul

-11 -11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-06 Jul-08 Jul-10 Jul Jul-10 Jan-11 Project start Project -10 -10 - Jul

Project Status Project Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing vity on of on and and on ti ti ti

culture

tle ti Project Project ti on and crea ti

Development Project (2nd phase) phase) (2nd Project Development Farmer’s Training at Upazila level for Transfer of Technology (2nd Phase) Greater Rangpur Agriculture & Rural Development (DAE-LGED) development quality ATI( of Improvement inproject) Sherpur, Gaibandha, and Khulna (doulatpur) Increase produc Integrated Agricultural Extension Approach for poverty Reduc Food Security Project (IAPRFP) Integrated Agriculture Produc Project (IAPP) IntegratedPest Management(2nd phase, revised) 1st Integrated Quality Hor Minimizing Rice Yield Gap Project (1st revised) employment forrural peoplethrough expansion technology engineering

GoB Agency GoB

DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No Pipeline Pipeline

Pipeline Pipeline

Subprogramme ces, ti & and learning indigenous knowledge supported by community-based experimenta Improve 1.2: extension services propagate to knowledge & prac

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture

161

DP JDCF EU FAO IFAD PA PA

GoB since Jul'10 Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

837 837 0 319 319 0 376 376 0 376 376 0 319 837 319 0 0 44 44 0 44 773 44 0

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 3829 3829 0 466 466 0 466 466 0 466 466 0 3829 466 0 466 0 1912 490 0 490 0 0 0 0 2176 320 2176 0 5451 0 871 0 871 320 0 0 0 4858 0 4858 0 378 378 0 2470 265 0 265 Total 12389 936 11453 2163 135 2028 4401 254 4147 254 4401 2028 135 2163 936 12389 11453 4966 1062 6028 2432 787 3219 2961 18860 21821

Project end Project -14 -14 - Dec-13 - 16 Jun Aug-11 Aug-11 13 Jun Jun- 13 Jun Jun 16 Jun 13 Dec - - 11 -

10 Jan 10 Jul 10 Jul Jul - - 09 - - - -02 11 11 Jul 07 Jul Jul-06 Jan- Jul-11 Project start Project

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

culture (standard

tle ti Project Project ti onal Agricultural Technology Project, ti

Phase I, 2nd revised revised 2nd I, Phase Mujibnagar IntegratedAgriculture Development Project Na DevelopmentOrange Project Development Mushroom Strengthening Project Support to Assist Landless, Marginal and Small Farmers to Overcome Soaring Input of Areas in Impoverished Prices Food and Bangladesh Tuber Crop Development Project Integrated Quality Hor garden) Development Project (2nd phase) Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project Management Resource Based Community Project.

GoB Agency GoB DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAE DAM DAM LGED DAE DAE

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline No Ongoing

Subprogram me ces, ti & and learning indigenous knowledge Improve 1.2: extension services propagate to knowledge & prac by supported community-based experimenta

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme agriculture agriculture 1: Sustainable and diversi

162

DP UNDP WFP ADB GAFSP

GAFSP PA PA 1825 13327 13327 24637

171 GoB 38731 38731 58990

since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery 0 1996 Total 52060 52060 83628 PA PA 7078 1146 14181 14181 171 GoB 20096 20096 33357

Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 1317 Total 27175 27175 47540 PA PA 63160 63160 56249 157839 157839 GoB 53706 53706 128646 128646 250152 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

454 83 371 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 371 454 83 Project budget period budget for the Project 9291 521 8770 467 20 445 467 20 445 20 467 445 1406 20 467 9291 521 8770 171 1577 997 171 1168 3977 683 3294 419 0 419 149 0 149 1724 0 1724 0 1693 1693 0 2352 1077 0 1077

Total 10376 4965 5411 304 204 101 304 204 101 204 304 101 4965 10376 204 5411 304 0 2100 15174 15174 0 2100 2100 0 2100 191806 191806 52940 103800 50860 0 109955 407992

Project end Project - -12 16 Jun 4 Jun- - Jun- 16 Jun Nov Dec- -14 Jun-1 13 13 13 Jun 16

- 11

-10 -10 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-09 Jan-12 12 Jan Jul-09 Mar- Project start Project Jul-11 Jul

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing on in in on ti ect the the ect on Area on and and on ﬀ vity vity ti ti ti ti orestra on to climate

ﬀ ti on of the

on tle ti Project ti on under WFP (Enhancing WFP under on on by introducing Force ti ti ga ti ng Implementa ti on Plan – a technical assistance grant ti

Bangladesh change throughchange Coastal A Resilience to andDisaster the e Climate Change) Change) Climate project BCCSP Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy & Ac Development Project (3rd Phase) Integrated Agriculture Produc Project (IAPP) adapta based Community Mi Disaster and building Capacity change Climate knowledge management - a technical assistance grant project Suppor Enhancing AgriculturalProduc Poverty Allevia mode Tubewell Irriga Integrated Agriculture Produc Irriga Sirajgang Pabna-Natore- Project (BADC- seed and water component) management

GoB Agency GoB

MoA

LGED LGED MoEF BADC BADC BADC DoForestry DoForestry

BADC

MoEF MoEF

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline

Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline No No Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline

Ongoing Ongoing

Subprogramme 1.3: Promote the the Promote 1.3: of development to responses agriculturaladapt systems to climate change water 2.1:Improve management in distribu water

systems and at farm level

ed ed

ﬁ

Programme Sub total Subprogramme 1.2 Subprogramme Sub total 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture 1.3 Subprogramme Sub total 1 Programme Sub total 2: Improved water management

163

EKN PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

Project budget period budget for the Project 2212 2212 0 0 0 0 625 625 0 625 2212 0 0 0 0 565 0 565 0 565 565 2221 0 2840 0 2840 0 1140 1140 5125 0 Total 20128 20128 0 3200 3200 0 8700 8700 0 8700 0 3200 20128 20128 3200 0 10657 0 10657 0 3657 28428 28428 3657 0 6000 0 6000 0 2000 16154 16154 2000 0 8500 0 8500 0 3500 24785 24785 3500 0 2265 0 2265 0 1300 27095 27095 1300 0 353 787 1140 0 0 0 2139 11380 9241

Project end Project

- Jun Jun Jun-13 11 11 Jun Jun-14 Jun-13 Jun-13 Dec-13 Jun-11 -13 -13 -12

Ju 10 Jan l-08 l-08 - Project start Project -10 -10 Jul-07 Jul-07 Jul-11 Jul-08 Jul-07 10 Jan Jul- Jul - 99

Project Status Project Completed Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed on ti on (3rd ti

on Project phase

ti tle ti Project Project ces (BADC part) ti on Prac ti ng Inoperable Deep Tube wells for on ti ti va ti

Pilot Project for Agricultural Produc Survey and Monitoring Project for Development of Minor Irriga Phase) Ac Barind Integrated Area Development Project (Phase-III) Command Area Development & Training Project (2nd Phase) Command Area extension and Development Installa Tubewell Deep Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur and Joypurhat Integrated Agricultural Development Project IPSWAM – Integrated planning for sustainable water management Irriga II In MongaProne AreaThrough Modern Minor Irriga

GoB Agency GoB

BMDA BMDA BWDB

BMDA BMDA BADC BMDA BMDA BMDA BADC

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing

Completed Completed

Completed Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Subprogramme

Level water 2.1:Improve management in distribu water systems and at farm level level

Programme 2: Improved water management

164

DP JICA IFAD & ADB PA PA 14218 14218 GoB 50573 50573 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total 64791 64791 PA PA 9061 GoB 20769 20769 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total 29831 29831 PA PA 105809 105809 GoB 185742 185742 Jul'10-Jun'15 ect budget for the period period the for budget ect

Proj 2453 2453 0 510 510 0 1138 1138 0 1138 1138 0 510 2453 0 510 0 1544 1544 0 338 2429 0 338 0 4204 4204 0 1487 9699 1487 0 0 4214 4214 0 2585 9931 2585 0 0 2372 2372 0 2372 8969 2372 0 0 1236 1236 0 447 2318 0 447

Total 47015 15015 32000 7094 1133 5960 11961 3303 8658 3303 11961 5960 1133 7094 32000 15015 47015 4673 2769 7442 3000 895 3895 59157 19949 79106 3936 0 3936 0 17086 17086 2571 0 2571 291551 291551

Project end Project Jun 14 Jun Jun Jun-13 Jun- Jun-14 13 Dec - 13 -14 - -17 14 - 13 Jun Dec-

Jul 09 Jul - - - -11 -11 - 07 07 Jul Jan-10 Jul-10 09 Jan 09 Jul Jul-09 Jul-10 Project start Project

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing on ti liza ti ing ( 2nd ing ft on (4thon Phase) ti

on Area

ti tle ti Project Project on Development ti on Through U ti on of Rubber Dams in Small & ti on ve Use of Surface Water Project Project Water Surface of Use ve ng Inoperable Deep Tube wells for ti ti on ti ti cipatory Smallcipatory Scale Water Resources va ti ti

medium River for Increasing Food Produc of Surface Water by Double Li development of Small Scale Water Water Scale Small of development Resources Project in Greater Areas and Faridpur Sylhet Mymensingh, Par Sector Project Ac Irriga Asuganj-Polash Agro Irriga Construc Expansion Irriga of GreaterIrriga Dhaka Project-2nd Phase Irriga Faridpur Greater Development project Innova (2nd Phase) Phase)

GoB Agency GoB LGED LGED BADC

LGED LGED BADC BADC

BADC BADC BADC BADC

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing

Pipeline Pipeline

iciency iciency

Subprogram me ﬀ on, in ti cular in the ti

south of surface water water surface of irriga par Improve & 2.2: increase e

Programme Subprogramme 2.1 Subprogramme 2: Improved water management

165

DP ADB PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 2286 0 801 1551 801 0 0 1551 2121 0 698 1393 698 0 0 1393 6220 0 191 191 0 631 631 0 Total 23895 23895 23895 23895 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 0 9012 1871 10882 3894 663 4557 6518 19507 26025 36171 36171 0 1624 1624 0 3709 3709 0 20780 20780 0 0 0 10997 10997 0 0 225 225 0 0 0 0 10 10 0

Project end Project Jun -14 -14 Jun-14 Jun-14 Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-13 Jun-12 11 Jun -

Jul -05 -05 - - Project start Project Mar-11 Jul-05 Aug-10 07 Jul Jul-09 Jul-06 06 Jul

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing es and ti on, on and ti ti

on Facili

ood control, tle ti Project Project ti ﬂ on project on Project ti ti on Projecton ( South Unit) Projecton (North Unit) bank ti ti ft on projectatSujanagar ti va ti on Projecton (Phase II) ti

sh culsh

Irriga drainage and irriga (BWDB part) District Pabna in Upazilla Development of Irriga ﬁ Barind Rain Water Conserva Water Rain Barind Area integrated Water Resources Management Project Southwest le river Dhepa Dhepa-Punarbhaba WaterManagement under Biral Upazilla in Dinajpur District River Excava Bill Link Gazner Irriga Kurigram Irriga Kurigram Matamuhuri Irriga

GoB Agency GoB

BWDB BWDB

BMDA BMDA BWDB BWDB BWDB BWDB BWDB BWDB

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing No Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

ciency

Subprogramme ﬃ on, in ti cular in the ti

south Improve & 2.2: e increase of surface water irriga par

Programme 2: Improved water management

166

DP IDA PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

877 877 0 0 0 0 877 165 165 0 0 100 90 0 100 491 491 0 86 0 93 0

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 4571 0 250 250 0 250 250 0 Total 15060 15060 15060 15060 0 3578 3578 0 9378 9378 0 68494 68494 0 735 735 0 735 735 0 28145 28145 0 3511 3511 0 5157 5157 0 24863 24863 0 1289 1289 0 5697 5697 0 18396 2609 9033 21005 78578 19722 98301 215 8818

Project end Project Jun Jun - -

-13 -13 Jun-14 Jun-14 12 12 Jun Jun-14 13 Mar Jun-13 Jun-15 Jun-15 Jun-13

Mar- Jul 04 Jul 10 Jan - - - 10 10 09 09 -06 - 04 04 Jul 11 Jul Jul-11 10 Jan Mar- Project start Project -

Project Status Project Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing es and es and es and ti ti ti on and ti ng rivers, ng rivers, ng rivers,

ti ti ti

on facili on facili on facili on

tle ti Project Project ti ti ti ood control, drainage ﬂ ood protec ood ﬂ on of connec of on connec of on connec of on on Project on Project on project ti ti ti ti ti ti

Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area District Pabna in Upazilla Sujanagar and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area District Pabna in Upazilla Sujanagar and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area District Pabna in Upazilla Sujanagar and drainage improvement in haor areas Muhuri-Kahua FloodControl, Drainage and Irriga Pre-monsoon Surma right bank Drainage control, Flood Pachuria Tarail and Irriga Teesta Barrage Project,2nd Phase Water Management Improvement Project (special revised) Re-excava irriga of Development Re-excava irriga of Development Re-excava irriga of Development and irriga and

GoB Agency GoB BWDB BWDB DAE BWDB BWDB BWDB

BWDB BWDB DLS DOFish

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing No No Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No

