SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH-NOLOGY BULLETIN 78 HANDBOOK OF THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA BY A. L. KROEBER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1925 KROEBTIF] HANDBOOK The towns in Hupa Val tion of their situation on are as follows: E. Honsading. Yurok: W. Dakis-hankut. E. Kinchuhwikut. Yurc W. Chelndekotding. Un E. Miskut (Meskut). Y E. Takimitlding (Hostj, CHAPTER 8. Talawatewu. Chin E. Tsewenalding (Senall ATHABASCANS: THE HUPA, CHILUL, AND WHILKIJT. W. Totltsasding. Unocci E. Medilding (Matilton) THE HuPA: Territory, nationality, and settlements, 128; numbers, 130; com- Chimariko: Mutum, merce, 132; plan of society, 132; daily life, 133; divinities, 134; great W. Howunkut (Kentuck dances, 134; girl's adolescence dance, 135; wizards and shamans, 136. THE E. Djishtangading (Tish CHILULA, 137. THE WHILKUT, 141. E. Haslinding (Horse-Li Tim HuPA. It is characteristic that v ern than on the eastern si( TERRITORY, NATIONALITY, AND SETrLEMEN11S. lages, in fact practically The Hupa, with the Chilula and the Whilkut, formed a close linguistic unit, considerably divergent from the other dialect groups of California Athabascans. They differed from their two nearer bodies of kinsmen largely in consequence of their habitat on a greater stream, in some fashion navigable for canoes even in summer, _ ~~~~~~~GI and flowing in a wider, sunnier valley. Their population was there- k~rrace * -"un fore more concentrated, at least over the favorable stretches, and their *ealth greater. They were at all points the equals of the WOld Houses a3 f Yurok whom they adjoined where their river debouches into the 1IDoors *plaothrms ° Klamath, and of the Karok whose towns began a few miles above; mModer*, housesj -barns - whereas the Chilula, although d!,,;Old Hoqse puts reckoned by the Hupa as almost of 3 Caneteries themselves, remained a less settled and poorer hill people; while the 4-Biisocred)house Whilkut, in the eyes of all three of the more cultured nations, were 5Swea, House I6P/ae of Jumping Dance a sort of wild Thracians of the mountains. 7Tree Most of the Hupa villages, or at least the larger ones, were in 2 1lupa (or Hoopa) valley, a beautiful stretch of 8 miles, containing FG. 1 .-Pan a greater extent of level land than can be aggregated for long dis- Americans arrived except H tances about. Below or north of the valley the Trinity flows through river, with exposure to the v a magnificent rocky canyon to Weitchpec, Yurok Weitspus. In Above Hupa Valley is t spite of the proximity of a group of populous Yurok settlements at harbored the little village this confluence, the canyon, or nearly all of it, belonged to the Hupa, begins a string of patches who now and then seem even to have built individual houses at two in. Here there were two pc or three points along its course. Perhaps these belonged to men Mingkutme. Sehachpeya, whom quarrels or feuds drove from intercourse with their fellows. Tashuanta are mentioned ii 128 most of these names seem to lRgOEBFR] HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 129 The towns in Hupa Valley, in order upstream, and with designa- tion of their situation on the east or the west bank of the Trinity, are as follows: E. Honsading. Yurok: Oknutl. W. Dakis-hankut. E. Kinchuhwikut. Yurok: Merpernertl. W. Cheindekotding. Unoccupied in 1850. Yurok: Kererwer. E. Miskut (Meskut). Yurok: Ergerits. E. Takimitlding (Hostler). Yurok: Oplego. Wlyot: Talalawilu or Talawatewu. Chimariko: Hope-ta-djil. See plat in Figure 12. E. Tsewenalding (Senalton). Yurok: Olepotl. ILULI, AND WHIIKUT. W. Totltsasding. Unoccupied in 1850. Yurok: Erlern. E. Medilding (Matilton). Yurok: Kahtetl. Wiyot: Haluwi-talaleyutl. ments, 128; numbers, 130; com- Chimariko: Mutuma-dji. life, 133; divinities, 134; great W. Howunkut (Kentuck). Yurok: Pia'getl. Wiyot: Tapotse. wizards and shamans, 138. THE: E. DjIshtangading (Tishtangatang). E. Haslinding (Horse-Linto). Yurok: Yati. It is characteristic that while there is more level land on the west- ern than on the eastern side of Hupa Valley, all the principal vil- rD SET¶ITLEMENTS. lages, in fact practically all settlements in occupation when the ,e Whilkut, formed a close rom the other dialect groups ,red from their two nearer mnce of their habitat on a e for canoes even in summer, Graoss SY op Their population was there- ,he favorable stretches, and ll points the equals of the ir river debouches into the *11;Old House is ° t,: 0 Ls began a few miles above; by the Hupa as almost of oorer hill people; while the 4Big (socred)house S5wsea House more cultured nations, were 8Poce of Jumping Dance Takimiuding Mi1 3age Hupa, 1901 IS. 7Tree Ast the larger ones, were in retch of 8 miles, containing FIG. 12.