SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH-NOLOGY BULLETIN 78

HANDBOOK

OF THE INDIANS OF

BY

A. L. KROEBER

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1925 KROEBTIF] HANDBOOK

The towns in Val tion of their situation on are as follows: E. Honsading. : W. Dakis-hankut. E. Kinchuhwikut. Yurc W. Chelndekotding. Un E. Miskut (Meskut). Y E. Takimitlding (Hostj, CHAPTER 8. Talawatewu. Chin E. Tsewenalding (Senall ATHABASCANS: THE HUPA, CHILUL, AND WHILKIJT. W. Totltsasding. Unocci E. Medilding (Matilton) THE HuPA: Territory, nationality, and settlements, 128; numbers, 130; com- Chimariko: Mutum, merce, 132; plan of society, 132; daily life, 133; divinities, 134; great W. Howunkut (Kentuck dances, 134; girl's adolescence dance, 135; wizards and shamans, 136. THE E. Djishtangading (Tish , 137. THE , 141. E. Haslinding (Horse-Li Tim HuPA. It is characteristic that v ern than on the eastern si( TERRITORY, NATIONALITY, AND SETrLEMEN11S. lages, in fact practically The Hupa, with the Chilula and the Whilkut, formed a close linguistic unit, considerably divergent from the other dialect groups of California Athabascans. They differed from their two nearer bodies of kinsmen largely in consequence of their habitat on a greater stream, in some fashion navigable for canoes even in summer, _ ~~~~~~~GI and flowing in a wider, sunnier valley. Their population was there- k~rrace * -"un fore more concentrated, at least over the favorable stretches, and their *ealth greater. They were at all points the equals of the WOld Houses a3 f Yurok whom they adjoined where their river debouches into the 1IDoors *plaothrms ° Klamath, and of the Karok whose towns began a few miles above; mModer*, housesj -barns - whereas the Chilula, although d!,,;Old Hoqse puts reckoned by the Hupa as almost of 3 Caneteries themselves, remained a less settled and poorer hill people; while the 4-Biisocred)house Whilkut, in the eyes of all three of the more cultured nations, were 5Swea, House I6P/ae of Jumping Dance a sort of wild Thracians of the mountains. 7Tree Most of the Hupa villages, or at least the larger ones, were in 2 1lupa (or Hoopa) valley, a beautiful stretch of 8 miles, containing FG. 1 .-Pan a greater extent of level land than can be aggregated for long dis- Americans arrived except H tances about. Below or north of the valley the Trinity flows through river, with exposure to the v a magnificent rocky canyon to Weitchpec, Yurok Weitspus. In Above Hupa Valley is t spite of the proximity of a group of populous Yurok settlements at harbored the little village this confluence, the canyon, or nearly all of it, belonged to the Hupa, begins a string of patches who now and then seem even to have built individual houses at two in. Here there were two pc or three points along its course. Perhaps these belonged to men Mingkutme. Sehachpeya, whom quarrels or feuds drove from intercourse with their fellows. Tashuanta are mentioned ii 128 most of these names seem to lRgOEBFR] HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 129 The towns in Hupa Valley, in order upstream, and with designa- tion of their situation on the east or the west bank of the Trinity, are as follows: E. Honsading. Yurok: Oknutl. W. Dakis-hankut. E. Kinchuhwikut. Yurok: Merpernertl. W. Cheindekotding. Unoccupied in 1850. Yurok: Kererwer. E. Miskut (Meskut). Yurok: Ergerits. E. Takimitlding (Hostler). Yurok: Oplego. Wlyot: Talalawilu or Talawatewu. Chimariko: Hope-ta-djil. See plat in Figure 12. E. Tsewenalding (Senalton). Yurok: Olepotl. ILULI, AND WHIIKUT. W. Totltsasding. Unoccupied in 1850. Yurok: Erlern. E. Medilding (Matilton). Yurok: Kahtetl. : Haluwi-talaleyutl. ments, 128; numbers, 130; com- Chimariko: Mutuma-dji. life, 133; divinities, 134; great W. Howunkut (Kentuck). Yurok: Pia'getl. Wiyot: Tapotse. wizards and shamans, 138. THE: E. DjIshtangading (Tishtangatang). E. Haslinding (Horse-Linto). Yurok: Yati. It is characteristic that while there is more level land on the west- ern than on the eastern side of Hupa Valley, all the principal vil- rD SET¶ITLEMENTS. lages, in fact practically all settlements in occupation when the ,e Whilkut, formed a close rom the other dialect groups ,red from their two nearer mnce of their habitat on a e for canoes even in summer, Graoss SY op Their population was there- ,he favorable stretches, and ll points the equals of the ir river debouches into the *11;Old House is ° t,: 0 Ls began a few miles above; by the Hupa as almost of oorer hill people; while the 4Big (socred)house S5wsea House more cultured nations, were 8Poce of Jumping Dance Takimiuding Mi1 3age Hupa, 1901 IS. 7Tree Ast the larger ones, were in retch of 8 miles, containing FIG. 12.-Plan of Hupa town of Takimitlding. be aggregated for long dis- Americans arrived except Howunkut, were on the eastern side of the ey the Trinity flows through river, with exposure to the warm afternoon sun. ipec, Yurok Weitspus. In Above Hupa Valley is the small " Sugar Bowl," whose bottom pulous Yurok settlements at harbored the little village of Haslinding. Some miles farther up of it, belonged to the Hupa, begins a string of patches of valley to where Willow Creek comes lilt individual houses at two in. Here there were two permanent settlements, Kachwunding and laps these belonged to men Mingkutme. Sehachpeya, Waugullewatl, Aheltah, Sokeakeit, and ercourse with their fellows. Tashuanta are mentioned in early sources as being in this region: most of these names seem to be Yurok. And still farther, at South Nomm- M#4 pi--.--., _- __1 P " " - M l