Ongoing Ongoing

ciency

Subprogram me ﬃ on, in ti cular in the the in cular ti

south par & Improve 2.2: increase e of surface water irriga

Programme 2: Improved water management 167

DP 0 PA PA 27408 27408 GoB 63899 63899 13670 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total 91307 91307 13670 0 PA PA 12712 12712 GoB 6490 30351 30351 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 6490 Total 43063 43063 0 PA PA 98085 98085 GoB 31538 31538 348762 348762 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15 85 85 0 38 38 0 48 48 0 48 48 0 38 85 38 0

Project budget period budget for the Project 3544 0 790 790 0 790 790 0 5894 0 998 998 1185 0 0 1185 1491 0 194 194 0 571 571 0

Total 13486 13486 13486 13486 0 3291 3291 0 8253 8253 0 31538 31538 0 6490 6490 13670 0 0 13670 31538 94409 94409 0 1524 1524 0 2104 2104 0 446847 446847 102812 102812 0 5737 5737 0 10237 10237 0

Project end Project Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-14 Dec-13 Jun-13 Jun-14 Jun-12 Jun-13 Jun-13

Jul - - - -07 -07 10 10 Jan Jul-09 Jan-11 10 Jul Jul-10 10 Jul Jan-10 Jan-10 Project start Project

Project Status Project Completed

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing es and es and ti ti ng rivers, ng rivers,

on Project Project on

ti ti

on facili on facili on

tle ti Project Project ti ti on of BWDBinfrastructure on of connec of on connec of on on of Rubber Dams in Small & in Small Dams Rubber of on ti ti ti ti on (LGED) ti on research on integrated water on research project on command area ected by Aila cyclone in coastal area area in coastal by cyclone Aila ected ti ti

ﬀ

Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area District Pabna in Upazilla Sujanagar and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area District Pabna in Upazilla Sujanagar and Development of irriga of Development Development of irriga of Development a Re-excava Construc Re-excava Ac management Ac development using surface water for rural RDA replacing by improvement livelihood technology Rehabilita Buriganga River Restora Capital Dredging Of River Systems in Bangladesh Medium Rivers for increasing Food Produc

GoB Agency GoB DoForestry DoForestry LGED LGED RDA

RDA RDA BWDB BWDB BWDB

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Subprogram me ow tothe ﬂ

2.3: Reduce 2.3: saline of impact in intrusion water the South Enhance river 2.4: water South

Programme Sub total Subprogramme 2.2 Subprogramme Sub total 2: Improved water management 2.3 Subprogramme Sub total 2: Improved water management

168

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

12 10 - Excavation of Chanda-Barasia river - 5953 5953 0 1699 1699 0 2037 2037 0 No Jul BWDB Jun Ongoing Ongoing

Feasibility Study and Detail Design of 04 - 4564 4564 0 822 822 0 1801 1801 0 Ganges Barrage project Jul BWDB Jun-13 Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Feasibility study and survey of Surashar 156 156 0 64 64 0 141 141 0 No FCDI project BWDB Jun-12 May-10 Ongoing Completed Completed

10 169 Gorai River Restoration Project -13 94215 94215 0 14104 14104 0 24139 24139 0 Jul- BWDB Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

-11 Kalni-Kushiara river management -14 60983 60983 0 167 167 0 167 167 0 No BWDB Jun Apr Ongoing Ongoing

Procurement of 6 dredgers and ancillary 10 crafts and accessories for MoWR and - 23782 6848 16934 0 0 0 0 0 0 No BWDB Jun-12 Jun-12 Aug

Ongoing MoShipping Ongoing

Procurement of dredgers and ancillaries 10 - 130988 130988 0 139 139 0 139 139 0 for river dredging Jul BWDB Jun- Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

Re-excavation of Bemelia, Lagan

Balbhadra river under Nasirnagar upazila -10 4242 4242 0 192 192 0 194 194 0 No Jul BWDB in Brahmanbaria and Habiganj District Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 2.4 522104 505170 16934 24447 24447 0 40957 40957 0

Sub total Programme 2 1292040 1071212 220828 103831 82058 21773 210725 169099 41626

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Project Project Programme GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included

3: Improved 3.1: Enhance Development and multiplication of quality of availability of 551 551 0 250 250 0 433 433 0 No agricultural seeds (Phase II) BADC Jul-10 Jul-10 input and soil agricultural inputs, Jun-14 Ongoing Ongoing

fertility tested and certiﬁed for quality of Enhancing quality seed supply project 17887 3800 14087 896 800 96 896 800 96 IDA BADC

diversiﬁed crops Jul-11 Jun-14 Jun-14 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Improvement and quality seed production 18671 18671 0 3435 3435 0 13643 13643 0 of rice, wheat and maize BADC Dec-13 Mar-09 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Modernization Facilities to increase 170 30613 30613 0 0 0 0 3540 3540 0 Supply of Quality Seed - COMPLETED BADC Jul-06 Jul-06 Jun-11 Jun-11

Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed

Private sector seed development 11 1816 1816 0 500 500 0 519 519 0 No BADC Jan-

Dec-13 Ongoing Ongoing

3.1: Enhance 09 Pulse and Oils Seed (2nd Phase) - 9882 9882 0 1808 1808 0 3749 3749 0 availability of BADC Jul Jun-14 Jun-14 3: Improved agricultural inputs, Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

quality of tested and input and soil certiﬁed for 11 fertility quality of Enhancing Quality Seed Supply -14 5803 1473 4330 225 200 25 225 200 25 BARI Jul- Jun Pipeline Pipeline diversiﬁed crops Ongoing

Restoring original rated production capacity by repairing of Polash Urea 5533 5533 0 800 800 0 3403 3403 0 BCIC Jul-11 Jul-11 Fertilizer Factory Ltd. Jan-08 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Second phase rehabilitation of Natural 7011 7011 0 1582 1582 0 4720 4720 0

BCIC Gas Fertilizer Factory Ltd Jul-06 Jul-06 Dec-11 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

DP IDB WB ADB China PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 1032 0 0 0 0 58 49 52 5381 9 447 52 58 49 5828 9 0 0 528 1415 238 0 528 0 1415 238 5571 0 5571 3650 0 3650 4137 0 4137 9131 5235 0 2602 0 0 5235 2602 3108 0 794 794 1866 0 0 1866

Total 48132 48132 48132 48132 0 1870 1870 0 9414 9414 0 807 7498 27480 34978 393 413 947 510 437 540900 142200 398700 57179 2179 55000 57179 2179 55000 55000 2179 57179 2179 55000 57179 398700 142200 540900

Project end Project Jun Jun - 12

-12 -12 -14 Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-16 15 15 Jun Jun-11 Jun- Jul-12 Jun-12

Jul 08 Jul 07 Jul Jul - - 11

-07 -07 - - 12 12 Jan 06 Jul Jul-06 Jul- -07 Project start Project 10 Jul -

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing Completed Completed Ongoing on ti lizer lizer on of of on on of ti ti ti on at ti

on Project

tle ti Project Project on, Distribu on, Distribu on, ca ti ti ﬁ lizer lizer ti on Project: Recoveryon Project: of on & Maintenance of Nucleus of Nucleus & on Maintenance on, Preserva on, preserva ti ti ti ti

Quality Seeds of Pulse, Oil, and Onion at Onion and Oil, Pulse, of Seeds Quality Farmers Level Stock at Seeds Jute and Wheat Rice, Quality Farmers Level and Chemical Complex Ltd. Shahjalal fer Shahjalal project produc rated original the Sustaining Produc Seed Quality Improved Enhancing Quality SeedSupply (BRRI) Strengthening of Rice Breeder Seed Produc & Recovery 2007 Cyclone Emergency Restora Agriculture Sector (Crops) & Improvement (1st revised) Produc Produc Second Crop Diversi capacity by repairing Ashuganj Fer Farmers Level

GoB Agency GoB BRRI BRRI DAE DAE BMDA

DAE BCIC BCIC BRRI DAE BCIC

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline going No On

Subprogram me ed crops ﬁ ed for ﬁ ti

Enhance 3.1: of availability agricultural inputs, tested and cer quality of of quality diversi

Programme lity lity ti

3: Improved of quality soil and input fer

171

DP DANIDA GAFSP USDA UNDP UNDP EU 0 PA PA 5032 61636 61636 66668 603 294 GoB 50923 50923 51820 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery 603 5326 Total 112559 112559 118488 118488 0 PA PA 2020 59499 59499 61519 603 248 GoB 17584 17584 18435 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 603 2269 Total 77083 77083 79955 0 PA PA 13139 13139 455171 455171 468310 773 GoB 27782 27782 292583 292583 321138 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

726 0 726 298 0 298 491 0 491 0 491 298 0 298 726 0 84 92 600 270 330 8 84 92 8 500 0 500 0 0 0 800 0 419 235 654 55 235 291 699 237 462 Project budget period budget for the Project 3286 0 298 298 0 298 298 0 3958 299 3659 0 0 0 781 24 805 3332 3367 35 8455 237 1978 13 1965 8218

Total 24496 24496 24496 24496 0 305 305 0 305 305 0 27782 13912 747754 747754 789448

Project end Project Jun-11 Jun-11 Sep-12 Sep-12 Jun-16 Jun-14 Jun-14 Jun-11 Jun-12 Dec-12

Apr - - - - -02 -02 Project start Project Jul-07 Jul-07 Jul-11 12 Jan 11 Jul 08 Sep Jul-07 08 Jan

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Ongoing vity

ti on

tle ti Project onal Upazilas Upazilas onal ti on) farm in the South West ti plica lity Component Component lity ti ti

(mul Agriculture Sector Programme Support (Seed Wing) Integrated Agriculture Produc Establishing seed augmenta storage cold seed Integrated Kurigram establishment project Extension Technology Urea Granular Project in 80 addi Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project (CWBMP) Sustainable Land Management Project 2006, Soil Programme Security Food Fer Coastal region Project (IAPP)

GoB Agency GoB MoA MoA BADC DAE SRDI

SCA BADC DoE DoE DoE

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Completed Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included

Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline No Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Subprogram me lity lity ti

3.2: Develop Develop 3.2: private public partnerships through capacity development Improve and 3.3: increase of sustainability fer soil management

Programme lity lity lity ti ti

Sub total Subprogramme 3.1 Subprogramme Sub total 3: Improved of quality soil and input fer 3.2 Subprogramme Sub total 3: Improved of quality soil and input fer 3.3 Subprogramme Sub total 3 Programme Sub total

172

DP GAFSP

PA PA 296 GoB 5541 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery 5837 Total PA PA 296 GoB 2139 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 2435 Total PA PA 3874 GoB 10542 10542 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

307 307 0 116 116 0 116 116 0 116 307 307 116 0 0 116 0 114 114 709 0 0 709 0 114 456 456 114 0 0 114

Project budget period budget for the Project 3732 0 734 734 2492 0 0 2492 0 657 1798 255 0 657 0 1798 255 2277 0 698 698 1634 0 0 1634 302 302 6 4225 351 3874 6 296 296 0 522 1369 331 0 522 0 1369 331 0 480 1555 480 0 0 1555 480 Total 14416 14416

Project end Project Jun Jun 13 13 -14 -11

Jun-16 Jun-16 Dec- Dec-13 Jun- Dec- Jun-14 Jun-12 Jun-12 13

Mar Oct Jul 11 Jul 07 Jul Oct 11 Oct - -09 -11 -06 - - - Project start Project 09 Jul Jul-09 11 -

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing on ti vity ti

on and and on and on on and on and

ti ti ti

tle ti Project c Ecology ti on Conserva on, conserva on, conserva on, ti ti ti on of Natural Breeding Habits of ti

of rice, wheat and maize strengthening management at Kaptai (componentLake B) Strengthening Managementat Kaptai (BFDCLake Part) strengthening management at Kaptai Lake Project (IAPP) Improvement and quality seed produc Impact ofAquaculture Drugsand Aqua on Chemicals Expansion of AquacultureTechnology Servicesto up UnionLevel Fish produc Infrastructure Development for District Comilla in Aquaculture Floodplain Integrated Agriculture Produc Restora River Halda the Fish Produc Fish produc

GoB Agency GoB BARI DOFish DOFish DOFish BFRI BFR DOFish BFDC DOFish DOFish I I DOFish DOFish

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing No Pipeline Completed Ongoing

Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Pipeline Pipeline

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing Ongoing No No

Pipeline

Subprogram me

small Develop 4.1: scale aquaculture, through access to inputs, quality and skills advice Improve 4.2:

Programme 4: Fisheries 4: Fisheries and aquaculture Development 4.1 Subprogramme Sub total 4: Fisheries and 173

DP GDM IDB, WB FAO, PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

406 0 237 0 66 66 237 0 499 0 162 0 92 92 162 0 0 525 986 525 0 255 0 255

Project budget for the period period the for budget Project 2229 0 600 600 0 659 659 0 1250 0 183 183 1340 0 0 433 433 0 1340 598 0 598 3448 0 3448 3584 3584 0 1741 0 2473 0 6114 6114 0 1150 0 3449 0 Total 11947 4557 11947 7390 208 114 94 278 114 165

Project end Project Jun-12 Jun-12 Jun-14 Jun-14 Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-13 Aug-13 Jun-14 Jun-14 Jun-14 -13 -13 Jun-14 Jun-14 Jun

07 Jul 08 Oct Jul 05 - Jul- -10 -10 -09 Jul-08 Jul-08 Sep- Jul-10 Jul-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Project start Project

