P. villosum &Chiov., Hochst. P. purpureum P. clandestinum three: with Macaronesia, in genus longiflora E. one , with species, (38.4%). taxa of Ehrharta genus introduced proportion The higher the with family the (out of 14153 constituting taxa therefore taxa), Poaceae including archipelagos, these flora of total 36% of the for nearly accounts currently islands Selvagens and Madeira the in taxa introduced, possible and introduced, of The number Abstract and and Keywords discussed. are impacts ecological and invasiveness Naturalization, status. naturalized fully a suggests species both of individuals flowering/fructifying and mature several of finding The altitudes. medium atlow and areas disturbed in found island, deira El n El Resumen setaceum Palabras clave mismas. por las generados ecológicos impactos ylos invasora capacidad la naturalización, la discute trabajo El naturalizadas. totalmente están que sugiere especies ambas flor/frutode de estado en maduros individuos varios de hallazgo El altitudes. ymedias abajas perturbadas a en sido encontradas donde han Madeira, de isla la para vez por primera trabajo este en bot po de incluyendo taxa 36% 53 flora total, su de un supone aproximadamente ySalvajes deira & Chiov., P. purpureum pi de nueve especies est especies nueve de g El Canaria. Gran longiflora E. especie, una con 35 especies, prende unas EHRHARTA LONGIFLORA EHRHARTA e a Ehrharta longiflora Ehrharta Madeira. de lago a ceas (sobre un total de 141 taxa de poáceas), constituyendo, de esta manera, la familia familia la manera, esta de constituyendo, 141 de poáceas), de (sobre total un ceas taxa u nica con mayorn con nica setaceum mero de taxones introducidos y posiblemente introducidos en los archipi los yposiblemente en introducidos introducidos mero taxones de DOS NUEVAS GRAMÍNEAS EXÓTICAS PARA LA ISLA DE MADEIRA ( DE MADEIRA ISLA LA PARA EXÓTICAS GRAMÍNEAS NUEVAS DOS Pennisetum EHRHARTA LONGIFLORA EHRHARTA . Revista Scientia Insularum Scientia Revista Ehrharta longiflora Ehrharta archipelago. Madeira the in Br. Fresen, occurring ex R. Ehrharta longiflora Ehrharta : alien, (FORSK.) CHIOV., GRASSES ALIEN NEW TWO Pedro Nascimento* Laura Cabral*,Laura João Pedro Ferreira*, Brazão* André Ehrharta longiflora Ehrharta exóticas, especies : Rich. includes ca. 80 species of which a total of nine species are present present are species of nine atotal of which species 80 ca. includes Rich. FOR MADEIRA ISLAND (PORTUGAL) ISLAND FOR MADEIRA e nero a u n presentes en Macaronesia, de las que tres ( que tres las de Macaronesia, en n presentes mero de taxa introducidos (38,4%). introducidos mero taxa de g El Schum. y Schum. Pennisetum (Forssk.) Chiov., are here recorded for the first time for the Ma the for time (Forssk.)Chiov., first for the here recorded are DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.SI.2020.03.08 DOI: PENNISETUM SETACEUM PENNISETUM Y SM. P. villosum Rich. incluye cerca de 80 especies, de las cuales un total total un cuales las de especies, 80 de cerca incluye Rich. , 3; diciembre 2020, pp. 133-144; e-2659-6644 2020, ISSN: diciembre , 3;

& Miguel Menezes de Menezes Sequeira**& Miguel PENNISETUM SETACEUM PENNISETUM AND SM. , grasses, Madeira, Pennisetum setaceum Madeira, , grasses, Sm., recorded as introduced in Gran Canaria. The Canaria. Gran in introduced as Sm., recorded Sm. yPennisetum setaceum R. Br. ex Fresen), se encuentran en el archi Br. el en Fresen), ex R. encuentran se Sm., registrada como introducida en en introducida como Sm., registrada , gramíneas, Madeira, Pennisetum Madeira, , gramíneas, Thunb. comprises about comprises Thunb.35 e nero Ehrharta (FORSK.) CHIOV., (FORSK.) (Forssk.) Chiov. se citan (Forssk.)Chiov. citan se Hochst. Hochst. P. clandestinum PORTUGAL e Thunb. com Thunb. . Schum. and and Schum. lagos de Ma de lagos