130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBtlLL. 78 E801AMPEW HANDBOOK 0]

Fork, where the river branches, was the town of Tlelding-whence reservations of California; l the "Kelta tribe "-with subsidiary settlements about or above it. due in the main to this res The farthest of these was Tl'okame, 5 miles up the South Fork. military officers. These southerly Hupa were almost out of touch with the Yurok, In 1851 the Yurok liste( and held intercourse with the Wintun and Chimariko. Their out- houses, distributed as follow look on the world must have been quite different, and it. is known Honsading------that their religious practices were distinctive. In implements, Miskut------mode of life, regulation of society, and speech they were, however, Takimitlding______--- substantially identical with the better known people of Hupa Valley. Tsewenalding------And the Yurok knew Tlelding, which they called, with reference to Medilding ------5 other villages In and its situation at the forks, by the same name as their own town of Identified-----_____--- Weitspekw. Tlelding------The Hupa derive their name from Yurok Hupo, the name of the valley. Total_-______The people the Yurok knew as Hupo-la, their speech as Omimoas. The H1upa called themselves Natinnoh-hoi, after Natinnoh, the Trinity River. Other The enumeration may n tribes designated them as follows: The Wiyot, Haptana; the Karok, Kisha- only 750 Hupa; but even a kewara; the Chimariko, Hichhu; the Shasta, Chaparahihu. The Hupa in settlements would keep the turn used these terms: For the Yurok, Kinne, or Yidachin, "from down- stream "; the Karok were the Kinnus; the Shasta, the Kiintah; the Chimariko, The following report of ' the TI'omitta-hoi, the "prairie people"; the Wintun of the south fork of the Trinity, the Yinachin, "from upstream"; the Wiyot of lower , Taike; Honsading------the Whilkut, Hoilkut-hoi; the language was Yitde-dinning-hunneuhw, Miskut ------"downstream sloping speech." Takimltlding ------Tsewenalding------That something of an ethnic sense existed is shown by a gender Medilding .------in the . One category included only adult persons Howunkut ------speaking the tongue or readily intelligible Athabascan dialects. Djlshtangading ------Babbling children, dignified aliens, and all other human beings and " Sawmill " .______animals formed a second " sex."

NUMBERS. Total Hupa - ___-____- Chilula, Nongatl, Wiyot, The population of the Hupa as far as the South Fork of the Trin- ity may be estimated at barely 1,000 before the discovery. There do not appear to have been much more than 600 Indians in the valley These figures may not be proper. Even this gives a higher average per village than holds nothing that has so great through the region. The first agent in 1866 reported 650. In 1903, a Indian reservation as it ha careful estimate yielded 450. The Federal census of 1910 reckons same year another agent r, over 600, but probably includes all the children of diverse tribal tion-301 males and 348 f affiliation brought to the Government school in the valley. In any precede, give some concept event, the proportion of survivors is one of the highest in California. lages, with Takimitlding This may be ascribed to three causes: the inaccessibility of the re- the two halves of the valle3 gion and its comparative poverty in placer gold; the establishment 20 years of contact with ti of a reservation which allowed the Hupa uninterrupted occupancy only to the Hupa men. Bu of their ancestral dwellings; and an absence of the lamentable laxity But native practices also co of administration characteristic for many years of the other Indian between Takimitiding and Tse assaulted by an American sold T ET H NOLOGY tBULrL.78 HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 131 he town of Tlelding-whence reservations of California; which fortunate circumstance is probably ettlements about or above it. due in the main to this reservation having been long in charge of 5 miles up the South Fork. military officers. ut of touch with the Yurok, In 1851 the Yurok listed to the Government officials 99 Hupa L and Chimariko. Their out- houses, distributed as follows: ite different, and it is known Honsading- distinctive. 9 In implements, Miskut ------6 d speech they were, however, Takimitlding -20 mnown people of Hupa Valley. Tsewenalding -10 they called, with reference to Medilding -28 ) name as their own town of 5 other villages in and above Hupa valley, not positively identified -23 Tlelding- 3 k Hupo, the name of the valley. r speech as Omimoas. The Hupa Total -99 [nnoh, the Trinity River. Other The enumeration may not have been complete-it would yield yot, Haptana; the Karok, Kisha- only 750 Hupa; but even a liberal allowance for omission of small sta, Chaparahihu. The Hupa in inne, or Yidachin, " from down- settlements would keep the entire group within the 1,000 mark. iasta, the Kiintah; the Chimariko, The following report of the population in 1870 is of interest: Wintun of the south fork of the Males Female. Wiyot of lower Mad River, Taike; Honsading------25 30 age was Yitde-dinning-hunneuhw, Miskut -32 49 Takimitlding -51 74 Tsewenalding -______existed is shown by a gender 14 31 Medilding -75 100 included only adult persons Howunkut -31 39 lligible Athabascan dialects. Djishtangading -14 36 I all other human beings and "Sawmill" -16 24 258 383