Project Status Project Completed Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

shes

ﬁ

tle ti Project sheries capacity fi sheries management fi on, Alternate Income ti on Project (ECRRP) ti on of small indigenous ed degraded water bodies and and bodies water degraded ed ti on for the Jatka Fishers and fi ti ti

Jatka Conserva Jatka Support to Sustainable Development of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) Aquaculture and Fisheries Management in Bhabodha Area, Jessore Aquaculture and Bangladesh marine project building BankBrood Establishment Project Recovery Cyclone 2007 (Sidr) Emergency and Restora and management development Fisheries of iden conserva Development Fisheries Faridpur Greater Project Genera Research Project (BFRI part) project in haor area

GoB Agency GoB DOFish DOFish DOFish DOFish DOFish DOFish BFRI BFRI BFRI DOFish DOFish

DOFish DOFish DOFish DOFish

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Pipeline Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing No Ongoing

Subprogram me

sheries resourcessheries resourcessheries

management of ﬁ Improve 4.2: management of ﬁ

Programme aquaculture aquaculture Development 4: Fisheries and aquaculture Development

174

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Greater Pabna ﬁsheries development 09 - 1112 1112 0 283 283 0 531 531 0 project Jan Dec-13 DOFish Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Hura Sagor Aquaculture and Fisheries 11 - 1709 1709 0 50 50 0 50 50 0 No No Management Project Jul Jun-14 Jun-14 DOFish

Ongoing

Jatka Conservation Alternate Income Generation for the Jatka Fishers and 2200 2200 0 25 25 0 1442 1442 0 Jul-08 Jul-08 Jun-13 DOFish Research Project (DoF part) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

National Agricultural Technology 07 175 4: Fisheries 4.2: Improve Development Project (Fisheries -13 5535 1762 3773 949 360 589 2205 584 1620 and management of Jul- Jun DOFish Component) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing aquaculture ﬁsheries resources IDA, IFAD Development Regional Fisheries and Livestock

Development Project (Barisal Component) -07 10083 923 9160 2867 143 2724 3001 277 2724 Jul Dec-12 DOFish

Barisal DANIDA Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Wetland biodiversity rehabilitation 09 - 3169 65 3105 1154 12 1142 1969 49 1920 project GIZ Jul Jun-12 Jun-12 DOFish Ongoing Ongoing Completed

Greater Faridpur district rural 12 09 infrastructure (MJ:Fisheries) Development - 55323 55323 0 8500 8500 0 21452 21452 0 LGED Jan Project (Phase I) Jun- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Integrated ﬁsheries and livestock

development project in ﬂood control and

command area (drainage and irrigation -11 11488 11488 0 1839 1839 0 1839 1839 0 No MoFL Jul Jun-14 Jun-14

Pipeline project area) and other water bodies (4th Ongoing phase)

Sub total Subprogramme 4.2 123092 96216 26876 21152 16005 5147 42638 34868 7770

DP WB USAID 0 PA PA 8066 6024 GoB 1542 2894 41952 41952 since Jul'10 Total delivery 1542 8918 Total 50017 50017 0 PA PA 5443 3282 751 GoB 1050 19194 19194 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 1050 4033 Total 24637 24637 0 PA PA 30750 30750 13189 GoB 3597 7858 110356 110356 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

691 0 50 50 0 50 50 0 358 0 66 66 0 66 66 0 0 82 456 0 82 0 456 Project budget period budget for the Project 3597 3597 0 1050 0 1542 0 3597 5687 0 99 99 2117 0 0 1674 2117 0 1674 782 0 782 3581 92 3489

Total 10730 1030 9700 3036 536 2500 5011 661 4350 10730 661 1030 5011 2500 9700 3036 536 21047 141105 141105

Project end Project Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-16 Jun-12 Jun-16 Jun-13 Dec-11 Jun-11

- - - - - 10 10 Jul Jul-11 Jul-07 11 Jul 08 Jul 08 Jan 06 Jul Project start Project

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed ve ti ng

ti on on

tle ti Project tute Bagerhat ti on of Vaccine Produc ti on and improvement of na uenza Preparedness & Response & Response Preparedness uenza uenza (HPA1) in Bangladesh ti ﬂ ﬂ es Project ti

Project Project Infrastructural Development and Development Infrastructural StrengtheningResearch Fisheries of Research Ins research PPR and disease mouth and Foot Bangladesh in Avian In Livestock Upazila of Establishment Development Centre (3rd Phase) Moderniza Laboratory of & Extension Technology Facili Strengthening of Supportcomba of Conserva Avian In sheep through community farming farming community through sheep A) (component system

GoB Agency GoB BLRI BLRI BFRI BFRI DLS DLS DLS DLS DLS DLS

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included No

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing No

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included No

Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing No Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Subprogram me on in the in the on ti er diagnosis gate disease disease gate ti tt

4.4: Promote 4.4: produc Strengthen 5.1: healthanimal includingservices, be surveillance and systems to mi outbreaks Strengthen 5.2: husbandry capacity at household level South through through South sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co management of wetlands

Programme 4: Fisheries 4: Fisheries and aquaculture Development 4.4 Subprogramme Sub total 4 Programme Sub total 5: Livestock development 5.1 Subprogramme Sub total 5: Livestock development

176

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included through

community based 13 Emergency 2007 (Sidr) Cyclone Recovery 08 - - 3448 0 3448 1 0 1 969 0 969 DLS improved and Restoration Project (ECRRP) FAO Jul Jun Ongoing Ongoing knowledge and Ongoing advisory services

Integrated Agriculture Productivity 11 - 3248 55 3193 488 33 455 488 33 455 DLS Project (IAPP) Jul GAFSP Jun-16 Jun-16 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Support Service for Small holder Dairy

10 and Poultry Farmers at 22 Selected - 1560 1560 0 869 869 0 1019 1019 0 DLS Oct Jun-13

Pipeline Pipeline Districts Ongoing Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 5.2 8712 2071 6641 1358 902 456 2558 1134 1424

177

10 14 Buﬀalo Development Project - 1614 1614 0 241 241 0 491 491 0 BLRI Jan- Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

13 Artiﬁcial Insemination & Embryo Transfer 09 - 4533 4533 0 1693 1693 0 2608 2608 0 DLS Technology Project Jan Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Breed Upgradation Through Progeny Test 08

5.4: Research on -13 - 1053 1053 0 0 0 0 324 324 0 DLS Project phase II

livestock Jul Jun Ongoing 5: Livestock Ongoing Ongoing development development including genetic

improvement 10 14 - Buﬀalo Development Project - 1757 1757 0 872 872 0 970 970 0

DLS Jan Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

13 07 National Agricultural Technology Project - 7184 493 6691 1711 23 1687 3246 70 3176 DLS Jul Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing IDA, IFAD

Regional Fisheries and Livestock 12 07 - Development Project (Noakhali - 9673 1046 8627 1690 367 1323 6207 696 5510 DLS Jul Jun

Component) DANIDA Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included

Second Participatory Livestock 3764 2252 1512 1053 616 438 1646 1047 599 DLS Development Project ADB Jul-04 Jul-04 Dec-11 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed Sub total Subprogramme 5.4 29578 12748 16830 7261 3812 3449 15493 6207 9286

Sub total Programme 5 59337 22677 36660 12651 5464 7187 26968 10235 16733

6: Improved 6.1: Improve Enhancement of Rural Communication access to physical access to service through community Radio for 386 67 319 7 0 7 278 25 253 No AIS FAO

markets markets, facilities Jul-10 Dec-12

Ongoing Development of Agriculture and information Ongoing

Marketing of Agricultural Products

through Development of Rural 29980 29980 0 1300 1300 0 2800 2800 0 No BMDA Jun-13 Jun-13 Oct-10 Oct-10

Ongoing Communication Project Ongoing

178

Construction of multipurpose cyclone 11 18168 18168 0 190 190 0 190 190 0 No

DDM shelter in the coastal belt of Bangladesh Dec-13 Mar- Ongoing Ongoing

Construction of bridge/culvert (up to 12 m long) on the rural roads at Chittagong 9910 9910 0 2761 2761 0 5203 5203 0 No DRR Jul-10 6.1: Improve Jun-13

Ongoing Hill Tracts region Ongoing physical access to markets, facilities Agriculture Sector Programme Support

and information (ASPS) Phase-II Rural Road & Market 07 6: Improved Access Infrastructure Development -13 42552 21302 21250 5754 4074 1680 13912 8732 5180 LGED Jul- Project (3) Patuakhali, Borguna, Noakhali, Jun DANIDA access to Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing markets Laxmipur

Construction and Reconstruction of Rural

01 Road, Bridges and Culverts in Rural areas - 212816 212816 0 4856 4856 0 7745 7745 0 LGED Jul on Priority Basis Jun-11 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Construction of two bridges on the river 10 Brahmaputra under Islampur Upazila of - 7305 7305 0 35 35 0 121 121 0 LGED Jun-13 Jun-13 Aug

Pipeline Jamalpur District Ongoing Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Construction of Village Road, Bridge/

Culvert & other Infrastructure of

Underdeveloped Upazilla of North West l-10 42500 42500 0 9984 9984 0 19906 19906 0 LGED Ju Bangladesh (Pabna, Sirajgonj, Natore, Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Naogaon,Rajshahi, Nobabgonj, Bogra)

Development of Integrated Infrastructure -11 -06 9851 2773 7079 0 0 0 2617 409 2208

IDB

LGED Project Jul Jun

Ongoing Completed Completed Completed

Development of Rural Communication and other infrastructure of the Greater 55592 55592 0 4800 4800 0 7800 7800 0 LGED Jun-13 Jun-13 Apr-10

Pipeline Rangpur and Dinajpur District Ongoing Ongoing

Feasibility study for construction of 500 m

179 bridge on the Dhakeshari River at

Nagapur Upazilla in Tangail and 10

- 88 88 0 18 18 0 67 67 0 No construction of 500 m long girder bridge n LGED Sep Dec-11 Ongoing Andharmanik River at Kolapara Upazila in Completed Patuakhali District

Greater Barisal District and Rural

6.1: Improve Communication ad Hat Bazaar 14 09 - 39750 39750 0 6485 6485 0 11666 11666 0 physical access to infrastructure development (Barisal, LGED Jul Jun- Ongoing Ongoing markets, facilities Pirojpur, Bhola and Jhalkati) Ongoing and information

6: Improved Greater Comilla rural infrastructure access to -10 17861 17861 0 2358 2358 0 5142 5142 0 development (2nd Phase) LGED Jul Jun-13 Jun-13

markets Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Greater Faridpur rural infrastructure 10 - 41750 41750 0 4395 4395 0 7389 7389 0

LGED development (2nd Phase) Jul- Dec Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

Greater Rangpur Agriculture & Rural 2793 216 2576 82 3 79 182 15 167 IDB

LGED Development (DAE-LGED) Jul-06 Jun-12 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included

Market Infrastructure Development 27339 5135 22204 6690 969 5721 16957 6046 10911

Project in Charland Regions GON LGED Jun-13 Jun-13 IFAD & Feb-06 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Public priority Rural Communication and 50000 50000 0 7991 7991 0 14891 14891 0

LGED Hat-Bazar Development & Rehabilitation Jul-05 Jul-05 Jun-13 Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Public priority Rural Communication and Hat-Bazar Development & Rehabilitation 99500 99500 0 4200 4200 0 10192 10192 0 LGED Jul-05 Jul-05 part 2 Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Rehabilitation of Aila aﬀected rural 180 14025 14025 0 0 0 0 2199 2199 0 No

LGED infrastructure Jan-11 Jan-11 Jun-13 Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing

Rural (Union) Infrastructure Development Project (Khulna, Bagerhat & Satkhira -08 16286 16286 0 1793 1793 0 3311 3311 0 LGED Jul District) Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

6.1: Improve

physical access to

Rural Development Project: Infrastructure 03 markets, facilities - 260259 92109 168150 15939 9364 6576 52995 18544 34451 IDA

LGED Development-26 (2nd Revised) Jul Jun-12 Jun-12 Ongoing and information Ongoing Completed

6: Improved

access to Rural Infrastructure Development in 04 markets Eastern Region of Bangladesh: Greater -11 99497 23065 76432 0 0 0 7552 1871 5681 JICA JICA LGED Jul- Chittagong, Noakhali and Sylhet District Jun Ongoing Completed Completed

Rural Infrastructure Development Project 44650 44650 0 0 0 0 6930 6930 0 (GIDP) (2nd Revised) LGED Jul-02 Jun-11 Jun-11 Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed

Rural infrastructure development project (Greater Dhaka, Tangail and Kishorganj 11 44100 44100 0 2279 2279 0 2279 2279 0 No LGED Jun-13 Jun-13

District) Mar- Ongoing Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Second Rural Infrastructure Development 06 - 147590 53888 93702 37393 15000 22393 72372 25654 46718 (RIIP-II) LGED Jul & GTZ Dec-12 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing ADB, KFW

Sustainable rural infrastructure 11 - 75251 22535 52716 2001 266 1735 2001 266 1735 No JFBR

LGED improvement project (SRIIP) Jan Jun-16 Jun-16 Ongoing Ongoing ADB, FfW,

Sylhet Division Rural Infrastructure 14 44723 44723 0 978 978 0 978 978 0 No

LGED Development Project Jul-11 Jul-11 Dec- Pipeline Ongoing

Union infrastructure Development Project

(Dinajpur, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, 07 181 -12 15377 15377 0 5385 5385 0 7684 7684 0 Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, LGED Jul- Jun Ongoing Ongoing