) Sm. Sm. reas reas - - - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 133 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 134 res, Portugal. Biology, CIBIO-Azo Evolutionary and Biodiversity in Network Research InBio, Portugal. Funchal, Funchal, Portugal. Corresponding author: [email protected] author: Corresponding Portugal. Funchal, Although some authors still consider some Pennisetum authors still Although 2010). them al. et (Chemisquy differentiate fully can none characters of these however spikelets, of presence the pedicellate and characteristics, their and bristles of of fusion degree the being morphological characters controversial. Diagnostic 1999). al. et (Reyes-Betancort Palmas Las in one in spontaneous locality occurring and cultivated a macrourum reference also to Pennisetum Thereis 2010; al. et Silva 2009; Verloove Ginóves al. et Acebes 2008; de Sequeira 2013). glaucum and atrichum Pennisetum aliens: 7of as them archipelagos, Macaronesian the in reported already 2015). al. (Fish et from Africa native species genus are of of this 9species Atotal taxa. vascular 12% number of 2008), introduced to ofSequeira total almost the corresponding i.e. out 54 de of 141 Menezes and taxa, correspond toone alien third (Jardim family, more than grass 2008). de the Sequeira concerns what Menezes In and possible 29 (Jardim introduced and as 401 including , taxa introduced 2015). al. (Fish et East Middle to the Africa from it North Europe, In is ranges (2008). de Sequeira Menezes and setaceum Pennisetum Jardim Veldkamp 2014).criteria adopted and heretaxonomicnomenclatural follow The H. Scholz setaceum Pennisetum Islands),Canary purpureum Pennisetum Odontelytrum Hack Odontelytrum Chemisquy (Fish Pennisetum villosum Pennisetum 2009). 2009). al. 2015), et (Donadío al. et otherwise suggest studies recent molecular ** * The segregation of thegenera Pennisetum of Thesegregation Pennisetum vascular of include taxa andSelvagens 1204 Madeira of archipelagos The was included in a separate genus – included aseparate in was clandestinum, Pennisetum 2005; Jardim and Menezes Menezes and Jardim 2005; (Sánchez-Pinto Islands) al. et Br. R. (L.) (Canary Stapf ex Hubb. Stapf ex (Cabo Verde), clandestinum Pennisetum

Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidade da Madeira, Madeira, da Universidade Sciences, of Life Group (GBM), Faculty Botanical Madeira by other authors (Verloove 2012; (Verloove authors other by but Cenchrus (Scholz, included 2006), in Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidade da Madeira, Madeira, da Universidade Sciences, of Life Group (GBM), Faculty Botanical Madeira (2010), al. proposeet inclusion the of data, both on molecular based also Rich. is a cosmopolitan tropical genus that includes about 80 genus that tropical acosmopolitan is Rich. and Pennisetum . and (Forssk.) Chiov., Pennisetum thunbergii R. Br. ex Fresen. (Azores, Madeira archipelago and archipelago Madeira Br. Fresen. R. ex (Azores, 1. INTRODUCTION in the genus Cenchrus the in Schumach. (Canary Islands and Madeira), and Islands (Canary Schumach. and Cenchrus and Cenchrus Cenchrus and Trin. for the Canary Islands as as Islands Trin. for Canary the Pennisetum Pennisetum and Kunth . as two separate genera separate two as . native distribution distribution native L Hochst. ex Chiov. ex Hochst. has always been been always . has Kikuyuochloa Kikuyuochloa - species are also discussed. also are species of both impacts ecological and invasiveness Naturalization, of Madeira. archipelago 2015). production al. (Fish leaf et to have ahigh known forspecies cattle, (650altitude longiflora ma.s.l.), E. habitat. fact, In shady moist and Kunkel time by (1978), first the fromin a cultivation,medium as probablyescape 2009). Scholz longiflora and E. Tunisia) (Valdés (Morocco and species alien as Africa North present and Europe in and fructifying individuals of both species were found (Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). 3, 4and 2, were found species of (Figures both individuals fructifying and developed flowering Fully sun. to the exposed highly areas disturbed in occurred version online two species 1) E204CW. ArcGis The(Figure produced using was (Table slope altitude and exposure, 1). plant taxa, dominant distributionmap The the species, of both approximate the number of individuals including: characterized (2015). Fish al. et and fieldwork,2018 During and2019, collection sites were briefly (2015)Kellogg published by andkeys descriptions using identified and Madeira genus: Yemen to and Ethiopia 2015). al. (Fish et Africa from South of Four this species 2017). plant (Gullón al. et ornamental as regions P. setaceum concerns, conservation the Despite 2014). (Anonymous foreign trade” including or propagules, remains their specimens, tradelive of dead and or “prohibition trafficking generic transport, possession, the in entails what Species, of Alien Invasive Catalogue Spanish included the in of Species UnionInvasive (EU 2017). Concern also Previously, was species this P. setaceum 2004), al. et (Elorza conditions 2014). Anonymous 2010; al. et González-Rodríguez 2004; rupicolous al. the et native (Elorza flora (L.), affects and (e.g. Stapf, (L.) hirta Aristida Hyparrhenia outcompetes grasses native adscensionisalso canariensis by dominated Euphorbia endemic the communities and xerophytic scrub coastal the ma.s.l., below affecting 500 prevailing of archipelago, the islands the all in of Tenerife north the in locations 1969 in 1970). (Hansen present It currently is different in 2017) 40’s the found in naturalized Alcántara and and (Saavedra Islands 2017). (Gullón (Bejarano Alentejo 2009). Sicily P. Scholz (Valdésand setaceum and Portugal, In archipelago Canary Peninsula, south of Iberian the the in species alien present as E. calycina E. Here longiflora record we presentof E. first the Collected specimens where stored in the herbarium of University where the of herbarium stored specimens the in Collected Thegenus Ehrharta habitat to adapt different capacity high and growth Due to its fast setaceum Pennisetum 2010). P. setaceum 2010). balsamifera al. et Aiton E. and (González-Rodríguez L. E. delicatula Sm., E. 2011), al. et (Marchante Algarve 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS AND MATERIAL 2. Thunb. includes about 35 species, naturally distributed distributed Thunb.includesabout naturally 35 species, was introduced as ornamental plant in the Canary Canary the plant in ornamental as introduced was was reported for Gran Canaria as naturalized for naturalized as Canaria for reported Gran was Stapf, erecta E. was recently included on the List of included recently on List the was continues to be cultivated in many many in continues to cultivated be E. longiflora E. and Lam. 2014), al. et Extremadura and and P. setaceum and is naturalized in Alto Alto in naturalized is is a palatable apalatable is Sm., are for the

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 135 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 136 3.1. of of 1). at low (Figure both altitude Funchal, in another and of Funchal) Individuals (NE Localities Date of field work offield Date Dominant plant taxa plant Dominant ofindividuals Number UMad Number/ Collector Description Exposure Slope range altitude Altitude/ Pennisetum setaceum