-Plan of Hupa town of Takimitlding. be aggregated for long dis- Americans arrived except Howunkut, were on the eastern side of the ey the Trinity flows through river, with exposure to the warm afternoon sun. ipec, Yurok Weitspus. In Above Hupa Valley is the small " Sugar Bowl," whose bottom pulous Yurok settlements at harbored the little village of Haslinding. Some miles farther up of it, belonged to the Hupa, begins a string of patches of valley to where Willow Creek comes lilt individual houses at two in. Here there were two permanent settlements, Kachwunding and laps these belonged to men Mingkutme. Sehachpeya, Waugullewatl, Aheltah, Sokeakeit, and ercourse with their fellows. Tashuanta are mentioned in early sources as being in this region: most of these names seem to be Yurok. And still farther, at South Nomm- M#4 pi--.--., _- __1 P " " - M l 130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBtlLL. 78 E801AMPEW HANDBOOK 0] Fork, where the river branches, was the town of Tlelding-whence reservations of California; l the "Kelta tribe "-with subsidiary settlements about or above it. due in the main to this res The farthest of these was Tl'okame, 5 miles up the South Fork. military officers. These southerly Hupa were almost out of touch with the Yurok, In 1851 the Yurok liste( and held intercourse with the Wintun and Chimariko. Their out- houses, distributed as follow look on the world must have been quite different, and it. is known Honsading-------------- that their religious practices were distinctive. In implements, Miskut------------------ mode of life, regulation of society, and speech they were, however, Takimitlding__________--- substantially identical with the better known people of Hupa Valley. Tsewenalding-------- -- And the Yurok knew Tlelding, which they called, with reference to Medilding ------------ 5 other villages In and its situation at the forks, by the same name as their own town of Identified-----_____--- Weitspekw. Tlelding---------------- The Hupa derive their name from Yurok Hupo, the name of the valley. Total_-___________ The people the Yurok knew as Hupo-la, their speech as Omimoas. The H1upa called themselves Natinnoh-hoi, after Natinnoh, the Trinity River. Other The enumeration may n tribes designated them as follows: The Wiyot, Haptana; the Karok, Kisha- only 750 Hupa; but even a kewara; the Chimariko, Hichhu; the Shasta, Chaparahihu. The Hupa in settlements would keep the turn used these terms: For the Yurok, Kinne, or Yidachin, "from down- stream "; the Karok were the Kinnus; the Shasta, the Kiintah; the Chimariko, The following report of ' the TI'omitta-hoi, the "prairie people"; the Wintun of the south fork of the Trinity, the Yinachin, "from upstream"; the Wiyot of lower Mad River, Taike; Honsading-------------- the Whilkut, Hoilkut-hoi; the Tolowa language was Yitde-dinning-hunneuhw, Miskut ----------------- "downstream sloping speech." Takimltlding ----------- Tsewenalding----------- That something of an ethnic sense existed is shown by a gender Medilding .------------- in the Hupa language. One category included only adult persons Howunkut -------------- speaking the tongue or readily intelligible Athabascan dialects. Djlshtangading --------- Babbling children, dignified aliens, and all other human beings and " Sawmill " .____________ animals formed a second " sex." NUMBERS. Total Hupa - ___-____- Chilula, Nongatl, Wiyot, The population of the Hupa as far as the South Fork of the Trin- ity may be estimated at barely 1,000 before the discovery. There do not appear to have been much more than 600 Indians in the valley These figures may not be proper. Even this gives a higher average per village than holds nothing that has so great through the region. The first agent in 1866 reported 650. In 1903, a Indian reservation as it ha careful estimate yielded 450. The Federal census of 1910 reckons same year another agent r, over 600, but probably includes all the children of diverse tribal tion-301 males and 348 f affiliation brought to the Government school in the valley. In any precede, give some concept event, the proportion of survivors is one of the highest in California. lages, with Takimitlding This may be ascribed to three causes: the inaccessibility of the re- the two halves of the valle3 gion and its comparative poverty in placer gold; the establishment 20 years of contact with ti of a reservation which allowed the Hupa uninterrupted occupancy only to the Hupa men. Bu of their ancestral dwellings; and an absence of the lamentable laxity But native practices also co of administration characteristic for many years of the other Indian between Takimitiding and Tse assaulted by an American sold T ET H NOLOGY tBULrL.78 HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 131 he town of Tlelding-whence reservations of California; which fortunate circumstance is probably ettlements about or above it. due in the main to this reservation having been long in charge of 5 miles up the South Fork. military officers. ut of touch with the Yurok, In 1851 the Yurok listed to the Government officials 99 Hupa L and Chimariko. Their out- houses, distributed as follows: ite different, and it is known Honsading- distinctive. 9 In implements, Miskut - -------------------------------------------- 6 d speech they were, however, Takimitlding -20 mnown people of Hupa Valley.