Gaibandha and Nilphamari). Completed

Village Road and Hat Bazar Development -14 -08 19635 19635 0 3573 3573 0 7054 7054 0

LGED Project : Greater Sylhet Jul Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 6.1 1489533 1045105 444428 131250 93058 38191 292412 185107 107305

Establishment of Fish Marketing Facilities 08 - 887 887 0 97 97 0 261 261 0

BFDC in Dhaka Metropolis 6.2: Mobilize and Jul Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

promote producer

6: Improved & marketing

access to groups for 15 Ensuring Cooperative based Milk 11 - - 2302 2302 0 468 468 0 468 468 0

markets improved market DOC Production Jul Jun Pipeline Pipeline access and Ongoing knowledge

on ti

ex 12 t National Agricultural Technology Project 07 - 3613 164 3449 353 9 343 644 18 626 or (Hortex) Jul H Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing IDA, IFAD founda Sub total Subprogramme 6.2 6802 3353 3449 918 574 343 1372 746 626

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Poverty reduction through minor crop

14 11 - production, preservation, processing and - 5258 5258 0 56 56 0 56 56 0 No BRDB Jul Jun

Pipeline Pipeline marketing program (2nd phase) Ongoing

Food Security through Enhanced

Agriculture Production Diversiﬁed Sources 6.3: Promote and 11 - 2604 480 2124 158 7 151 158 7 151

6: Improved No No DAE assist the of Income Value Addition and Marketing Italy Jul Jun-15 Jun-15

access to Ongoing development of in Bangladesh (FSMSP) markets oﬀ farm activities

and rural Agribusiness Development Project in 11 businesses 40944 1274 39669 17629 516 17113 27005 637 26368 ADB

DAM Bangladesh Jan-06 Jan-06 Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Integrated employment support program 11 182 -16 -

l 7455 7455 0 332 332 0 332 332 0 No

RDA for poor women (IRESPPW) Ju Jun Pipeline Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 6.4 56261 14467 41793 18174 911 17264 27551 1032 26519 Sub total Programme 6 1552596 1062926 489670 150342 94543 55799 321335 186886 134450

Strengthening the Government 08 10 7.1: Strengthen Institutional Capacity of DG Food for - - 274 25 249 0 0 0 125 5 119 ADB Sep Improving Food Security (Component-A) Dec Ongoing 7: capacities to DG Food Completed Completed Completed

Implementatio implement, n and monitor and 13 National Food Policy Capacity 10 monitoring of coordinate - 10163 90 10073 2141 0 2141 4230 0 4230 Strengthening Program (II) FPMU Jan NFP and CIP National Food Dec- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

actions Policy-Plan of EU & USAID Action and CIP Strengthening the Government 08 Institutional Capacity of MoA for - 178 16 162 0 0 0 59 3 57 ADB MoA Sep Improving Food Security (Component-B) Dec-10 Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed Sub total Subprogramme 7.1 10615 131 10485 2141 0 2141 4414 8 4406

7: 7.2: Strengthen

Implementatio national capacities

Integrated Agriculture Productivity 11 n and for design, - 1870 0 1870 94 0 95 94 0 95

MoA Project (IAPP) Jul Jun-16 Jun-16

monitoring of implementation Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing NFP and CIP and monitoring of

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included actions CIP operations

Sub total Subprogramme 7.2 1870 0 1870 94 0 95 94 0 95

7.3: Strengthen 7:Implementat capacities of civil

ion and society Integrated Agriculture Productivity monitoring of organisations to 695 0 695 35 0 35 35 0 35

MoA Project (IAPP) Jul-11 Jul-11 Jun-16 Jun-16

NFP and CIP contribute to CIP Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing actions development and implementation Sub total Subprogramme 7.3 695 0 695 35 0 35 35 0 35

183 Sub total Programme 7 13180 131 13049 2270 0 2271 4543 8 4536

Bangladesh Modernized Food Storage 840 0 840 0 0 Study Project (BMSFP) WB Feb-12 Sep-13 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing DG Food

Construction of 0.84 lakh MT Capacity -10 21871 21871 0 6786 6786 0 8279 8279 0 Food Godown at Halishar CSD campus G Food Jul Jun-12 Jun-12 Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing 8.1: Increase and D

8: Enhanced modernize public

Public Food storage and Construction of 1.10 lakh MT Capacity 09 Management handling facilities, Food Godown in the Northern region of - 24100 24100 0 3392 3392 0 17146 17146 0 Jul Systems including in the Country Jun-12 Ongoing Ongoing DG Food Completed

disaster prone

areas

Construction of 1.35 lakh MT capacity 10 -13 - 28301 28301 0 11372 11372 0 14372 14372 0 Godowns Jul Jun Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing DG Food

Construction of 25,000 mt capacity 12 multistoried warehouse at Santahar Silo - 26456 6219 20237 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Jan Jun-14 Jun-14

Pipeline Pipeline Premises, Bogra DG Food Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Construction of a Concrete Grain Silo of 10 50,000 MT capacity at Mongla Port with - 19946 19946 0 795 795 0 1594 1594 0 IDCF Jan Ancillary Facility Dec-13 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing DG Food

Reconstruction of Dilapidated Food 09 Godowns and Ancillary Infrastructures of - 2244 2244 0 0 0 0 1245 1245 0 Jul DOF Jun-11 Ongoing DG Food Completed Completed Completed Sub total Subprogramme 8.3 123758 102681 21077 22344 22344 0 42635 42635 0 Sub total Programme 8 123758 102681 21077 22344 22344 0 42635 42635 0

9.1: Strengthen institutional capacities to

184 eﬀectively operate

Operation Support to the employment social safety net 11

9: Eﬀective programmes and generation programme for the poorest - 3660 37 3623 1257 11 1246 1270 16 1255 WB safety nets DRR Jan Dec-13

formulate a new Pipeline (EGPP) Ongoing Ongoing integrated strategy for social safety net programmes Sub total Subprogramme 9.1 3660 37 3623 1257 11 1246 1270 16 1255

11 Employment Guarantee Scheme for 07 - - 4647 4647 0 589 589 0 1303 1303 0 Hardcore Poor of Northern Region BRDB Jul Jun Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Create Employment Opportunity of Char 11 -15 Dwellers in Greater Rangpur District - 821 821 0 250 250 0 250 250 0 BSRI JDCF JDCF Jul Jun

Pipeline Pipeline through Sugarcane Cultivation Ongoing

Char development and settlement 11 9: Eﬀective 9.2: Investment in - 675 69 606 102 19 84 102 19 84 No DAE project-4 IFAD Jan Dec-16

safety nets employment and Pipeline Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included income generation of ECRRP-Disaster Risk Mitigation and 6895 0 6895 1522 0 1522 2008 0 2008 social safety nets WB DMB Reduction Jun-13 Jun-13 Aug-08 (including in ADP) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Livelihood improvement of the Garo 825 825 0 65 65 0 629 629 0 DOC community JDCF Jan-10 Jan-10 Jun-12 Jun-12

Ongoing Ongoing Completed Poverty reduction and livelihood security for the people of economically depressed 8319 8319 0 2635 2635 0 4070 4070 0 Apr-10 Dec-13 DOFish

Pipeline areas Ongoing Ongoing

-10 185 Poverty reduction through social forestry 5235 5235 0 3185 3185 0 3335 3335 0

Dec-13 Mar Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

DoForestry

EC Assisted School Feeding Programme 09 20336 7537 12800 6720 39 6681 8089 75 8013

DPE Jan- Dec-14 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing EU, WFP

School feeding programme in poverty 10 - 114280 59771 54509 23433 9883 13550 32323 9883 22440 DPE prone areas WFP Jul Jun-14 Jun-14 Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing

9: Eﬀective 9.2: Investment in

safety nets employment and Services for Children at Risk (SCAR) -09 8930 38 8892 120 8 112 193 14 179 WB DSS Jan

income Dec-14 generation of Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing social safety nets

(including in ADP) Training and Rehabilitation Centre for 938 938 0 639 639 0 739 739 0 DSS Destitute and Orphan Children Jan-10 Jun-12 Jun-12 Ongoing Ongoing

Completed

Food and Livelihood Security (FLS) 22333 540 21793 4446 160 4286 4446 160 4286 EU DWA Jan-12 Jan-12 Jun-14 Jun-14 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Vulnerable Group Development of ultra 07 - 19836 352 19484 1606 70 1536 6969 183 6787 EU DWA poor women (VGDUP) Jan Dec-11 Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

hil

Urban Based Marginal Women 09 -13 - M 1882 1882 0 125 125 0 253 253 0

o Development Jan Sep ti Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Sangstha a J

Rural Employment Opportunity for public 28522 500 28022 941 5 936 6941 18 6923

LGD Assets (REOPA) Jul-06 Jul-06 Jun-12 Ongoing Ongoing EU, UNDP Completed

CDSP- Char Development & Settlement 05 186 3418 508 2910 0 0 0 0 0 0

LGED project 3 Jul- Dec-10 Ongoing IFAD, EKN

Completed Completed Completed

11 ED Char Development & Settlement Project-4 - 23361 4996 18365 1118 279 839 1118 279 839 No LG Jan Dec-16 Pipeline Ongoing

Enhancing Resilience under Bangladesh 08 - 21393 10381 11012 4655 2474 2181 13196 3688 9508 WFP

LGED Country Programme Jul Jun-12 Jun-12

Ongoing Ongoing Completed Completed

Poverty alleviation project through urban 07 - 82602 5645 76957 14600 262 14338 27753 1328 26425

LGED participation (partnership) Jul

Jun- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

DFID, UNDP

9: Eﬀective 9.2: Investment in

safety nets employment and Rural Employment and Road maintenance -08 94300 94300 0 14438 14438 0 28428 28428 0 income Programme (RERMP) LGED Jul Jun-13 Ongoing Ongoing generation of Ongoing social safety nets

(including in ADP) , 14 Comprehensive Disaster Management 10 - - 36100 601 35500 5683 60 5623 10067 112 9955

Programme (2nd Phase) SIDA Jan Dec Norway, AUSAID, MoDMR Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2012 Included in CIP 2011

Support Service Program for the Socially 642 0 642 229 0 229 339 0 339 No Disadvantage Women and Girls Jul-10 Jul-10 MoSW UNFPA Dec-12 Ongoing Ongoing

Action research project on 'Poverty

alleviation through RDA's IGA training and 09 microcredit for livestock management, - 5156 5156 0 985 985 0 1447 1447 0 RDA Jul bottling of biogas and organic manure Jun-14 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing production at monga areas'

Char Livelihoods Programme - 1st revised 66750 904 65846 0 0 0 0 0 0 DFID RDCD Jul-03 Jun-11 Jun-11 Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed 187

Char Livelihoods Programme (CLP II) -11 79488 1253 78235 28955 193 28762 28955 193 28762 No DFID RDCD Jul Dec-16 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing

Comprehensive Village Development 09 10593 10593 0 1427 1427 0 2793 2793 0 No

Program 2nd phase DFID RDCD Jul- Jun- Ongoing Ongoing

Economic Empowerment of the Poorest 88719 319 88400 11532 33 11499 23935 106 23829

in Bangladesh DFID RDCD Jun-15 Jun-15 Feb-08 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

One House One Farm 14 149292 149292 0 44003 44003 0 62433 62433 0 RDCD Jul-09 Jun- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 9.2 906289 375422 530867 174003 81823 92179 272114 121737 150377

Sub total Programme 9 909949 375459 534490 175259 81834 93426 273385 121753 151632

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

10: 16

Community Based Health Care (CBHC) 11 - Community 10.1: Community - 27344 6830 20514 409 0 409 409 0 409

(HPNSDP-OP 3) GAVI DGFP Jul based based livelihood Jun Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing nutrition and nutrition programmes,

building on the Information, Education and 11 - 2619 994 1625 374 215 160 374 215 160 Communication (IEC) (HPNSDP-OP 23 DGFP

National Nutrition Jul Jun-16 Jun-16 Pipeline Pipeline Service (NNS) Ongoing

Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health (MCRAH) (HPNSDP-OP 14856 3383 11473 2022 511 1512 2022 511 1512 DGFP Jul-11 Jul-11 Jun-16 Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline 18) Ongoing

NNS-Community based Nutrition (CBN) in 11 188 -16 49157 1440 47717 0 0 0 0 0 0 No selected area DGHS Jul- Jun Ongoing Ongoing

-16 NNS-Consultancy Service -11 2154 154 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 No No DGHS Jul

Jun Ongoing

11 NNS-Control & prevention of Anaemia - 7800 1800 6000 12 0 12 12 0 12 No DGHS Jul Jun-16 Jun-16 Ongoing Ongoing

10: 16 11 NNS-Control of Iodine deﬁciency Disorder - 2920 720 2200 0 0 0 0 0 0 Community No DGHS Jul Jun- Ongoing based Ongoing nutrition

NNS-Control of Vitamin-A deﬁciency -11 13700 5200 8500 1811 212 1599 1811 212 1599 No disorder DGHS Jul Jun-16 Ongoing Ongoing

NNS-Establishment of nutrition Service in 11 - 12621 500 12121 0 0 0 0 0 0 No CC & GMP DGHS Jul Jun-16 Jun-16 Ongoing Ongoing