P e etum nnis Two here one reported: are St. Cruz in of setaceum populations Pennisetum Figure 1. Distribution map of Ehrharta longiflora map 1. Distribution Figure

setac PENNISETUM SETACEUM PENNISETUM EHRHARTA LONGIFLORA 1. DATATABLE ON EHRHARTA longiflora ofE. individuals some P. clandestinum but with some humidity. some with but sun, the to exposition High land. agricultural to next aroadside, along area disturbed Ruderal E e found in St. Cruz formed dense tuffs, mostly on terrains near near on terrains mostly formed tuffs, dense St. found Cruz in hrharta um May/June 2018 May/June Ponta Pargo do (Forsk.) Chiov 568 m 568 JF150 <20 30º N

longiflora with with 3. RESULTS 3. adenofora clandestinum P. with shared and cases) ofthe most (in setaceum P. the sun. the to exposition High nearby. gardens and houses Roads, abrook. near area disturbed Ruderal mum grandiflorum MADEIRA POPULATIONS MADEIRA August 2018/MarchAugust 2019 Between 0º and 90º and 0º Between 50 to 200 m 200 to 50 Santa Cruz Santa S and O S and and Cardiosper and LC181 >1000 Ageratina , Ageratina Pennisetum setaceum Pennisetum and P e nnis e AND tum -

No gardens nearby. No gardens path. apedestrian to next ocean, the near cliff Rocky Rumex glauca ciliaris Cenchrus tifolium s e

tac e , São Martinho São sp. um March 2019 March Sinapidendron agus , Parietaria 15 m 15 90º 1 S - . , Nicotiana sp. and sp. and - Cosentinia vellea (Aiton)Cosentinia vellea Tod adenophora clandestinum Pennisetum as such plants other alien with somein cases, gardens. and houses hemerobic to close roads, brook, to highly corresponding areas of asmall margin (Figure including on a 3) walls and basaltic 2), (Figure a road cliffs in but also found in chasmophytic invaded habitats. invaded chasmophytic in found Pennisetum setaceum Pennisetum 2. Figure P. setaceum individuals in a basaltic walls (St. Cruz). walls abasaltic in individuals setaceum, 3. Pennisetum Figure (Spreng.) was the dominant plant, although this dominance was shared, shared, was dominance this although plant, dominant the was

R.M. King &H. Rob. Cardiospermum and grandiflorum King R.M. . individuals forming dense tuffs on a terrain Cruz). (St. terrain on a tuffs dense forming individuals (Table 1), was island, Madeira in fern native arare , Ageratina Sw. Sw.

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 137 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 138 m a.s.l., 12-V-2018, João JF150, Ferreira, s/n. UMad 101”,Regional 32º48’6.04’’N; land; 17º14’27.47’’W; to agricultural next 568 ca. alt. near houses and gardens; 32 gardens; and houses near photographs of the naturalization site were taken. photographs of naturalization the therefore visit, were subject no plants to June,In mowing, first the one month after naturalization. fully,localized, although a and 4 5) suggesting (figures individuals (table 1). bymature P. dominated clandestinum includedpopulation area, several This far,restricted so a very (figure 1)occupying, fields alongagriculture close a to roadside surrounding area. surrounding were the found in removed, no other and individuals eventually was specimen and L., ciliaris by dominated Cenchrus on acommunity nearby, no gardens with and path (São to apedestrian next Martinho), Funchal in 2’- 1’- 3’- new key for the identification for identification of Pennisetum the key new 2018, LC181, Cabral, Laura s/n; UMad 1- 3- 2- 3.2. Culms mat-forming, reduced to a cluster of 2-4 subsessile spikelets spikelets subsessile cluster to a reduced 2-4 of mat-forming, inflorescence Culms Plant up to 6m(reed like), flat blades leaf 16-150 with spinulose cm × 0.4-4 Dwarf plant up to 20(-40) cm, with a broadly cylindrical to sub-globose plant up to 20(-40) cylindrical abroadly cm, with Dwarf Culms erect to geniculate at base, inflorescence exerted, with many spikelets, spikelets, many with exerted, inflorescence at base, to geniculate erect Culms Plants up to 2 m, leaf blades involute blades up toPlants 2m, leaf 30-100 ×0.1-0.37 scaberulous with mm, Plants generally larger, with a narrowly cylindrical inflorescence, spikelets 4.5-7 spikelets inflorescence, cylindrical anarrowly larger, with generally Plants