Total Hupa - -641 Chilula, Nongatl, Wiyot, etc - - 233 3the South Fork of the Trin- fore the discovery. There do 874 Lan 600 Indians in the valley These figures may not be taken with too much reliance. There is erage per village than holds nothing that has so great an illusory accuracy as the census of an 1866 reported 650. In 1903, a Indian reservation as it has been customary to make them. In the deral census of 1910 reckons same year another agent reported only 649 Indians on the reserva- ie children of diverse tribal tion-301 males and 348 females. But the figures, like those that school in the valley. In any precede, give some conception of the relative importance of the vil- of the highest in California. lages, with Takimitlding and Medilding, the religious centers of the inaccessibility of the re- the two halves of the valley, far in the lead. And they indicate that lacer gold; the establishment 20 years of contact with the Americans had been heavily disastrous ipa uninterrupted occupancy only to the Hupa men. Bullets, not disease, killed in these first years. ;ence of the lamentable laxity But native practices also ny years of the other contributed. About the late sixties a feud arose Indian between Takimitlding and Tsewenalding. A woman of the latter place was assaulted by an American soldier and stabbed him. Not long after, either in RROEBERI HANDBOOK 1 132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 78

resentment or for some other cause, soldiers killed a Takimitlding youth. The hand, the women went to oth Takimitiding people could not or dared not revenge themselves on the military, mained there all their lives. but holding the woman ultimately responsible for the loss of their man, sought each other, for the most part, reprisals among her relatives of Tsewenalding. In the "war" that followed tives scattere(l through differ the people of the smaller village suffered heavily. The aggregate losses of had married. both sides were about 20. The towns belonged to the same division and stood a Each village had a headman scant mile apart on the same side of the river. hunting an(d fishing rights, an acorns and seeds. The men oJ Dams were built across the river to catch salmon in alternate received food in time of scarcil summers at Takimitlding and Medilding. There is in this arrange- to him to settle the dispute , ment a wise adjustment between the two largest and most sacred he had w as theirs in time of death if his property also so d towns and the rights of the upper and lower halves of the valley. The villages south of and i of religion. There was no orn COMMERCE. leader in matters of the dance unit. All to the north of Me The Hupa traded chiefly with the Yurok. From them they re- man of the northern division ceived their canoes, which their own lack of redwood prevented them for the whole lower Trinity I from manufacturing; and dried sea foods, especially surf fish, mus- tribe, made war. This power sels, and salty seaweed. Most of their dentalia probably reached the dissipation of his property them through the same channel; although this money, however wealth, terminate hostilities I There seem to have been no hoarded, must have fluctuated back and forth from tribe to tribe and tribe. Formal councils were ii village to village for generations. The articles returned are less of his men in a collected body definitely known, but seem to have consisted of inland foods and per- There are here male e haps skins. With the Karok the Hupa were in general friendly, but lefined laws. There is n( the products of the two groups were too similar to allow of much Iower as a part of society barter. The Tolowa seem to have been met at Yurok dances. The all set for these institution Chilula were close friends, the Whilkut disliked. There was very them developing to luxii little intercourse with the Wiyot, Nongatl, or Wintun, evidently be- volved a total change in cause other tribes intervened. slowly and which affecis 0 PLAN OF SOCIETY. a culture. The following account of Hupa society also applies to all the northwestern tribes. The daily life, not only tribes, has been well deser A typical family consisted of the man and his sons, the wife or wives of the man, the unmarried or half-married daughters, the wives of the sons, and the At daybreak the woman at grandchildren. To these may be added unmarried or widowed brothers or She then took the burden basil sisters of the man and his wife. The women of the first generation are called She was expected to have fin by the same term of relationship by the third generation whether they are roo were early risers. The C great-aunts or grandmothers. So, too, the old men of the family were all called say: " I like that man. I wis grandfathers. All the children born in the same house called each other '[iie men always bathed in thE brothers and sisters, whether they were children of the same parents or not. the family in the house an(l The ultimate basis of this life is obviously blood kinship, but the ferred to (1o most of their w mnen, and the religiously incli immediately controlling factor is the association of common resi- followed by a plunge in the ri dence; in a word, the house. sweat-house and sunned them Continuing, with omissions: tion and prayer. In the even very slowly, looking about am The next unit above the family was the village. These varied greatly in vomewn sat in silence without size. Where a man was born there he died and was buried. On the other ETHNOLOGY [BULMv 78 }KROEBER] HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 133 illed a Takimitiding youth. The hand, the women went to other villages when they married and usually re- venge themselves on the military, mained there all their lives. The inhabitants of a village were related to for the loss of their man, sought each other, for the most part, on the side of the males. They had other rela- g. In the "war" that followed tives scattered through different villages where their daughters and sisters mavily. The aggregate losses of had married. to the same division and stood a Each village had a headman who was richest there. Besides riches he had hunting andi fishing rights, and certain lands where his women might gather acorns andl seeds. The men of the village obeyed him because from him they catch salmon in alternate received food in time of scarcity. If they were involved in trouble they looked r. There is in this arrange- to him to settle the dispute with money. As long as they obeyed whatever wo largest and most sacred he had wNas theirs in time of need. His power descende(l to his son at his )wer halves of the valley. death if his property also so descended. The villages south of and including Medilding were associated in matters of religion. There was no organization or council..The richest nan was the leader in matters of the dances, and in war, if the division were at war as a irok. From them they re- unit. All to the north of Medilding constituted another division. Thle head- man of the northern division because of his great wealth of redwood prevented was the headman them for the whole lower Trinity River. He was the leader when the tribe, as a Is, especially surf fish, mus- tribe, made war. This power was the result of his wealth and passed with dentalia probably reached the dissipation of his property. He was the leader because he could, with his pugh this money, however wealth, terminate hostilities by settling for all those killed by his warriors. 'orth from tribe to tribe and There seem to have been no formalities in the government of the village or tribe. Formal councils were unknown, although the chief often took the advice e articles returned are less of his men in a collected body. ted of inland foods and per- There are here vere in general friendly, but male ownership, patrilinear descent, and well- D similar to allow of much defined laws. There is no trace of exogamous clans, of hereditary met at Yurok dances. The power as a part of society, of political machinery. The stage seems all set for these institutions. disliked. There was very A slight increment and we can imagine them J, or Wintun, evidently be- developing to luxuriance. But the growth would have in- volved a total change in outlook-the sort of change that comes slowly and which affecis at once the subtlest and deepest values of r. a culture. DAILY LIFE. Aty also applies to all the The daily life, not only of the Hlupa but of all the northwestern 3 sons, the wife or wives of the tribes, has been wvell described in the following passage: the wives of the sons, and the At daybreak the woman arose and went to the river for a complete bath. rried or widowed brothers or She then took the burden basket anl brought a load of wood for the house fire. f the first generation are called She was expected to have finished her bath before the men were astir. They I generation whether they are loo were early risers. The dawn was looked upon as a maiden. She would en of the family were all called say: " I like that manl. I wish he will live to be old; he always looks at mile." same house called each other 'TIhe men always bathed in the river on rising. A light breakfast was eaten by of the same parents or not. the family in tile house anil each went to his day's task. The older men pre- isly blood kinship, but the ferred to do most of their work before this meal. In the afternoon, the old mnen, and the sociation of common resi- religiously Inclined young men, took a sweat in the sweat-house, followed by a plunge in the river. After the bath they sat in the shelter of the sweat-house and sunned themselves. As they sat there they engaged In medita- tion and prayer. In the evening the principal meal was served. The men ate lage. These varied greatly in very slowly, looking about and talking after each spoonful of acorn soup. The womuen sat in silence without nd was buried. On the other caps and with hidden feet, that they might show