DP PA PA GoB since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery Total PA PA GoB Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in Total PA PA GoB Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

Project budget period budget for the Project 1400 100 1300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1300 100 1400 0 0 0 1960 540 2500 187 8930 3130 5800 0 187 187 0 187 629 8658 6446 2212 36 629 593 36 593 0 0 0 1872 140 2012 551 411 962 551 411 962 6645 1769 4875 0 0 0 2536 200 2736 0 0 0 1520 180 1700 407 104 511 407 104 511 5300 1000 4300 Total

Project end Project Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 -16 -16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jun

11 Jul Jul 11 -

-11 -11 Jul- Project start Project Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11 Jul-11

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing on, ti

on on (NCD) (NCD) on

ti ti

tle ti Project on (Salt Iodiza ti ca ﬁ ti onal Capacity Development Development Capacity onal on in emergency ti onAdvocacy and division/of sectoral collabora ti ti tu on ofoil/other foodwith ti ti ti ca ﬁ ti

a) Orienta managers upazila district for etc.) iron ‘A’, Vitamin (HPNSDP-OP 7)-HNPSP NNS-Food for NNS-Food Safety Food and Quality NNS-Food NNS-Human resource development (HRD)-HNPSP NNS-Ins NNS-Mul NNS-Non-Communicable Diseases and interven health public other NNS-Nutri of problems Micronutrient NNS-Other vitamin zinc, ( importance Health Public calcium‘D,’ etc.) NNS-Planning, Monitoring and Research

GoB Agency GoB DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS DGHS

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included Ongoing

No No No No No No Pipeline Ongoing Pipeline

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included No No No No No No Pipeline No No Pipeline

Subprogram me on ti onal Nutri ti

10.1: Community livelihood based and nutri Service (NNS) programmes, building onthe Na

Programme on ti 10: Community based nutri

189

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

tle Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogram Included in CIP 2011 Included in CIP 2012

NNS-Protection, Promotion & Support of

16 11 - Breastfeeding/ Infant and Young Child - 3911 570 3341 158 0 158 158 0 158 No DGHS Jul Jun

Ongoing Feeding (IYCF) including BFHI & BMS Code Ongoing

NNS-School Nutritional education 11 - 6416 480 5936 142 0 142 142 0 142 No No Program DGHS Jul Jun-16 Jun-16 Ongoing

Strengthening of ﬁsheries and

aquaculture food safety and quality 14 9760 4968 4792 1618 215 1403 2701 752 1950 No EU Jul-10 Jul-10 DOFish Dec-

Ongoing management system in Bangladesh Ongoing

Protecting and Promoting Food Security F - 13 10 - 190 and Nutrition for Families and Children in 5549 0 5549 2292 0 2292 2292 0 2292 ERD MDG (Spain) Mar Bangladesh Mar- Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

-11 Micro Nutrient Supplementation-HNPSP -03 10492 2756 7736 0 0 0 1855 299 1556 Jul Jun MoHFW Ongoing Completed Completed Completed

03 National Nutrition Programme NNP - 125052 14344 110708 0 0 0 3731 1011 2720 Jul Jun-11 Jun-11 MoHFW Ongoing Completed Completed

Sub total Subprogramme 10.1 334232 57643 276589 11127 1702 9424 17797 3549 14248

10.2: Support community based eﬀorts of

homestead 10: Conservation & Improvement of Native gardening, rearing Community Sheep Through Community Farming &

small livestock, -06 385 385 0 0 0 0 74 74 0 n-11 based DLS Commercial Farming Project (component Jul aquaculture and Ju Ongoing Completed

nutrition B) Completed awareness building for improved nutrition

Sub total Subprogramme 10.2 385 385 0 0 0 0 74 74 0

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10 tle

ti DP Project end Project Project Project Programme GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogramme Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

10.3: Link long term with immediate 10: treatment of NNS-Community & facility based Community acute management of severe acute malnutrition 4500 1500 3000 60 0 60 60 0 60 based malnutrition, in No DGHS Jul-11 Jul-11 (SAM) Jun-16 Ongoing nutrition particular through Ongoing therapeutic and supplementary feeding

Sub total Subprogramme 10.3 4500 1500 3000 60 0 60 60 0 60 Sub total Programme 10 339117 59528 279589 11186 1702 9484 17931 3623 14307

11.1:Undertake

191 11: Orient updated & food and comprehensive

nutrition national survey of Nutritional surveillance component 640 4 636 135 0 135 271 0 271 EU BBS Jul-09 Jul-09 program food consumption Jun-14 Pipeline Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing through data & food composition Sub total Subprogramme 11.1 640 4 636 135 0 135 271 0 271 11.2: Undertake study of dietary diversiﬁcation & supplementation 11: Orient needs and

food and advocacy, nutrition awareness & NNS-Nutrition Surveillance Program 11 4100 1300 2800 0 0 0 0 0 0 DGHS Jul- program educational Jun-16 Pipeline Ongoing Ongoing through data materials to facilitate behavioural change in eating habits & practices

Sub total Subprogramme 11.2 4100 1300 2800 0 0 0 0 0 0

Project budget for the period Delivery Total delivery

Jul'10-Jun'15 in FY 2011/12 since Jul'10 tle

ti DP Project end Project Programme Project Project GoB Agency Project start Project

Project Status Project Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Subprogramme Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included 2012 CIP in Included

Agriculture Census Project-2007 07 3995 3995 0 0 0 0 170 170 0 FAO BBS Jul- Jun-11 Jun-11 Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed

Assistance in the data processing and 09

analysis of the Bangladesh census of - 11 0 11 0 0 0 11 0 11 FAO BBS Jul agriculture Jun-11 Ongoing Completed Completed Completed Completed

11.3: Strengthen Monitoring the situation of Children and

11: Orient 07 national capacities - 1062 58 1004 41 6 35 458 17 441

food and BBS Women (Phase 2) Jul Dec-11 in surveying and UNICEF Ongoing Ongoing

nutrition Completed analysis to program

facilitate evidence through data Monitoring the situation of Children and 192 based decisions 94 8 86 0 0 No No BBS Women (Phase 3) Jan-12 Jan-12 Dec-13 UNICEF Ongoing

NNS-Establishment of nutrition unit (NU) 11 -16 - 4494 2628 1866 366 0 366 366 0 366 No No and strengthening of existing NU DGHS Jul Jun Ongoing

NNS-Monitoring, Evaluation, Operations 11 -16 - 2300 500 1800 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Research, Survey DGHS Jul Jun Ongoing Ongoing

Sub total Subprogramme 11.3 11956 7189 4767 407 6 401 1004 187 817 Sub total Programme 11 16696 8493 8203 543 6 537 1275 187 1089

12: Food 12.1: Improve

Safety and surveillance Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food 09 -12 - 2393 274 2119 293 0 293 456 15 441 Quality system of food Control in Bangladesh EU Jan Dec MoHFW Ongoing Ongoing Improvement borne illnesses Ongoing Sub total Subprogramme 12.1 2393 274 2119 293 0 293 456 15 441 12.2: Develop and

12: Food enhance

Safety and Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food 09 capacities of - 1595 183 1413 195 0 195 304 10 294 Quality Control in Bangladesh EU Jan

laboratories and Dec-12 MoHFW Ongoing Ongoing Improvement Ongoing systems for food

DP JDCF EU EU PA PA 294 2857 3592 467335 467335 10 769 794 GoB 687981 687981 since Jul'10 Jul'10 since Total delivery 304 3626 4386 Total 1155317 1155317 PA PA 195 2610 3098 274718 274718 0 744 744 GoB 359682 359682 Delivery in FY 2011/12 FY 2011/12 in 195 3354 3842 Total 634400 634400 PA PA 1413 5654 9186 2269651 2269651 183 GoB 2095 2552 3387304 3387304 Jul'10-Jun'15 Jul'10-Jun'15

919 919 0 395 395 0 395 395 0 395 919 395 0 395 0 395 0 330 699 330 0 330 0 330

Project budget period budget for the Project 1595 2123 19 2142 2123 19 2142 2143 20 2123 735 488 25 760 0 3989 457 3531 488 7749 Total 11738 11738 5656955 5656955

Project end Project Mar Dec-12 Dec-12 Jun-13 Jun-13 Jun-14 -12

Project start Project n - Mar 09 Apr -11 -11 Ja 09 Jan -11 -

Project Status Project Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Completed Ongoing sh sh

ﬁ lizing municipal

tle ti Project on and mass awareness awareness and mass on ti on technology u technology on ti

organic waste in peri urban areas areas urban in peri waste organic Development of safe vegetable vegetable safe of Development produc in use formalin of Control preserva quality water for capacity Strengthening analysis and monitoring system in Bangladesh Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food in Bangladesh Control

GoB Agency GoB

BARI BARI DPHE MoHFW DOFish

Included in CIP 2012 CIP in Included

Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing

Included in CIP 2011 CIP in Included No No No Ongoing Ongoing

Subprogramme

quality assurance and safety and control of food 12.3: Support the a of development modern food control management system

Programme Sub total Subprogramme 12.2 Subprogramme Sub total 12: Food Safety and Quality Improvement 12.3 Subprogramme Sub total 12 Programme Sub total Total project cost

193 0

PA 24 GoB GoB 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 Funds required 23 23 0 0 23 24 0 36 0 12 0 77 0 68 0 37

Total Total

between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP Suggested

0 PA 16988 GoB Funds required Funds required 0 988 988 0 2037 0 2037 8429 8429 0 1880 1880 0 16988 24993 24993 0 53310 53310 0 25886 25886 0 47500 47500 0 16000 16000 0 Total Total between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh 2012-15 between on ti on on colour colour

ti f

tle ti on and Crop on of lea on of use on in Sylhet Region Region Sylhet in on ti Project ti ti liza on of Digital Krishi and and Krishi Digital of on ca ti ﬁ ti on DevelopmentProject ti 4.6 of CIP 2011)

chart and saving urea through its its through urea saving chart and use Development and Dissemina and Development for Technologies of Agricultural Crops Fiber Allied and Jute Magura- Noril- Jessore- Khulna- Agricultural Integrated Satkhira Project Development Integrated Division Sylhet Irriga Integrated Mymensingh Greater Project Development Agricultural agricultural Integrated East of project development region U Land Bagerhat Gopalganj Pirojpur agricultural integrated development project Popularisa (Phase I) I) (Phase Intensi Promo Improving the Research and and Research the Improving BARI of infrastructure Research Livelihood Improvement through through Improvement Livelihood & communica Agriculture Center

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP

Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included Yes YesBJRI BADC Yes No Yes YesBADC Yes YesDAE DAE Yes No Yes YesDAE DAE Yes No DAE Yes No Yes YesAIS No No BARI BARI No No as of June Table 2012 (updated ces, ces,

ti on to increase ti vity and diversity in a ti on & learning and indigenous indigenous and & learning on Subprogramme ti on and adop and on ti 1.1: Enhance research & knowledge knowledge & research Enhance 1.1: genera to services extension Improve 1.2: prac & knowledge propagate community-based by supported experimenta knowledge knowledge sustainable manner manner sustainable agricultural produc agricultural

ed ed ﬁ Programme Sub total subprogramme 1.1 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture agriculture Annex 3.5 Projects in the CIP pipeline the in CIP Projects 3.5 Annex 194

3 PA 242 GoB GoB Funds required 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 1 0 4 8 0 4 0 0 5 3 24 0 24 13 24 0 18 5 0 22 245 Total Total

between 2012-15 (million USD) USD) (million 2012-15 between

ADB AFSTF

Suggested DP DP Suggested ADB ADB PPCCTF IDB 2037 PA GoB GoB 168086 Funds required Funds required 748 748 0 1000 1000 0 2000 2000 0 5240 5240 2490 0 0 2490 3651 3651 0 2340 2340 0 2000 2000 0 12795 3695 9100 15063 15063 0 17012 0 17012 Total Total 170123 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15

tle ti on in climate climate in on ood shelters in in shelters ood ti fl on of relief godowns godowns relief of on on and Crop ti on in Sylhet Region Region Sylhet in on ti Project Project ti on of of on ti on of poultry and livestock livestock and poultry of on liza ca ng to reduce climate climate to reduce ng ti ti fi ti ood prone and river erosion erosion river and prone ood cal extension of Disaster Disaster of extension cal fl ti

Greater Mymensingh Integrated Integrated Mymensingh Greater Project Development Agricultural U Land and Khulna Noril, Jessore, Magura, Agricultural Integrated Satkhira Project Development Bagerhat Gopalganj Pirojpur agricultural integrated project development for support Agricultural Southwestern in smallholders region for project Integrated Sustainable friendly Environmental of Area Hill in Agriculture Bangladesh agriculture of Strengthening marke risk change Construc the areas (2nd phase) Ver Bhaban Relief and Management and construc Adapta in disaster prone districts districts prone in disaster Agricultural adop Agricultural Bangladesh of area risk prone Intensi climate of context the in rearing

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No Yes DAM DAM Yes No DAM Yes No DAM Yes No DAM Yes No DAE Yes No DAM No No DAM No No DDM Yes No DDM No No DLS Yes No No Yes DAE DAE Yes No