mm, bristles stiff bristles mm, involucral bristles stiff or softly villous softly or stiff involucral bristles involucral bristles soft bristles involucral andstigmas, filaments long uppermost with protruding the sheath, enclosed in inflorescence, spikelets 7-14 mm, bristles softly villous softly 7-14 bristles spikelets mm, inflorescence, distinctly longer than the others the than longer distinctly involucre with peduncle pilose below inflorescence, one the bristle margins, distinctly longer than the others the than longer distinctly involucre bristles a with few below inflorescence, peduncle glabrous the margins, E Sinapidendron angustifolium (DC.) (table Lowe thevisit, 1). angustifolium first the After Sinapidendron hrharta Portugal Portugal Based on (1994), Cope Based Veldkamp (2014) (1980), Clayton and a we suggest Pennisetum E. longiflora E. of population One One individual of setaceum Pennisetum One individual

longiflora , , Rich. key to the Madeira archipelago species: archipelago Madeira to the key Rich. Madeira Madeira ...... Sm...... o 41’23.07”N; 16 , Calheta: Ponta do aroadside of Pargo; along “Estrada , Calheta: , Santa Cruz; near “Rua da Ribeira” street; on a terrain on aterrain street; Ribeira” da “Rua near Cruz; , Santa ...... was found in Calheta (Ponta do Pargo) Calheta found in was ...... species presents on Madeira archipelago. o 47’44.39”W; 50 m a.s.l., 06-VII- ca. alt. was found on a cliff near the ocean theocean near found on acliff was R.C. Graham Graham Nicotiana R.C. glauca ...... P. clandestinum P. purpureum P. P. setaceum villosum 3 2 cies with high invasive potential (EPPO 2012). potential invasive high with cies production seed (100 high bility, and plant), per it rapid seeds growth aspe make 2011).adapta al. et ecological along with (Salinas cliffs and characteristics, These 2010). of soil al. et for stabilization the used itden plant (Rahlao also is Sometimes, gar as used widely being temperatures, high and dryness quently, withstand can P. setaceum GIDS 2015; 2017). al. et Gullón 2011; al. et 2014; (Salinas nurseries found in often al. is et and purpose Saavedra this of world the for parts many in used is species this that considering plant, mental more, being also capable of capable sprouting from rootmore, fragments. also being or for soil the 6years in viable remain fruits that fact to the and dispersed easily to other areas. spread quickly will grass alien probable this therefore that highly being people cars, even and water, animals, by dispersed, easily are (2005) fruits al. et to Dana but according island, Madeira Figure 4. Ehrharta longiflora, 4. Figure So far far So setaceum Pennisetum Pennisetum setaceum Pennisetum panicle. was probably introduced in Madeira island as orna as probably island Madeira was in introduced 4. DISCUSSION 4.

has a relatively small area of on distribution area small a relatively has Salinas Salinas is a perennial C4 plant and, conse plant and, C4 aperennial is (2011) al. et are fruits refer that also Figure 5. Ehrharta longiflora, Figure detail of panicle. detail

- - - - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 139 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 133-144 140 Gallo Gallo (Garcia- present soil the are in that seeds and root fragments all removing and bags, plastic with the covering carefully by first parts floral the eliminate P. of of eradication method most effective to the be seems hoes, or using manually (1999) al. et Garcia-Gallo of removal individuals, with the According for Madeira. should applied be and quick intervention (eradication) strategies best to the be seems 1999) approachable, where monitorization and control of still and populations is where introduction the of P. setaceum margins. and clearings laurisilva possiblyvalue, including conservation of high to areas disperse may of species invasion, risk butat higher this be could areas disturbed Irrigated information. of available duepredict scarcity to the 1978), (Kunkel Islands to hard but is its invasiveness Canary the in occurs as such due (Frey deep-roots 2005). to their climates Mediterranean in summers tolerate annual extensive can species these that, Besides by moisture. facilitated is 2015). al. et (Fish slopes Apparently, other Ehrharta and invasion of the this (e.g. roadsides), hill found areas gardens, in but also is shrubs), disturbed near often (Frey 2005). California and Zeeland New Australia, in invasive as reported being 2009) and (Valdés and Spain including Europe, and Africa of North countries several in naturalized as recorded already (Freyis 2005). species This by animals dispersed of dispersion The fields. 2015), agricultural near et al. found naturalized it since was to areas with an average annual rainfall of less than 1270 than of mm/m less rainfall annual average an with to areas 2011), al. et 1999; al. et Salinas (Reyes-Betancort a.s.l. but to it limited be seems P. setaceum Islands Canary the In succession. affect further that sequestration, carbon soil in changes butendemic species, also glutinosi (e.g.communities nudi-Aeonietum Sedo 2011). al. et expansion (Salinas its increases further which of fires, risk the to affected. be likely less are areas mountain the and coast most of north the that and to invaded be likely are of side Madeira of island the east the and south coast the that (Devender 1997). temperatures not suggest data freezing tolerating These Euphorbietum piscatorie Euphorbietum as such communities endemic therefore affecting processes, block successional possibly it will invasion occurs, this If grass. by invaded this be could 2004) al. et ciliaris-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae secondary grass communities (e.g. communities hylodes-Hyparrhenietum Dactylo grass sinaicae secondary Betancort

E. longiflora setaceum 1999). al. et implemented be may methods where situations in Chemical As in the islands of El Hierro, La Gomera, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura Gomera, Hierro, of El La islands the in As longiflora E. Madeira, In longiflora Ehrharta Salinas Salinas Ehrharta longiflora Ehrharta P. setaceum of amount accumulated, biomass large Due to the Pennisetum setaceum Pennisetum 1999; al. et GISD 2015), Mediterranean therefore, Madeiran and, (and has been applied in many parts of world). the parts to applied many been It (and in important is has mainly occurs locally and is wind mediated, but fruits may also be be also may but mediated, fruits wind is and locally occurs mainly (2011) al. et by competition, of elimination and native the describe . P. setaceum typically occurs in wet shady places (near rocks and and (near rocks places shady wet in occurs typically was probably introduced for cattle feeding (see Fish feeding probably for was introduced cattle prevails on arid and semi-arid open areas (Reyes- open areas semi-arid and on arid prevails Bromo-Oryzopsion miliacei Bromo-Oryzopsion and possibly will prevail in areas of medium altitude, altitude, of medium areas in prevail possibly will will also potentially affect chasmophytic plant chasmophytic affect potentially also will later (in 1990s) the was al. et (Garcia-Gallo can reach altitudes above 1000 m altitudes reach can ). , as defined by Capelo Capelo by defined , as 2 (GISD 2015), potentiates potentiates , Cenchro Cenchro Scholz Scholz spp. spp. ineffective (Anonymous 2014). (Anonymous ineffective to be appears glyphosate since products, or similar herbicides hexazinone as such systemic not using is asphalt) possible complete (walls, the of removal individuals da Natureza, IP-RAM Natureza, da prohibited. urgently, ornamental should as of eradicated be plants its invasion use and phase and P. setaceum ecosystems. to Madeira threat aclear constitutes Review and edition of the final draft: M.S. draft: edition of final and the Review J.F., L.C. Discussion: and Results P.N., A.B., M.S. Methodologies: J.F., L.C., P.N., A.B., M.S. Field J.F., work: L.C., P.N., A.B. J.F. L.C., Introduction: Although both taxa may become troublesome become may Pennisetum invasive, setaceum taxa both Although The authors are grateful to the IFCN ( theIFCN to grateful are The authors 6. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION AUTHORS’ 6. ) for the collecting permit (n. permit ) for collecting the 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Recibido : septiembre de 2019; de : septiembre aceptado Instituto das Florestas e Conservação eConservação Florestas das Instituto o 05/IFCN/2017 -Flo Mad). is still in an initial initial an in still is : abril de 2020 de : abril

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