I I I, 4W"_ __ , I. -I I - I ______

134 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY tBUJLL&78 KiRUNBER] HAN DBOOK

great respect to the men. A basket of water was passed after the meal that The Hupa held two J the men might wash their hands. When they were through they retired to the in former times annually, sweat-house, where they spent several hours in converse. These are all associated DIVINITIES. two are connected with t The Deerskin dance, hons' The greatest divinity of the Hupa is Yimantuwingyai, "the one "along the river dance," ca lost (to us) across (the ocean) ," also known as Yimankyuwinghoiyan, at Takimitiding, it appears, " old man over across," believed to have come into being at the Yurok in canoes, and on 10 succes village of Kenek. He is a sort of establisher of the order and condi- kut, below Takimitlding, at tion of the world and leader of the kihkruai, or preceding race; a real posite Cheindekotding, then a on the slope of the mountaii creator is as unknown to the Hupa as to the Yurok and Karok. They fourth day, at Miskut, the can not conceive the world as ever different from now except in in- which ten times approached 1 numerable details. Yimantuwingyai seems to be a combination of peculiar song, recalled to tl the tricky and erotic Wohpekumeu and the more heroic Pulekuk- the dance with them, and t A Jumping dance, tuvnkchi werek of the Yurok. more days, half a month or A suggestion of the latter god is found in the Hupa Yidetuwingyai, the sacred sweat house at Ta "the one lost downstream." A myth concerning him tells of the time danced against the Takimith when the sun and earth alone existed. From them were born twins, as to excellence of song and s Yidetuwingyai and the ground on which men live. This sort of of the regalia displayed. cosmogony has not been found among the Yurok or Karok and may Another Jumping dance, lu spring. It was not associate( be supposed to have reached the Hupa through the influence of more had as its purpose the drivi southerly tribes. of the first salmon rites of I Yinukatsisdai, "upstream he lives," is the Yurok Megwomets, a that the dance once rested ur small long-bearded boy who passes unseen with a load of acorns and 10 nights the dance went on controls or withholds the supply of vegetable food. believed to have stood in thi lowed 10 days of open-air d the same as in the autumn Jr GREAT DANCES.