Subprogramme responses to adapt agricultural systems to to systems agricultural adapt to responses change climate 1.3: Promote the development of

ed ed ﬁ Programme Sub total subprogramme 1.2 1.2 subprogramme total Sub 1: Sustainable and diversi agriculture agriculture 195

Funds required Funds required

between 2012-15 (lakh taka) between 2012-15 (million USD) Programme Subprogramme Project title

CIP 2011 CIP 2012 Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Included in Included in GoB Agency GoB Suggested DP DP Suggested

change

Construction of Integrated disaster No Yes LGED 240000 0 240000 345 0 345 shelter project IDA

Mo Climatic change related drought No Yes 13800 0 13800 20 0 20 Food management project

Integrated Environmental Friendly No No MoA 25000 0 25000 36 0 36 Project for Hill Tracts Establishment of Bangladesh MoD No No Disaster Management Training and 14040 14040 0 20 20 0 MR Research Institute 196

MoD Procurement of saline No No 18000 18000 0 26 26 0 MR water treatment plant Multipurpose use of sweet water

No Yes RDA for climate victims for livelihood 13800 10316 3484 20 15 5 improvement

Sub total subprogramme 1.3 382891 72005 310886 551 104 447

Sub total Programme 1 570001 257078 312923 820 370 450

Eastern Integrated Irrigated Area No No BADC 11400 11400 16 0 16 0 Development Project Project for irrigation expansion in poverty prone areas under Greater 2: Improved No Yes BADC 4234 4234 0 6 6 0 2.1: Improve water management in water Rangpur district through modern water distribution systems and at farm level minor irrigation practices management

Measuring usage and energy of Yes Yes BMDA pre-paid pump based on smart 2485 2485 0 4 4 0 card

No Yes BRDB Irrigation expansion programme 1983 1983 0 3 3 0

Sub total subprogramme 2.1 20102 20102 0 29 29 0

PA PA GoB GoB Funds required Funds required 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 8 0 2 18 18 0 0 18 0 19 0 16 77 52 77 0 0 11 76 76 0

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested IDB IDB PA GoB Funds required Funds required 0 7674 0 5000 0 1720 0 52974 0 52974 52974 0 36405 0 13261 0 10805 0 53700 53700 0 12238 0 Total Total between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 on ti on on ti ood ood

ﬂ on of saline saline of on tle ti development ti ti on, on umbrella umbrella on ood control, control, ood ti ti ﬂ on Project (North ti Project on of Kumar river Kumar river of on of on/dredging 5294 5294 0 on ofRaktadah- ti ti ti on Programme Through Through Programme on on Project ti ti

project (64 sub-projects) (64 project sub-projects) Improving surface water irriga water surface Improving and well recharge through maintenance old of deep tubewell project project to Khalgat from river Mahananda in Upazilla Sadar at Nasipur District Chapainawabganj Irriga Augmenta Water Surface Integrated Chandpur-Comilla and Drainage Control, Flood Irriga Char Kukri-Mikri preven and drainage the in project intrusion water Bhola of district of development and control Flood Kamrangir Char Integrated water resources area beel Chalan of management including beel Halo Irriga Kurigram Unit) Re-excava Rehabilita scheme drainage beel Lohachura District Naogaon in protec bank River control and irriga and control

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP

Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No No BMDA BMDA No No Yes Yes BMDA BMDA Yes Yes BWDB Yes Yes BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No Re-excava BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No BWDB Yes No cular cular ti

ciency of ﬃ on, in par on, ti Subprogramme

2.2: Improve & increase e increase & Improve 2.2: irriga water surface in thesouth

Programme 2: Improved Improved 2: water management

197

153 153 613 PA PA 133 162 384 GoB GoB Funds required 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 65 65 0 0 0 65 20 0 41 286 315 612 790 179 0 115 997 Total Total

between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested GAFSP PA 106675 106675 425957 92396 GoB GoB 112498 267133 Funds required Funds required 0 2400 2400 0 1610 692 917 3416 3416 0 13806 13806 0 28286 28286 0 80000 80000 0 Total Total 199071 219173 693091 549259 124219 425040 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 vity ti on on of of on er er ti ti ﬀ

lizer Ltd. tle ti ti lizer lizer ti lizer project project lizer erent districts for for districts erent lizer distribu ti lizer Project-II Project-II lizer 0 ﬀ ti ti lizer storage and and storage lizer Project on farm at Subarnachar Subarnachar at farm on ti on of 13 new bu new 13 of on ti ti on capacity by repairing of of repairing by capacity on ng fer ti ti plica ng fer ng agong urea agongFer urea ng up of a Modern, energy energy Modern, a of up ng lizer factory in the vacant land in factory the lizer vacant ti ti cient with higher capacity urea urea capacity higher with cient ti ﬃ of PUFFL & UFFL fer in Noakhali Noakhali in Integrated Agriculture Produc Agriculture Integrated (IAPP) Project

godowns at di godowns facilita exis fer strengthening management Construc fer North-west (NWFP) Se e rated Installed the Sustaining produc Chi (CUFL) capacity producing seed Enhancing of BMDA rehabilita and Maintenance Establishing Seed Processing Processing Seed Establishing Seed Enhancing and Center mul

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP

Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included Yes YesBADC No No BCIC Ashugonj Fer Ashugonj BCIC No No No No BCIC BCIC No No (TSPCL) Ltd. TSP Complex BMR of BCIC No No 45000 45000 BCIC No No 0 BCIC No No Yes YesBMDA BADC No No No No BADC BADC No No

ed for quality of of quality for ed ﬁ ti Subprogramme ed crops crops ed ﬁ diversi 3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural agricultural of availability Enhance 3.1: cer and tested inputs, partnerships private public Develop 3.2: development capacity through

lity lity lity ti ti Programme Sub total subprogramme 2.2 2.2 subprogramme total Sub 2 Programme total Sub Improved 3: quality of soil and input fer 3.1 subprogramme total Sub Improved 3: quality of soil and input fer

198

Funds required Funds required

between 2012-15 (lakh taka) between 2012-15 (million USD) Programme Subprogramme Project title

CIP 2011 CIP 2012 Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Included in Included in GoB Agency GoB Suggested DP DP Suggested

Programmes aiming to develop

Yes Yes tbd public private partnerships 13900 2085 11815 20 3 17 through capacity development

Sub total subprogramme 3.2 44586 32771 11815 64 47 17 3: Improved Establishment of soil and fertilizer

quality of 3.3: Improve and increase sustainability of Yes Yes SRDI testing laboratories and research 3115 3115 0 4 4 0 input and soil soil fertility management centres fertility Soil Resource Management and Yes Yes SRDI 2000 2000 0 3 3 0 Farmers Service Project (SMFS)

Sub total subprogramme 3.3 5115 5115 0 7 7 0 3: Improved Programmes aiming to facilitate 3.4: Facilitate access to credit and other quality of access to credit and other ﬁnancial ﬁnancial services by smallholders and the Yes Yes tbd 13900 0 13900 20 0 20 input and soil services by smallholders and the 199 rural poor fertility rural poor

Sub total subprogramme 3.4 13900 0 13900 20 0 20

Sub total Programme 3 756691 305019 451672 1089 439 650 Establishing Haor Fisheries

Research Station in Kishoreganj Yes Yes BFRI 21359 21359 0 31 31 0 and Beel Fisheries Research 4: Fisheries 4.1:Develop small scale aquaculture, Station in Gopalganj and through access to quality inputs, advice

DOFis Community base baor ﬁsheries aquaculture No Yes 0 0 0 0 and skills h management project development

Programmes aiming to facilitate access to credit and other ﬁnancial No Yes tbd 13900 0 13900 20 0 20 services by smallholders and the rural poor

Sub total subprogramme 4.1 35259 21359 13900 51 31 20 Development and Dissemination Yes Yes BFRI 9634 9634 0 14 14 0 of Pearl Culture Technology 4.2:Improve management of ﬁsheries Regional Fisheries and Livestock resources No Yes DLS Development Project (Noakhali 9672 1045 8627 14 2 12 4: Fisheries component) DANIDA

Funds required Funds required

between 2012-15 (lakh taka) between 2012-15 (million USD) Programme Subprogramme Project title CIP 2011 CIP 2012 Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Included in Included in GoB Agency Suggested DP DP Suggested

and Aquaculture development and DOFis aquaculture No Yes ﬁsheries extension project in CHT 0 0 0 0 h development (3rd phase) DOFis Cage and pen culture extension No Yes 0 0 0 0 h project Establishment of beel nursery and DOFis No Yes ﬁngerling stocking in inland open 0 0 0 0 h waters DOFis Fisheries sector rural No Yes 0 0 0 0 h development project (2nd phase) Fisheries development and DOFis No Yes conservation in and around 0 0 0 0 h Sundarban areas

200 DOFis Inland capture ﬁsheries No Yes 150000 140500 9500216 202 14 h development project WB

Integrated ﬁsh culture DOFis No Yes development project in unused 0 0 0 0 h water bodies DOFis Integrated protected area co-

No Yes 3803 278 3525D 5 0 5

h management project USAI Community based sustainable No No MoEF management of Tanguar Haor 1052 41 1011 2 0 1 Phase - III SDC

Sub total subprogramme 4.2 174161 151498 22663 251 218 33 4: Fisheries 4.4: Promote production in the South DOFis Fresh water prawn culture No Yes 0 0 0 0 and through sustainable shrimp and prawn h extension project aquaculture development and community based co Project on development of coastal

development management of wetlands DOFis WB No Yes ﬁsheries and socio economic 8500 1200 7300, 12 2 11

h IDB, status of coastal ﬁshers FAO

Sub total subprogramme 4.4 8500 1200 7300 12 2 11

Sub total Programme 4 217920 174057 43863 314 250 63 5: Livestock 5.1: Strengthen animal health services, Livestock Disease Prevention and No Yes DLS 5045 5045 7 0 7 0 development including better diagnosis and surveillance Control Project

1 0 95 17 113 PA PA

7 9 7 2 25 GoB GoB Funds required 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 4 0 0 0 2 2

16 1 14 14 72 16 1 79 7 17 20 3 24

104 139

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD)between (million 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested IDB 0 726 PA 66194 11815 78735 5103 6000 4813 1650 17566 GoB GoB Funds required Funds required 0 0 784 58 726 2728 2728 0 6194 0 6194 5829 1650 1650 1650 0 11000 1000 10000 55000 5000 50000 13900 2085 11815 72194 16628 96302 Total Total between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 on on ti onal onal on ti ti tu on and on and ti ti

le rearing rearing le al areas areas al on and and on alo Breading le Feed Plant Plant le Feed tt tle ti ti ﬀ tt ti on on on project project on ti ti Project onal Feed Produc Feed onal ti on on ti on Project Project on ti on for Enhancing Milk for Enhancing on ti

Technology development of of development Technology and foot of control strategic mouth disease Strengthening of the Ins the of Strengthening Establishment of Ca Produc Milk for Enhancing Capacity and policy reform of DLS DLS of reform policy and Capacity Community based based ca Community for employment genera poverty reduc poverty Sta Community Based Fodder & Other Other & Fodder Based Community Unconven Animal for and Development Nutri Dairy Beeffor Development & Genera Employment development dairy Smallholder project in milkpoten improve to aiming Programmes inputs of quality and availability private public through partnerships EstablishmentBu of

Produc Poverty Reduc Poverty

GoB Agency GoB

Milk Vita Milk Vita

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No Yes BLRI BLRI Yes No Yes Yes DLS DLS Yes Yes No No No No No Yes BLRI BLRI Yes No DLS Yes Yes DLS Yes Yes DLS Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes No No

c improvement c improvement gate disease outbreaks outbreaks disease gate ti Subprogramme ti

household level through community based based community through level household services advisory and knowledge improved partnerships private public through inputs 5.2: Strengthen husbandry capacity at capacity husbandry 5.2: Strengthen of quality and availability Improve 5.3: development, livestock on Research 5.4: gene including

Programme systems to mi to systems Sub total subprogramme 5.1 Livestock 5: development Sub total subprogramme 5.2 Livestock 5: development Sub total subprogramme 5.3 5.4: Livestock development Sub total subprogramme 5.4 5 total Programme Sub

201 462 PA PA 241 GoB GoB Funds required 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 6 17 1 16 16 17 1

100 100 0 0 96 100 348 102 5 481 133 702

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested IDB IDA FAO

FAO PA 320946 GoB GoB 167281 Funds required Funds required 823 823 0 400 400 0 980 0 980 1000 0 1000 2145 2145 3924 0 3924 0 11920 560 11360 69500 69500 70700 0 3775 66925 Total Total 334305 92623 241681 488228 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 ves ves ti

ng services ng services ti tle ng system of of system ng on ng ng ti ti ti ng ti ti Project on of small small of on ve in greater Faridpur, ti ti ngGroup (FMG) (Bangla) ng (DAM) in research and and research in (DAM) ng ng informa ti ti ti ciency through value chain value through ciency

