The Boston Main Streets Program” Bachelor of Architecture, 1994 – 1998, METU Department of Architecture
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RISK ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT TERRITORIAL SCALE THE CASE OF İZMİR METROPOLITAN AREA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SİBEL YILDIRIM ESEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN RESTORATION IN ARCHITECTURE FEBRUARY 2014 Approval of the thesis: RISK ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT TERRITORIAL SCALE THE CASE OF İZMİR METROPOLITAN AREA submitted by SİBEL YILDIRIM ESEN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Restoration, in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan ÖZGEN Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif SARGIN Head of Department, Architecture Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz BİLGİN ALTINÖZ Supervisor, Architecture Department, METU Prof. Dr. Ömür BAKIRER Co-Supervisor, Architecture Department, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Neriman ŞAHİN GÜÇHAN Architecture Department, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz BİLGİN ALTINÖZ Architecture Department, METU Prof. Dr. Mehmet TUNÇER Political Science and Public Administration Department, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Rohit JIGYASU Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University of Japan Prof. Dr. Felix PIRSON Institute of Classical Archaeology, Leipzig University of Germany Date: 10.02.2014 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : SIBEL YILDIRIM ESEN Signature : iv ABSTRACT RISK ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT TERRITORIAL SCALE THE CASE OF IZMIR METROPOLITAN AREA Yıldırım Esen, Sibel Ph. D. in Restoration, Department of Architecture Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer February 2014, 402 pages Archaeological heritage has been increasingly facing severe threats such as urbanization, infrastructure development, mass tourism, illicit digging, earthquakes, floods, and many others. As most of the risks deriving from natural and human factors affect large areas and aggregates of sites, archaeological heritage can be conserved only if it is managed at territorial scale based on priorities and through effective risk management strategies. Accordingly, a thorough assessment of factors contributing to the existence and levels of risks is the key for effective conservation and management of archaeological heritage. Hence, this thesis aims at developing a comprehensive methodology for risk assessment of archeological heritage at territorial scale. Following a qualitative assessment approach, and referring to the concepts of other disciplinary fields, this study defines the analytical framework, essential v data, main procedure, and analysis tools for risk assessment. The proposed risk assessment methodology, which utilizes the Geographical Information Systems, includes the stages of identifying, categorizing and mapping natural, institutional and individual-induced hazards, assessing vulnerabilities to these hazards through physical, institutional and social indicators; and evaluating levels of risks and generating risk maps through thematic mapping. Besides, following the proposed methodology, a system is developed for the Assessment of Risks at Territorial Scale (ARTS) for archaeological heritage located in the Izmir Metropolitan Area, Turkey. Through this system, the levels of vulnerabilities and risks are identified and risk maps of archaeological sites are prepared. Successively, addressing present decision-making mechanisms in Turkey, integration of the system into existing archaeological heritage management system is proposed. As risk assessment is based on collecting and processing extensive amount of quantitative, qualitative and spatial data, the methodology can be developed further parallel to the researches and development of databases regarding natural and human-induced hazards and factors affecting vulnerabilities of archaeological assets. Keywords: Archaeological Heritage, Natural and Human-induced Hazards, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Izmir. vi ÖZ ARKEOLOJİK KÜLTÜR MİRASININ BÖLGESEL ÖLÇEKTE RİSK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ İZMİR METROPOLİTAN ALAN ÖRNEĞİ Yıldırım Esen, Sibel Doktora, Restorasyon, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Yard. Doç. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Ortak Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer Şubat 2014, 402 sayfa Arkeolojik değerler her gecen gün artan bir şekilde kentleşme, altyapı gelişimi, kitle turizmi, kacak kazı, deprem, sel ve benzeri tehditlere maruz kalmaktadır. İnsan ve doğa kaynaklı risklerin çoğunun bölgesel olarak çok sayıda arkeolojik alanı etkilemesi nedeniyle, arkeolojik alanların korunabilmesi arkeolojik mirasın bölgesel ölçekte öncelikler belirlenerek yönetilmesine ve risklere yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesine bağlıdır. Dolayısıyla, risklerin oluşumuna etki eden faktörlerin ve risk seviyelerinin kapsamlı olarak değerlendirilmesi, arkeolojik alanların etkili bir şekilde korunması ve yönetimi acısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu tezde arkeolojik alanları tehdit eden risklerin bölgesel ölçekte değerlendirilmesi için kapsamlı bir yöntem geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kalitatif bir değerlendirme yaklaşımı izleyen bu çalışma, diğer disiplinlerde kullanılan kavramlara da referans vererek risk değerlendirmesi için gerekli analitik çerçeveyi, verileri, ana prosedürleri ve analiz araçlarını tanımlamaktadır. Geliştirilen risk değerlendirme yöntemi, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) de vii kullanılarak doğal, kurumsal ve insan kaynaklı tehlikelerin tespiti, sınıflandırılması ve haritalandırılması; arkeolojik alanların bu tehlikelere karşı hasar görebilirliğinin fiziksel, kurumsal ve sosyal göstergeler ile değerlendirilmesi; son olarak risk seviyelerinin değerlendirilmesi ve tematik haritalandırma ile risk haritalarının hazırlanması basamaklarını içermektedir. Ayrıca, önerilen yöntem kullanılarak İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi sınırları içinde yer alan arkeolojik kültür mirasına yönelik Bölgesel Ölçekte Risk Değerlendirme Sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem ile arkeolojik alanların hasar görebilirlik ve risk seviyeleri tespit edilerek risk haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Son olarak, Türkiye’deki arkeolojik alanlara ilişkin karar alma mekanizmaları değerlendirilerek önerilen risk değerlendirme yönteminin mevcut arkeolojik alan yönetim sistemine entegrasyonu için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Risk değerlendirmesi, önemli miktarda nitel, nicel ve mekânsal verinin toplanması ve işlenmesine bağlıdır. Bu sebeple, doğal ve insan kaynaklı tehlikelere ve arkeolojik alanların hasar görebilirliklerini etkileyen faktörlere ilişkin araştırılmaların yapılması ve veri tabanlarının zenginleştirilmesine bağlı olarak önerilen yöntem geliştirilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arkeolojik Miras, Doğal ve İnsan Kaynaklı Tehlikeler, Hasar Görebilirlik ve Risk değerlendirmesi, Risk yönetimi, İzmir viii To my dear husband Ersin and our daughter Eylul Bahar, with love ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people kindly helped me in various respects and contributed to the completion of this doctoral study. First and foremost, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz and my co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer for their continuous and invaluable support and guidance throughout this research. I feel privileged for completing this study under their guidance. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan of Middle East Technical University and Prof. Dr. Mehmet Tunçer of Ankara University for their endless support and constructive criticisms as the Thesis Monitoring Committee members since the beginning of this study. I am deeply indebted to Prof. Dr. Rohit Jigyasu, UNESCO Chair Professor of Ritsumeikan University and the president of ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness, and Prof. Dr. Felix Pirson of Leipzig University and the director of German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul for their constructive comments and recommendations as Examining Committee Members. I would like to express my genuine thanks to the Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University of Japan. My intense learning experience in Japan as a participant of the International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage in 2012 has greatly contributed to my dissertation and has been enriching for me. I would like to acknowledge several people who kindly provided me with valuable information and materials, without which this study would not have been possible. I am thankful to Oğuz Tanındı of Archaeological Settlements of x Turkey Project for providing me with valuable information about archaeological sites in Izmir and with pictures documenting destruction, and I am grateful for such help. I would also like to thank Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Development Plan Section staff for providing me with development plans of Izmir. Thanks are also extended to all other departments of the Municipality that have supplied various documents on Izmir. I am also thankful to the staff of ICCROM Library for their valuable helps in gathering the necessary documents. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Yasar E. Ersoy, the director