The Hupa made two ceremonies of the new year or first fruits Gill] type, both, of course, with the recitation of a mythological for- The Ilupa stand one sl mula as the central esoteric element. One of these was performed of civilization by one tes at Haslinding by the people of the Medilding division in spring attention bestowed on at the commencement of the salmon run. The first salmon of the women. The influence season was caught and eaten. In autumn, when the acorns first be- At a girl's adolescence, gan to fall freely, a ceremony for the new crop was made for the observances were under~ northern division at Takimitlding, " acorn-ceremony place." The followed by the Yurok. reciting formulist took the place of the divinity Yinukatsisdai. dwelling house which the The new acorns were eaten by the assembled people. The stones it among the Ilupa, andl used in cooking the gruel were put in a heap that has attained a Tolowa. and Wivot. A volume of 200 cubic feet and must be adjudged to have been at orf buckskin from whli(cl least as many years in accumulating, or more if tfadition is true times a night to sin, ab. that the river once swept the pile away. A lamprey eel ceremony long rattles which are E was also enacted at the northern end of the valley by a Takimitl- in (lances throughout cei ding man each year. It was a close parallel of the salmon "new is whittled into five or year," but much less important. were not used by the Yu THNOLOGY tBULL. 78 KRUBBEEI] HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF (CALIF"ORNIA 135 vas passed after the meal that The Hupa held two Jumping dances and one Deerskin dance; ,ere through they retired to the in former times annually, they say; in more recent years biennially. converse. These are all associated with Takimitlding, and at least one if not two are connected with the first acorn ceremony there. The Deerskin dance, honsitlchitdilya, "summer (lance," or hnkoachitdilya, Yimantuwingyai, "the one "along the river dance," came about September. The formula was spoken n as Yimankyuwinghoiyan, at Takimitiding, it appears, or begun there. The lancers then went upstream me into being at the Yurok in canoes, and on 10 successive afternoons and evenings danced at Howvun- her of the order and condi- kut, below Takimitiding, at Miskut, belowv Kinchuhwikut, upstream again op- posite Cheindekotding. then at the foot of the valley, and finally at Nitltukalai, rti, or preceding race; a real on the slope of the mountain overlooking the valley from the north. On the ie Yurok and Karok. They fourth day, at Miskut, the (lance was iiiaile in three large canoes abreast, ent from now except in in- which ten times approached the shore. This spectacular performance, with its ms to be a combination of peculiar song, recalled to the old people their dead who formerly witnessed the more heroic Pulekuk- the dance with them, and they were wont to weep, deeply affected. A Jumping dance, tualkchitdilya, " autumn dance," was held, also for 10 or more days, half a month or so later, before a board fence or hut erected near n the Hupa Yidetuwingyai, the sacred sweat house at Takimitthling. At least on the last (lay, the Medibling !erning him tells of the time danced against the Takimitlding division, that is, in turn and in a confpetition rom them were born twins, as to excellence of song and step and particularly as to sumptuousness and value h men live. This sort of of the regalia displayed. Another Jumping dance, hia ichitdilya, " winter dance," seemis to halve come in a Yurok or Karok and may spring. It was not associated with any first-fruits ceremony, but seems to have rough the influence of more had as its purpose the driving away of sickness. Its season, however, is that of the first salmon rites of AMedilding andh of the Karok, and it is not unlikely ; the Yurok Megwomets, a that the dance once rested upon a similar ceremony made at Takimitiding. For n with a load of acorns and 10 nights the dance went on in the " great " or sacred dwelling house which was ible food. believed to have stood in that village since the days of the kiltunai. Then fol- lowed 10 days of open-air dancing at Mliskut. The apparel and conduct were the same as in the autumn Jumping dance.

GIRL S Al))lESCENCE DANCE. he new year or first fruits on of a mythological for- The Ilupta stand one slight grade lower than the Yurok in the scale Ine of these was performed of civilization by one test that holds through most of California: the ,dilding division in spring attention bestowed on the recurring physiological functions of . The first salmon of the women. The influence of their hill neighbors may be responsil)le. n, when the acorns first be- At a girl's adolescence, when she was called kinatidang, 10 days' iew crop was made for the observances were undergone by her which are very similar to those orn-ceremony place." The followed by the Yurok. In addition, there was a nightly dance in the he divinity Yinukatsisdai. dwelling house which the Yurok did not practice, although they knew mbled people. The stones it among the Ilupa, anti similar rites were followed among the Kearok, E heap that has attained a Tolowa, and Wiyot. A number of men wearing feather-tipped capis adjudged to have been at of buckskin from which a flap) falls down the back entered several r more if tfadition is true times a night to sing about the blanket-covered girl. They vibrateti A lamprey eel ceremony long rattles which are a modification of the clap stick that is used the valley by a Takimitl- in (lances througrhout central ('alifornia. The end of the 111tipa stick rallel of the salmon "new is whittle(l into five or six slender anal flexible rolls. These rattles were not used by the Yurok. One dancer wore a headdress belonging P " - I I I 1 ,

136 BUREAU OF' AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 78 XR(TIBER I HANDBOOK to the Deerskin dance; another, one from the Jumping dance; both these also are approached carried small thin boards cut and painted into a rude suggestion of ance of an action which the human figure. In the intervals, seated women sang and tapped rather than by any direct the girl with the rattles. After the tenth night, the girl finally threw As already said of the off her blanket, went outside, and looked into two haliotis shells held guardian spirits and ope to the south and north of her, seeing therein the two celestial worlds. is feebly developed and ( primarily through "pain WIZARDS AND SHAMANS. rial objects. A true "bei It is in keeping with the peculiar form which shamanism assumes him, is therefore an impo in northwestern California that the doctor and the witch are more no doubt significant in th clearly separated in the native mind than in the remainder of in the northwest is norn California. Disease was caused by the breaking of some observance more often a man. of magic, perhaps sometimes was thought to occur spontaneously, The Hupa distinguishec or was brought on by people who had become kitdonghoi, in Hupa ing doctor, who diagnoses terminology. These were not shamans of avowed training, but men or sucking doctor, who rE of secret evil proclivities. They did not control animate "pains" shaman performed both or spirits, but operated through material objects possessing magic who never attempted to powers. These objects were also called kitdonghoi. A favorite in- function has been report strument was a bow made of a human rib with cord of wrist sinews. . Tb From this, after the proper mythic formula had been recited-the hoof rattle. Hupa or Yurok can imagine nothing of real consequence being Illness is also treated b: done successfully without a formula-a mysterious little arrow was las that they have been t: shot which caused almost certain death. These devices, or the knowl- with such a recitation an edge of them, were secretly bought by resentful and malicious people most always in such a mi from men suspected of possessing the unnatural powers. The kit- applied that its physiology and childbirth were alwi donghoi might sometimes be seen at night as something rushing about parently only a few, of c and throwing out sparks. His instrument enabled him to travel at character. enormous speed, and to turn himself into a wolf or bear in his journeys. This is the only faint suggestion in northwestern Cali- fornia of the bear shaman beliefs that are so prevalent everywhere The Chilula, who consti to the south. and Whilkut, are almost in( It is evident that the northwesterner distinguishes black magic were allied with them in L and curative doctoring rather plainly-much as superstitious Euro- and in frequent distrust o peans might, in fact. The central and southern Californian, it fered from them in custo will be seen hereafter, deals essentially in undifferentiated shaman- of habitat in an adjacent ism, which can be equally beneficent or evil. This contrast is con- Indians of the region, tl nected with several peculiarities of northwestern culture. The selves as a group. Chilule Yurok and Hupa are far more addicted to magic in the narrower Tsulu, the Bald Hills the sense of the word, especially imitative magic, than the unsophisti- parallel Klamath-Trinity cated central Californians. The formulas with which they meet all known as the Bald Hills I crises rest essentially on this concept; and there are literally hun- The Chilula villages la dreds if not thousands of things that are constantly done or not near the inland edge of tl done in everyday life from some motive colored by ideas that are Minor Creek. All but one imitatively magical. Though the world is full of deities and spirits, on which the hillsides rec' few were as much as a mi ETH1NOLOGY [ SU LL. 78 xnorl .BEjR1 HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 137