ﬃ

e selected 6 in development linkage districts Improving marke Improving Ensuring Sustainable Agricultural Agricultural Sustainable Ensuring to Access through Development Finance and Market Extension and development of e- of development and Extension of Department of governance Marke Agriculture of building capacity Strengthening agriculture of department marke Construc through Security Food Integrated Development Infrastructure Rural Rural Transport Improvement (RTIP-2) Project marke Strengthening regional of north-southern Farmers strengthening by markets Marke coopera of Development marke direct based products agricultural Producers Milk of Expansion Coopera for District Khulna and Barisal bridge/culvert (up to 12 m long) on on long) m 12 to (up bridge/culvert phase) (3rd roads rural the

policy analysis of agriculture agriculture of analysis policy marke

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included

No No DAM DAM No No No No DAM DAM No No No No DAM DAM No No DAM No No DRR Yes Yes LGED Yes Yes LGED Yes No DAM No No DOC Yes No DOC Yes Yes

on on ti Subprogramme

nggroups for improved market ti es and informa and es ti 6.1: Improve physical access to to 6.1: markets, access Improve physical facili & producer promote and Mobilize 6.2: marke knowledge and access

Programme Improved 6: to access markets 6.1 total subprogramme Sub Improved 6: to access markets 202 1 46 20 529 PA PA 9 2 37 289 GoB GoB Funds required Funds required 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 9 6 6 0 46 1 44 44 11 46 1 48 48 27 57 20

818

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested FAO

IDB 1000 PA 31915 14057 367918 6469 1275 25642 GoB 200667 Funds required Funds required 0 400 400 0 990 0 990 7469 6557 6557 0 4500 100 4400 33190 39699 31800 875 30925 Total Total 568585 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 sh sh ves ves ﬁ on ti ti ng ti

es to on and and on ti ti tle ti es of agricultural agricultural of es sh marke ti ﬁ on and and on vi ti ti Project es in 10 selected selected 10 es in on program (Bangla) (Bangla) program on on of rural employment employment rural of on ti ti ti on of Poverty Poverty of on ti

Reduc Strengthening BFDC and of development added value including network product Increasing agricultural produc agricultural Increasing and crea coopera based through village through food Ensuring security addi value enhancing ac processing commodi districts market wholesale Godown, agricultural of infrastructure training regional 6 and product renova center preserva of the improvement Livelihood women disadvantaged monitor and implement the NFP NFP the implement monitor and CIP and PoA Programmes aiming to further further to Programmes aiming capaci the strengthen

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included Yes Yes BFDC BFDC Yes Yes No Yes DOC DOC Yes No DAM No No DAM No No DOC Yes No No No Yes BRDB Rural livelihood project (RLP) 33142 19085 FPMU Yes Yes 14057

onal Food Food onal ti es to implement, implement, to es ti on and CIP CIP and on ti on and reduce waste waste reduce and on es and rural businesses businesses rural es and ti Subprogramme ti vi ti farm ac farm ﬀ 6.3: Develop adequate storage, processing processing storage, adequate Develop 6.3: addi and value partnerships public-private through of development the assist and Promote 6.4: o capaci Strengthen 7.1: Na coordinate and monitor Policy-Plan of Ac of Policy-Plan

ti ons ti Programme Sub total subprogramme 6.2 6.2 total subprogramme Sub 6: Improved to access markets 6.3 total subprogramme Sub 6: Improved to access markets 6.4 total subprogramme Sub 6 total Programme Sub 7: Implementa on and monitoring of NFP and CIP ac

203

6 19 22 47 25 25

PA 0 1 0 1 0 0

GoB Funds required 6 19 1 19 19 19 1 19 22 22 0 22 47 25 25 0 25 25 25 0 25 0 58 250 0 250 250 250 0 Total Total

between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested WB 4400 PA 13000 15000 32400 17375 17375 0 0 0 100 500 600 GoB Funds required 4500 15000 0 15000 15000 0 13500 500 13000 13500 500 17375 0 17375 17375 0 40223 0 13500 15000 33000 17375 17375 17375 0 17375 17375 0 Total Total 173750 0 173750 173750 0 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 on ti

tle ti es for design, design, for es ti cal Grain Silo at at Silo Grain cal on of CIP projects projects CIP of on ti ti Project es of civil society on, monitoring and and monitoring on, on of 100,000 mt mt 100,000 of on ti ons to contribute to CIP to CIP contribute to ons ti ti ti es Project (BMFSP) - (BMFSP) Project es es Project (BMFSP) - (BMFSP) Project es es Project (BMFSP) - (BMFSP) Project es agong Silo Premises , , Premises Silo agong agong ti ti ti onal capaci tt tt ti

development and implementa Programmes aiming to strengthen strengthen to aiming Programmes capaci the organiza Programmes aiming to strengthen strengthen to aiming Programmes na Storage Food Modern Bangladesh facili coordina implementa Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Storage Food Modern Bangladesh facili Component C Component C Storage Food Modern Bangladesh facili

Construc capacity Vercapacity Chi Chi Component B Component B Component A Component A

GoB Agency GoB

DG Food DG Food DG Food DG Food

CIP 2012 CIP

Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No No No No Yes Yestbd No No Yes Yestbd No No Yes Yes on on ti veness of of veness ti es for for es on on ti ec ti

ﬀ es ofcivil society ti on and monitoring of of monitoring and on onal capaci ti es, including in disaster disaster in including es, ti ti es of Ministry of Food and and Food of Ministry of es ciency and e and ciency ti ﬃ Subprogramme er manage the food system system food the manage er ons ons tt ons to contribute to CIP to CIP contribute to ons ti ti organiza development and implementa 7.2: Strengthen na implementa design, 7.3: Strengthen capaci 8.1: Enhance e 8.2: Build capaci 8.3:Increase and modernizepublic storage and handlingfacili areas prone Disaster Management and Directorate of of Directorate and Management Disaster be to Food Public Food Management Systems and and Systems Management Food Public stabiliza price on impact its improve CIP opera CIP

ti ti ons ons ti ti Programme Sub total subprogramme 7.1 subprogramme total Sub 7: Implementa on and monitoring of CIP and NFP ac 7.2 subprogramme total Sub 7: Implementa on and monitoring of CIP and NFP ac 7.3 subprogramme total Sub 7 Programme total Sub Enhanced 8: Food Public Management Systems 8.1 subprogramme total Sub Enhanced 8: Food Public Management Systems 8.2 subprogramme total Sub Enhanced 8: Food Public Management Systems

204 68 250 300 PA PA 7 129 129 GoB GoB Funds required 5 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 53 53 0 0 0 53 24 19 43 24 0 50 7 75 0 10 94 39 29

379 429

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested PA 46916 173750 208500 5000 89983 89983 GoB Funds required Funds required 0 0 3635 3635 0 2000 2000 0 16916 0 16916 36740 36740 0 35000 5000 30000 27141 19991 7150 13020 13020 0 65000 65000 0 51916 Total Total 263733 298483 between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15 on & ti erent erent

ﬀ tle on (PDBF) (PDBF) on ti ti es at Di es at ons of the Country Country the of ons tute training training tute and ti ti ti tute children (2nd (2nd children tute ve safety nets nets safety ve Project on center (2nd phase) phase) (2nd on center districts in 63 on center ti ti on of Flour Mill at at Mill Flour of on on of 105,000 mt mt 105,000 of on ves ves ti ti ti ti ec ti onal strengthening for ﬀ es for Poverty Allevia Poverty for es ti ng the ultra poor of of poor ultra the ng ti ti tu vi ti ti

Enlis Bangladesh Livelihood Improvement of the Improvement Livelihood through Community Indigenous Coopera Self Employment Employment Self capacity new Food Godowns with with Godowns Food new capacity ancillary Facili Loca Strategic Construc Postagola, Dhaka Dhaka Postagola, Construc and development Capacity ins more e of expansion and Development des poor and rehabilita and training Rasel Sheikh rehabilita des the for phase) for programme services Support 2nd SSVG group vulnerable the part Development Infrastructure Rural Security Food Integrated Through Daridro Palli of Extension Founda Bimochon Ac

GoB Agency GoB

DG Food DG Food

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No Yes BBS BBS Yes No No No DOC DOC No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes DSS Yes No DSS Yes No DSS Yes No LGED Yes Yes PDBF No No es to ti

onal capaci onal ti tu ti Subprogramme

3 on of social safety nets (including (including nets safety social of on ti vely operate social safety net net safety social operate vely

ti 8 ec ﬀ programmes and formulate a new new a formulate and programmes net safety social for strategy integrated programmes e ADP) in 9.1: Strengthen ins Strengthen 9.1: income and employment in Investment 9.2: genera

ve ve ve ti ti ec ec ﬀ ﬀ Programme safety nets nets safety nets safety 8. total subprogramme Sub Programme total Sub 9: E 9.1 total subprogramme Sub 9: E 205 10 78 PA PA 161 169 GoB GoB Funds required 9 9 0 0 9 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 22 22 0 0 22 0 12

172 246

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP Suggested

7150 PA 54066 GoB GoB 112188 117188 Funds required 5560 5560 0 0 5560 8319 8319 0 0 8319 5560 5560 0 0 5560 6562 6562 0 0 6562 0 5560 0 5560 5560 5560 0 0 5560 15000 15000 0 0 15000 Total Total 119338 171254 between (lakh taka) 2012-15 on, ti ng on ti

ti on on tle ti vity of non non of vity ti ti on and health health and on onal status, status, onal ti on and Livelihood Livelihood and on ti eld monitoring and ti ﬁ on strategies for strategies on ti Project on. ti on behavior change change behavior on on and high nutrient value value nutrient high and on ti cipatory ti ti

evalua Poverty Reduc Poverty across age groups along with with along groups age across par

Security for ofthe People of Areas Depressed Economically framework of health, agriculture, agriculture, health, of framework sectors. relevant other and food Comprehensive Village Village Comprehensive phase 3rd Program Development Ethnic of Improvement Livelihood Popula Marginal and research agricultural in Investment toproduc improve have value that foods staple addi quality diet improved ensuring for protec social in Investment to policies price and agriculture and access , supply improve high containing foods for demand nutrient values notablynon cereal crops evalua and Monitoring upda and Strengthening of building capacity and Training on workers extension and farmers nutri based food communica nutri improving especially women and children nutri

GoB Agency GoB

CIP 2012 CIP

Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included No Yes MoSW MoSW Yes No No Yes RDCD RDCD Yes No SFDF No No tbd Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes tbd Yes Yes

on Service (NNS) (NNS) Service on ti Subprogramme on programmes, building on the the on building programmes, on ti onal Nutri onal ti

and livelihood based Community 10.1: nutri Na

on ti Programme

Sub total subprogramme 9.2 9.2 total subprogramme Sub 9 Programme total Sub 10: Community based nutri

206

0 0 5 5 7 1 12 20 PA PA 1 1 0 7 0 7 52 52 GoB GoB Funds required 1 1 0 1 14 27 6 1 5 5 6 1 6 6 52 52 12 7 12 0 12 14 7

Total Total between 2012-15 (million USD) (million between 2012-15

Suggested DP DP Suggested EU IDB 0 0 700 3800 3800 8500 4792 PA 13992 0 0 700 700 4968 4968 36119 36119 GoB GoB Funds required Funds required 700 700 0 700 4500 4500 8500 9760 8500 0 8500 9760 4968 4792 4500 700 3800 36119 36119 18960 Total Total between 2012-15 (lakh taka) taka) (lakh between 2012-15

tle Ɵ onal survey of survey onal sheries and and sheries ti ﬁ on & food on & food ti Project on on on ofsafe meat ti ti es development for for development es ti

consump food Improve surveillance system of of system surveillance Improve illnesses borne food Facili produc Development of and food safety aquaculture in system quality management Bangladesh Undertake updated & & updated Undertake composi comprehensive na comprehensive

GoB Agency GoB

DOFis h

CIP 2012 CIP Included in in Included

CIP 2011 CIP Included in in Included Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes tbd tbd Yes Yes DLS Yes No Yes Yes tbd tbd Yes Yes es of of es ti

on on Subprogramme ti

0 onal survey of food consumption & & consumption food of survey onal ti 11.1: Undertake updated & comprehensive comprehensive & updated Undertake 11.1: laboratories and systems for food quality quality food for systems and laboratories food of control and safety and assurance 12.1: Improve surveillance system of food food of system surveillance Improve 12.1: illnesses borne a of development the Support 12.3: system management control food modern 12.2: Develop and enhance capaci enhance and Develop 12.2: na food composi food

on ti Food Food

Programme program program data through Sub total subprogramme 10.1 10.1 total subprogramme Sub 1 Programme total Sub 11: Orient and food nutri 11.1 total subprogramme Sub 11 Programme total Sub Food 12: and safety quality improvement 12.1 total subprogramme Sub 12 12.2 total subprogramme Sub Food 12: and safety quality improvement 12.3 total subprogramme Sub 12 Programme total Sub safety and and safety quality improvement

207 Budget beyond the CIP period period CIP the beyond Budget ------

1.8 1.8 9.2 6.2 2.4 3.7 0.3

69.0 69.0 52.9 17.1 23.7 186.4 186.4

Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change

Change between CIP 2012 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2012 CIP between Change Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2012 2012 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change - 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 - - - 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 -

1.8 6.5 6.5 1.8 8.3 195.2 191.7 3.5 6.9 (0.1) (0.1) 6.9 6.8 - 6.2 6.2 (11.0) (15.0) 4.0 - 2.7 2.7

