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Vol 11, Iss 1 THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS SPRING 2008 VOLUME 11 PUBLISHED BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PAUL H. NITZE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BOLOGNA CENTER 1 The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs was established by the graduate students at the SAIS Bologna Center in 1997 to provide a forum for discussion and dissemination of ideas about current issues in the field of international relations. The BC Journal aims to provide a formal outlet for thought- provoking scholarship from students and faculty at the Bologna Center and other graduate institutions, and welcomes work from experts and practitioners in the field. The BC Journal is published once a year in May. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of the Journal staff. Neither the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs nor the Bologna Center itself guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for the consequences of its use. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS The authors of the articles in this journal maintain the intellectual property rights of the contents. Anyone wishing to reproduce these articles must contact the individual authors to obtain their permission. Please contact the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs for more information. SUBMISSIONS Articles for submission to the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs are accepted on a continuous basis. Article selection for the print edition takes place in March. Submissions will be judged according to academic merit and relevance to the selected theme. Articles may be submitted to the Managing Editor at the address below or to the e-mail address specified on the website. Authors should include a current biography, contact information and abstract of the article. Our website is available at http://bcjournal.org. Copyright 2008, the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs ISSN 1592-3436 print/ISSN 1592-3444 online PUBLISHED BY: PRINTED BY: The Johns Hopkins University Baiesi snc Paul H. Nitze School of Via Broccaindosso, 2b Advanced International Studies 40125 Bologna The Bologna Center Italy Via Belmeloro, 11 40126 Bologna Italy TABLE OF CONTENTS Identity, Immigration, and Liberal Democracy .............................................. 9 Francis Fukuyama The Enlightenment and Economic Development .......................................... 27 Matthew Scharf The Political Relevance of Religion in Africa ............................................... 43 Kristina Kempkey Religious Extremism and Militancy in the Pashtun Areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan ..................................... 57 Robert Kemp The Misinterpretation of Modernity............................................................... 69 Mehtab Dere World in Balance: Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention ......................... 83 Michael Hatley EU Energy Policy vis-à-vis Algeria: Challenges and Opportunities ........................................................................ 97 Ilan Stein Why do States Give Up Nuclear Arsenals?..................................................111 Kevin Kiernan Comfort Women: Japan’s Unpaid Reparations........................................... 125 Jeeyoung Choi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs would like to acknowledge and thank those individuals who have provided support over the past year, including faculty advisor Dr. Erik Jones, Director Kenneth Keller, the Bologna Center student government, debate participants Ashley Elliot and Jeffrey Phillips, translator Filippo Chiesa, and the contributors to the annual fundraising auction. 2008 JOURNAL STAFF Editor-in-Chief Emily Harter* Managing Editor Christina Sohn* Executive Editor Mike Casey Copy Editor Jill O’Donnell* Finance Director Will Herter Public Relations Dara Iserson Layout Editor Rajiv D’Cruz Web Editor Ryker Labbee Event Planners Natasha Adams Nazanin Berarpour Brittany Williams EDITORS Nathaniel Adams Nicole Goldstein* Sera Park Melissa Chadbourne Stephanie Harmon Jackie Quinones* Ashley Elliot Peter Hubbard Benjamin Rinaker Shannon Ewan John Jacobsen* Marjorie Schincariol* Jessica Ferro* Nicole Marquez Nermina Šljivo Hristijan Gjorgievski Rose McGovern Katie Soulé COPY EDITORS Natasha Adams Sera Park Shannon Ewan Tom Spoth Peter Hubbard Claire Sturm Nikki Marquez Brittany Williams Xavier Pallàs * Article Selection Committee 4 THE BOLOGNA CENTER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Dear Readers, This year the Journal staff decided to put forth a bold question to students and scholars: Is it the end of the Enlightenment? While previous editions made policy concerns their focus, this year we broke new ground by asking a broader and more theoretical question. In this context, the Enlightenment represents a set of Western ideals which promised to release politics from religion, replace faith with science, and elevate the individual over the community. Though abstract, our question is both significant and pressing as we attempt to interpret the resurgence of religion in twenty-first century politics, the perpetuation of terrorism backed by extremist ideology, and the challenges posed to Western worldviews given the rise of non-Western powers. Were the ideals of the Enlightenment ever destined to triumph worldwide? If not, what comes next? The eleventh edition of the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs brings together a set of articles that insightfully address these questions. The Journal begins with an article by SAIS Professor Francis Fukuyama on the challenges facing liberal democracies in the twenty-first century, one of the most serious being the integration of Muslim immigrants into European societies. The focus then shifts to Africa with an article considering the prospects of an African Enlightenment and its impact on economic development, and another addressing religion’s influence in the evolution of the African state. The role of religion is further examined in the cases of Afghanistan and Pakistan, specifically on the factors that have lead to radical Islam’s rise along the Afghan-Pakistani border and how this has contributed to current instability. A final theme-related article asserts that multiple “enlightened” worldviews can coexist and that Enlightenment principles and notions of modernity are misinterpreted as overly Western concepts. In addition to articles pertaining to this year’s theme, the Journal is also pleased to include works on the application of international law to humanitarian intervention, the case of Japanese comfort women, the question of why nuclear states disarm, and the challenges for EU energy security with respect to Algeria. While this year’s Journal has undoubtedly continued the tradition of providing high-quality discussion on topics in international affairs, I also believe that we have contributed something new. Encouraged to take a risk, we chose to depart from the everyday questions of foreign affairs and to ask something fresh, and the result is a more compact yet highly insightful collection of articles. I would like to thank the Journal staff, the Bologna Center faculty, and the authors for making this possible. Emily A. Harter Editor-in-Chief March 2008 SPRING 2008 / VOLUME 11 5 THE END OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT? Some years ago, writing about Stonehenge, archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes said that “every age gets the Stonehenge it desires, and,” she added, “deserves.” The subject may be different here, but the paraphrase is worth thinking about: every age gets the “Enlightenment” it wants. As the ambitious undertaking of this issue of the Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs has shown, it is not easy to agree on precisely what we should think of when we think of the Enlightenment. And that is no small matter. If we are to answer the question of whether we have reached the end of the Enlightenment, we have to know what to look for. If we are to answer the implied question, “Is it a good or bad thing?” it will surely depend on what we may believe were—or are—the defining characteristics of that era. For most of us, our first introduction to the Enlightenment came in our undergraduate exposure to the writings of the eighteenth century philosophers who, motivated by the scientific successes of the seventeenth century—the empiricism of the English tradition and the logic of the French tradition (with many cross-Channel contributions)—argued that the “methods” of science could and should be extended to other aspects of life and to its social and political organization. It was, of course, a reaction to what had gone before: religious wars, corruption, serfdom, and mysticism, with its attendant sense of helplessness to control one’s own destiny. But there was no inexorable logic to its consequences. Many view the American constitution, the development of our form of government, and the origins of religious freedom as natural outcomes of the Age of Enlightenment. So too, however, were the failed utopias of the nineteenth century. We recall that Karl Marx described his goal as “scientific socialism.” Indeed, the social problems of the industrial revolution gave rise to a nineteenth century push-back against “science” and its worldview, whether in the form of the Luddite protests or back- to-nature movements such as Thoreau’s. Moreover, even the powerful reasoning of René Descartes did not save him from propounding quaintly wrong science as well as failing to prove convincingly the existence of God.
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