m the Jumping dance; both these also are approached by the avenue of magic, by the perform- ed into a rude suggestion of ance of an action which they like and which compels their aid, ted women sang and tapped rather than by any direct communication as of person with person. night, the girl finally threw As already said of the Yurok, the idea that the shaman owns into two haliotis shells held guardian spirits and operates through communications with them, rein the two celestial worlds. is feebly developed and expressed only indirectly. Shamans work primarily through " pains "; and these, although alive, are mate- 1ANS. rial objects. A true "bear doctor," as the Yuki and know n which shamanism assumes him, is therefore an impossibility among the Hupa. Finally, it is tor and the witch are more no doubt significant in this connection that the professional shaman than in the remainder of in the northwest is normally a woman, the kitdonyhoi or uma'a )reaking of some observance more often a man. ,ht to occur spontaneously, The Hupa distinguished the tintwachi riunawa, the dancing or sing- 'ecome kitdonghoi, in Hupa ing doctor, who diagnoses by clairvoyance or dream, and the kitetau, f avowed training, but men or sucking doctor, who removes the disease object. Often the same )t control animate ' pains" shaman performed both operations, but there were dancing doctors al objects possessing magic who never attempted to extract a " pain." This differentiation of litdonghoi. A favorite in- function has been reported from groups in several other parts of b with cord of wrist sinews. northern California. The dancing doctor sometimes used a deer- mula had been recited-the hoof rattle. of real consequence being Illness is also treated by kimauchitlchwe, people who know formu- mysterious little arrow was las that they have been taught by an older relative. In connection These devices, or the knowl- with such a recitation an herb is invariably employed, although al- ;entful and malicious people most always in such a minute quantity or so indirectly or externally applied nnatural powers. The kit- that its physiological effect must be insignificant. Pregnancy and childbirth were always as something rushing about so treated, but of actual diseases ap- parently only a few, of chronic and nt enabled him to travel at annoying rather than alarming character. nto a wolf or bear in his THE CHILTILA. ;tion in northwestern Cali- re so prevalent everywhere The Chilula, who constitute one larger ethnic group with the Hupa and Whilkut, are almost indistinguishable f rom theLupa in speech, and distinguishes black magic were allied with them in hostility toward the Teswan or Coast Yurok iuch as superstitious Euro- and in frequent distrust of the Yurok, Wiyot, and Whilkut, and dif- i southern Californian, it fered from them in customs only in such matters as were the result n undifferentiated shaman- of habitat in an adjacent and smaller stream valley. Like all the evil. This contrast is con- Indians of the region, they lacked a specific designation of them- crthwestern culture. The selves as a group. Chilula is American for Yurok Tsulu-la, people of to magic in the narrower Tsulu, the Bald Hills that stretch between Redwood Creek and the nagic, than the unsophisti- parallel Klamath-Trinity Valley. Locally they have always been s with which they meet all known as the Bald Hills Indians. ad there are literally hun- The Chilula villages lay on or near lower Redwood Creek from xre constantly done or not near the inland edge of the heavy redwood belt to a few miles above colored by ideas that are Minor Creek. All but one were on the northeastern side of the stream, s full of deities and spirits, on which the hillsides receive more sun and the timber is lighter. A few were as much as a mile or more from the creek. but the majority