10.3 63.8 63.8 10.3 74.0 26.6 (33.1) (33.1) 26.6 (6.5) - 50.0 50.0 16.2 23.5 39.6 0.0 46.8 46.8 (7.6) 3.3 (4.3) (124.6) (119.1) (5.5) 5.5 (0.1) 5.4 (23.5) (14.3) (9.1) (6.7) 10.5 10.5 (6.7) 3.8 834.5 396.7 1,231.3 1,231.3 396.7 834.5 159.7 29.6 29.6 159.7 189.3 - 560.0 560.0 (17.1) 45.0 45.0 (17.1) 27.9 (21.1) 182.5 182.5 (21.1) 161.4 Total CIP 2013 2013 CIP Total 7.6 7.6 6.2 4.0 3.8 8.0 2.7

21.7 21.7 58.5 59.6 50.0 45.0 68.6 17.4 44.6 56.6 15.7 262.2 262.2 575.1 113.5 271.4 378.0 560.0

100.0% 100.0% 2,630.2 2,630.2

on on ti liza ti U total Sub ------

0.2 0.2 4.0 8.0

46.8 46.8 14.7 8.2% 8.2% 143.0 143.0 216.7 improvement improvement on

ti 12. Food safety and quality quality and safety Food 12. ------8.2 8.2 8.2 0.3% 0.3%

liza

ti through data data through

ons ons ti ac on ti 11. Orient food and nutri and food Orient 11. ------7.6 7.6 0.2 7.8

0.3% 0.3%

Food U

programmes and services services and programmes

on on ti 10. Community based nutri based Community 10. ------

4.0 4.0 8.0

31.0 31.0 14.7 7.6% 7.6% 143.0 143.0 200.7

total Access Access total S ub ------

9.3 9.3 7.1 3.7 3.3 6.2 1.7 2.7 37.1 37.1 51.2 23.5 27.4 39.8

157.2 157.2 210.2 206.1 183.1 969.5

36.9% 36.9%

ve safety nets safety ve ti ec ﬀ e Capacity Development for more more for Development Capacity

------

onal Development and and Development onal ti tu ti

9. Ins 9. 9.3 1.7 6.3 48.6 48.6

167.7 167.7 183.1 416.6 15.8% 15.8%

system system 8. Enhanced public food management management food public Enhanced 8. ------

20.1 20.1 20.1 0.8% 0.8%

ons ti ac CIP and NFP

Food Access Access Food

on and monitoring of of monitoring and on ti implementa

------

es for for es ti 7. Strengthened capaci Strengthened 7. 0.8 2.6 6.6 3.7

14.4 14.4 28.2 1.1% 1.1%

incomes incomes

on in agriculture and non farm farm non and agriculture in on ti addi

------

6. Improved access to market, value value market, to access Improved 6. 0.5 3.3 6.2 2.7 37.1 37.1 42.5 23.5 13.0 33.6

156.4 156.4 186.0 504.6 19.2% 19.2% Sub total Availability Availability total Sub - - - - 0.4 0.4 2.5 3.8 12.4 12.4 21.5 59.6 15.4 46.3 41.7 45.1 65.3 15.7 16.8 15.7 104.9 104.9 222.0 194.9 560.0 54.9% 54.9% 1,444.0 1,444.0 on

ti on on ti produc dairy and poultry on focus 5. Livestock development, with a a with development, Livestock 5. ------

5.1 5.1 6.1 4.3 2.5 2.5

12.4 12.4 16.0 (0.3) 5.7% 5.7% 102.0 102.0 150.6

development development 4. Fisheries and aquaculture aquaculture and Fisheries 4. ------

7.6 7.6 0.1 5.2 4.5 2.9 4.2

24.4 (0.1) 0.9% 0.9%

lity lity ti fer

3. Improved quality of inputs and s and inputs of quality Improved 3. oil oil ------1.8 1.8 5.9 1.5 ons through the ADP and changes between July 2010 and June 2012 (million USD) - Table 4.2. in CIP 2011 22.0 22.0 13.7 35.0 31.9

560.0 560.0 671.7

25.5% 25.5%

ti Food Availability Availability Food on purposes purposes on ti irriga management and infrastructure for for infrastructure and management

------

2. Improved water resource resource water Improved 2. 55.2 59.6 26.5 62.8 12.6 84.8

301.5 301.5 11.5% 11.5%

research and extension extension and research agriculture through integrated integrated through agriculture

------

ed ed ﬁ

1. Sustainable and diversi and Sustainable 1. 7.8 2.2 0.3 2.2 9.8 2.3 22.5 22.5 35.0 15.7 62.3 15.7

120.0 120.0 295.8 11.2% 11.2% CIP programme programme CIP ADB AusAid DANIDA DFID EKN EU FAO GAFSP IDB IFAD JICA SDC UNDP UNICEF USAID WFP World Bank China GIZ Norway Spain Italy Total DP Share on total Annex 3.6a: DPs Contribu Annex 3.6a: Annex 3.6: Development partners contribu partners Development 3.6: Annex

208

Budget beyond the CIP period CIP the beyond Budget

------

6.2 6.2 5.4 3.3 14.9

Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change

1.3 1.3 3.0 0.3 2.6 0.6

48.3 48.3 21.7 (1.4) (2.3) (5.7) (8.4) 159.6 159.6 219.5

Change between CIP 2012 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2012 CIP between Change - - -

0.9 0.9 0.1 0.3

33.9 33.9 18.0 (0.3) (2.7) (5.8) 146.6 146.6 191.2

Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2012 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change

0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.6

14.4 14.4 13.0 21.7 28.4 (1.2) (8.4) (15.4) Total CIP 2013 2013 CIP Total 6.1 6.1 1.3 0.3 9.9 0.6

81.3 81.3 64.4 32.8 21.7 15.5 210.3 210.3 293.2 737.5

100.0% 100.0%

on on ti liza ti U total sub ------

9.4 9.4 0.4 2.9

120.2 120.2 132.9 18.0% 18.0% improvement improvement

ti 12. Food safety and quality quality and safety Food 12. ------0.0% 0.0%

liza

ti through data data through

ons ons ti ac on ti 11. Orient food and nutri and food Orient 11. ------0.4 0.4 0.4

0.0% 0.0%

Food U

programmes and services services and programmes

on on ti 10. Community based nutri based Community 10. ------

9.4 9.4 2.9

120.2 120.2 132.6 18.0% 18.0%

Access Access total sub

- - - -

0.3 0.3 79.6 79.6 65.5 37.0 32.8 21.7 14.1 33.5

284.5 284.5 38.6% 38.6%

ve safety nets nets safety ve ti ec ﬀ e Capacity Development for more more for Development Capacity

------

0.3 0.3 onal Development and and Development onal ti tu ti 9. Ins 9. 79.6 50.7 35.5

166.1 166.1 22.5% 22.5%

system system 8. Enhanced public food management management food public Enhanced 8. ------

21.7 21.7

21.7 2.9% 2.9%

ons ons ti

Food Access Access Food ac CIP and NFP

on and monitoring of of monitoring and on ti plementa im

------

es for for es ti 7. Strengthened capaci Strengthened 7. 23.8 23.8

3.2% 3.2%

incomes

on in agriculture and non farm farm non and agriculture in on ti addi

------

1.5 1.5 9.7

6. Improved access to market, value value market, to access Improved 6. 14.8 32.8 14.1 72.8 9.9% 9.9% sub total Availability Availability total sub - - -

1.7 1.7 6.1 0.9 1.5 7.0 0.6 18.1 18.1

144.8 144.8 139.4 320.1 43.4% 43.4%

on ti produc dairy and poultry on

5. Livestock development, with a focus focus a with development, Livestock 5. ------

1.0 1.0 0.5 7.0 24.6 24.6

131.8 131.8 164.9 22.4% 22.4%

development

4. Fisheries and aquaculture aquaculture and Fisheries 4. ------

24.9 24.9 24.9 3.4% 3.4%

lity lity ti fer 3. Improved quality of inputs and soil soil and inputs of quality Improved 3. ------

23.1 23.1

23.1 3.1% 3.1%

Food Availability oses oses p ur p on ti a g ons outside the ADP and changes between July 2010 and June 2012 (million USD) - Table 4.3. in CIP 2011 irri

ti management and infrastructure for for infrastructure and management ------

1.7 1.7 0.4 2.1

2. Improved water resource resource water Improved 2. 0.3%

research and extension extension and research agriculture through integrated integrated through agriculture

------

6.1 6.1 1.5 0.6 ed ed ﬁ 1. Sustainable and diversi and Sustainable 1. 13.0 17.1 66.8

105.0 105.0 14.2% 14.2% CIP programme programme CIP Annex 3.6b Contribu AusAid DFID EKN EU FAO IFAD JICA SDC UNDP USAID WFP Norway Total DP Share on total

209

the CIP period CIP beyond Budget

------

5.60 5.60 2.16 2.22 18.08 18.08 30.88 27.08 40.33 57.16 10.33 193.8

Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change

Change between CIP 2012 and CIP 2011 2011 CIP and 2012 CIP between Change

Change between CIP 2013 and CIP 2012 2012 CIP and 2013 CIP between Change

3.1 (83.7) (80.6) (80.6) (83.7) 3.1 50.0 50.0 0.0 3.0 (4.4) (1.4) 3.0 (4.4) 3.2 - 3.2 (73.9) (80.0) 6.1

54.3 35.6 89.9 89.9 35.6 54.3 141.5 54.5 87.0 21.7 - 21.7 21.7 - 21.7 (6.5) 14.6 8.1 90.0 - 90.0 (0.0) 6.1 6.1

469.1 (49.5) 419.6 419.6 (49.5) 469.1 (29.3) (15.0) (44.3) (44.3) (15.0) (29.3) (94.2) (73.1) (21.0) (56.2) 177.0 120.8 120.8 177.0 (56.2) (113.3) 189.5 189.5 (113.3) 76.2 (106.0) 110.0 110.0 (106.0) 4.0 (134.2) 871.0 871.0 (134.2) 736.8

Total CIP 2013 CIP Total

4.0 4.0 3.0 3.2 6.1 6.1 30.7 30.7 45.6 50.0 21.7 23.1 34.7 90.0 489.6 489.6 108.1 147.8 145.3 412.0 100.0% 100.0% 1,621.1 1,621.1

on on ti liza ti U total sub ------

0.5 0.5 6.1 5.9

12.5 12.5 14.9 9.1% 9.1% 108.1 108.1 148.1 improvement improvement

ti 12. Food safety and quality quality and safety Food 12. ------5.0 5.0 12.5 12.5 17.5 1.1% 1.1%

liza

ti through data data through

ons ons ti ac on ti 11. Orient food and nutri and food Orient 11. ------0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

0.1% 0.1%

Food U

programmes and services and programmes

on on ti 10. Community based nutri based Community 10. ------

5.6 5.6 0.9

14.9 14.9 8.0% 8.0% 108.1 108.1 129.5

Access Access total sub - - - - 4.5 4.5 3.5 0.1 3.7 1.0

21.7 21.7 23.1 96.4 18.1 30.0 461.8 461.8 121.3 325.0

68.5% 68.5%

1,110.2 1,110.2

nets nets y safet ve ti ec ﬀ e Capacity Development for more more for Development Capacity

------

3.5 3.5 1.0

onal Development and and Development onal ti tu ti 9. Ins 9. 15.8 50.0 70.3 4.3% 4.3%

system system 8. Enhanced public food management management food public Enhanced 8. ------21.7 21.7

275.0 275.0 296.7 18.3% 18.3%

Food Access actions CIP and

on and monitoring of NFP NFP of monitoring and on ti implementa

------

3.7 3.7 7.5 es for for es ti

7. Strengthened capaci Strengthened 7. 11.1 0.7%

incomes

on in agriculture and non farm farm non and agriculture in on ti addi

------

4.5 4.5 0.1 2.3 6. Improved access to market, value value market, to access Improved 6. 23.1 88.9 30.0

461.8 461.8 121.3 732.0 45.2% 45.2%

Availability Availability sub total total sub - - - - -

2.9 2.9 2.2 1.6 6.1 27.8 27.8 26.3 33.1 46.3 26.6 43.0 87.0 60.0

362.8 362.8 22.4% 22.4%

on on ti produc dairy and poultry on

ons through and outside the ADP (million USD) - Table 4.4. in CIP 2011 5. Livestock development, with a focus focus a with development, Livestock 5. ------ti 0.1 0.1 4.3 0.5 8.0

12.9 0.8% 0.8%

development development 4. Fisheries and aquaculture aquaculture and Fisheries 4. ------

5.2 5.2 0.3 5.6

0.3% 0.3%

lity lity ti fer 3. Improved quality of inputs and soil soil and inputs of quality Improved 3. ------

7.0 7.0 1.8

11.3 11.3 15.0 35.1 2.2% 2.2%

on purposes on ti irriga Food Availability management and infrastructure for for infrastructure and management

------

0.8 0.8 2.5 2.6 0.8

2. Improved water resource resource water Improved 2. 23.4 15.0 32.0 30.0 6.6% 6.6% 107.1 107.1

extension extension through integrated research and and research integrated through

------

9.8 9.8 0.3 2.2 6.1 ed agriculture agriculture ed ﬁ 1. Sustainable and diversi and Sustainable 1. 20.0 26.3 35.0 24.0 16.7 32.0 30.0

202.2 202.2 12.5% 12.5% CIP programme programme CIP Annex 3.6c Possible future contribu ADB DANIDA DFID EKN EU FAO GAFSP IFAD JICA SDC UNDP UNICEF USAID WFP World Bank GIZ Spain Total DP Share on total 210