I - ' - _' , '' L-o".00MOMMEMEN,

I go n A1UTVVTf1AXT V1T1T-TXrnTt-111_V I- ,L 78q 1100 00C) j~uBU A= '-i-(iVE'A7fft'DU~rur A Vso(~IU)U Ltous 7 BOKROER] HANDBOOK conformed to the invariable Hupa, Yurok, and Karok practice of standing close to the stream. In summer the Chilula left their per- manent homes, near which they fished, and dwelt chiefly on the upper prarielike reaches of the Bald Hills ridge, where seeds as well as bulbs abounded and hunting was convenient. This is a much more . i distinctively central than northwestern Californian practice. Some of these summer camps were on the Klamath or Yurok side of the range, / so that in this rather unusual case the boundary between the two |t > groups was neither a watershed nor a stream. In autumn the Chilula either continued their residence in the Bald Hills or crossed Red- wood Creek to gather acorns on the shadier hillsides that slope down to their stream from the west. (\ ) Eighteen of their former villages are known. These are placed in Figure 13. The towns there designated as A to R were, in order, Howunakut, Noleding, Tlochime, Kingkyolai, Kingyukyomunga, NA Yisining'aikut, Tsinsilading, Tondinunding, Yinukanomitseding, Hontetlme, Tlocheke, Hlichuhwinauhwding, Kailuhwtahding. Kai- luhwchengetlding, Sikingchwungmitahding, Kinahontahding, Misme, / Kahustahding. Five of the principal Chilula settlements are reported to have been called Cherr'hquuh, Ottepetl, Ohnah, Ohpah, and Roquechoh by the Yurok. From these names Cherhkwer, Otepetl, Ono, Opau, and Roktso can be reconstructed as the approximate original forms. On the site of six of the identified settlements, 17, 7, 4, 2, 4, and 8 house pits, respectively, have been counted. This ratio would give the Chilula a total of 125 homes, or about 900 souls. As Hupa and Yurok villages, owing to all house sites not being occupied con- temporaneously, regularly contain more pits than houses, and the same ratio probably applied to the Chilula, or if anything a heavier one, the figures arrived at must be reduced by about a third. This would make the Chilula population when the white man appeared some 500 to 600, and the average strength of each settlement about 30 persons. This is less for the group than for the neighboring ones, and less, too, for the size of each village; as is only natural for dwellers on a smaller stream. The trails from Trinidad and to the gold districts A'wA ftde on the Klamath in the early fifties led across the Bald Hills, and the Ray V4 Chilula had hardly seen white men before they found themselves in 6DS hostilities with packers and miners. Volunteer companies of Ameri- ECHILULA RANGE cans took part, and desultory and intermittent fighting went on for YVl/4Tges.5 .5 a dozen years. Part of the Chilula were placed at Hupa, others cap- Bm.ioe.x _wf Af tured and sent to distant Fort Bragg. These attempted to steal __!______home, but were massacred by the Lassik on the way. The Chilula FIG. 13-ChIlul remaining in their old seats and at Hupa avenged their relatives by several suecessf ul raids into the territory of their new Indian foes. THNOI.OGY [BULL. 78 T[BOLRBEB] HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 139 ok, and Karok practice of the Chilula left their per- and dwelt chiefly on the s ridge, where seeds as well ___ ,nient. This is a much more )J ifornian practice. Some of or Yurok side of the range,/ boundary between the two im. In autumn the Chilula , , 3ald Hills or crossed Red- er hillsides that slope down nown. These are placed in as A to R were, in order, rkyolai, Kingyukyomunga, ding, Yinukanomitseding, V. ing, Kailuhwtahding, Kai- ig, Kinahontahding, Misme, 0 - ,s are reported to have been )hpah, and Roquechoh by \F r, Otepetl, Ono, Opau, and oximate original forms. ements, 17, 7, 4, 2, 4, and 8 '01 Zd. This ratio would give t 900 souls. As Hupa and s not being occupied con-

pits than houses, and the N la, or if anything a heavier Ad by about a third. This n the white man appeared Y a h of each settlement about n for the neighboring ones, re; as is only natural for

It Bay to the gold districts )\ O, *oss the Bald Hills, and the J! A5 : e they found themselves in inteer companies of Ameri- CHILULAE RANGE ittent fighting went on for - - l

laced at Hupa, others cap- BW7rvof retor, These attempted to steal on the way. The Chilula FIG. 13.-Chilula land and towns. (After Goddard.) pa avenged their relatives ry of their new Indian foes.

I _4000_

xftorsBFR HANDBOOK ( 140 BUREAU 0V AMEIC(AN ETIINOLOUGY ImBIL. 78

On one of these parties, they still mustered, with their Ilupa and tradition that they once E Whilkut connections, 70 men. Nongatl Indians closely related to the the form of the ceremon, Lassik also once were confined on Hupa Reservation, which led to known. They no doubt p: further troubles. Other fights took place with certain Yurok vil- regalia, in the Hupa danc lages. Thus the Chilula wasted away. As a tribe they are long since those of the Yurok at some gone. Only two or three households remain in their old seats, while been their enemies both bel a few families at Hupa have become merged among their kinsmen of this tribe, in the reckoning of the white man, and practically in their own consciousness. The Whilkut are the th dialects of the Hupa type A Chilula who had killed a Hupa, or who was held responsible because his kinsmen were involved in the killing, attended a brush dance at the Yurok kindred Chilula, to its he town of Kenek after the American was in the land. His foes attacked, and course, up to the vicinity while his hosts apparently scattered to keep out of the way of harmi to them- ment or two on Grouse Cr selves and possible claims arising from participation, he resisted. He was River drainage. To the shot, but evidently only after a little battle, since several bullets were quite different speech groul found where he had put them in his piled-up hair ready for quick loading. He had no doubt come to the celebration prepared for a possible attempt un were wedged in between th his life. His companions were probably outnumbered and ran off. The next Those of the Whilkut oi day word was sent from his village that he should be buried at Kenek and Chilula on the same strea payment would be made for the favor. The risk of ambush to the party bear- sciousness of difference is I ing his corpse home was seemingly considered too great to brave. This was kinsmen and the Whilkut a private or family feud(, such as would now and then occur among the Hupa themselves, and was hardly likely to disturb the amicable relations between The Whilkut are practic other members of the two groups. The scale of the affair was probably typical culture must have been nc of most of the "wvars" of the region, except when most of the embittered specific features, and prob Chilula stoodl desperately together for a season against the American and the Californian type. Their h native foes instigated by him. and without a pit, and mu The Chilula built the typical northwestern plank house and small than those of the Chilula, square sweat house in their permanent villages. (PL. 13.) They were out the small, rectangulo the most southerly Athabascan tribe to use this type of sweat house. northern neighbors,' but, a In addition, two villages contained large round dance houses of held indoor ceremonies in the kind characteristic of the region to the south, but not otherwise and presumably dirt-cover known in northwestern California. It is conceivable that these may lodge or dance house. have been built only after the white man indiscriminately conm- A very few coiled bask( mingled northern and southern tribes, or after the ghost dance of may have been acquired, o the early seventies. While the Yurok and Tolowa received this forced on them by the An revivalistic cult from the east, it spread also northward from the among the Whilkut, it was Wintun, , Yuki, and southern Athabascan groups, and may As to former population have penetrated to the Chilula. When the Chilula camped in the are also in ignorance. In hills they erected square but unexcavated houses of bark slabs of the Whilkut can not have the type used for permanent dwellings by the Whilkut. They knew Government census of 1911 or occasionally attempted the art of sewing headbands of yellow-ham- sides some mixed bloods; mer quills, such as are used by the central Californian tribes. (Fig. may have been included in 20, d.) Thus, as compared with the Hupa and Yurok, some first ily in the same struggles approaches to southerly customs are seen among the Chilula. to melt away; and similar Their lack of the redwood canoe proves less, as their stream would Hupa Reservation, but wi have been unnavigable except in times of torrential flood. There is a of Hupa origin: Hoilkut- .11I'7_1 L-1 -) I -1-77 . ^dd^ k

I ,Tll.NAOL(G Y I BU1,L. 78 1KROBFRBER HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 141 itered, with their Ilupa and tradition that they once practiced the Deerskin dance, but neither Indians closely related to the the form of the ceremony nor the spot at which it was held is )a Reservation, which led to known. They no doubt participated, as guests and contributors of lace with certain Yurok vil- regalia, in the Hupa dances, as they do now; and possibly also in As a tribe they are long since those of the Yurok at some villages, though many of the Yurok have main in their old seats, while been their enemies both before and since the arrival of the American. erged among their kinsmen THE WHTLKUT. hite man, and practically in The Whilkut are the third division of the Athabascans speaking wvas held responsible because his dialects of the Hupa type. They held Redwood Creek, above the ed a brush dance at the Yurok kindred Chilula, to its head; and Mad River, except in its lowest ie land. His foes attacked, and course, up to the vicinity of Iaqua Butte. They also had a settle- ,ut of the way of harmn to themi- ment or two on Grouse Creek, over the divide to the east in Trinity icipation, he resisted. He was River drainage. To the south tle, since several bullets were they adjoined Athabascans of a p hair ready for quick loading. quite different speech group, the Nongatl. On the west and east they pared for a possible attempt on were wedged in between the Wiyot and Wintun. tnahered and ran off. The next Those of the Whilkut on Redwood Creek almost merged into the should be buried at Kenek and Chilula on the same stream, but that there must have been a con- sk of ambush to the party bear- sciousness of difference is proved I too great to brave. This was by the Hupa regarding the latter as ln(l then occur among the Hupa kinsmen and the Whilkut at least as potential foes. the amicable relations between The Whilkut are practically unknown. The general basis of their f the affair wvas probably typical culture must have been northwestern, but they lacked some of the when most of the embittered specific features, and probably replaced them by customs of central l against the American and the Californian type. Their houses were of bark slabs instead of planks, and without a pit, and must therefore have been smaller and poorer tern plank house and small than those of the Chilhla, Hupa, and Yurok. They also did not dig lages. (PL 13.) Thev were out the small, rectangular, board-covered sweat houses of these se this type of sweat house. northern neighbors,' but, at least since the American is in the land, ge round dance houses of held indoor ceremonies in round structures, erected for the purpose he south, but not otherwise and presumably dirt-covered. This is the central Californian earth conceivable that these may lodge or dance house. nan indiscriminately com- A very few coiled baskets have been found among them. These r after the ghost dance of may have been acquired, or the art learned in the alien contacts en- and Tolowa received this forced on them by the Americans. If coiling was an old technique I also northward from the among the Whilkut, it was followed only sporadically. iabascan groups, and may As to former population, villages, and the size of the latter, we the Chilula camped in the are also in ignorance. In spite of a considerable extent of territory, d houses of bark slabs of the Whilkut can not have been very numerous-perhaps 500. The the Whilkut. They knew Government census of 1910 reports about 50 full-blood Whilkut, be- headbands of yellow-ham- sides some mixed bloods; but Chilula and members of other tribes LCalifornian tribes. (Fig. may have been included in these figures. The Whilkut suffered heav- ipa and Yurok, some first ily in the same struggles with the whites which caused the Chilula among the Chilula. to melt away; and similar attempts were made to settle them on the less, as their streani would Hupa Reservation, but without permanent success. Their name is orrential flood. There is a of Hupa origin: Hoilkut-hoi.